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For instance, thin heat pipes of <1 mm in thickness are even used in smartphones whose usage has witnessed an exponential increase [3]. In addition, in recent years, to cool electronic devices, two-phase immersion cooling with saturated pool boiling heat transfer has attracted attention for increasing the heat generation density and reducing the costs of thermal management. In particular, great numbers of studies have focused on improving the critical heat flux by loading a porous medium with a functional shape and structure onto the cooling surface, in addition to enhance the boiling heat transfer. It is recommended to refer to the review studies of Yuki [4], Mori [5, 6], and Kandlikar et al. [7]; however, there have been multiple studies that attempted to separate liquid supply and vapor discharge, such as the honeycomb porous plate of Mori et al. [8], the porous layers having a non-uniform spatial structure [9, 10, 11], and porous meshes provided with hydrophilic and hydrophobic functions [12, 13]. Note that the results of Bai et al. [14] and Yuki et al. [15] in which the critical heat flux of the saturated pool boiling of water in an atmospheric pressure environment exceeded 5 MW/m2, thus demonstrating the high potential of the porous media as a latent heat transport promoter. On the other hand, also for a single-phase flow, there have been a large number of attempts to utilize the porous media as a heat transfer promoter. The examples include heat transfer enhancement by metal foams [16, 17], utilization as a radiation converter [18, 19], and promotion of heat transfer using sphere-packed tubes [20, 21].
Focusing on high potential of the porous media as the heat transfer promoter as mentioned above, multiple studies have introduced porous metals for heat removal from high-heat flux equipment of a level of 10 MW/m2. For example, the divertor of a nuclear fusion reactor currently under research and development is exposed to a steady heat load of approximately 10 MW/m2 due to the inflow of α particles generated by nuclear fusion reaction. Sharafat et al. [22, 23] introduced metal foams as a heat transfer promoter of He gas flow pressurized to 40 MPa and demonstrated high cooling performance of >10 MW/m2. Furthermore, Joshi et al. proposed a cooling technology that makes use of the phase change of coolant in a pin-fins microchannel for high heat generation density electronic devices exceeding 10 MW/m2 [24, 25, 26]. Moreover, he attempted a technology that assists heat transfer in the promotion of evaporation in a nanoporous film via a gas impinging jet [27]. Regarding additional applications of the porous media under high heat flux conditions, refer to the review article by Smakulski et al. [28]. Obviously, in the thermal management of these high heat flux devices, in addition to securing the cooling performance, it is necessary to consider both economical efficiency and maintainability; therefore, thermal management with low flow rate and low pumping power is indispensable.
As an efficient heat removal technology at a level of 10 MW/m2, Toda and Yuki proposed a cooling device known as EVAPORON (Evaporated Fluid Porous-Thermodevice) to take maximum advantage of the latent heat of vaporization of the coolant [29, 30]. EVAPORON can remove extremely high heat flux by evaporating the cooling liquid that is fed inside the porous medium jointed to the heat transfer surface against a heat flow, using the vast surface area with microchannels of the porous media. Because rather than relying on capillarity such as in the heat pipes, a minimum amount of liquid corresponding to the heat flux level is gently pumped into the porous medium for cooling, a significant reduction in pumping power can then be expected. Furthermore, we verified that the important factor of this technological breakthrough is the quick discharge of considerable amounts of vapor generated in the porous medium [31]. Subsequently, the authors proposed EVAPORON-2 [32, 33] loaded with subchannels for vapor discharge within sintered copper particles and succeeded in the heat removal of over 20 MW/m2. Targeting at a cooling performance exceeding 10 MW/m2 under much lower pumping power conditions, furthermore, the EVAPORON-3 equipped with a vapor–liquid separator on the upper part of the porous medium was also proposed [34].
Various kinds of porous media.
To summarize, when applying the porous media in the two-phase cooling technology for high heat flux environment, the most important factor is to actively promote the vapor discharge that was generated in the porous medium. Moreover, it is necessary to optimize the porous structure to maximize the advantage of the latent heat of vaporization of the coolant. On the other hand, there are various porous media such as foams, open cells, sintered particle/fiber, meshes etc. (see Figure 1), even if all of these are simply called porous metals. Generally, it is impossible to generalize the thermophysical properties and mechanical properties of the porous media with these different structures, thus referring only on their porosity and pore size. However, to promote phase change heat transfer in the porous medium, it is an undisputed fact that a porous medium with high permeability, which enables rapid discharge of the vapor generated, should be introduced in which its thermal conductivity is also increased to expand the effective heat transfer area. In general, there is a trade-off relationship between increasing the effective thermal conductivity and reducing the flow resistance of the vapor flow (increasing the permeability). Thus, the porous media to be introduced should be selected based on the heat flux level and coolant used. In this chapter, the effective thermal conductivity and absolute permeability for various porous media are first discussed. Subsequently, the effectiveness of unidirectional porous coppers [35] proposed by the author is quantitatively evaluated as a cooling technique on a level of 10 MW/m2. Finally, two our innovative cooling technologies are introduced; “EVAPORON-4”, which is the newest EVAPORON that combines the unidirectional porous copper and a grooved heat transfer surface and “Lotus’ Breathing”, which makes use of two-phase immersion cooling in a saturated pool boiling environment, based on spontaneous liquid supply effect called “Breathing phenomenon” proposed by the author for the first time all over the world.
Figure 2 shows the porosity and pore size distributions of sintered-metal-particles/fibers and foamed metals the author used to date. For example, regarding the thermal conductivity and the permeability of isotropic porous media with a simple structure, their modeling is frequently performed based on the porosity and the pore size for each porous medium. As shown in Figure 2, each porous medium has its characteristic porosity and pore diameter. For instance, most foamed metals and open cells have a high porosity of >90%. As far as the author knows, although those with a microscale pore diameter are not commercially available, Unno et al. developed the porous media with high porosity and micropores and demonstrated that it is effective for promoting evaporative heat transfer as per the capillary limit theory [36]. Multiple sintered-metal-particles have a porosity of 30%–50% because of the producing process and the packing structure; moreover, the pore diameter varies from the order of micron to millimeter. For sintered-metal-fibers (a kind of fibrous porous media), the porosity can be regulated over a wide range by the extent of pressing; however, it is difficult to control the orientation of the fiber. We will now discuss the effective thermal conductivity and permeability of these typical porous media from the view point of phase-change enhancement of coolant.
Porosity and pore size of porous media.
To discuss the effective heat transfer area, it is important to examine the effective thermal conductivity of the porous media. The prediction formulae for various porous structures have been developed to date; however, in general, the effective thermal conductivity
where
Herein, as shown in Figure 3, we performed heat conduction simulation to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of the sintered-copper-particle, in which a cubic sintered-copper-particle with a side length of 5 mm is sandwiched between copper square rods of 5 × 5 × 50 mm3. At the lower end surface, the heat flux of 0.5 MW/m2 is exposed and a constant temperature of 100 °C is given to the upper end surface. Adiabatic conditions are attributed to the side surfaces of the rods and sintered-particles. The effective thermal conductivity of the sintered-copper-particle is evaluated using the Fourier law from the difference in the average temperature at the two interfaces between the copper square rod and the sintered particle. The particle size is 1.0 mm and packed structure of particles is a simple cubic structure. To reproduce the neck structure formed between the particles during sintering, a cylinder with a diameter of
Calculation of effective thermal conductivity for particle-sintered porous medium.
Effective thermal conductivity of particle-sintered porous medium.
On the other hand, to maximize the effective thermal conductivity of the porous media, a porous medium to which the parallel model of Eq. (1) can be applied is desirable. This indicates that the introduction of a porous medium with unidirectional pore structure is ideal. Its thermal conductivity differs between the direction of the pores (
The abovementioned equation is driven by adapting the Behrens’ thermal conductivity model for composite material to the unidirectional porous media. Because the fluid in the pore is assumed to be a gas and its thermal conductivity can be ignored, Eq. (2) corresponds to the parallel model.
Square array model and staggered array model for uni-directional porous media.
Effective thermal conductivity
As mentioned above, to effectively use the latent heat of vaporization in a high heat flux environment, a large amount of vapor generated in the porous medium must be quickly discharged to the outside. In other words, it is indispensable to take a mean, including introducing the porous media with high permeability or modifying the spatial structure while considering the improvement in effective thermal conductivity discussed in the previous section. Here, for reference, a simple comparison of the absolute permeability
Figure 7 shows the permeability of the sintered-particles and the unidirectional porous media. The horizontal axis is the porosity with a characteristic length
Permeability of unidirectional porous.
An important issue when introducing the porous media as a heat transfer promoter is the contact thermal resistance generated at the contact interface between the porous medium and the heat transfer surface. In general, with increasing heat flux, the temperature gap increases due to the increase in contact thermal resistance generated at the interface, so that the heat transfer coefficient is directly affected. For instance, when a sintered-particle is mechanically pressed to the heat transfer surface, a large contact thermal resistance is generated because of the point contact state between the heat transfer surface and the particles. In the point contact state, the heat conduction to the first particle is considerably deteriorated, so that boiling and evaporation occur mainly on the heat transfer surface or the first several layers of the particle, and thus, effective utilization of latent heat of vaporization inside the porous medium cannot be expected. The best measure is sintering the sintered-particle to the heat transfer surface. Remarkable research results are reported by Kibushi et al. [42] regarding the contact thermal resistance in a high heat flux environment exceeding 1 MW/m2 (for the experimental details refer to the reference). Figure 8 shows the temperature gap that occurs at the contact interface of two flat surfaces. The loads on a jointing surface of ϕ10 mm are 0.33, 1.71, and 3.03 MPa, and there are the two patterns of mechanical and solder joints. Focusing on the heat flux of 2 MW/m2, in the mechanical joint case, a temperature difference of ~40 K occurs under a load of 3.03 MPa, and a temperature gap exceeding 100 K takes place at the load of 0.33 MPa. However, it can also be confirmed that the contact thermal resistance is significantly improved by solder bonding. At the heat flux of 5 MW/m2, the temperature gap is ~10 K, and it is ~20 K upon linear extrapolation to 10 MW/m2. Accordingly, it is evident that when the porous medium is loaded on the heat transfer surface, the contact thermal resistance should be reduced by solder bonding or the like. Our heat transfer tests regarding a gas impinging jet flow into a sintered-particle verified that the heat transfer coefficient is spectacularly increased by soldering the porous medium to the heat transfer surface [43]. Further, the pool boiling results by Peterson et al. [44] have also demonstrated that boiling heat transfer is dramatically enhanced by HIP bonding of the porous medium to the heat transfer surface.
Temperature gap due to contact thermal resistance.
For introducing the unidirectional porous media proposed this time, if the pores that serve as the flow path are parallel to the heat transfer surface, a perfect surface contact state can be achieved over the entire heat transfer surface. Furthermore, even if the pores are perpendicular to the heat transfer surface, the surface contact state can be maintained in the solid phase portion, which can maximally reduce the contact thermal resistance between the porous medium and the heat transfer surface.
A majority of unidirectional porous media proposed in this study is generally fabricated by electric discharge machining or MEMS. As the production with these techniques is very expensive, it is desirable to introduce the unidirectional porous media with excellent mass productivity. Here, three unidirectional porous media are presented, which are currently introduced to the author’s laboratory. The first is the lotus copper shown in Figure 9(a), in which pores are formed utilizing different saturation degree of dissolved hydrogen existing in molten copper with temperature gradient [45]. Chiba et al. already demonstrated its superiority in single-phase flow heat transfer [46]. The boiling heat transfer enhancement technology that the author is currently developing in cooperation with Lotus Thermal Solutions Co., Ltd. will be introduced in the next section. Hokamoto et al. also proposed a technique for forming a group of thin metal tubes into a unidirectional porous tube by exploded welding technique (Figure 9(b) [47]). To date, the author has introduced unidirectional porous copper tubes as a heat transfer promoter of a gas flow in a joint research with Hokamoto et al. of Kumamoto University. Based on single-phase flow heat transfer tests, the unidirectional porous tubes of 21 mm in outer diameter shows a heat transfer performance that is up to approximately eight times higher than that of a smooth tube at the maximum as shown in Figure 9(c) [48]. The pore size and the porosity of this porous tube can be adjusted by varying the inner diameter and wall thickness of the thin tube. The lastly introduced unidirectional porous copper is the one molded by a metal 3D printing technique [49]. Recent advances in 3D printing technology enabled the molding of even porous media composed of copper and having microchannels. The adjustment of the pore diameter and the pore structure matching the heat transfer mechanism are possible, which is the greatest attraction of this technology.
Unidirectional porous media ((a) lotus copper, (b) exploded welded porous pipe) and (c) heat transfer performance of a gas flow in exploded welded porous pipes & its CFD simulation.
On the other hand, when this type of unidirectional porous copper is applied as a promoter of boiling/evaporation heat transfer, particularly if the pores are perpendicular to the heat transfer surface, one of the advantages is that the coolant can surely be supplied to the heat transfer surface. The major limitation is how to rapidly discharge a large amount of vapor generated in the porous medium to the outside. As a solution, we propose to joint the unidirectional porous copper to the grooved heat transfer surface; thus, as shown in Figure 10, two cooling structures are enabled. The first structure on the left shows the liquid supply direction is opposite to the vapor discharge direction, whereas the second structure on the right shows a method of directly discharging the vapor outside the porous medium via these grooves. In the next section, we will focus on the cooling performance related to flow boiling heat transfer and pool boiling heat transfer using these cooling structures.
Two heat removal devices proposed.
As mentioned in the Introduction, the author proposed EVAPORON, EVAPORON-2, and EVAPORON-3, cooling devices using porous metals [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. The porous metal is connected to the cooling surface as shown in Figure 11, the cooling liquid is supplied into the porous medium in a countercurrent to the heat flow, and the heat is removed by the vigorous phase change of the cooling liquid within. To smoothly discharge the large amount of vapor outside the porous medium, EVAPORON-2 has several subchannels inside the porous medium, and EVAPORON-3 has a liquid–vapor-separator on the porous medium. Here, the concept of cooling device EVAPORON-4, using a unidirectional porous media is realized as shown in Figure 12(a). As shown in Figure 12(b), 9 × 5 grooves for the vapor discharge are formed on the heat transfer surface, and the unidirectional porous copper shown in Figure 12(c) is joined by soldering. The groove is 1.0 mm in width and 0.5 mm in depth. The unidirectional porous copper with a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 10 mm is produced by machining and has 248 small pores of ϕ0.5 mm in diameter. In addition, the porous medium has large five ϕ2.6 mm holes for the vapor discharge. EVAPORON-4 is a once-through type cooling device in which the cooling liquid supplied from the upper part of the unidirectional porous copper through the small pores undergoes phase change in the pores and the grooves to be then discharged through the grooves and the vapor discharging large holes. Figure 13 shows some of the results in two cases that the unidirectional porous copper is jointed onto the heat transfer surface with/without soldering (“Without TIM (Thermal Interface Material)” shows the data of mechanical joint without bonding). For details of the experimental apparatus and various results, please refer to Reference [50]. The inlet liquid subcooling of distilled water is 40 K, whereas the x mark on the plot shows that the obtained data represent the critical heat flux. From this figure, the data with soldering move to the lower wall-superheat side under each flow rate condition, which verifies that the phase change heat transfer is enhanced by solder bonding the porous copper to the grooved heat transfer surface. Focusing on the data obtained at the flow rate of 0.5 L/min, while the critical heat flux without solder bonding is ~3 MW/m2, the critical heat flux is improved to exceed 6 MW/m2 by solder bonding (1.8-fold enhancement). For the flow rate of 2.0 L/min, as the maximum heat flux (not the critical heat flux) without solder bonding is approximately 9 MW/m2, the critical heat flux by solder bonding is expected to exceed 10 MW/m2, though the experiment was stopped due to the temperature limit of the cartridge heaters we used. For reference, the measured critical heat flux of the impinging jet at the flow rate of 2.0 L/min is approximately 4 MW/m2 (the same flow rate is ejected from a hole of ϕ2 mm), so that the cooling performance of EVAPORON-4 is much higher compared with other cooling technologies. These results are attributed to the effective functioning of the phase change within and the vapor discharge outside the porous medium, because the heat transfer is remarkably improved under high heat flux conditions.
From the left: EVAPORON, EVAPORON-2, and EVAPORON-3.
Outline of EVAPORON-4.
Boiling curves of EVAPORON-4.
Currently, we are examining the flow rate distribution and the phase change in porous media by CFD and visualization experiments. From now onward, we intend to push forward discussions and optimization by introducing the porous copper fabricated by a 3D metal printer, as shown in Figure 14, thus comprising the un-uniform unidirectional pore and groove structures that can make maximum use of the latent heat of vaporization [49]. Moreover, we are examining a small-sized cold plate having in mind an application to electronic devices, a theme to be referred to in Reference [51].
Unidirectional porous copper fabricated by 3D printing technique.
In the past heat transfer experiments using EVAPORONs, the author noticed that the inlet pressure of the fluid rapidly decreases when the phase change in the porous medium is considerable and the vapor is vigorously ejected to the outside, i.e., there must be spontaneous liquid supply phenomenon associated with the discharge of vapor (henceforth referred to as “Breathing Phenomenon”). As shown in Figure 15, the author has proposed to attach a porous plate called “lotus copper” with a unidirectional pore structure to the grooved heat transfer surface (Figure 9(a)), whereby the critical heat flux of saturated pool boiling is spectacularly increased [15, 52, 53, 54]. This two-phase immersion cooling technique we usually call “Lotus’ Breathing” offers the following features.
Spontaneous liquid supply phenomenon due to vapor blowout (Breathing Phenomenon)
No requirement of capillarity induced in the porous medium
Once-through type liquid supply and vapor discharge (Figure 15). Liquid supply and vapor discharge are separated and formation of coalesced bubbles is retarded.
Use of a unidirectional porous copper with high permeability and high thermal conductivity to enhance the breathing phenomenon and the heat transfer in the porous medium.
Breathing phenomenon spontaneously induced by lotus copper on a grooved heat transfer surface ((a) mode-G, (b) mode-L).
There are two possible breathing modes “Mode-G” and “Mode-L”, as in Figure 15(a) and (b), i.e., the Mode-G on the left in which the vapor is discharged from the groove and accordingly the liquid is supplied from the upper part of the porous medium as well as the inverse mode-L.
To demonstrate the increase in CHF by the breathing phenomenon, saturated pool boiling experiments have been conducted in an atmospheric pressure environment. For details of the experiment, please refer to Reference [15]. The Lotus copper plate (10 mm x 10 mm, thickness = 2 mm, porosity = 65.9%, and average pore diameter = 0.49 mm) is attached to a 10 mm × 10 mm heat transfer surface provided with 0.5 mm-square or 1.0 mm-square unidirectional grooves as a boiling heat transfer surface. The results for water and FC72 are shown in Figure 16. In the case of water, the critical heat flux for the smooth surface in this device is 1.4 MW/m2, which is an adequate value for a boiling heat transfer experiment using the heat transfer block. The results also verify that the critical heat flux when utilizing the lotus copper jointed on the grooved heat transfer surface considerably improves by providing wider grooves. The 0.5 mm-square groove achieves the critical heat flux of 4.6 MW/m2 at the wall superheat of 58.9 K, and the one of 1.0 mm-square groove achieves the critical heat flux of 5.3 MW/m2 at the wall superheat of 111 K, which indicates that the groove size is an important factor for improving the critical heat flux by the breathing phenomenon. The boiling heat transfer is also remarkably enhanced even if compared to that for the smooth surface; this technology has proven to achieve both the enhancement of the boiling heat transfer and the critical heat flux. By visualizing the boiling phenomenon shortly before the critical heat flux, a large amount of vapor is discharged from the grooves. Thus, the breathing phenomenon in these experiments conceivably corresponds to the Mode-G of Figure 15(a). On the other hand, in the FC72 case, the maximum heat flux, which is not the critical heat flux, is 0.83 (MW/m2) that is 5.5 times higher than CHF of the smooth surface. This result verifies that the breathing phenomenon can work for dielectric fluid and increases the critical heat flux.
CHF improvement by breathing phenomenon (left: Water, right: FC72).
Currently, the mechanism of critical heat flux enhancing and the factors that further entails the breathing phenomenon are being discussed based on the visualization experiment and CFD simulation as shown in Figure 17. In addition, the effects of varying the porosity, the pore size of the lotus copper, and the groove structure have been evaluated [55, 56].
Example of CFD simulation and visualization experiment of breathing phenomenon.
In this chapter, the thermal conductivity and permeability of various porous media were quantitatively evaluated; as one of the porous media appropriate for high heat flux heat removal, targeted by the author, the introduction of “porous metal with unidirectional pores” was strongly suggested. Furthermore, as an application of using unidirectional porous coppers, we demonstrated the cooling performance of the flow boiling/evaporation cooling device EVAPORON-4, and that of the pool boiling enhancing technology “Lotus Cooler” based on “Breathing Phenomenon”. From now onward, we intend to optimize the structure of the unidirectional porous media and the grooved heat transfer surface, thus aiming at improving and controlling the performance of these cooling technologies.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
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\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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De",surname:"Nazaré",slug:"fabio-nazare",fullName:"Fábio Nazaré"}]},{id:"15098",doi:"10.5772/15736",title:"Silicon Carbide: Synthesis and Properties",slug:"silicon-carbide-synthesis-and-properties",totalDownloads:23037,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:65,abstract:null,book:{id:"83",slug:"properties-and-applications-of-silicon-carbide",title:"Properties and Applications of Silicon Carbide",fullTitle:"Properties and Applications of Silicon Carbide"},signatures:"Houyem Abderrazak and Emna Selmane Bel Hadj Hmida",authors:[{id:"18643",title:"Dr.",name:"Houyem",middleName:null,surname:"Abderrazak",slug:"houyem-abderrazak",fullName:"Houyem Abderrazak"},{id:"23082",title:"Dr.",name:"Emna Selmane",middleName:null,surname:"Bel Hadj Hmida",slug:"emna-selmane-bel-hadj-hmida",fullName:"Emna Selmane Bel Hadj Hmida"}]},{id:"61428",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76161",title:"Printing Technologies on Flexible Substrates for Printed Electronics",slug:"printing-technologies-on-flexible-substrates-for-printed-electronics",totalDownloads:3186,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:"Printing technologies have been demonstrated to be highly efficient and compatible with polymeric materials (both inks and substrates) enabling a new generation of flexible electronics applications. Conductive flexible polymers are a new class of materials that are prepared for a wide range of applications, such as photovoltaic solar cells, transistors molecular devices, and sensors and actuators. There are many possible printing techniques. This chapter provides an opportunity to review the most common printing techniques used at the industrial level, the most commonly used substrates and electronic materials, giving an overall vision for a better understanding and evaluation of their different features. Several technological solutions (contact/noncontact) and its critical challenges are also presented. Inkjet Printing Technology (IPT) has been receiving a great attention and therefore higher focus is given to this technology. An overview of IPT is presented to evidence its importance and potential as a key-technology on the research field for printed electronics development, as well as on large scale industrial manufacturing. A background and a review on prior work are presented along with used materials, developed applications and potential of IPT technology. The main features of the different printing technologies, advantages and main challenges are also compared.",book:{id:"6765",slug:"flexible-electronics",title:"Flexible Electronics",fullTitle:"Flexible Electronics"},signatures:"Sílvia Manuela Ferreira Cruz, Luís A. Rocha and Júlio C. Viana",authors:[{id:"15565",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",slug:"julio-viana",fullName:"Julio Viana"},{id:"238389",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvia",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"silvia-cruz",fullName:"Sílvia Cruz"},{id:"247716",title:"Prof.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"luis-rocha",fullName:"Luís Rocha"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70315",title:"Some Basic and Key Issues of Switched-Reluctance Machine Systems",slug:"some-basic-and-key-issues-of-switched-reluctance-machine-systems",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Although switched-reluctance machine (SRM) possesses many structural advantages and application potential, it is rather difficult to successfully control with high performance being comparable to other machines. Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",totalDownloads:14704,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"In this chapter, we explore the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for the future radio access for 5G. We first provide the fundamentals of the technique for both downlink and uplink channels and then discuss optimizing the network capacity under fairness constraints. We further discuss the impacts of imperfect receivers on the performance of NOMA networks. Finally, we discuss the spectral efficiency (SE) of the networks that employ NOMA with its relations with energy efficiency (EE). We demonstrate that the networks with NOMA outperform other multiple access schemes in terms of sum capacity, EE and SE.",book:{id:"5480",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective"},signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak"}]},{id:"77871",title:"Protection of Microgrids",slug:"protection-of-microgrids",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The concept of microgrids goes back to the early years of the electricity industry although the systems then were not formally called microgrids. Today, two types of microgrids can be seen: independent and grid connected. The protection requirement of these two types differs as the protection needs of an independent microgrid are intended for protecting components and systems within the microgrid, whereas a grid connected microgrid demands both internal and external protection. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to independent microgrids. How protection devices such as residual current circuit breakers, miniature and moulded case circuit breakers, and surge protective devices should be selected for an example microgrid is discussed while referring to the relevant standards. In the next section, the protection of a grid connected microgrid is discussed. Particularly, micro-source protection, microgrid protection, loss of mains protection and fault ride-through requirements are discussed while referring to two commonly used distributed generator connection codes. An example with simulations carried out in the IPSA simulation platform was used to explain different protection requirements and calculation procedures. Finally, grounding requirements are discussed while referring to different interfacing transformer connections and voltage source inverter connections.",book:{id:"10176",slug:"microgrids-and-local-energy-systems",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",fullTitle:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems"},signatures:"Janaka Ekanayake",authors:[{id:"328170",title:"Prof.",name:"Janake",middleName:null,surname:"Ekanayake",slug:"janake-ekanayake",fullName:"Janake Ekanayake"}]},{id:"47585",title:"Free Space Optical Communications — Theory and Practices",slug:"free-space-optical-communications-theory-and-practices",totalDownloads:8970,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:53,abstract:null,book:{id:"4473",slug:"contemporary-issues-in-wireless-communications",title:"Contemporary Issues in Wireless Communications",fullTitle:"Contemporary Issues in Wireless Communications"},signatures:"Abdulsalam Ghalib Alkholidi and Khaleel Saeed Altowij",authors:[{id:"100466",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsalam",middleName:null,surname:"Alkholidi",slug:"abdulsalam-alkholidi",fullName:"Abdulsalam Alkholidi"},{id:"131091",title:"MSc.",name:"Khalil",middleName:null,surname:"Altowij",slug:"khalil-altowij",fullName:"Khalil Altowij"}]},{id:"41657",title:"Algorithms for Efficient Computation of Convolution",slug:"algorithms-for-efficient-computation-of-convolution",totalDownloads:9887,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3158",slug:"design-and-architectures-for-digital-signal-processing",title:"Design and Architectures for Digital Signal Processing",fullTitle:"Design and Architectures for Digital Signal Processing"},signatures:"Karas Pavel and Svoboda David",authors:[{id:"154795",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Karas",slug:"pavel-karas",fullName:"Pavel Karas"},{id:"155141",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Svoboda",slug:"david-svoboda",fullName:"David Svoboda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"116",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81158",title:"SOA Model and Design Guidelines in Lossless Photonic Subsystem",slug:"soa-model-and-design-guidelines-in-lossless-photonic-subsystem",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103048",abstract:"We propose a new practical analytical model to calculate the performance of amplitude-modulated systems, including semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Lower and upper-performance bounds are given in terms of signal quality factor (Q) concerning the input signal pattern. The target is to provide a design tool for gain elements included in photonic integrated circuits (PIC) to compensate for their insertion loss. This subject is a critical issue, for example, in the arrays of optical transmitters with silicon photonics modulators used for interconnection applications. Due to implementation limitations, the design of an SOA embedded in a PIC is considerably different with respect to the use of SOAs as line amplifiers in optical networks. SOA amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and gain saturation effects have been included in the model, together with the input signal extinction ratio and the receiver electrical filter. Each degradation effect provides its own contribution to the signal integrity in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or inter-symbol interference (ISI). The model shows that the SOA operation at low extinction ratios, typical in optical interconnect applications, is substantially different from the operation at higher extinction ratios used in transport networks. The model is validated through numerical simulations and experiments. Finally, two examples are provided for dimensioning a PIC system and optimizing the SOA parameters.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Pantea Nadimi Goki, Antonio Tufano, Fabio Cavaliere and Luca Potì"},{id:"81339",title:"Radiation Response of Group-IV and III-V Semiconductors Subjected to D–D and D–T Fusion Neutrons",slug:"radiation-response-of-group-iv-and-iii-v-semiconductors-subjected-to-d-d-and-d-t-fusion-neutrons",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103047",abstract:"This work focuses on the radiation response of Group IV (Si, Ge, SiC, diamond) and III-V (GaAs, GaN, GaP, GaSb, InAs, InP, InSb, AlAs) semiconductors subjected to D–D (2.45 MeV) and D–T (14 MeV) neutrons. The response of each material has been systematically investigated through a direct calculation using nuclear cross-section libraries, MCNP6, and Geant4 numerical simulations. For the semiconductor materials considered, we have investigated in detail the reaction rates per type of reaction (elastic, inelastic, and nonelastic) and proposed an exhaustive classification and counting of all the neutron-induced events and secondary products as a function of their nature and energy. Several metrics for quantifying the susceptibility of the related semiconductor-based electronics to neutron fusions have been finally considered and discussed.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Jean-Luc Autran Daniela Munteanu"},{id:"81346",title:"Power Reduction Using Efficient Way of Tri-State Buffer Connection",slug:"power-reduction-using-efficient-way-of-tri-state-buffer-connection",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102643",abstract:"Clock gating is a very important technique for decreasing wasted power in digital design. One of the approaches to obtain dissipated power is an intention by the way of masking the clock pulse that is going to the unused part of the design. In this research, a comparative evaluation of current clock gating techniques on synchronous digital design changed into provided. In the new suggested design, the gated clock technology circuit is a use of tri-state buffer and gated clock. The new submodule was created by the connection of two tri-state logic used as switched to control to the design. The new suggested technique was saving more power and area. The suggested sub-module was achieved by using ASIC design methodologies. In order to implement Huffman modules, the architecture of the proposed module has been generated using Verilog HDL language. In addition, it is proved using Modalism-Altera 10.3c (Quartus II 14.1) tools. By using the tri-state technique, dynamic power and total power are decreased. The suggested technique will decrease the hardware complexity.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Maan Hameed"},{id:"81253",title:"Many-Electron Problem in an Atomic Lattice Reduced Exactly to Two-Particle Pseudo-Electron Excitations: Key to Alternative First-Principles Methods",slug:"many-electron-problem-in-an-atomic-lattice-reduced-exactly-to-two-particle-pseudo-electron-excitatio",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103045",abstract:"Prediction of properties of solids (semiconductors) is based almost entirely on the first-principles methods. The first principles theories are far from being perfect and new schemes are developing. In this study, we do not follow the traditional one-particle-in-effective-field concept. Instead, all Coulomb interactions between particles are treated in their original form, i.e., particle-particle discrete interactions. Two-particles Coulomb excitations theory in a crystal lattice is proposed, along with a method for calculations of physical measurables. Most important, the relevant particles are not electrons but pseudo-electrons with both the Coulomb interaction mode and the effective mass different from those of electrons. The unitary transformation represents the many-body system as an ensemble of two-pseudo-electron excitations without neglection of the terms in a Hamiltonian. The many-particle wave function, being derived in a non-trivial two-particle form, ensures a full description of exchange-correlation and screening effects, for both ground and excited states. As an example, the energy of a many-electron system and the quasiparticle energies are expressed in an elegant integral closed-form and compared with the Density Functional Theory. The proposed scheme possibly opens a new route toward the numerical evaluation of properties of many-particle systems.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Adil-Gerai Kussow"},{id:"80904",title:"Temperature Dependence of Electrical Resistivity of (III, Mn)V Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors",slug:"temperature-dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-of-iii-mn-v-diluted-magnetic-semiconductors",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103046",abstract:"In this work, a theory of temperature dependence of electrical resistivity is developed, with a particular emphasis on dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs). The approach is based on the equation of motion of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) exchange interaction and considers both spin and charge disorder. The formalism is applied to the specific case of Ga1−xMnxAs.Using the RKKY exchange interaction, the relaxation time τand the exchange interaction J are calculated. Then using spin-dependent relaxation time, electrical resistivity of the material is calculated. The electrical resistivity of Mn-doped III—V DMS is decreased with increasing temperature and magnetic impurity concentration.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Edosa Tasisa Jira"},{id:"80827",title:"Theory of Charge Transport in the Illuminated Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions",slug:"theory-of-charge-transport-in-the-illuminated-semiconductor-liquid-junctions",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103049",abstract:"The field of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar water splitting or CO2 reduction has attracted intense attention of many research groups in last 15 years. Nevertheless, a cost-effective and efficient PEC cell for hydrogen production in the large scale was not yet discovered. The core functionality of the PEC cell is provided by the semiconductor/liquid junction, creating the electrostatic field to separate the photogenerated charges. This work aims to be a starting point for a newcomer in the field providing a compact knowledge about the charge transport and electrochemistry fundamentals in semiconductor/liquid junctions in the steady state. We describe charge transport within the semiconductor and electron transfer between the semiconductor and electrolyte, followed by the effect of illumination and charge recombination on charge transport. Finally, we discuss the effects due to surface trap states and the relation of the theoretical expressions and experimental results.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Cendula"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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