Chapters authored
Transition Metals-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks, Synthesis, and Environmental Applications
This work illustrates examples of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived from transition metals and their environmental applications in areas of catalysis, sorption, and hydrogen evolution. Explanation of some of the techniques employed for their synthesis has been discussed. On the other hand, the advantages of the use of hybrid materials such as the metal-organic frameworks are exposed in this book as well a detailed description of the different linkers and metals used for the synthesis of this kind of porous materials going through the methodologies and techniques utilized by different authors to obtain good-quality crystalline applicable materials. Adjustments of linker geometry, length, ratio, and the functional group can tune the size, shape, and internal surface property of an MOF for a targeted application. The uses of MOFs are exploring new different areas of chemistry such as catalysis, adsorption, carrier systems, hydrogen evolution, photocatalysis, and more. Different examples of MOFs from Scandium to Zinc are well described in this book, and finally, a brief description of some common environmental applications such as metals and azo dyes sorption, hydrogen evolution, and catalyst in the transesterification process of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel is explored and commented.
Part of the book: Sorption
Purification of Rainwater Using a Photocatalysis Technique to be Applied to Communities in Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico
Small communities far from the municipal seat do not have access to drinking water, so many children suffer from various gastrointestinal diseases, which cause these children to grow up with nutritional deficiencies. In the state of Campeche, there are 300 sunny days. This energy can be used to install water treatment systems to make it drinkable. Therefore, a treatment system with heterogeneous photocatalysis was proposed using a zinc oxide catalyst doped with silver nanoparticles. The reactor has a metal structure with a flat plate where clay plates support the catalyst. Samples were taken every 2 h to carry out the corresponding analyses and in a period of 8 h of reaction. For the characterization of rainwater adhered to Mexican regulations. The results showed that there was 6400 NMP/100 mL for fecal coliforms at the beginning, and after 4 h, this parameter goes to <2 NMP/100 mL. Initially, the same happened for fecal coliforms; 9200 NMP/100 mL was determined. After 4 h, this parameter drops to <2 NMP/100 mL. The same behavior was observed with chlorides, hardness, and total alkalinity, which showed a tendency to decrease significantly. This confirms that the system works properly to eliminate organic compounds and purify rainwater.
Part of the book: Water Purification