Physical properties and chemical and mineralogical composition of the cement.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"445",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Designing and Deploying RFID Applications",title:"Designing and Deploying RFID Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), a method of remotely storing and receiving data using devices called RFID tags, brings many real business benefits to today world's organizations. Over the years, RFID research has resulted in many concrete achievements and also contributed to the creation of communities that bring scientists and engineers together with users. This book includes valuable research studies of the experienced scientists in the field of RFID, including most recent developments. The book offers new insights, solutions and ideas for the design of efficient RFID architectures and applications. While not pretending to be comprehensive, its wide coverage may be appropriate not only for RFID novices, but also for engineers, researchers, industry personnel, and all possible candidates to produce new and valuable results in RFID domain.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-265-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6029-8",doi:"10.5772/962",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"designing-and-deploying-rfid-applications",numberOfPages:400,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"95835973805a19d1c3fb1cdea037ac31",bookSignature:"Cristina Turcu",publishedDate:"June 15th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/445.jpg",numberOfDownloads:75924,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:75,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 13th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 10th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 17th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 16th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 15th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"9302",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Turcu",slug:"cristina-turcu",fullName:"Cristina Turcu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9302/images/system/9302.jpg",biography:"Cristina Turcu is an Associate Professor of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence at Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. She received her Diploma (M.Sc.) in Automatics and Computers and her Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Automatics, in 1991 and 2000, respectively, both from the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania where she has been Head of Computer Department since 2004. Her research interests include software engineering, RFID applications for the end-consumer, and intelligent systems. Dr. Turcu is an Editor of four books and has served on various program committees of conferences in computing and RFID systems. She also has served as a reviewer for numerous referred journals and conferences. She is the Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Radio Frequency Identification & Wireless Sensor Networks. 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Hence, the methodology can be used in multiple applications such as probing cellular processes in live cells, developing multiple biomedical imaging modalities, material characterizations, remote sensing, etc. Hyperspectral imaging can also take advantage of deep learning algorithms to retrieve valuable information from high-dimensional data in real-time. It is worth emphasizing that hyperspectral imaging is not limited to visible light. With other available excitation sources such as X-ray, electrons, etc. new hyperspectral imaging modalities can be extended to nanometer scales.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to bring together diverse research areas of hyperspectral imaging. We hope to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in this fascinating and important field and make this book project a useful platform to allow all those working in hyperspectral imaging to be benefited from the knowledge of widely different fields.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-094-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-093-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-113-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b95808f12e716f6494aaedba4d67d98d",bookSignature:"Dr. Jung Y. Huang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11950.jpg",keywords:"Spectroscopic Imaging, Snapshot Imager, Spectral Filter Arrays, Machine Learning, Deep Learning Network, Compressive Sensing, Super Resolution, Image Segmentation, Tera-Hertz Radiation, X-ray Photoemission Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Chemical Imaging",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 19th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 9th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"12 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An academic researcher specialized in developing optical probes for unraveling dynamic processes in live cells and nanostructured materials, with over 100 publications and a high h-index (34). Dr. Huang holds several patents in laser techniques, solar cells, and hyperspectral imaging, including ‘’Method of integrating light-trapping layer to thin-film solar cell’’ and ‘’Coherent multiple-stage optical rectification terahertz wave generator’’.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"457620",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Huang",slug:"jung-huang",fullName:"Jung Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/457620/images/system/457620.jpg",biography:"Jung Y. Huang received his Ph.D. in 1988 from the Applied and Engineering Physics of Cornell University. He was a full professor and investigator in the Department of Photonics and T.K.B. Research Center for Photonics, Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. His research interests focus on the development of optical probes for unraveling cellular processes in live cells and characterizing functional properties of nanostructured materials. He had been an editorial board member of the Advances in Optoelectronics for twelve years, and a reviewer for about twenty scientific journals in optics, chemistry, and material sciences. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71172",title:"Introduction of Marble Waste Sand in the Composition of Mortar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91254",slug:"introduction-of-marble-waste-sand-in-the-composition-of-mortar",body:'Aggregates production is mainly ensured by extraction in quarries. There are also two other resources that allow manufacturers to produce aggregates. Then, we can speak of recycled aggregates and artificial aggregates. Recycled materials can be represented an excellent source of aggregates, the use of these materials in concrete would help to the recovery of recycled materials, and also, the protection of natural resources.
This work aims to study the effect of partial substitution of ordinary sand (50% dune sand and 50% sea sand) by marble waste sand from the quarry of Filfila located in Skikda (East Algeria) with rates 5, 10, 15 and 20% on the properties of mortar.
Located 25 km by road, east of Skikda—Algeria, the Djebel Filfila marble deposit was exploited by the company ENAMARBRE from Roman antiquity, and may even be before. This deposit consists of outcrops of marble which can reach a length of 1100 m for a width which varies from 100 to 300 m. The exploitable part of the deposit is composed by a lenticular body which extends over 550 m in length occupying an area of 13 Ha. The maximum depth of the deposit is 180 m which shows that this deposit consisting of marble levels of different colors tends to develop in depth.
The marble of Filfila is made up of the following varieties: white, with gray, light gray, dark gray, banded in green shade, banded in brown shade. White marbles represent 44% of the whole.
The Filfila deposit is divided into two quarries:
The first one is a quarry with white marble blocks and reseda green, the exploitation is carried out by horizontal sawing methods by cutting vertical and lateral sawing by a diamond wire with cooling in clear water. The waste from this quarry is the scraps and rubble having different geometric shapes (Figure 1) and declassified powder (powder subject to weathering), the waste rate is 56% of production. The waste from the processing plant is the fall of block sizes and the fall of tiles and marble powders, and the waste rate is 22 m2/m3.
The second quarry is derived from Chatt, the exploitation is carried out by explosive. The waste from this quarry is (marble of different granular classes), downgraded powder (Figure 2), the waste rate is 19% of production.
Waste from the block quarry.
Downgraded powder from Chatt.
The valorization of this waste in the manufacture of mortars and concretes remains in the current state of investigation. Several studies have been interested by the feasibility of partially replacing an ordinary aggregate with a marble aggregate, or partially replacing cement with marble fillers. Hebhoub and Belachia [1] studied the valorization of marble waste aggregates in the concrete composition with total and partial incorporation from 0 to 100%, they found an improvement of compressive and tensile strength as well the workability of the concrete. Binici et al. [2] examined the incorporation of marble coarse aggregates in concrete and they found that it tends to decrease its chloride penetration, reaching a 70% reduction compared to standard concrete at 28 days of immersion. Hasan and Ahan [3] found that, replacing standard sand by the marble dust, with percentages of 15–75%, leads to an increase of compressive and tensile strength from 20 to 26% and 10 to 15%, respectively. Aliabdo et al. [4] evaluated the possibility of reusing marble dust as a partial replacement of cement and sand in concrete; the results found indicate an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Djebien et al. [5] reused marble waste as sand in self-compacting concrete, they found that substitution of marble waste reduces density and air content, and ensures cohesion and resistance to segregation.
Gesoğlu et al. [6] concluded that the incorporation of marble dust in concrete decreased chloride penetration. In particular, replacing 5% of marble dust, by cement weight, led to the highest decrease in chloride penetration. Corinaldesi et al. [7], studied also the effect of marble powder in concrete, concluding that, up to given ratios of replacement, concrete durability can be improved. Belaidi et al. [8] examined the effect of the substitution of marble powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete, in percentage different from 10 to 40% they have been shown an improvement on the workability of concrete with a negative effect on compressive strength. Aruntas et al. [9] studied the addition of marble dust in cement production, obtaining very similar results to the ones observed in our study. Chavhan and Bhole [10] produced concrete mixtures by replacing gravel with marble powder, the rate varied between 5 and 50% they found enhancement in compressive and tensile strength of samples with 50% of marble.
Cement CEM I class 42.5 of the origin of the Ain kbira-Sétif cement plant (East of Algeria) with an absolute density of 3.22 g/cm3 and a Blaine specific surface of 3000 cm2/g. Physical properties; chemical and mineralogical composition of cement used in this work is presented in Table 1.
Designation | Results (%) |
---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 3.07 |
Specific surface Blaine (cm2/g) | 3700 |
CaO | 65.85 |
Al2O3 | 4.13 |
Fe2O3 | 4.16 |
SiO2 | 21.31 |
MgO | 1.34 |
Na2O | 0.16 |
K2O | 0.25 |
Cl | 0.003 |
SO3 | 2.13 |
Free CaO | 0.5 |
MS | 2.43 |
MAF | 0.88 |
C3S | 72.25 |
C2S | 8.83 |
C3A | 3.14 |
C4Af | 14.7 |
Physical properties and chemical and mineralogical composition of the cement.
Three types of sand were used in this work, the first is sea sand, it is a nature rolled, class 0/2 of origin Larbi ben Mhidi-Skikda and the second one is a dune sand of nature rolled class 0/1 of origin Wadi Zhor-Skikda. We are used a mixture between the both with similar quantities (natural sand). The third sand is a marble waste sand from the Filfila quarry—Skikda class 0/2 (discarded powder exposed to the weather). The physical and chemical properties of different sands used are presented in Table 2 and the particle size curves are given in Figure 3.
Designation | Sea sand | Dune sand | Marble waste sand |
---|---|---|---|
Physical properties | |||
Apparent density (g/cm3) | 1.606 | 1.850 | 1.50 |
Absolute density (g/cm3) | 2.570 | 2.60 | 2.700 |
Value of blue methylene (%) | 0.25 | 0.7 | 0.35 |
Sand equivalent (%) | 81 | 84 | 67.11 |
Absorption | 1.10 | 1.15 | 2.30 |
Fineness modulus (%) | 2.83 | 1.88 | 1.65 |
Fines content (%) | 1 | 2.5 | 6 |
Chemical composition | |||
CaCO3 | — | — | 98.67 |
CaO | 4.01 | 0.80 | 55.29 |
Al2O3 | 0.76 | 2.36 | 0.14 |
Fe2O3 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 0.09 |
SiO2 | 87.32 | 94.09 | 0.53 |
MgO | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.2 |
Na2O | 0.090 | 0.20 | 0.00 |
K2O | 0.200 | 0.58 | 0.01 |
Cl− | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.025 |
SO3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
PF | — | — | 43.40 |
Insoluble residue | — | — | 0.035 |
Physical and chemical properties of different sands.
Granulometric curves of the various sands.
Potable water was used in all the mixes and curing of the specimens. (temperature was between 20 ± 2°C).
From the results obtained we can draw the following observations:
The absolute density of marble waste sand is higher than that of natural sand.
Marble waste sand is less clean than natural sand.
The marble waste sand has the highest percentage of fine clayey.
The absorption coefficient of marble waste sand is stronger than that of natural sand.
Marble waste sand is rich in calcium carbonate while the essential component of natural sand is silica.
The objective of this work is to study the effect of partial substitution of natural sand (50% dune sand and 50% sea sand) by a marble waste sand with rates 5, 10, 15 and 20% on the characteristics of mortars.
Reference mortar (control mortar) was prepared (0% marble waste sand) according to standard EN 196–1, with a quantity of water adjusted in order to obtain a reference consistency, the fixed parameters are cement and water dosage. The different mixes were prepared by replacing four percentages of natural sand with the same mass percentages of marble waste sand. This makes a total of five different mixes, including a control mortar. 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 prismatic test pieces were made to determine the performance of hardened mortars as well as 5 × 5 × 5 cm3 test pieces for acid attack tests Figures 4 and 5. Specimens produced from fresh mortar were demolded after 24 h and were then cured in water at 20 ± 2°C until the date of the test. All tests are realized in the same conditions (laboratory conditions).
Prismatic test pieces (4 × 4 × 16).
Cubic test pieces (5 × 5 × 5).
The different compositions of the mixtures for the five formulations are given in Table 3.
Notation | Dune sand (g) | Sea sand (g) | Marble waste sand (g) | Cement (g) | Water (ml) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CM (0%) | 675 | 675 | 0 | 450 | 252 |
M (5%) | 641.25 | 641.25 | 67.5 | 450 | 252 |
M (10%) | 607.5 | 607.5 | 135 | 450 | 252 |
M (15%) | 573.75 | 573.75 | 202.5 | 450 | 252 |
M (20%) | 540 | 540 | 270 | 450 | 252 |
Compositions of mixtures.
The tests carried out on the different formulations are:
Consistency, measured by the mini slump test in accordance with standard NF EN 1015-3.
Density in the fresh state according to standard NF EN 1015-6.
Air content determined according to standard NF P 18-353.
Flexural tensile and compressive strength at the age of 2, 7, 28 and 90 days, measured on 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 prismatic specimens preserved in water in accordance with standard EN196-1.
Shrinkage and mass loss on specimens 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 according to NF P 18-433.
Absorption by immersion measured by Neville, 2000.
Acid attack measured on cubic specimens of size 5 × 5 × 5 cm3 according to ASTM C-267-96 standard.
The slump of various mortars is evaluated according to the standard NF EN 1015-3. The test is mentioned in the Figure 6.
Consistency of mortar.
The results of consistency of different mortars are shown in Figure 7.
Variation of consistency versus substitution rate.
The figure shows that the increase in marble waste sand rate in the mortars increases slightly the consistency of the mortar. The maximum value is recorded by the mortar with 15%, with an increase of around 20% compared to that of the control mortar. This trend can be explained by the amount of fines present in the marble waste sand which enter the pores and thus release the trapped water, which results in better consistency.
The density of various mortars is evaluated according to the standard NF EN 1015-6. The results of the density of mortars are shown in Figure 8.
Variation of density versus substitution rate.
The results show an increase in the density of all mortars. This growth is clearer with the increase in the rate of marble waste sand. The density values increase from 2.168 kg/m3 for the reference mortar to 2.175, 2.192, 2.201, and 2.186 kg/m3 for the mortars containing 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The increase in the density of the mortar to 15% of marble waste sand is around 1.52%. It is mainly due to the higher density of marble waste sand, which is higher than that of natural sand (dune sand and sea sand), and also to the retention of water by the grains of marble waste during the mixing.
The introduction of marble waste sand (Figure 9) leads to a decrease in the air content regardless of the substitution rate. The volume of occluded air decreases slightly from 7.4% for the reference mortar to 4.8% for the mortar incorporating 15% of marble waste sand. The significant reduction in the volume of air entrained in composite mortars of marble waste sand is related to the increase in the compactness of the mixtures following the substitution of natural sand by marble waste sand [11].
Change in air content as a function of the substitution rate.
After 2, 7, 28 and 90 days of water curing, the 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 samples were used for compressive and flexural tensile strength tests. The results are shown in Figures 10 and 11, respectively.
Effect of the substitution rate on the compressive strength.
Effect of the substitution rate on the flexural tensile strength.
At early ages (2 and 7 days), and through Figure 10, the compressive strengths of mortars based on marble waste sand presented higher strength than that of control mortar, except for mortar with 5%. The best gain of compressive strength is of the order of 13.65 and 35.2%, it is recorded in the mixture of (20%) on the two deadlines respectively. These improvements in both levels can be explained by the presence of calcium carbonate [12, 13], which favor the creation of nucleation sites and hence the formation of calcium carbo-aluminates.
The compressive strength of specimens with marble waste sand at rates above 5% are better than that of the control mortar and the best gain is noted in the mixture of (20%) substitution rates. In fact, above 5% of the substitution rate of marble waste sand, all mortar compressive strengths are increasing, due to the increased compactness of mortars with less occluded air and constant W/C ratio [14].
Generally, we note that the flexural tensile strengths of the mortars with marble waste sand, at all the ages (7, 28 and 90 days) are better than that of control mortar. The most significant value is achieved with the 20% mixture of marble waste sand, which presents a gains of 13.29, 22, 58 and 28% compared to the control mortar on the ages 2, 7, 28 and 90 days respectively. Two factors can explain these notations. Mortars based on marble waste sand contain quantities of fine particles, which favor granular stacking during mixing and thus causes an increase in flexural strength. However, the marble waste sand is characterized by more acute and porous grains, so that the bond with the cement paste of the mixture is better [7].
The absorption of water by immersion is a property related to the durability of mortar, it allows estimating the volume of open pores of specimens by the penetration of water through the structure of these pores.
When the ratio of replacement of marble waste sand in mortar increased (Figure 12), there was an increase in water absorption, especially for the 20% of replacement, due to the height porosity of specimens with marble waste sand. Also, it can be assumed that that the matrix-sand interface of marble waste often gathers pores thus increasing porosity.
Absorption of water by immersion as a function of substitution rate.
The results of the mass loss of the various mortars are presented in Figure 13.
Weight loss of different mortars.
From the Figure 13, it is clear that the weight loss of mortars is influenced by the incorporation of marble waste sand. The values obtained are generally high compared to the control mortar. The optimum value is found in the 15% marble waste sand mortar. This is due to the departure of the water initially retained by the grains of the marble sand.
The shrinkage test is carried out according to standard NF P 18-433, test is mentioned in Figure 14.
Shrinkage measurement on prismatic test piece.
Shrinkage results of various mortars are presented in Figure 15.
Shrinkage results of various mortars.
Figure 15 shows that the incorporation of marble waste sand has a considerable impact on the shrinkage of mortars stored in the laboratory room with a relative humidity of 80%. The mean values recorded are higher than that displayed for the control mortar, except for the mortar of 5% marble waste sand from 2 days until 21 days, where the mortar has a similar shrinkage to the mortar witness.
The highest value is found in the mortar with 20% marble waste sand on all ages. These expected shrinkage values are due to the evaporation of the free water contained in the test specimens.
After 28 days of water curing, the 5 × 5 × 5 cm3 specimens were immersed in two solutions, HCl and H2SO4 acid with the same concentration 5% (Figure 16). The aggressive solutions were renewed every 14 days. After 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 90 days, they were used to estimate the weight loss according to the standard ASTMC267-96.
Specimens immersed in acid solution.
Results of the weight changes for the different mortars preserved in HCl and H2SO4 solution are presented in Figures 17 and 18.
Weight loss of specimens after 1–7–14–21–28–56–90 days of immersion in 5% HCl.
Weight loss of specimens after 1–7–14–21–28–56–90 days of immersion in 5% H2SO4.
The curves, presented by Figure 17, show the weight loss in % measured at the end of each aging of mortars stored in HCl solution (after 28 days of cure in water). It can be observed that all specimens had a weight loss, through the reaction between the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and the chlorine, the reaction was expressed in Eq. (1).
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) causes dissolution of cement, the production of CaCl2 salt increases the porosity because it is very soluble in water.
It can be also noted that in all ages the loss weight increased proportionally with marble waste sand substitution, and the control mortar presented the lowest weight loss at all ages. It can be concluded that a high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content in marble waste sand increases the capacity of mortars to react with aggressions according the reaction Eq. (2)
A sudden loss of weight was noticed during 1–90 days (Figure 18). It can be also noted that in early age all weight loss is close, the highest value of weight loss corresponds to control mortar, when the mortars are attacked by sulfuric acid H2SO4, they react with the Portlandite Ca(OH)2 resulting from the hydration of the cement [15], which causes the of gypsum. The process is described by the following chemical reaction:
The low percentage of alumina Al2O3 in marble waste sand decreases the formation of C3A, which reacts with gypsum to produce ettringite (Eq. 4), that is why the increase in marble waste sand percentage decreases the weight loss of mortars.
After the comparative study between mortars based on natural sand and marble waste sand, we can draw the following conclusions:
The optimal density is observed for the mortar based on 15% of marble waste sand, due to the actual density and the water retention by the grains of marble waste.
The best consistency is given by the mortars based on 15% of marble waste sand, the presence of fines promotes the slump of the mortars.
The mortar with 15% marble waste sand registers the low volume of air content, which is explained by a better compactness.
Compressive and flexural strength, in all ages, of mortars based on marble waste sand are better than those of mortars based on natural sand. The mortar with 20% of marble waste sand is the most effective.
The absorption of water of mortars containing marble waste sand is high compared to that of the control mortar. This is caused by the large volume proportion of the capillary pores.
The mortars with the marble waste sand approved a greater shrinkage than that of the control mortar, following the evaporation of the free water existing in the test specimens.
Concerning acid attack, and in HCl solution, the mortar with marble waste sand had a bad resistance to aggression due the high amount of CaCO3 in marble. On the other hand, marble sand enhances resistance to H2SO4.
In light of the analysis, the conclusion of this study is that the introduction of marble waste sand was beneficial to some properties and durability of mortars.
Boron (B) is an essential element for living organisms. B has different physiological effects on living organisms at low concentrations, whereas it has toxic effects at higher concentrations. Generally, B is not found as an element in nature and is commonly found in the form of boric acid, borax, and other complex forms. People are affected by boron:
By contacting boron minerals in air and water
Drinking and using the underground and surface waters in the basins rich in boron deposits
Taking foods and drinks with high boron concentrations
Working in quarries and factories
Working in places that make cleaners and whiteners such as soap, detergent, beauty products, and similar products, or using such products
Since boron is ubiquitous, it will be accepted that no limit can be drawn for being under the influence of boron [1].
Animals and humans could be ingested higher levels of B through foods or may be exposed to boron due to occupational conditions as inhalation, dermal or oral exposure. During the exposure, damaged and injured absorption sites can lead to increased absorption. In some cases, dermal higher exposures to B could result in death. Boric acid could be fatal after higher ingestion [2, 3]. More studies are needed about the cellular toxicity mechanisms of B and B compounds at tissue level. Higher B exposure could cause:
Mortality risk increase
Osteoporosis
Cognitive dysfunctions
Cell injury
Inflammation tendency
Congestion
Dermatitis
Renal cells degeneration
Edema
Eye irritation
Intestinal apoptosis
Developmental toxic effects
Reproductive dysfunctions
Cardiovascular dysfunctions
Data on carcinogenicity are unclear. There were not sufficient data about carcinogenic effects of B and B compounds (Table 1) [4].
Compound | Dose/concentration | Toxic effect |
---|---|---|
Boric acid | 3–6 gr-infants 15–20 g-adults | Nausea, vomiting, greenish diarrhea, dehydration, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, oliguric renal failure, erythematous rash |
Sodium borate | 10 mg/kg day and > 15 mg/kg | Sex hormone decrease, globulin binding (SHGB) decrease, irritability, disturbed sleeping, vomiting, severe diarrhea, seizures, anemia and death |
Bortezomib | >1.3 mg/ day | Peripheral neurotoxicity and lung toxicity |
Dimethylamine borane | “occupational exposure” | Dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, cognitive dysfunction, slurred speech, irritability, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar damage and parkinsonism. Myelin and axonal degeneration |
Boromycin | “in vitro study” | Hemolysis |
As a normal consequence of boron uptake from food and drinking water, human tissues and body fluids contain B. Boron found in soft tissues is close to the blood level. B can accumulate in bones. Muscle tissue, heart, lung, and intestine contain lesser amounts of boron [6, 7]. The World Health Organization compared the blood levels of ingesting boron through drinking water and diet in humans and rats. The distribution of boron in blood and tissue samples for human and rat species, boron kinetics may be the same for both species [8].
Numerous studies on humans and laboratory animals have revealed that more than 90% of borates taken into the organism are removed from the organism in the form of boric acid. It has been reported that boric acid can form complexes with different biological molecules depending on the dose [9].
Regardless of the route of its uptake into the organism, the elimination of boron mainly occurs by glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is 3–4 times faster in rats than in humans, and it has been reported that more than 90% of boron, which is taken into the organism by various ways in humans, is removed through urine within the first 24 hours [10, 11].
The data obtained from animal studies are not enough for determining the Bor’s potential of causing cancer to human [12]. Boron was not evaluated as a carcinogen by EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) and NTP (US National Toxicology Program), IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) [8]. The studies about boron and its compounds mainly focus on their toxicologies. In the studies about boron exposure, data are stated as equivalent of boron for providing compared data. Under the physiological pH conditions, borate salts are completely converted to boric acid; based on this, it was stated that boric acid and borate salts have similar toxicological properties [13].
In this chapter, we aimed to review current toxicity data of B, and B compounds.
Boron (B) as a metalloid belongs to third group of periodic table. Boron has an interesting unique and complex chemical structure like metal and nonmetal. It has very small atomic size as 4.39cm3/mol. B includes three valance electrons, and its ionization energy is very high. B’s p-orbital includes vacant electron at B+3 state. B has high potential to make anionic complexes than cationic complexes. B occurs in the nature as borates (such as borax Na2B4O7•10H2O), boric acid [B(OH)3 or H3BO3], and BF4 (not very common). In living cells, B occurs in the cytoplasm as H3BO3 and borate forms. Boric acid and borate interact with several different molecules very easily and form different esters and generate mono-, d, poly hydroxyl forms. Boric acid has affinity to furanoid rings of sugars, which are very important for life. These complex compounds are very important during evolution because of providing organisms stability and very strong defense mechanisms.
B’s inorganic form is originated from anthropogenic sources in the nature and could found elsewhere in soil, water, and atmosphere. Also it circulates in the air, volcanos, ocean, geothermal water sources, etc. According to EPA (1987), boron compounds are released into the air as anthropogenic sources. Generally, because of boron dust, people are exposed to boron via the air in boron mines. A dose of 14 mg of boron per cubic meter of air has been reported in boron mines where boric acid and refined products are produced. Boron can be found in soil, especially in the form of bonk JMI or borate, absorbed on soil particles, or in soil solution as a free anion. In the research studies, it has been shown that the amount of boron in the plant is primarily related to the soil pH. Other important factors are the plant type, the boron content of the soil, the type of ions that can change in the soil, the amount and type of other minerals in the soil, the amount of organic matter in the soil, the temperature of the soil, the wetting and drying conditions of the soil, the soil-water ratio, the light intensity, and genetic factors. Low-boron soils contain up to 0.7 ppm boron and do not pose a problem for any plant. Medium-boron soils contain 0.7–15 ppm boron, and it has been determined that it does not cause problems for some plants. Soils with high boron contain 15–75 ppm boron and are mostly dangerous for plants, while soils with very high boron contain more than 75 ppm boron, and these are dangerous for plants. Boron has important metabolic functions in plants and plant growth stops in the absence of boron in the soil. Boron shows its effects on drinking water and agricultural water. In 1968, the Water Quality Criteria Committee set the limit value as 1 mg/l; in 1971, as a result of the investigations of the Drinking Water Standards Technical Review Committee, it was decided that there was no evidence to require the 1 mg/l limit, and that 0.3 mg/l was a reliable limit for human health. According to research studies, it is important for human health that drinking water does not contain high levels of boron [14, 15].
The negative effects of boron products on the environment are much lower than in other industrial sectors. In fact, with the effect of radioactive substances after chemotherapy, it is one of the elements that can be considered environmentally friendly due to its necessity for human and living creatures [16].
Depending on the technological developments, the economic grades of the ores are reduced with the development of new methods and equipment, and many stored heaps in the form of waste are evaluated in this way. Accordingly, possible evaluation possibilities in the future should be considered in the disposal of waste. For these reasons, it is necessary to pay maximum attention to the storage of boron wastes. It is possible to list the advantages to be obtained as follows [16].
The problems arising from the stocking of wastes and the cost of stocking will decrease.
Environmental pollution will be minimized.
An additional income will be obtained with the new product produced.
It will be prevented that the wastes pollute the underground and surface waters.
Predominant mineral sources of B are found in Australia, China, Turkey, Russia, and Argentina. B and B compounds could not naturally occur as volatile compounds; however, minimal volatile B compounds release to atmosphere via volcanic activities and different industrial places. B is an essential for several body organs and systems, and 1–13 mg/kg consumption is acceptable. High exposure could cause several health disorders in neurological, urogenital, skeleton, and cardiovascular systems [17].
There are few studies on the effects of boron and its compounds on the lung. In some studies, it has been reported that exposure to boron may cause damage to the lung cellular layer. It causes symptoms such as irritation in the nasal epithelium, nosebleeds, cough, and shortness of breath in people working in boron mines [18]. Boron nitride nanoparticles (BNNTs) appear as a nanotechnological product with a wide range of applications in engineering and biomedical fields. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in studies on the risks these products may pose for health. It has been demonstrated that BNTTs cause cytotoxicity in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells and murine alveolar macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), being concentration dependent (0.02, 0.2, and 2 μg/mL concentrations). In addition, cytomorphological examinations revealed serious cell morphology disorders in both cell types [19]. In another study, it was shown that high boron application may cause an increase in the capacity to transform in non-tumorogenic cells. In total, 5–50,000 μM concentration range of boric acid is applied to human nontumorigenic lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and human lung epithelial carcinoma (A549) cells. It has been determined that 5000–50,000 μM concentrations significantly suppressed the anchorage-dependent growth of cells. This effect could have occurred via an important pathway that plays key role in cell transformation such as SRC and PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathway [20]. Diborane gas (B2H4) is a strong toxic substance for the respiratory tract. Mice were exposed to diborane gas at a concentration of 5 ppm diborane (1.7 mg boron/m3) for 2 weeks, which caused severe damage to their lungs, including pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, and edema. Mild changes such as infiltration of polymorphous neutrophils in the peribronchiolar region were observed in the group given 0.7 ppm diborane (0.2 mg boron/m3). Case reports have stated that boron can be lethal after short-term oral exposure at high doses and can be quite large despite variability in human responses to acute exposure. It has been reported that the minimum lethal dose of boron (as boric acid) taken is 2–3 g in infants, 5–6 g in children, and 15–20 g in adults. However, 784 cases with boric acid (10–88 g) reported no deaths, of which 88% of the reviewed cases were asymptomatic. Liver, kidney, central nervous system and gastrointestinal effects, and skin lesions have been found in fatal cases following boron ingestion, but death has been attributed to respiratory failure [21].
If boron levels decrease in body, this decrease causes immune deficiency. However, higher and/or chronical exposure could have negative effects on immune system homeostasis [4].
Jin et al. conducted a study that showed that the effect of boron on the immune system in vivo is dose-dependent. They supplemented 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/L B in drinking water of rats (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg/kg/bw) for 70 days. It was demonstrated that 20 and 40 mg/kg doses of B improved immune functions in the rats and increased the concentrations of serum IgG levels, splenic IFN-γ and IL-4 expressions, and the expression levels of CD3+, CD4+, and that they also proliferated cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) + cells. However, at such high concentrations as >48 mg/kg/bw, toxic effects on immune system were detected and immune activities were suppressed. At higher concentrations of IgG, IL10 levels and CD8+ cells were significantly found as decreasing. This is a good example of U-shaped dose–response effect. Both very low and very high concentrations could be associated with harmful effects on immune system [22].
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) engineered nanomaterials have superior electrical, chemical, and thermal properties, and they were planned to be used in the area of engineering applications such as lightweight and high-temperature ceramic components, flame retardants, etc. BNNTs’ size could be <100 nm in diameter and microns of length. Effects of mixture of BNNTs (BNNT-M) in vitro in THP-1 cells (human peripheral blood monocyte cell line) and in vivo pathogen-free, male C57BL/6 J mice were evaluated by Kodali et al. The range of in vitro concentrations was 0–100 mg/ml and in vivo dose was 40 μg/mouse. BNNT induced cytotoxicity and cellular oxidative stress in THP-1 cells, being concentration-dependent. These results were in accordance with in vivo in the same study as increased lactate dehydrogenase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage, mitochondrial membrane potential loss. They demonstrated that cathepsin B, caspase 1, protein levels of IL-1b and IL-18 increased both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that BNNTs could increase acute inflammation and toxicity in vitro and in vivo [23].
The use of borax (Na2B4O2(H2O)10) as a food additive and its excessive consumption in recent years could result in serious toxic effects such as kidney damage. Higher borax exposure decreased immune cell numbers and increased sister chromatid exchange in blood immune lymphocyte cells [24].
Bortezomib (C19H25BN4O4), or dipeptidyl boronic acid, is a proteasome inhibitor drug used in chemotherapy against hematologic malignancy. It has an anticancer activity. However, bortezomib often causes severe peripheral neuropathy. This condition has a special name such as “bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN).” BIPN includes numbness and painful paraesthesia. Bortezomib has toxic effects on dorsal root ganglia via endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein carbonylation, and oxidative stress inducing. It also causes morphological changes in nervous system cells such as microglia [25, 26].
It was determined that infants exposed to 5–14 g boric acid or sodium tetraborate exerted such serious neuronal symptoms such as headache, tremor, convulsions, and even death after coma. These symptoms were associated with neuron degeneration, edema, and hemorrhage in the brain. However, chronical B deficiency causes such mental disorders as focusing problems, electroencephalogram changes, vigilance and psychomotor activity problems. B deficiency is strongly related to nervous system action potential problems [27]. In another study, Ozansoy et al. demonstrated that sodium borate decahydrate and boric acid administrations improved amyloid-beta toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells in vitro via increased expression levels of Sirt1 and regulated GSK-3α/β expressions [28].
Thus, this information suggested that B and B compounds could have U-shaped effects in the nervous system. Excessive B and B compounds exposure causes toxicity, and deficiency causes neuron metabolic pathway problems, and even B and B compounds could be possible therapy options for neurological diseases.
It is well known that boron has negative effects on male and female reproductive system. It causes atrophy in seminifer tubulus, germ cell loss, sperm mobility impairment, altered follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone, reduction of ovulation processes [4]. Exposure to a range of boric acid concentrations between 1000 and 9000 ppm causes serious male fertility problems such as testicular atrophy and decreased sperm motility in experimental animals. With the studies on different species of animals, these toxic effects were confirmed with different doses. Human studies with occupational workers in Turkey and in China did not confirm these results [29, 30]. As a result of a study conducted in Russia, it was determined that sexual activity decreased in boron workers (n = 28). In addition, interestingly, in the study conducted on boron workers in the United States, it was determined that there was an increase in the birth of girls compared with boys [7].
According to animal studies, it was reported that boron, boric acid, and sodium borate compounds could be toxic to reproductive system and also developmental system. For reproductive system, NOAEL levels of boron were 17.5 mg /kg/day and for developmental issue NOAEL levels of boron were 9.6 mg/kg/day. Duydu et al. reported that daily 14.45 ± 6.57 mg/day boron exposure in boron workers did not lead to any change in reproduction-related hormone levels (FSH, LH) and sperm cells morphology and count [31].
In different studies, it was shown that low levels of boron compounds caused developmental problems. Low levels disrupted developmental processes of chicken (400 mg B/L drinking water), rat (640 mg B/L drinking water), and African ostrich (640 mg boric acid/L) experimentally. In another study, boric acid exposure higher than 0.5 mmol/L in male rats’ Sertoli cells triggered necrosis and apoptosis and caused a decrease in cell viability rate. At 40 and 80 mmol/L boric acid levels, it was reported that sertoli cell viability was arrested at G0/G1 phase [32].
In one lineage study, male rats were exposed to boron via oral gavage with different concentrations. Then they mated with unexposed female rats. It was observed that fetus viability rate decreased at higher exposure levels (100 mg B/kg/day) and fetus malformations increased at higher concentration. Additionally, testicular enzyme levels (MDH, SDH, G3PDH) and FSH levels changed. These changes were associated with lipid metabolism changes that play a key role in hormone and enzyme activities via metabolomic assays [33].
There are many studies showing that the inclusion of boron and boron compounds as food supplements has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. It has been reported that it will reduce especially cardiovascular risk factors. Today, however, the production and use of boron-containing compounds for the treatment of various diseases are popular. Some of these compounds have been reported to cause cardiovascular toxicity in toxicity studies. Boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles and different formulations could be good candidates for biomedicines. Liu et al. reported that BN nanoparticles coated by PEG (BN-PEG) highly were distributed in the heart tissue and caused high toxic effects histopathologically [34, 35, 36].
Hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles (hBNNPs) are nanomaterials that have special chemical properties and candidate therapeutics in medical applications. In Wistar albino rats, it has been determined that hBNNPs increased oxidative stress. In the cardiac tissues, 3200 μg/kg dose of hBNNPs caused a statistically more significant increase in LOOH levels than the controls [37].
It is known that Bortezomib leads to neurological disorders as peripheral neuropathy; however, a study conducted with Bortezomib showed that it decreased the left ventricular ejection fraction, led to cardiomyocyte abnormalities, damaged the cardiomyocyte contraction through decreased ATP [38]. In another study that compared Boronic acid and Epoxyketone Proteasomal-Targeted Drugs found that boronic acid was much more damaging to myocyte [39].
Cancer is the disease that reduces the life quality of patients the most and causes the highest rate of death in the world. For this reason, intensive scientific research continues on strategies that will both improve the quality of life of patients and treat the disease. Boronic acid, bortezomib, talabostat, and boron nitride capture therapy are important boron-containing candidates for anticancer therapy. Bortezomib is a 26S proteosoma inhibitor and activates NF-κB. This process enhances apoptotic mechanism in the cells. Boronic acid is used as an anticancer agent via ROS modulation in the cells. It has been demonstrated that boronic acid prodrugs significantly induce apoptosis in primary leukemic lymphocytes [40]. Bortezomib was approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003, and at the present time, it is used for chemotherapy of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, but peripheral neuropathy is one of the common adverse effects of Bortezomib [41].
Boron is a vital element for living organisms. Boron and several types of its compounds have different beneficial effects in humans at sufficient doses. However, too little or too much intake in the required amount causes serious health problems. Its use as a food supplement to prevent boron deficiency in the body has become popular today. In addition, the use of boron and its compounds in many fields such as cosmetics, cleaning, medicine, electronics, war industry, and the development of new products for these fields are increasing day by day. Such reasons cause an increase in exposure not only to individuals working in boron mines, but also in daily life. Besides, boron and its compounds appear as candidate molecules in the treatment of various diseases. All of these factors indicate that there will be more exposure to boron and its compounds today and in the future. For this reason, it is a fact that these compounds, which are mentioned as having many benefits under normal conditions, will also encounter toxic effects due to the increased exposure over time. It is also possible that some boron-containing compounds can be candidates for cancer treatment through their structural effects and cytotoxic effects on cellular mechanisms. This shows the importance of toxicity studies of these compounds at all times. However, developing scientific technologies will also enable these effects to be minimized.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Fish",authors:[{id:"36989",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:null,surname:"Fish",slug:"lynn-fish",fullName:"Lynn Fish"}]},{id:"17152",title:"Advanced Supply Chain Planning Systems (APS) Today and Tomorrow",slug:"advanced-supply-chain-planning-systems-aps-today-and-tomorrow",totalDownloads:10739,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"274",slug:"supply-chain-management-pathways-for-research-and-practice",title:"Supply Chain Management",fullTitle:"Supply Chain Management - Pathways for Research and Practice"},signatures:"Luis Antonio de Santa-Eulalia, Sophie D’Amours, Jean-Marc Frayret, Cláudio César Menegusso and Rodrigo Cambiaghi Azevedo",authors:[{id:"33605",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"de Santa-Eulalia",slug:"luis-antonio-de-santa-eulalia",fullName:"Luis Antonio de Santa-Eulalia"},{id:"34023",title:"Prof.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amours",slug:"sophie-d'amours",fullName:"Sophie D'Amours"},{id:"34024",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Frayret",slug:"jean-marc-frayret",fullName:"Jean-Marc Frayret"},{id:"34025",title:"Mr",name:"Claudio",middleName:"Cesar",surname:"Menegusso",slug:"claudio-menegusso",fullName:"Claudio Menegusso"},{id:"34026",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Cambiaghi",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"rodrigo-azevedo",fullName:"Rodrigo Azevedo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"446",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82344",title:"Supply Chain: A Modeling-Based Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems",slug:"supply-chain-a-modeling-based-approach-for-cyber-physical-systems",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105527",abstract:"Within the frame of this chapter, the author focuses on the distribution processes of green supply chain solutions and describes a potential mathematical model, taking environmental aspects into consideration. The first part of the chapter includes a systematic literature review. Based on the identified research gap, a new mathematical model is described, which makes it possible to describe last-mile logistics processes from an environmental point of view. The functional model of the distribution system includes the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies, which makes it possible to gather real-time information from the distribution process and use real-time status information for a sophisticated design and operation. The mathematical model of this approach defines an NP-hard optimization problem; therefore, heuristic optimization algorithm is supposed to solve the design and operation tasks of the green distribution problem. As the computational results show, cyber-physical systems increase the performance of green supply chain solutions and have a great impact on operational cost. As the numerical example shows, the integrated approach resulted in a 5.3% cost reduction in transportation operations.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ágota Bányai"},{id:"82191",title:"Open Innovation Strategies on New Product and Process Development Prospects: A Case of the Automotive Component Manufacturers in South Africa",slug:"open-innovation-strategies-on-new-product-and-process-development-prospects-a-case-of-the-automotive",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105035",abstract:"Competition between South African Automotive Component Manufacturers ACMs has focused on activities associated with supply chain management such as transporting raw materials and finished products. However, these activities are non-value, adding, so they are an area of relative opportunities for cost reduction; hence new product development presents a significant boost to competitiveness. This chapter\\'s primary goal is to determine which open innovation practices can benefit ACMs in developing new products and processes by using a sample survey of 10 ACMs in the automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative methodology approach using a 5 Likert structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 33 respondents, including owners, senior and junior managers of ACMs. The results identified that idea generation positively influences the Open Innovation activity of seeking new outside applications for internally developed innovations, knowledge, tools and ideas on new product development. The significant implications are that ACMs should improve their dynamic capabilities to turn ideas generated into new innovative products to remain competitive. This chapter contributes to the existing knowledge by suggesting a contextualised impact of open innovation strategy on sustainable new product development of ACMs in South Africa.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Arthur Mzwandile Gonyora and Pfano Mashau"},{id:"81340",title:"Sustainable and Efficient City Logistics",slug:"sustainable-and-efficient-city-logistics",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104413",abstract:"This article is discussing the basic trend and challenges in city logistics operations. The role of each actor in city logistics has been highlighted. The actors have enabled city logistics to generates the main benefits for the city logistics operations need to focus. Critical trends and challenges that contributed towards city logistics development has shown that city logistics efficiency need to be addressed to ensure sustainable impact to the cities. Different approaches in making the city logistics operations were implemented to ensure that the customers get their possession according to the stipulated time. The usage of new technology has also assisted in enhancing the efficiency of city logistics deliveries. By providing the right strategies, the objective of achieving sustainable city logistics can be obtained.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Shahrin Nasir"},{id:"81222",title:"Industry 4.0: The Tenets of the Next Generation of Supply Chain Management",slug:"industry-4-0-the-tenets-of-the-next-generation-of-supply-chain-management",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102979",abstract:"The supply chain industry is at the crossroads of the business revolution through the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), impacting business activities across industries. The transformative elements of 4IR offer individual consumers, corporations, and governments unprecedented opportunities to link, collaborate, process, and manage rising consumer and business data to boost decision-making, efficiency, and productivity. Evidence shows that have applied a mix of collaborative and innovative technologies to internal and external activities to manage supply chain disruptions. The groundbreaking technological advancements paved the way for the supply industry to shift supply business prototypes from traditional supply chain models to supply web models. The shift has helped firms resolve national and global supply chain disruptions. The present chapter introduces the Supply Web (SW) concept and its distinctive tenets by adding to the growing body of the evolving Industry 4.0 field, knowledge to help advance the field. The author calls on governments, the global supply industry, and academia to consider embracing the new SW paradigm evolving under 4IR to help resolve societal and consumer challenges emerging in the 21st Century.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Andre T. Mayounga"},{id:"80946",title:"Industry 4.0 Technologies Impact on Supply Chain Sustainability",slug:"industry-4-0-technologies-impact-on-supply-chain-sustainability",totalDownloads:53,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102978",abstract:"A supply chain is a network that links technology, activities, resources and organisations involved in the manufacturing and distribution of product and services. Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) defines basic processes of the supply chain (SC) into five categories as Plan, Source, Make, Delivery and Return. The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so relevant today that the United Nations (UN) have selected it as one of their paramount societal objectives for sustainable development. The implementation of sustainability in production and consumption processes aims to mitigate negative pressures on the ecosystem generated by products, services, and transportation. Industry 4.0 (I40) technologies have sparked interest in recent years. The advanced digital technologies of I40 such as big data analytics (BDA), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and sensors, block chain technology (BCT), robotic systems (RS), cloud computing (CC), cyber-physical system (CPS), additive manufacturing (AM) /3D printing (3D), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicles (AV), and drones have found applications in many processes of manufacturing, logistics and SC. The benefits are sustainability, efficiency, cost reduction, transparency, traceability, and collaboration. In addition to benefits, I40 implementation is not free from challenges.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Akhtar"},{id:"80711",title:"Enhancing the Resilience of Sustainable Supplier Management through Combination with Lean and Audit",slug:"enhancing-the-resilience-of-sustainable-supplier-management-through-combination-with-lean-and-audit",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102465",abstract:"Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ping-Kuo Chen, Qiu-Rui He and Xiang Huang"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:11},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. 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He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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