Assignment and Treatment per Target Zone
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5383",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Energy - Technological Issues, Applications and Case Studies",title:"Sustainable Energy",subtitle:"Technological Issues, Applications and Case Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The sustainable energy sources are potentially employed to substitute petrol fuels in transport engines such as buses and small vehicles. Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas engines are forthcoming energy carriers for the internal combustion engine, with higher thermal efficiency and less pollutant emissions. The different availability of renewables has allowed various countries to adopt the most appropriate type of renewable energy technology according to their energy source adequacy/abundance. In Taiwan, ocean energy is considered as an abundant source of renewables due to its geographical location as an island. The Taiwanese government has approved the investment to construct an MW-scale demonstration electricity plant. In this book, the Taiwanese ocean energy experience is comprehensively presented. The technical and legal analyses of ocean energy implementation are provided. The challenges that they had to overcome to optimize the utilization of the most available ocean energy potential are discussed. The sustainable transition in South Africa would be a good example for implementing rooftop solar, especially in low-income communities. Apart from the environmental benefits, sustainable energy technologies can boost the socioeconomic level of developing countries. Other advantages may be the continuous supply of energy and creation of new job opportunities. Moreover, sustainable renewable energy sources such as the wind could be employed for generating electricity to operate water purification systems in remote areas. This, in turn, would overcome the health problems associated with drinking water scarcity issues. This book is an attempt to cover the sustainable energy issues from a technical perspective. Furthermore, the sustainable energy applications and existing case studies are helpful illustrations for the broad understanding of the importance of sustainable energy.",isbn:"978-953-51-2840-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2839-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6689-4",doi:"10.5772/62655",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainable-energy-technological-issues-applications-and-case-studies",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d528cf3bf35c5e37a00a6a688e0b1e81",bookSignature:"Ahmed F. Zobaa, Sara N. Afifi and Ioana Pisica",publishedDate:"December 21st 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5383.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15695,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 11th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 13th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",middleName:null,surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39249/images/system/39249.jpg",biography:"Ahmed Faheem Zobaa received his BSc (Hons), MSc, and Ph.D. in Electrical Power and Machines from Cairo University, Egypt, in 1992, 1997, and 2002, respectively. He received his Postgraduate Certificate in Academic Practice from the University of Exeter, UK, in 2010, and his DSc from Brunel University London, UK, in 2017. He was an instructor from 1992 to 1997, a teaching assistant from 1997to 2002, and an assistant Professor from 2002–2007 at Cairo University, Egypt. From 2007 to 2010, he was a senior lecturer in renewable energy at the University of Exeter. From 2010 to 2019, he was a senior lecturer in power systems at Brunel University London, where he is currently a reader in electrical and power engineering. His main areas of expertise include power quality, (marine) renewable energy, smart grids, energy efficiency, and lighting applications. \nDr. Zobaa is an executive editor for the International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, an executive editor-in-chief for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy, and editor-in-chief for the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education. He is also an editorial board member, editor, associate editor, and editorial advisory board member for many international journals. He is a registered Chartered Engineer, Chartered Energy Engineer, European Engineer, and International Professional Engineer. He is also a registered member of the Engineering Council, UK; the Egypt Syndicate of Engineers; and the Egyptian Society of Engineers. He is a senior fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Energy Institute, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Royal Society of Arts, the African Academy of Sciences, and Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors, all in the United Kingdom. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and a member of the International Solar Energy Society, the European Power Electronics and Drives Association, and IEEE Standards Association.",institutionString:"Brunel University London",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Brunel University London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"185676",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Afifi",slug:"sara-afifi",fullName:"Sara Afifi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185676/images/5068_n.png",biography:"Sara N. Afifi received her BSc (Hons) degree in electrical power and machines from the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt, in 2005. Also, she received her MSc degree in energy policy and sustainability from the University of Exeter, UK, in 2009. Currently, she is a PhD student at the Brunel Institute of Power Systems, Brunel University London, UK. She is a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology and the Energy Institute of the UK. Her areas of expertise include distributed generation, energy policy, and sustainability.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"202507",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Pisica",slug:"ioana-pisica",fullName:"Ioana Pisica",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202507/images/5069_n.jpg",biography:"Ioana Pisica is a lecturer in Power Systems at the Brunel University London, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering. She received her MSc in information systems from the Academy of Economic Studies from Bucharest and her PhD from the University Politehnica of Bucharest. Her research interests include modern optimization techniques for power systems with distributed generation and FACTS devices, machine learning for power systems control, power quality, smart metering, and ICT infrastructures for future power networks.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"771",title:"Sustainability Science",slug:"sustainability-science"}],chapters:[{id:"52744",title:"Study of Quasi‐Dimensional Combustion Model of Hydrogen‐ Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Engines",doi:"10.5772/65753",slug:"study-of-quasi-dimensional-combustion-model-of-hydrogen-enriched-compressed-natural-gas-hcng-engines",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The reserves of the petroleum‐based fuels are directly correlated with the increasing demand of human mankind for energy production. With the growing world populations, industries, vehicles, and equipment, energy demand leads to the search for the substitute of petroleum fuels, which can cater for the need of people today. Considering the current global economic crisis, the interest in alternative fuels is extremely high. It is known that there is a limited amount of fossil‐based fuels as a sustainable energy source. The majority of the energy used today is obtained from the fossil fuels. Due to the continuing increase over the cost of fossil fuels, demands for clean energy have also been increasing. With this increasing demand for energy very soon the petroleum fuels will be depleted so researchers are focusing on to find the ways and means to generate cheap and abundant renewable and clean energy sources. Moving ahead with these plans, hydrogen‐enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engines have emerged as a future energy carrier for an internal combustion engine. Several countries are striving hard to bring down the pollution level by promoting hydrogen‐enriched compressed natural gas‐fueled vehicles in general by powering heavy vehicles like transportation buses as well as passenger cars. In general, under certain conditions, the indicated thermal efficiency of the HCNG engine is much better than CNG engines without compromising the high level of pollutant emissions. Even so, the hydrogen addition to CNG increases the NOx emission, due to high heat generated inside combustion chamber. This can be minimized by application of lean‐burn combustion or with three‐way catalyst.",signatures:"Fanhua Ma and Roopesh Kumar Mehra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52744",authors:[{id:"12461",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanhua",surname:"Ma",slug:"fanhua-ma",fullName:"Fanhua Ma"},{id:"179052",title:"Mr.",name:"Kumar Mehra",surname:"Roopesh",slug:"kumar-mehra-roopesh",fullName:"Kumar Mehra Roopesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"52114",title:"Harvesting Green Energy from Blue Ocean in Taiwan: Patent Mapping and Regulation Analyzing",doi:"10.5772/64889",slug:"harvesting-green-energy-from-blue-ocean-in-taiwan-patent-mapping-and-regulation-analyzing",totalDownloads:1445,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Taiwan is an island with abundant oceanic resources but devoid of resources to significantly utilize ocean power. In fact, the Taiwanese government has initiated several renewable energy policies to transform its energy supply structure from brown (fossil fuel-based) sources of energy to green (renewable-based) energy. In addition, in the 4th National Energy Conference held in 2015, ocean energy was identified as a key contributor to renewable energy source. Therefore, the Taiwanese government proposed the construction of a MW-scale demonstration electricity plant, powered by ocean energy, as promptly as possible. Compared with solar PV, wind, and biomass (waste) energy, the development of ocean energy in Taiwan has lagged behind. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to boost ocean energy adaptation using analysis from technical and legal perspectives. This chapter first illustrates the ocean energy potential and develop blueprint in Taiwan. Next, through patent research from the Taiwan Patent Search System, this chapter identifies advantageous ocean power technologies innovated by Taiwanese companies, primarily wave and current technologies. Furthermore, through the examination of regulations and competent authorities, this chapter discusses the possible challenges for implementing ocean energy technologies in Taiwan.",signatures:"Jui-Chu Lin and Wei-Ming Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52114",authors:[{id:"179131",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Ming",surname:"Chen",slug:"wei-ming-chen",fullName:"Wei-Ming Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"52319",title:"The Use of the Technological Innovation Systems Framework to Identify the Critical Factors for a Successful Sustainability Transition to Rooftop Solar in Low-Income Communities within South Africa",doi:"10.5772/65293",slug:"the-use-of-the-technological-innovation-systems-framework-to-identify-the-critical-factors-for-a-suc",totalDownloads:1808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"South Africa has a large unemployment rate with many households almost completely dependent on social grants for survival. Under such circumstances the potential of rooftop solar in developing vibrant and local energy micro-economies, which can generate and trade in electricity, is highly attractive. In this chapter, it is shown that such systems are uneconomic if considered from the perspective of a private investor. However a different conclusion emerges with respect to public funding. Even without considering the additional benefits of improved health and learning opportunities, lower levels of crime and lower levels of non-payment, rooftop solar becomes an attractive investment for the state, especially in areas of high solar irradiation. The ‘electrification grant’ could be delivered in several ways including the use of a subsidised feed-in-tariff. An initial analysis using the framework of technological innovation systems shows that much of the required structure for a rooftop solar system is already in place. However the state will need to boost efforts to train technicians to install and maintain the infrastructure, accelerate its initiatives to support local manufacture of photovoltaic modules, and strengthen the capability of the science and technology system to support the processes of technology diffusion and adoption.",signatures:"David R. Walwyn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52319",authors:[{id:"188016",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Walwyn",slug:"david-walwyn",fullName:"David Walwyn"}],corrections:null},{id:"53387",title:"Flexible Operation of Electric Power Transmission Grids",doi:"10.5772/66413",slug:"flexible-operation-of-electric-power-transmission-grids",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to reduce carbon emissions and increase sustainability many countries in the world are switching to renewable sources of energy for electricity production. European Commission has set targets for its Member States to reduce such emissions and proposed share of renewables of around 30% in gross final energy consumption by 2030. Moreover, the electricity market is decentralized in Europe. As a result of decentralization and increased renewable penetration into the system, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are faced with new challenges to operate their system securely. Some of the means of congestion management by the TSOs have become costly after decentralization. Moreover, variability associated with renewables can create congestion in a distant grid location which belongs to another TSO. Hence, TSOs are forced to find alternatives to operate their systems securely and in a cost effective manner. Inter-TSO coordination is one such non-costly alternative which requires increasing attention when more renewables are integrated into the system. The coordination (preventively and/or curatively) will help to operate the existing transmission grids more flexibly when more renewables integration demands transmission expansion, which is severely limited in Europe.",signatures:"Priyanko Guha Thakurta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53387",authors:[{id:"186999",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyanko Guha",surname:"Thakurta",slug:"priyanko-guha-thakurta",fullName:"Priyanko Guha Thakurta"}],corrections:null},{id:"52811",title:"−5/3 Kolmogorov Turbulent Behaviour and Intermittent Sustainable Energies",doi:"10.5772/65755",slug:"-5-3-kolmogorov-turbulent-behaviour-and-intermittent-sustainable-energies",totalDownloads:1608,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The massive integration of sustainable energies into electrical grids (non-interconnected or connected) is a major problem due to their stochastic character revealed by strong fluctuations at all scales. In this paper, the scaling behaviour or power law correlations and the nature of scaling behaviour of sustainable resource data such as flow velocity, atmospheric wind speed, solar global solar radiation and sustainable energy such as, wind power output, are highlighted. For the first time, Fourier power spectral densities are estimated for each dataset. We show that the power spectrum densities obtained are close to the 5/3 Kolmogorov spectrum. Furthermore, the multifractal and intermittent properties of sustainable resource and energy data have been revealed by the concavity of the scaling exponent function. The proposed analysis frame allows a full description of fluctuations of processes considered. A good knowledge of the dynamic of fluctuations is crucial to management of the integration of sustainable energies into a grid.",signatures:"Rudy Calif, François G. Schmitt and O. Durán Medina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52811",authors:[{id:"187000",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudy",surname:"Calif",slug:"rudy-calif",fullName:"Rudy Calif"},{id:"194627",title:"Prof.",name:"François",surname:"Schmitt",slug:"francois-schmitt",fullName:"François Schmitt"},{id:"194628",title:"MSc.",name:"Olmo Duran",surname:"Medina",slug:"olmo-duran-medina",fullName:"Olmo Duran Medina"}],corrections:null},{id:"52080",title:"Multilayered Solar Energy Converters with Flexible Sequence of p and n Semiconductor Films",doi:"10.5772/65013",slug:"multilayered-solar-energy-converters-with-flexible-sequence-of-p-and-n-semiconductor-films",totalDownloads:1217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-traditional design of multi-layered solar energy converters is proposed, with electrically independent p-i-n junctions. This new approach allows utilization of cheap and abundant II-VI, IV and IV-VI materials instead of III-V ones, using also cheap and economic deposition techniques like Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) instead of expensive Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). The CVD reactor with three atomic sources was built and used. II-VI and IV-VI semiconductor materials were prepared either in CVD reactor, or by CBD techniques. Besides, the original two-stage technology was employed: first the precursor oxide/hydroxide film of corresponding metal (like cadmium oxide/hydroxide) was prepared by some variety of CBD methods, and at the second stage, in CVD reactor the non-metallic component of precursor film was substituted by chalcogen, producing materials like CdS, CdSe, PbTe, etc. The semiconductor materials thus produced were of high quality, with basic parameters corresponding to those for the single crystals. Several experimental multilayered converters were constructed (in particular, with CdS/CdTe, CdS/PbS and Si/PbTe active bilayers). The preliminary results of their studying have shown that these and similar devices can be used in solar cells and photo sensors with satisfactory efficiency, and have great potential for improvement.",signatures:"Yuri V. Vorobiev, Iker R. Chávez Urbiola, Rafael Ramírez Bon, Liliana\nLicea Jiménez, Sergio A. Pérez García, Pavel Vorobiev and Paul\nHorley",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52080",authors:[{id:"53524",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Horley",slug:"paul-horley",fullName:"Paul Horley"},{id:"163153",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Licea Jiménez",slug:"liliana-licea-jimenez",fullName:"Liliana Licea Jiménez"},{id:"163154",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Alfonso",surname:"Pérez García",slug:"sergio-alfonso-perez-garcia",fullName:"Sergio Alfonso Pérez García"},{id:"179546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Vorobiev",slug:"yuri-vorobiev",fullName:"Yuri Vorobiev"},{id:"194426",title:"MSc.",name:"Iker",surname:"Chavez Urbiola",slug:"iker-chavez-urbiola",fullName:"Iker Chavez Urbiola"},{id:"194427",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Ramirez Bon",slug:"rafael-ramirez-bon",fullName:"Rafael Ramirez Bon"},{id:"194428",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Vorobiev",slug:"pavel-vorobiev",fullName:"Pavel Vorobiev"}],corrections:null},{id:"52887",title:"A New Ensemble Probabilistic Method for Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting",doi:"10.5772/65993",slug:"a-new-ensemble-probabilistic-method-for-short-term-photovoltaic-power-forecasting",totalDownloads:1673,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems led to their growing impact on the planning and operation of actual distribution systems. However, the uncertainties due to the intermittent nature of solar energy complicate these tasks. Therefore, high-quality methods for forecasting the PV power are now essential, and many tools have been developed in order to provide useful and consistent forecasts. This chapter deals with probabilistic forecasting methods of PV system power, since they have recently drawn the attention of researchers as appropriate tools to cope with the unavoidable uncertainties of solar source. A new multi-model probabilistic ensemble is proposed; it properly combines a Bayesian-based and a quantile regression-based probabilistic method as individual predictors. Numerical applications based on actual irradiance data give evidence of the probabilistic performances of the proposed method in terms of both sharpness and calibration.",signatures:"Antonio Bracale, Guido Carpinelli and\nPasquale De Falco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52887",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52887",authors:[{id:"18461",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Bracale",slug:"antonio-bracale",fullName:"Antonio Bracale"},{id:"190859",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",surname:"Carpinelli",slug:"guido-carpinelli",fullName:"Guido Carpinelli"},{id:"195876",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",surname:"De Falco",slug:"pasquale-de-falco",fullName:"Pasquale De Falco"}],corrections:null},{id:"52752",title:"Optimizing Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: A Review",doi:"10.5772/65971",slug:"optimizing-hybrid-renewable-energy-systems-a-review",totalDownloads:3025,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the fast progression of renewable energy markets, the importance of combining different sources of power into a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) has gained more attraction. These hybrid systems can overcome limitations of the individual generating technologies in terms of their fuel efficiency, economics, reliability and flexibility. One of the main concerns is the stochastic nature of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy resources. Wind is often not correlated with load patterns and may be discarded sometimes when abundantly available. Also, solar energy is only available during the day time. A hybrid energy system consisting of energy storage, renewable and nonrenewable generation can alleviate the issues associated with renewable uncertainties and fluctuations. Large number of random variables and parameters in a hybrid energy system requires an optimization that most efficiently sizes the hybrid system components to realize the economic, technical and designing objectives. This chapter provides an overview of optimal sizing and optimization algorithms for hybrid renewable energy systems as well as different objective functions considered for designing such systems.",signatures:"Mahmoud Ghofrani and Negar Niromand Hosseini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52752",authors:[{id:"183482",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",surname:"Ghofrani",slug:"mahmoud-ghofrani",fullName:"Mahmoud Ghofrani"},{id:"194542",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Negar",surname:"Niromand Hosseini",slug:"negar-niromand-hosseini",fullName:"Negar Niromand Hosseini"}],corrections:null},{id:"52168",title:"Clean Water from Clean Energy: Decentralised Drinking Water Production Using Wind Energy Powered Electrodialysis",doi:"10.5772/65015",slug:"clean-water-from-clean-energy-decentralised-drinking-water-production-using-wind-energy-powered-elec",totalDownloads:2152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Supply of potable water requires energy and unfortunately most of the countries with minimal access to safe drinking water are also poor in terms of access to reliable energy grids. However, many of such regions have access to other sources of water (such as brackish and groundwater) that can be treated for producing drinking water if correct treatment systems are put in place. Moreover, many of the electrically remote areas are rich in terms of renewable energy (RE) resources (such as wind and solar) which can be potentially employed as the main source of energy for powering water purification systems. Therefore, development and implementation of off‐grid RE powered contaminant removal systems, for producing freshwater from available resources (such as brackish and groundwater), can be considered as an effective and potentially sustainable solution for overcoming the drinking water scarcity issue in remote regions of developing countries. This chapter revises the state of the art related to desalination systems using electrodialysis technology powered by wind energy for decentralised water production.",signatures:"Payam Malek, Helfrid M.A. Schulte‐Herbrüggen and Juan M. Ortiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52168",authors:[{id:"188190",title:"Dr.",name:"Helfrid",surname:"Schulte-Herbruggen",slug:"helfrid-schulte-herbruggen",fullName:"Helfrid Schulte-Herbruggen"},{id:"188799",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan M.",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"juan-m.-ortiz",fullName:"Juan M. Ortiz"},{id:"189230",title:"Dr.",name:"Payam",surname:"Malek",slug:"payam-malek",fullName:"Payam Malek"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2154",title:"Energy Storage",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98b5e296523724495675754b80db6245",slug:"energy-storage-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ahmed Faheem Zobaa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. 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That is to say, each repeat unit has an ionizable group. In this case, in water they easily absorb many times their own weight. Polymers that do this are called superabsorbers. Acrylates are made from vinyl monomers. Some acrylates have an extra methyl groups attached to the alpha carbon or directly attached to the carbonyl carbon formed ester groups. Acrylic elastomer is a general term for a type of synthetic rubber whose main component is acrylic acid alkylester (ethyl or butyl ester). Acrylic elastomer has characteristics of heat and oil resistance. Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry, it also less a stain on clothes than oil paint. Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. 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Radiation Research of Polymer department - National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT) - Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. He also manages the analytical Laboratory in Ain Shams University, Faculty of engineering. Dr. Ghobashy began his career on the design and application of new polymeric materials in all areas of applications, in particular adsorption science. He is also interested in the development of smart hydrogel systems by chemical modification for applications including agriculture proposal, and biomedical application. Application of radiation chemistry for synthesis of polymer and hydrogel with a wide range biomedical application. Further Research interests are focused on examination of swelling behaviour of another kind of polymeric material likes (Organogel, fabric polymer and grafted films for different applications like self-cleaning and self-healing hydrogel. 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This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. 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Since the introduction of power-assisted liposuction (PAL) by MicroAire Surgical Instruments (FDA 510(K) December 1998, the device has undergone developmental changes to improve mechanical disruption of normal and fibrotic fatty areas, in gynecomastia and within firmer tissues after secondary surgery for superior fat extraction2-\n\t\t\t\t8.To date, however, there have been no studies that objectively determine whether the effects of mechanical injury, produced by a PAL device with potential increased surgical trauma, result in increased tissue shrinkage and tightening, after extraction of fat which is not apt to occur with traditional manual liposuction (TL).
\n\t\t\tThe purposes of this chapter were to review a 12-year clinical experience with powered-assisted liposuction and, in a limited study, obtain additional quantitative data on tissue shrinkage (accommodation or retraction) and tightening (elasticity) comparing PAL liposuction vs. traditional manual liposuction alone.
\n\t\t\tThe current upgraded MicroAire™ PAL device was an electrically powered and ergonomically re-designed model that was lighter and transmitted less vibrations, allowing easier penetration, removal of fatty tissue and reduced surgeon fatigue.A multi-fenestrated 4.0mm helix triport 3 cannula reciprocated at 2000 to 4000 cpm at a 2-3mm stroke.Although the speed of cannula movement could be adjusted by surgeon-preference, the instrument was operated either at full power (4000 cpm) or without power (manual) for this study.
\n\t\t\tFrom 1998 to 2011, ASA 1 patients presented for body contouring with PAL.Treatments were indicated for patients with moderate collections of adiposity and mild to moderate amount of tissue laxity. Patient exclusion criteria included pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, collagen disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and bleeding disorders.Standardized digital photography was obtained before surgery, along with data about each patient’s weight, height, percentage body fat, and body mass index. Patients were marked in the standing and sitting positions to the localized zones of treatment. Patients were offered preoperative oral medication for pain and sedation.An intravenous line and urinary catheter were inserted for access before surgery and removed upon discharge
\n\t\t\t\tAll surgeries were performed in an office setting under tumescent local anesthesia ( 500mg lidocaine, 1mgepinephrine, 20ml 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, 1000 ml 1 normal saline), utilizing superwet technique (1:1 ratio of tumescent fluid infiltration:lipoaspiration).Multiport blunt cannulas (2.4-4.0mm openings) removed fat, tissue debris, and tumescent fluid under a vacuum pressure between 450-500mm Hg for small-to-moderate volume cases for safe and effective fat removal in one session.The maximum amount of lipoaspirate did not exceed 5000ml in any one patient, respecting the safe maximum 35mg/kg of lidocaine dosage, while monitoring fluid replacement, hemodynamic stability, blood loss, and urinary output during surgery and in the post-operative recovery period.Temporary 0.25-inch (0.635-cm) Penrose drains were inserted into dependent sites and removed within 1-2 days.Compression garments with sponge inserts were applied for 2-3 weeks, after which a series of weekly external ultrasound treatments were given to reduce irregularities and swelling.
\n\t\t\tA randomized, controlled study was designed to measure tissue shrinkage and tightening in 3 female volunteers who presented with localized lower abdominal adiposity, minimal-moderate skin laxity, and absence of rectus abdominis diastasis.Conditions for exclusion included abdominal surgeries, current weight reduction programs, diabetes mellitus, collagen disorders, cardiovascular diseases, local infections and bleeding disorders.Biopsies from treated sites were obtained at baseline and 6 months later to correlate histologic observations with tissue shrinkage changes.At the completion of the study, a complete abdominal liposuction was offered to achieve an aesthetic result in each patient.Informed consents were obtained with IRB and HIPPA-approved protocols.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the upright position, patients’ skin-fat folds were measured across by a caliper (Harpenden Skinfold Caliper, Baty International, West Sussex, UK).Two 10cmx10cm square templates were marked on the lower half of each abdomen and were separated by a 5cmx10cm rectangular zone at the midline of the abdomen.The corners of each treated site were tattooed with India ink deposited through a 21 gauge multipronged needle.The Vectra 3D System software (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, New Jersey) would capture the permanent markers around each targeted site and calculate quantitative changes in tissue shrinkage by measuring the horizontal, vertical, diagonal and perimeter distances at baseline compared to findings at 3 and 6 month follow up visits (Figure 1).
\n\t\t\t\tTissue elasticity was evaluated by three repetitive measurements a tattooed site at the center of each targetedzone with the Reviscometer® RVM 900 (Courage-Khazaka, Colone, Germany) at baseline and 3 months after manual or power-driven liposuction.Measurements were calculated on the principle of stress-strain relationships when the skin was drawn up with negative pressure of 400mbar within 3 seconds and then released and moves back to its original position for another 3 seconds.The pressure differential between measurements, determined optically during suction and relaxation, is expressed as a percentage: tissue resistance during negative pressure = A; tissue’s ability to return to original position=B
\n\t\t\t\tInternal subdermal temperatures were recorded with a thermal sensing device at baseline and during the end of the procedures along with simultaneous surface skin temperatures with a handheld infrared noncontact thermometer (MiniTemp® MT6, Raytek Corp, Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
\n\t\t\t\tOne subject consented to tissue punch biopsies within the target zones at baseline, 3 and 6 months after completion of the study.Samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde-buffered solution, paraffin embedded, sectioned at 4-5 µm, and interpreted with hematoxyline-eosin and trichome stains.The pathologist interpreted the microscopic findings in each specimen without knowledge of the given treatments.
\n\t\t\t\tTwo 10cmx10cm target zones are identified by 8 tattoos whose surface areas are assessed by Vectra 3D Analyses between manual and powered-driven procedures.
Upon completion of their markings, measurements and photographs, patients were offered preoperative medications and prescribed a postoperative antibiotic.A 2mm incision below each of the square target zones permitted access for treatment.In a random fashion amongst the three subjects, once each of the 10cmx10cm areas received one of the following assignments, that zone remained as either a manual or power-driven site through baseline, three months and 6 months treatments regimens (Table1).During passages of the cannula in the
Time | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPanel Zone | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTreatment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Baseline Vectra 3D &Intraop Temp. Monitoring | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t200ml tumescent solution (500mg plain Lidocaine, 1 mg epinephrine, 20ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate in 1000ml normal saline); 500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Baseline Vectra 3D &Intraop Temp. Monitoring | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t200ml tumescent solution; 500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | ||
3 Months Vectra 3D &Intraop Temp. Monitoring | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t200ml tumescent solution (500mg plain Lidocaine, 1 mg epinephrine, 20ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate in 1000ml normal saline); 500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 Months Vectra 3D &Intraop Temp. Monitoring | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t200ml tumescent solution; 500 (250ml aspirate) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
6 months | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA & B | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVectra 3D & Elasticity Measurements,Biopsies | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Assignment and Treatment per Target Zone
MicroAire Surgical Instruments, Inc. Charlottesville, VA, USA
Beginning in February 1998 to April 2011, 547 patients (498 women, 49 men) received PAL treatments in the author’s private practice were able to be evaluated.Patients had a mean age of 48.3 years (range, 19 to 67 years), mean height of 162.7 cm (range, 146 to 192 cm), a mean weight of 69.2 (range, 53.6 to 115 kg), a mean body fat of 28.6% (range, 25.4.2% to 36.5%), and a mean body mass index of 24.6 (range, 18.2 to 32.2).Among the 547 patients, liposuction was performed in 13 anatomical sites (face, neck, brachia, axillae, brassiere/lumbar/hip rolls, breasts, abdomen, saddlebags, banana rolls, thighs and calves).Four hundred sixty-eight patients (85.6%) elected to undergo liposuction more than one site at the same session (average 4.2 sites; range, two to eight sites).
\n\t\t\t\tThe average volume of tumescent infiltration was 2700 ml (range 1250ml to 3500ml), while the average aspiration volume was 2500ml (range 1750ml to 3200ml).The average infiltration:aspiration ratio was 1.08:1.0 (range, 0.9:1.0 to 1.2:1.0).The average volume of fat was 1785ml (range 1500ml to 2700ml).The average lidocaine dosage was 3.5mg/kg (range, 1.7-4.7mg/kg), below the recommended safe level of 7mg/kg in the
In general, patients reported 85% satisfaction with the changes in their bodies after PAL liposuction at the six-month postoperative visit (Figures 2-3).Ten patients (1.8%) requested excision of redundant skin after liposuction to the brachia, upper inner thighs and lower abdomens.The majority of patients experienced skin accommodation or retraction after volume reduction of the fat.Nineteen patients (3.5%) requested surgical revisions because of incomplete fat removal of at selected sites or asymmetries.Each patient was asked to record his or her impression of the degree of intraoperative pain on a visual analog scale from 0 to 10.Patient responses indicated an average intraoperative pain level between 1 to 4 and a postoperative pain level of 1 to 3 on the second or third day after surgery.Almost all patients were able to resume their presurgical routines by the tenth postoperative day, depending on the extent and number of treatment sites.
\n\t\t\t\tDuring surgery, and the first forty-eight hours after surgery, none of the patients demonstrated any hemodynamic instability due to larger infiltration and aspiration volumes.Patients did not observed or exhibit lidocaine side effects such as prolonged lightheadedness, euphoria, digital or circumoralparesthesias, tremors, blurred vision, tinnitus or severe nausea and vomiting.Total blood loss was negligible, as determined by lipocrit measurements of less than 1.0% in lipoaspirates in over 50 patients.
\n\t\t\t\tYear old female with lipodystrophyto the brassiere, lumbar, and hip rolls
Tissue accommodation after PALprocedure provided contour improvement
Patients developed fibrotic nodules (5.0%), prolonged indurations (3.0%), and seromas (less than 1.0%)but did not experience cellulitis, skin necrosis, blisters or prolonged edema.Nodules resolved spontaneously or were successfully managed by intralesional steroid injections along with a series of external ultrasound treatments.Prolong indurations took longer to resolve by 3 months with ultrasound treatments and lymphatic massages.Seromas resolved spontaneously without aspiration.Surgeon fatigue was negligible during surgery, while the learning curve was not steep.
\n\t\t\tThe mean age of the three female patients was 46.7± 2.2 years.The average pretreatment weight (57.7 kg), percent body (fat 33%), BMI (25 kg/m2), waist diameter (85.3 cm), and hip diameter (95cm) varied during the post-treatment measurements at 3 and 6 months (Table 2).Abdominal skin-fat fold thickness, measured by calipers, varied between 1.7-2.3 cm.Subjects experience no complications from surgery and returned to their normal activity levels within 1 to 3 days.
\n\t\t\t\tSubject | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeight (kg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBody Fat %* | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBMI (kg/m2)* | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaist (cm) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHips (cm) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||||||||||
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 0 Months | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pt. #1(48y) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t58 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t56 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t23.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t95.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t91 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t93 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pt. #2(45y) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t61 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t64 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t67 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t38.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t24.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t25.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t27.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t86 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t88.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t92.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t95 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t94 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t96 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pt. #3(47y) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t32.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t32.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t21.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t88.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t95 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t93 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Patient Demographic Data
Body Fat Analysis Futrex-5500
Results of surface area changes from baseline measurement, as determined by Vectra 3D Analyses at 3 months after
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | Zone A Manual/ Non-Suction 3 Mos | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone B Power-Driven/ Non-Suction 3 Mos | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone A Manual/Suction 6 Mos | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone B Power-Driven/ Suction 6 Mos | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Subject 1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.0% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-2.40% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1.70% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-5.20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Subject 2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.30% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.10% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-10.10% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-3.80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Subject 3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.70% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-2.90% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.90% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-7.50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Average | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.3% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.27% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-4.2% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-5.50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Zonal Surface Area Changes after Manual or Motor-Driven Procedures over Time
As depicted in Figure 4, manual cannulations without suctioning demonstrated an small increase in the area measurement from its baseline value (average 1.4%), while power-driven cannulations without suctioning resulted in no appreciable surface area change from its baseline value (average 0.2%) at the 3 month evaluation period.At 6 months, the surface area after power-driven suctioning exhibited a greater reduced surface area (average -5.8%) than after manual suctioning (average -4.2%) from their baseline values.
\n\t\t\tCalculations of biomechanical measurement for skin elasticity at 6 months (3 months after completion of liposuction) and expressed as mean percent changes over baseline.No statistically significant elasticity changes were observed in zones treated by either manual or power-driven suctioning from their adjacent control sites.
\n\t\t\t\tVectra 3D Analyses of reductions in surface changes at 3 and 6 months compared to baseline measurements after manual or power-driven procedures.
The average oral temperature for the three subjects at baseline was recorded at 36°C (range 36.4-37.2°C).Throughout each of the assigned treatments, as listed in Table 4, the deep subdermal temperatures did not significantly differ from the simultaneously measured surface skin temperatures in each patient.Since manual/motor-driven cannulations or active suctioning did not result in any elevation of the subdermal or skin temperatures, the area changes observed during treatments, as tabulated in Table 3, is unlikely to be attributedto localized tissue trauma or thermal denaturation of collagen/elastin fibers and their secondary remodeling/contraction.
\n\t\t\t\tPt | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone A (3 Mos) Manual/Non-suction | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone A (3 Mos)Power-driven/Non-suction | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone A (6 Mos) Manual/Suction | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZone A (6 Mos)Power-driven/Suction | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTD*30oC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
TS**27°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t27°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTD*29oC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
TS**25°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t26°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t26°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t27°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTD*31oC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
TS**29°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t27°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28°C | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Deep and Surface skin Temperature during Assigned Treatments
Temperature in deep subcutaneous fat (1-2cm below dermis) ** Temperature of surface skin
Microscopic examination of punch tissue biopsies of in panels A & B after the 6th month procedures did not demonstrate any significant epidermal, dermal or subdermal changes by hematoxyline-eosine and trichome staining (Figure 5).The use of manual suctioning or motor-driven suctioning did not produce any visible damage within the epithelial cell layers, dermal collagen or elastin fibers, and subdermalseptae.
\n\t\t\tHistologic changes in Panel B at three months after motor-driven suctioning in subject 3 demonstrating no observable damage to the epidermal, dermal or subdermal structures.
Power-assisted liposuction has been shown to be effective and safe for small-to-large volume liposuction cases.Studies2-3,9that compared power-assisted to traditional liposuction found that power-assisted liposuction was superior in the ease and speed of fat extraction, faster healing and recovery time for patients, shorter procedure times with less surgeon fatigue, and lower incidence of touch-up secondary procedures.However, neither technique demonstrated a distinct advantage over the other in the post-operative evaluations for ecchymosis, edema, results, recovery times and complications.
\n\t\t\tOur extensive experience confirms previous findings that PAL represents a safe and efficient method for small-to-moderate volume cases with superwet tumescent technique.About 85% of the aspirate volume was composed of fat, while blood loss was minimal with lipocrits less than 1.0% of the lipoaspirates.The average lidocaine dosage was calculated at a safe level of 3.5mg/kg, which resulted in no overt signs or symptoms of lidocaine toxicity.All patients experienced stable hemodynamics during surgery and in the 48 hour recovery period.
\n\t\t\tOver 85% of patients were satisfied with their surgical results with an acceptable revision rate of about 3.5%.A secondary procedure for removal of excess skin after liposuction occurred only in 1.8% of patients in areas of primary skin laxity (brachii, upper inner thighs, and lower abdomen).In the vast majority of cases, the overlying skin accommodated or contracted to its new environment after fat debulking.Patients rated their intraoperative and postoperative pain at relatively low levels and returned to presurgical activity levels by the tenth day.Postoperative complications, such as nodularity, induration and seromas, were low and resolved spontaneously or with postop massaging and external ultrasound treatments.
\n\t\t\tThe limited clinical study for quantitative tissue shrinkage and tightening determined that the mechanical injury produced by the power-assisted device resulted in no significant difference in abdominal tissue shrinkage (accommodation and/or retraction) 3 months after powered mechanical cannulations compared to manual identical manual cannulations by 3D Vectra Analyses after the passage of the same number of strokes with a 4.0mm helixedtriport 3 cannula without liposuction.Patients served as their own controls in a paired comparison analysis of powered cannulations and traditional manual cannulations within adjacent 10cmx10cm target zones.When powered mechanical liposuction was compared to manual liposuction, utilizing the same diameter and designed cannula, identical negative aspiration pressures, and similar lipoaspirated volumes, an increase in abdominal tissue shrinkage was observed with PAL over TL.Since power-assisted liposuction did not generate any temperature changes to the skin or subdermal tissues compared to manual liposuction, as determined in this study, there were no thermal effects on tissue elasticity or histology detected at the 6th month evaluation period.Since PAL did not elicit any significant thermal injury to the collagen fibers in the septae and dermis, no active tissue contraction was observed clinically or determined in the elasticity study.Although the number of patients in this limited study was small for statistical significance, the observed results indicated a trend in greater tissue accommodation after PAL treatments.However,
\n\t\t\tthe study did not provide an explanation for power-assisted liposuction’s ability to result in a small increase in the amount of tissue shrinkage (accommodation and retraction) over manual liposuction, after fat extraction and in the absence of temperature effects.Further studies will be necessary to examine this salutary tissue response from powered mechanical liposuction over traditional liposuction that, if confirmed, may provide an additional advantage, resulting in safer, more effective and precise surgery.
\n\t\tPower-assisted liposuction represents a safe and effective method to remove small-to moderate collections of fat for body contouring purposes.With super-wet tumescent technique, the average infiltration to aspiration volumes approaches a ratio of 1.08:1.0 in most surgeries.PAL appears to be an efficient method because the average percent of fat within the lipoaspirate approaches 85% in the majority of cases.Over 85% of patients were satisfied with the body contouring procedure with only 3.5% of patient requesting revisional surgeries for incomplete fat removal.Appropriate tissue accommodation or retraction occurred after liposuction in most treated sites, except in areas that exhibited preoperatively a significant degree of tissue laxity (brachii, upper inner thighs, and lower abdomen) that required tissue excision after surgery in 1.8% of cases.All patients were hemodynamically stable during and after surgery, and did not exhibit any signs or symptoms of lidocaine side effects.Complication rates were low and involved temporary tissue fibrous nodularity, induration and seromas.
\n\t\t\tThe study for quantitative tissue shrinkage and elasticity indirectly confirmed the postoperative findings among the 547 patients.The limited clinical study obtained quantitative measurements of non-significant differences in shrinkage of tissue surfaces in zones treated by either manual cannulations without suctioning or by power-driven liposuction without suctioning under other identical assignments (blunt cannula, tumescent volumes, number of stroke passages).Greater differences in surface area reductions were observed, however, in the same zones that were treated by power-driven liposuction than by manual liposuction only, under the same identical treatment conditions (blunt cannula, tumescent volumes, number of stroke passages, and volumes of aspiration).Since skin surface and deep subcutaneous temperatures did not approach threshold levels for collagen denaturation of 40-42°C with these non-thermal treatments, the observed shrinkage of surface areas may be due to tissue accommodation and retraction from volume reductions rather than to active skin contraction from denatured collagen fibers and their subsequent reorganization.These conclusions are substantiated by the normal microscopic findings after manual or power-driven liposuction at the 6th month evaluation period within the skin and subdermal layers. Further objective studies will be required to validate these observations.
\n\t\tThe author wishes to thank Dennis DaSilva, Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, CT for Vectra 3D Analysis and Margaret Gaston, BS for statistics and computer assistance.
\n\t\tTypical SSCs are equipped with state-of-the-art technologies to support the new and modern lifestyle. Communication technologies are the primary enabler of most electronic interactions and associated operations. The European Parliament states, “A smart city seeks to address public issues via information and communication technology (ICT) solutions.” The Japanese definition concentrates on energy, infrastructure, ICT, and lifestyle. Navigant Research [1] pointed out that investment in smart cities covers smart government, smart building, intelligent transport, innovative communications, and smart utilities. Wireless communication using electric signals is the core for accessibility and availability of communication everywhere within the city and at all times. The UN projected that 66% of the world’s population will be urban by 2050, and cities consume most of the world’s resources, such as 75% of the total energy. They will generate 80% of the greenhouse gases, causing adverse environmental effects. Smart cities with their inherent moderation and control of resource consumption are the ideal solution to address these challenges, population growth, deterioration of energy sources, environmental pollution, etc. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provides standards to assure a wide range of smart cities’ quality, safety, and performance. Adherence to these standards benefits deploying, managing, and controlling smart cities. Implementing these standards requires embedding sensors within the involved devices and having these devices connected to a local network to establish inter-sensors communications using ICT. Nathali et al. [2] proposed a generic and universal bottom-up smart city architecture for real-world deployment. The architecture comprises four layers: sensing, transmission, data management, and application. Embedded communication means within each layer are critical and mandatory to ensure cooperation and synchronization among the various components of city sustainability.
ICT allows setting energy targets, observing, and enforcing them by deploying sensor networks covering primary energy consumption sources, such as municipal, industrial, hospitals, and citizens. A tool to identify optimal monitoring locations is available. In a case study, the ICT hotspots identified were heating systems, transport systems, and potential transformation of the buildings and roads enabled by ICT solutions. Studies show that a successful implementation requires the timing of ICT-related decisions in the planning process and the actor-networks needed to implement the ICT solutions and their management. The planning process has several decision points: the property owner, meta-network governance coordination, and traveler information systems. A flexible-work-hub solution case study revealed that mobility management systems encourage environment-friendly transport modes to reduce transport demand with minimum impact. All transportation means should be equipped with efficient navigation systems, and flexible work hubs should be located in local nodes closer to people’s homes.
To provide a practical framework for this chapter, we propose a four-layer concept, an analogy to the OSI seven-layer for communications. Figure 1 depicts the layers model, starting from the bottom with the physical city architecture layer, allowing electric and optical signals free of disturbances and delays. Then the network layer where all the communication equipment, wireline, wireless, antennas, sensors, and IoT are optimally deployed. The intermediate layer contains the protocols and third-party software required to support the application layer and manage the lower-level devices. The upper layer has applications enabling the end-user to enjoy the benefits of a sustainable city, such as energy control and waste and pollution management. Each layer is improving over time; this is presented by the vertical column called trends and developments.
The multi-layer framework for smart city communications.
The global smart cities market size is expected to expand from $1.226T in 2022 to $6.965T registering a CAGR of 24.2% by 2030. Navigant Research [1], based on 443 projects spanning 286 cities worldwide, will contribute nearly $1.7T to the global smart city technology market until 2030. Rapid urbanization led by government initiatives worldwide encourages sustainable and green technologies investment. Asia Pacific market seems to lead with a CAGR of 27.7%. Advanced cities use IoT to manage sustainable operations. For example, pollution, water, and healthcare. Endeavor Business Media announced the launch of smart-building technology embedding intelligence for new constructions and existing commercial buildings. This technological development reduces energy consumption. Major Asian mobile operators take many 5G deployments, and initiatives to resolve the problem of high bandwidth requirements are anticipated to drive the growth. The list of companies promoting smart cities shows that many leading communication vendors appear there, such as Cisco Systems, Inc., Ericsson, General Electric, Honeywell, IBM, Huawei Technologies, Siemens AG Telensa, Verizon, and Vodafone. The introduction of electric vehicles has been well accepted mainly due to their low pollution and modern look. However, it raised a new environmental issue of recharging stations and how to get rid of the big obsolete batteries.
To complement it, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) [3] became decisive in minimizing congestion, pollution, and parking space. There is still a need for a closed monitoring system to prevent greenhouse gas emissions and promote efficient energy consumption, awareness, attraction, and broadcast decisions. Smart cities market report posted that the innovative utility section, the intelligent infrastructure, and the travel assistance segment are expected to grow at a CAGR of 22.9, 24.3, and 23.4%, respectively, over the forecast period. Endeavor Business Media, 06/21, announced the launch of intelligent construction technology combining smart communication components, reducing energy consumption. Waste management companies deploy sensor networks and data platforms to generate practical insights, route optimization, and analytics decisions. The growing adoption of new technologies in the smart ticketing market, RFID, QR code, BFSI, and healthcare offer smart solutions across sectors.
Businesses look for new ways to engage their customers, streamline operations, and generate revenue, and many are turning to wireless wide area network (WAN) technology. Wireless connectivity is now essential for enabling agile and secure connectivity of people, places, and things, beyond the reach and limitations of traditional wired network connections, managed wireless. The emergence of 5G, with its faster speed, lower latencies, and enhanced network capabilities, catalyzes wireless WAN adoption as businesses seek to make their WANs cellular simple and fiber-fast for true wireless flexibility. This solution provides businesses with the necessary secure and flexible wireless cellular connectivity to any number of fixed sites managed by network experts, helping organizations save time, money, and removing the burden of ongoing management or upfront infrastructure costs. Customers need an agile network that is quick to deploy, highly scalable, secure, and supports a broad WAN use case. They expect a plug-and-play, managed solution that enables simple and fast deployment of wireless connectivity when wired connections are unavailable, lack sufficient reliability, are too costly, only applicable to fixed locations, and require long lead times. Managed wireless WAN is designed to connect thousands of endpoints while providing end-users with fast and secure access to the cloud, datacenter applications, and the internet. It provides employees with safe and reliable access to be productive anywhere without relying on a network provider to deliver a circuit. 5G wireless edge devices offer connectivity, and plans for future additions to the service include support for in-vehicle and internet of things (IoT) use cases and the addition of enhanced routing and security features. Examples of particular use cases have a temporary connection at a branch site, pop-up store, or construction trailer, expanding to new locations, or using a permanent cellular connection as a failover or WAN link for an SD-WAN deployment. It extends the reach of the enterprise to remote areas https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252516487/European-employers-missing-the-opportunity-to-automate-processes-for-hybrid-work enabling innovative use cases.
Advanced communications enable the use of new services covering a variety of life indicators applications, such as shorter commute time, clean air, traffic control, street lighting, smart parking, gathering management, accelerated emergency response time, reduced healthcare costs, decreased water consumption, recycled waste, harmful emissions, sustainability, and other saving potential.
Figure 2 presents several key application types used in a typical SSC for managing, coordinating, synchronizing, and managing all city activities, such as advanced metering of water, electricity, and gas consumption control. Real-time metering of measurable elements, anomaly detection, alert systems, sensor-data collection, machine learning, deep learning methods, and big data analysis. The expected impact is efficient, balanced, cost-efficient, reliable, secured, improved power consumption, low air pollution, and tight coordination among city sectors, such as energy, transportation, water supply, healthcare, education, and culture. In parallel, privacy and security issues are handled, and centralized IoT applications for cost reduction and energy saving of LED lighting controls. Applications for managing surveillance cameras, environmental sensors, electronic billboards, charging stations, WiFi coverage, and smart transit systems reduce cost, improve safety, and routing management improve user experience, onboard WiFi reduce congestion, provide clean air quality, and priority access management. Other applications, sensing flow rates, tank pressure, water levels, remote management solution, monitoring or the components of the IoT, including a range of radio devices, system on modules (SOMs), sensors, water management applications, gateway to supply the connectivity for a range of application needs, water treatment solutions, evaluate critical environmental data, such as groundwater analytics providing recommendations to customers. Remote monitoring and management solution offer hidden visibility of equipment and customers usage of chemicals.
The application layer detailed examples.
A collection of vast applications arsenal is the core enabler of SSC. Following are estimated global market values per application type: [4]. Smart metering for the electricity, gas, and water, market is estimated to reach $39B by 2027. The smart lighting market will grow at a CAGR of 18% to $31B by 2025. Intelligent electric vehicle (EV) charging market is expected to reach $70B by 2026. The solar photovoltaic (PV) market is estimated to grow by 5% annually, reaching $185B.
This layer provides the underlying generic technologies required by the application layer to operate, giving new ideas and capabilities, and empowering the software intelligence to a leading position in the software domain. Figure 3 depicts state-of-the-art technologies enabling AI and other libraries to enrich the applications in the first-layer. The API library contains various generic software components the application layer uses. Big data is another component having a warehouse of data collected over a long period enriched with related market data. Data mining, AI, and BI use this data to identify data patterns, rules, and exciting insights. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are two modern tools that are able to learn some insights by processing a given training data. These insights are then used to extrapolate and predict the behavior of the system results. Cloud computing transforms computer-owned usage into services without owning the computer environment. It is disconnecting computer services from the organization’s site. Consequently, the software can be accessed anywhere and anytime free of maintenance, which is an excellent advantage for a smart city. Cyber security is a comprehensive solution to secure the entire system from cyber-attacks.
The intermediate layer detailed examples.
The following are typical qualifications representing SSCs [4], as follows: Technological provision, environmental, social, economic sustainability, economic and social development, air quality, energy transition toward renewables, quality of living, waste per population, water sustainability, human infrastructure & networked markets, ESG performance, and smart city ecosystem. Some of the cities provided data regarding their status. One city deployed over 20,000 sensors for capturing temperature, air quality, mobility data, lighting, noise, and climate. Another city implemented pollution-monitoring sensors and educational campaigns. Some cities stated that all new buildings are built with intelligent controls, low-energy heating, and digitized mobility using accessible WiFi in 755 public spaces. More options are wired bike-sharing, electrical vehicle plug-in spots, activated video feeds in busy intersections to smooth traffic, renewable energy, sustainable mass transit, $70B in total startup valuations, 100 accelerators, incubators, and co-working spaces, using 100% renewable power, implementing real-time meter sensors, reducing emissions from daily commuting by sharing, and deploying sensors for heating, cooling, and lighting based on occupancy. Distribute to the public smart-mobile applications, measure and optimize biogas, energy efficiency, heating and cooling, smart grids, and consider electric buses and green energy systems.
Following are typical declarations of existing smart cities. The city goals are clean air, biodiversity, low carbon, green transportation, waste reduction, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, internet of things (IoT), quantum computing helping in their intelligence journey, and cutting 40% of CO2 emissions by 2025. Becoming the leader in smart and sustainable building solutions. Through the $37N green building masterplan, make 80% of the city buildings eco-friendly by 2030, earn 80% of new buildings super low energy (SLE), and achieve an 80% improvement in energy efficiency for green buildings. Becoming a climate-friendly by 2040. Any services that can be digitized will be digitized. Become the world’s first carbon-neutral city by 2025, becoming fossil-fuel-free by 2050.
Some of the recorded achievements are: reducing carbon emissions by 25,000 tons, saving $9.5M, decreasing the electricity consumption of public buildings by 7.8%, reducing overall carbon footprint by 35%, recover 1.64 million tons of municipal solid waste, reducing emissions by about 18,000 T/year, comparable to the electricity use of 4000 residents, Over a third of all transportation, fossil-fuel consumption has been removed through sustainable transport alone, a reduction of 90,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year.
Several publications define the requirements for qualifying a city as an SSC. In all of these publications, we realize that communication and sensors are the key enablers of smart cities. Internet connectivity is crucial for smart cities as almost all activities are via messaging. High capacity, high-speed, efficient, and effective internet connection is a key to achieving the smart cities vision. It complies with the forecast that by 2024, more than 23B devices will be connected to cellular networks. It is possible with high-speed internet connectivity associated with local communication networks. Figure 4 depicts recent trends in modern communication infrastructure, which can cope with a high-volume communication activity. The first component is satellite communications, which is undergoing significant development by SpaceX. The second is cellular 5G, which supports a new magnitude of transmission speed and volume. The third refers to a substantial WiFi version, a newly expanded gateway, and the exploding spread of sensors and IoT devices.
The network layer details.
During the past few years, we are evident the intensive launch of more than 2000 small satellites to the LEO by SpaceX, creating a network of satellites communicating with each other via laser beams. The communication with the earth is by electronic signals transmitted toward ground stations for further distribution via wireline and cellular networks. It is the ultimate achievement of satellite communications.
The evolving spread of 5G provides ultra-fast internet, low latency, and improved reliability. It is the ultimate solution that copes with the expected wireless traffic. 5G network’s speed is 10–30 Gbps, which is 100 times faster than 4G; the capacity is 1000 Gbps/km2 area spectral in dense urban environments, 1000 times more than 4G. It decreases energy consumption by 10% times the higher battery life of associated devices and five times lessened end-to-end delay. 5G integrates with long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi to give all-inclusive high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. 5G networks have a latency rate of 1 ms vs. 40–50 milliseconds in 4G. 5G networks allow smoother handling of spikes and better network traffic optimization than 4G. Lower power consumption and enhanced capacity and speed are part of sustainability.
WiFi wireless communications transport most wireless traffic in enterprises, public and residential environments cost-effectively and continue improving the efficiency in using precious spectrum resources. The new version 7 is to be released in 2024. It is a significant enhancement of WiFi 6. It is more flexible and efficient, supports 16 streams, has a channel size of 640 MHz, has a data rate of 46 Gbps, has lower latency, and uses network and spectrum resources. WiFi 7 integrates well with 5G and 3GPP-based 5G and other standard communication devices and protocols. It supports distributed and cloud architectures, virtualization, and digitalization in the emerging private wireless networks (PWN). Wi-Fi-7 supports applications that require deterministic latency, high reliability, quality of service (QoS), IoT, IIoT, and video-based applications, such as surveillance, remote control, gaming, AV/VR, smart-home services, and more. WiFi deployment provides communication services that save unnecessary wiring, energy, transportation, and contribute to sustainability.
The evolving new services generated for smart cities require numerous sensors connected to new types of wireless communication networks that meet the specific requirements of smart city needs. Sensors [5] interactions require the transfer of small data packages, energy efficiency, the ability to connect devices in remote areas, a high degree of data protection, and interoperability. Connected end devices must operate for a long time, powered by an embedded battery with no connection to the grid. Terleev et al. [6] recommend LoRaWAN as the best gateway for machine-to-machine communication technology. According to experiments, the coverage area of the LoRaWAN gateway is 1500 m, which is fine for a smart city.
The last component required to complement the network layer is IoT, the internat of things, enabling the data collection from the system endpoints, the sensors, and vice versa, transmitting messages from the system toward an IoT device and among IoT devices.
Smart city communication infrastructure supports intra-city and internet interactions. It comprises wireline and wireless mixture networks. The wireline is a network of fiberoptic channels deployed underground with connected antennas.
Figure 5 depicts the typical new generation of communication hardware required to support modern communication services. It includes satellite and cellular antennas, underground fiberoptics wiring, and the construction materials impacting the electric signals. The number of antennas, location, signal strength, and height depend on the city’s population density. The wireless portion comprises signals from satellites intercepted by the corresponding antennas and signals broadcasted by the cellular antennas and captured by the mobile phones located within the antenna’s spectrum. Wireless signals are disturbed by physical obstacles, such as buildings and other constructions. Therefore, city streets, buildings architecture plans, and used materials should consider optimal deployment of the wireline fiberoptics and the corresponding antenna locations to ensure smooth communication at minimum interference. For example, the building material and the estimated data transmission load apply the suitable communications infrastructure or determine the building’s fabric. We provide the knowledge and guidelines for selecting the appropriate communications technologies fitting the specific SSC’s attributes and vice versa.
The physical layer details.
Electric waves are the core of wireless digital communication at free space and ground contacts. However, the transmitted waves are exposed to obstacles, such as rain, dust, topography, urban surface, and magnetic forces, causing signal attenuation and degrading the transferred signal quality up to data loss. To overcome it, we may request the transmission of stronger signals, which increases the power consumption and shortens the transmitting satellite’s lifespan. Hence, we propose a machine-learning based model, which predicts the proper signal strength and the correct transmission time, having a high probability of reaching the intercepting antenna on the ground. The model analyses the two path sections, from the satellite to free space close to the ground and then to the ground station. We trained our ML system using training data from the genesis satellite. Experiment results show our system’s high accuracy level for frequencies ranging from 2 to 72 GHz.
Several papers cope with the same problem. Some proposed solutions are limited to a geographic region where minimal rain and dust, while others are limited to low frequencies [7]. Analyzed satellite data to discover the elements causing a signal loss in urban environments [8, 9]. Correlate signal loss and construction material [10, 11]. Present materials measurements of low frequencies [12, 13]. Focus on the receiver’s position and height disruption inside a building. Entry loss for 2 GHz is reported in [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Discuss signal spread within facilities and [19] calculate the spread delay as a function of elevation and angle. In [20], a new path loss model and [21] present attenuation differences for indoor textures and materials. We selected a concrete building with a horn antenna with vertical polarization. The signal generator, the transmitter, and the receiver are agilent. We use recurrent neural networks (RNN), and MLNNs have a temporal dimension. The MLNN system builds, loads the neural network, trains, and tests the input data. Then it analyzes the data, starting with the input samples reduced in two stages to one instance, identifying the optimal converged parameters. The training results resemble the accurate results. In summary, we provide SSC designers with a tool to determine the optimized materials and positioning of communication equipment so that signal strength will remain effective until it reaches the targeted antennas and mobile devices.
This chapter discusses the role and contribution of communication technologies to sustainable smart cities. For a detailed analysis, we divided the subject into four cumulative aspects piled into four layers, starting with the bottom physical layer up to the applications developed to manage, coordinate, and synchronize the activities required to maintain sustainability in smart cities. This study shows the profound necessity of incorporating communication technology into the management and control mechanisms used to assert sustainable smart cities. Based on the detailed content of the chapter sections, it is clear that everything related to management, control, and interaction among key players of smart cities require communications infrastructure to enable its operations. Figure 6 encapsulates the complete view of the chapter content and its details. Since SSC is still in its beginning stage and still evolving, this chapter may be updated soon to capture the near future developments in this advanced domain.
The multi-layer detailed framework for smart city communications.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Most real-world decision-making situations are subject to bounded rationality; whereby the technical and economic evaluation of all solution alternatives (branches) is bounded by the consideration of dominant subjective constraints. The early definition of DSS introduced it as a system that intended to support decision makers in semi-structured problems that could not be completely supported by algorithms. DSSs were planned to be an accessory for managers to expand their capabilities but not to replace them. Decision support systems could provide the means to complement decision makers by quantitatively supporting managerial decisions that could otherwise be based on personal intuition and experience. In addition to the traditional DSS characteristics (i.e., data and model orientation, interactivity), the inclusion of an intelligent knowledge base would be required to quantify the impacts of both technical (hard) and subjective (soft) constraints.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Maria Rashidi, Maryam Ghodrat, Bijan Samali and Masoud\nMohammadi",authors:[{id:"211318",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Rashidi",slug:"maria-rashidi",fullName:"Maria Rashidi"},{id:"212606",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Ghodrat",slug:"maryam-ghodrat",fullName:"Maryam Ghodrat"},{id:"212607",title:"Prof.",name:"Bijan",middleName:null,surname:"Samali",slug:"bijan-samali",fullName:"Bijan Samali"},{id:"274006",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"masoud-mohammadi",fullName:"Masoud Mohammadi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62362",title:"The Role of Information Systems in Human Resource Management",slug:"the-role-of-information-systems-in-human-resource-management",totalDownloads:7375,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last years, human resource management (HRM) has experienced significant transformations. The focus has passed from the administrative management tasks to becoming a strategic partner of the overall organization strategy, largely with the strong support of information technologies’ evolution in this field of knowledge area. The extended use of information systems has a deep effect in the way HRM is managed nowadays. It boosted a major transformation of human resources (HR) processes and practices within organizations, namely on how they collect, store, use, and share information. Several HRM processes have become more efficient and the impact of this service level improvement allowed a greater involvement of HR in the business strategy. This new role in business strategy adds significant changes to HR function and to its professionals. Along this chapter, we discuss the effects of information systems in HRM, considering the existing literature on the topic, and describe the benefits and possible limitations of using them. We also provide an overview of some applications of technology in functional areas of HRM, within organizations.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Marlene Sofia Alves e Silva and Carlos Guilherme da Silva Lima",authors:[{id:"211475",title:"M.D.",name:"Marlene",middleName:"Sofia",surname:"Silva",slug:"marlene-silva",fullName:"Marlene Silva"},{id:"211476",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"carlos-lima",fullName:"Carlos Lima"}]},{id:"62394",title:"Management Functions of Information System Components as an Integration Model",slug:"management-functions-of-information-system-components-as-an-integration-model",totalDownloads:1530,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Management functions develop first, as systematic steps to carry out management activities, while information components system follow later as part of management elements, where both must be integrated in order to make its practical implementation more clear. Management Functions and Information System Components as an integration model are (1) to explain Management Functions, Information System Components, Goals and Benefit related to Information System and (2) to explain integration process of Management Functions with Information System Component to get goals and benefits as an integrated model. Research method using expert method has done an integration of management function, which includes the cycle of P, O, A, C, E and I, to run management process, must be step by step, and as a cycle. Information components include S, H, F, B, and T and must have minimum requirement. Management of Information System needs goals and benefits that can be calculated clearly and specifically. To get goals and benefits in excellence performance are needed the integrated process to coordinate management functions and information system components, as an Integrated Model with an example in applications of software in Nosocomial Infection Control for Hospital, as the figure below.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna",authors:[{id:"200387",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Boy Subirosa",middleName:null,surname:"Sabarguna",slug:"boy-subirosa-sabarguna",fullName:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna"}]},{id:"57870",title:"Information and Information Technologies in Conflict Management",slug:"information-and-information-technologies-in-conflict-management",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper analyzes information and modern information technologies as applied in different organizational environment and considers the content and peculiarities of conflict management process based on implementation of communicative scenarios. Currently, the need for escalated organizational transformations has become imminent, taking into account the intensifying development of the differentiated information society, which requires properly interactive and transparent policy-making. Correct understanding of information and effective implementation of information technologies is a rational attempt to harmonize the modern organizational environment reducing the level of conflict and improving efficiency indexes.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Andrei Aleinikov, Daria Maltseva, Alexander Kurochkin and Tatiana\nKoulakova",authors:[{id:"212005",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Aleynikov",slug:"andrey-aleynikov",fullName:"Andrey Aleynikov"},{id:"219746",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Koulakova",slug:"tatiana-koulakova",fullName:"Tatiana Koulakova"},{id:"219747",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",middleName:null,surname:"Maltseva",slug:"daria-maltseva",fullName:"Daria Maltseva"},{id:"219748",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kurochkin",slug:"alexander-kurochkin",fullName:"Alexander Kurochkin"}]},{id:"59493",title:"Some Methods for Evaluating Performance of Management Information System",slug:"some-methods-for-evaluating-performance-of-management-information-system",totalDownloads:1356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Recently, several kinds of information systems are developed for purposes and needs of business and play an important role in business organizations and management operations. Management information system, or MIS for short, is a kind of information system. It is a key factor to facilitate and attain efficient decision-making in an organization. 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Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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