\r\n\t \r\n\tThis knowledge gap is due in part to the lack of a preclinical small animal model which can faithfully recapitulate EBV infection and immune control and would allow testing of EBV specific vaccine candidates. With the advent of mice with reconstituted human immune system compartments (HIS mice) during the past decade, this is changing. The complex interplay between host and virus has made it difficult to elaborate useful vaccine strategies to protect against the EBV-associated diseases (including chronic diseases like MS) or to find efficient drugs specifically targeting EBV malignancies. \r\n\t \r\n\tOne challenge is that the EBV expresses very different proteins during its lytic and its latent phases. To address this, vaccine candidates have been designed to include proteins from both phases. As EBV is associated with nearly 200,000 new malignancies each year worldwide, an EBV vaccine to prevent these diseases is needed. Parallel to this needs one could propose priorities for future research: (i) Identification of surrogate markers that predict the development of EBV-related malignancies. (ii) Definition of a goal for an EBV vaccine and criteria for licensure (iii), investigation of the potential usefulness of targeting certain lytic proteins in the context of drug discovery.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-490-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-489-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-491-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",bookSignature:"Prof. Emmanuel Drouet",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",keywords:"Epstein-Barr Virus, Multiple Sclerosis, Breast Cancer, Breast Carcinoma, Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation, Stress, Animal Model, Human Gammaherpesvirus, Infectious Mononucleosis, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Latent Proteins, Central Nervous System",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 3rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"15 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.jpg",biography:"Expertise : Human Virology & Microbiology - \nNAME : DROUET\nGiven name : Emmanuel\nDegree : PhD, PharmD\nCurrent position : Full Professor CEX1\nTeaching & Education Professor at School of Pharmacy, UGA\nhttp://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/en/\nResearch :Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, http://www.ibs.fr/\nPostal address CIBB-IBS 38044 Grenoble, France 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France\n\nPrincipal investigator in more than 20 research projects in virology since 2000\nMember of the CNU (“Conseil National des Universités” nominated by Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et Recherche, France or French ministry of higher education and research, 87th section)) (2012-) – Expert at the AERES (Evaluation Agency for Research and Higher Education, France) \nCollaborations: University Medical Center, Utrecht (NL), University of Heidelberg (D)\n\nResearch interest :\n\nMain activities : Research as group leader in the French Institution CNRS and european EMBL. Principal investigator in more than 20 research projects since 1994 \n\nSubjects : (i) Pathobiology of the viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family (Hepatitis C Virus) (ii) Innovative diagnosis markers for Herpesviruses and immune response (iii) Virus- associated Cancers \n\nTeaching in Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology, Virology, and Immunity) (School of Pharmacy students of bachelor & master level)\n\n5 main publications (key-words: Hepatitis C Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Cancer biomarkers)\n\nHabib M, et al., Morand P, Drouet E (2017) Lytic EBV infection investigated by detection of Soluble Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA in the serum of patients with PTLD Nature Sci Rep 7: 10479 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-09798-7 1\n\nLe Berre L, Rousse J, Gourraud PA, Imbert-Marcille BM, Salama A, Evanno G, Semana G, Nicot A, Dugast E, Guérif P, Adjaoud C, Freour T, Brouard S, Agbalika F, Marignier R, Brassat D, Laplaud DA, Drouet E, Van Pesch V, Soulillou JPDecrease of blood anti-α1,3 Galactose Abs levels in multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients. Clin Immunol. 2017 Jul;180:128-135. \n\nFallecker C, et al. Petit MA, Drouet E (2017) New insights into HCV replication in original cells from Aedes mosquitoes Virology Journal 14:161 DOI 10.1186/s12985-017-0828-z\n\nSouii A, Elargoubi A, Fallecker C, Mastouri M, Drouet EHepatitis C Genotype Prevalence in Monastir Region, Tunisia: Correlation between 5' Untranslated Region (5'UTR), Non-structural 5B (NS5B), and Core Sequences in HCV Subtyping. Curr Microbiol. 2016 Sep;73(3):324-334. doi: 10.1007/s00284-016-1064-2. Epub 2016 May 17.\n\nMarrão G, et al., Drouet E (2014). Epstein-Barr virus infection and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients correlate with immune cell TNF-α/IFN-γ response. BMC Cancer. Sep 11;14:665. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-665\n\nPérard J, et al., Drouet E, Jamin M (2013). Structure of the full-length HCV IRES in solution. Nature Comm. 4: 1612. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2611\n\nRothe R, et al. Drouet E, Lenormand J-L. (2010). Characterization of the Cell-penetrating Properties of the Epstein-Barr Virus ZEBRA trans-Activator. J. Biol. Chem. 285:20224–20233.\n\nBook chapter (most recent)\nhttps://www.intechopen.com/online-first/the-role-of-the-epstein-barr-virus-lytic-cycle-in-tumor-progression-consequences-in-diagnosis-and-th",institutionString:"Université Grenoble-Alpes",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35960",title:"Retinal Vein Occlusion Induced by a MEK Inhibitor - Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Blood-Retinal Barrier",doi:"10.5772/36114",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-retinal-vein-occlusion",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35960.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35960",totalDownloads:2249,totalViews:179,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 19th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 25th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35960",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35960",book:{slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases"},signatures:"Amy H. Yang and Wenhu Huang",authors:[{id:"107126",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wenhu Huang",slug:"wenhu-huang",email:"wenhu.huang@pfizer.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"107129",title:"Dr.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Amy Yang",slug:"amy-yang",email:"amy.h.yang@pfizer.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Pfizer (United States)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2134",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",publishedDate:"April 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2134.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35940",title:"Introductory Chapter",slug:"introduction-chapter",totalDownloads:1616,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov",authors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak"}]},{id:"35941",title:"Oxidative Stress: Cause and Consequence of Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-as-a-cause-and-consequence-of-diseases",totalDownloads:2638,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dmytro Gospodaryov and Volodymyr Lushchak",authors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak"},{id:"115540",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmytro V.",middleName:null,surname:"Gospodaryov",fullName:"Dmytro V. Gospodaryov",slug:"dmytro-v.-gospodaryov"}]},{id:"35942",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species and Cardiovascular Diseases",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-and-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vitor Engrácia Valenti, Luiz Carlos de Abreu, Celso Ferreira and Paulo H. N. Saldiva",authors:[{id:"29595",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo Hilario",middleName:null,surname:"Saldiva",fullName:"Paulo Hilario Saldiva",slug:"paulo-hilario-saldiva"},{id:"91784",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor",middleName:"E.",surname:"Valenti",fullName:"Vitor Valenti",slug:"vitor-valenti"},{id:"92422",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"De Abreu",fullName:"Luiz Carlos De Abreu",slug:"luiz-carlos-de-abreu"},{id:"92426",title:"Dr.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Celso Ferreira",slug:"celso-ferreira"}]},{id:"35943",title:"Oxidative Stress in the Carotid Body: Implications for the Cardioventilatory Alterations Induced by Obstructive Sleep Apnea",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-the-carotid-body-implications-for-the-cardioventilatory-alterations-induced-by",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rodrigo Iturriaga and Rodrigo Del Rio",authors:[{id:"91823",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Iturriaga",fullName:"Rodrigo Iturriaga",slug:"rodrigo-iturriaga"},{id:"100459",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio",fullName:"Rodrigo Del Rio",slug:"rodrigo-del-rio"}]},{id:"35944",title:"Adipocytokines, Oxidative Stress and Impaired Cardiovascular Functions",slug:"adipocytokines-oxidative-stress-and-impaired-cardiovascular-functions",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana Bertha Zavalza Gómez, María Cristina Islas Carbajal and Ana Rosa Rincón Sánchez",authors:[{id:"84149",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon Sanchez",fullName:"Ana Rosa Rincon Sanchez",slug:"ana-rosa-rincon-sanchez"},{id:"92139",title:"Dr",name:"Ana Bertha",middleName:null,surname:"Zavalza Gomez",fullName:"Ana Bertha Zavalza Gomez",slug:"ana-bertha-zavalza-gomez"},{id:"102880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Islas Carbajal",fullName:"Maria Cristina Islas Carbajal",slug:"maria-cristina-islas-carbajal"}]},{id:"35945",title:"Role of Oxidized Lipids in Atherosclerosis",slug:"role-of-oxidized-lipids-in-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:3431,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mahdi Garelnabi, Srikanth Kakumanu and Dmitry Litvinov",authors:[{id:"88368",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahdi",middleName:null,surname:"Garelnabi",fullName:"Mahdi Garelnabi",slug:"mahdi-garelnabi"},{id:"105584",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Litvinov",fullName:"Dmitry Litvinov",slug:"dmitry-litvinov"},{id:"138421",title:"Dr.",name:"Srikanth",middleName:null,surname:"Kakumanu",fullName:"Srikanth Kakumanu",slug:"srikanth-kakumanu"}]},{id:"35946",title:"Oxidative Damage in Cardiac Tissue from Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Ageing",slug:"oxidative-damage-in-cardiac-tissue-from-normotensive-and-spontaneously-hypertensive-rats-effect-of",totalDownloads:1479,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juliana C. Fantinelli, Claudia Caldiz, María Cecilia Álvarez, Carolina D. Garciarena, Gladys E. Chiappe de Cingolani and Susana M. Mosca",authors:[{id:"98613",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Mosca",fullName:"Susana Mosca",slug:"susana-mosca"}]},{id:"35947",title:"Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz, Mabel Buelna-Chontal, Francisco Correa and Cecilia Zazueta",authors:[{id:"102566",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Zazueta",fullName:"Cecilia Zazueta",slug:"cecilia-zazueta"},{id:"102568",title:"BSc.",name:"Sauri",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Reséndiz",fullName:"Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz",slug:"sauri-hernandez-resendiz"},{id:"102569",title:"BSc.",name:"Mabel",middleName:null,surname:"Buelna-Chontal",fullName:"Mabel Buelna-Chontal",slug:"mabel-buelna-chontal"},{id:"102570",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",fullName:"Francisco Correa",slug:"francisco-correa"}]},{id:"35948",title:"Oxidatively Modified Biomolecules: An Early Biomarker for Acute Coronary Artery Disease",slug:"oxidative-modified-biomolecules-an-early-biomarker-for-acute-coronary-artery-disease",totalDownloads:2414,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sarawut Kumphune",authors:[{id:"91750",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarawut",middleName:null,surname:"Kumphune",fullName:"Sarawut Kumphune",slug:"sarawut-kumphune"}]},{id:"35949",title:"Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Role for Hypoglycemic Drugs and/or Antioxidants?",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-diabetes-mellitus-is-there-a-role-for-hypoglycemic-drugs-and-or-antioxidants",totalDownloads:3006,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Omotayo O. Erejuwa",authors:[{id:"92521",title:"Dr.",name:"Omotayo",middleName:null,surname:"Erejuwa",fullName:"Omotayo Erejuwa",slug:"omotayo-erejuwa"}]},{id:"35950",title:"Oxidative Stress and Novel Antioxidant Approaches to Reduce Diabetic Complications",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-novel-antioxidant-approaches-to-reduce-diabetic-complications",totalDownloads:2270,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sih Min Tan, Arpeeta Sharma and Judy B. de Haan",authors:[{id:"102631",title:"Dr.",name:"Judy",middleName:null,surname:"De Haan",fullName:"Judy De Haan",slug:"judy-de-haan"}]},{id:"35951",title:"Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"evaluation-of-oxidative-stress-and-the-efficacy-of-antioxidant-treatment-in-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2235,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nemes-Nagy Enikő, V. Balogh-Sămărghiţan, Elena Cristina Crăciun, R. Morar, Dana Liana Pusta, Fazakas Zita, Szőcs-Molnár Terézia, Dunca Iulia, Sánta Dóra and Minodora Dobreanu",authors:[{id:"102559",title:"Dr.",name:"Eniko",middleName:null,surname:"Nemes-Nagy",fullName:"Eniko Nemes-Nagy",slug:"eniko-nemes-nagy"}]},{id:"35952",title:"Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Saliva: A Review",slug:"diabetes-oxidative-stress-antioxidants-and-saliva",totalDownloads:2922,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Natheer H. Al-Rawi",authors:[{id:"98868",title:"Dr.",name:"Natheer Hashim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rawi",fullName:"Natheer Hashim Al-Rawi",slug:"natheer-hashim-al-rawi"}]},{id:"35953",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-female-reproduction-and-pregnancy",totalDownloads:4440,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Levente Lázár",authors:[{id:"91791",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",fullName:"Levente Lazar",slug:"levente-lazar"}]},{id:"35954",title:"Effects of Oxidative Stress on the Electrophysiological Function of Neuronal Membranes",slug:"effects-of-oxidative-stress-on-the-electrophysiological-function-of-neuronal-membranes",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zorica Jovanović",authors:[{id:"96227",title:"Prof.",name:"Zorica",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanovic",fullName:"Zorica Jovanovic",slug:"zorica-jovanovic"}]},{id:"35955",title:"Circulating Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, Nε-(Carboxymethyl) Lysine and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Correlations with Clinical Parameters",slug:"circulating-advanced-oxidation-protein-products-and-pro-inflammatory-cytokines-in-patients-with-live",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jolanta Zuwala-Jagiello, Eugenia Murawska-Cialowicz and Monika Pazgan-Simon",authors:[{id:"91914",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Zuwala-Jagiello",fullName:"Jolanta Zuwala-Jagiello",slug:"jolanta-zuwala-jagiello"}]},{id:"35956",title:"Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease; Parallels Between Current Animal Models, Human Studies and Cells",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-parkinson-s-disease-parallels-between-current-animal-models-human-studies-a",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Anwar Norazit, George Mellick and Adrian C. B. Meedeniya",authors:[{id:"95641",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:"C.B",surname:"Meedeniya",fullName:"Adrian Meedeniya",slug:"adrian-meedeniya"},{id:"102891",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Mellick",fullName:"George Mellick",slug:"george-mellick"},{id:"102895",title:"Mr.",name:"Anwar",middleName:null,surname:"Norazit",fullName:"Anwar Norazit",slug:"anwar-norazit"}]},{id:"35957",title:"The Relationship Between Thyroid States, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Damage",slug:"the-relationship-between-thyroid-states-oxidative-stress-and-cellular-damage",totalDownloads:2859,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Cano-Europa, Blas-Valdivia Vanessa, Franco-Colin Margarita and Ortiz-Butron Rocio",authors:[{id:"91909",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Europa",fullName:"Edgar Cano-Europa",slug:"edgar-cano-europa"},{id:"102920",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Butron",fullName:"Rocio Ortiz-Butron",slug:"rocio-ortiz-butron"},{id:"114461",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Blas-Valdivia",fullName:"Vanessa Blas-Valdivia",slug:"vanessa-blas-valdivia"},{id:"114462",title:"Prof.",name:"Adelaida",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-García",fullName:"Adelaida Hernández-García",slug:"adelaida-hernandez-garcia"},{id:"114464",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Colin",fullName:"Margarita Franco-Colin",slug:"margarita-franco-colin"}]},{id:"35958",title:"Oxidative Stress in Human Autoimmune Joint Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-human-autoimmune-joint-diseases",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martina Škurlová",authors:[{id:"95645",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Skurlova",fullName:"Martina Skurlova",slug:"martina-skurlova"}]},{id:"35959",title:"Oxidative Stress in Multiple Organ Damage in Hypertension, Diabetes and CKD, Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Possibilities",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-multiple-organ-damage-in-hypertension-diabetes-and-ckd-mechanisms-and-new-ther",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tatsuo Shimosawa, Tomoyo Kaneko, Xu Qingyou, Yusei Miyamoto, Mu Shengyu, Hong Wang, Sayoko Ogura, Rika Jimbo, Bohumil Majtan, Yuzaburo Uetake, Daigoro Hirohama, Fumiko Kawakami-Mori, Toshiro Fujita and Yutaka Yatomi",authors:[{id:"95564",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shimosawa",fullName:"Shimosawa",slug:"shimosawa"}]},{id:"35960",title:"Retinal Vein Occlusion Induced by a MEK Inhibitor - Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Blood-Retinal Barrier",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-retinal-vein-occlusion",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Amy H. Yang and Wenhu Huang",authors:[{id:"107126",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wenhu Huang",slug:"wenhu-huang"},{id:"107129",title:"Dr.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Amy Yang",slug:"amy-yang"}]},{id:"35961",title:"Oxidative Therapy Against Cancer",slug:"oxidative-therapy-against-cancer",totalDownloads:3456,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manuel de Miguel and Mario D. Cordero",authors:[{id:"67123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario D.",middleName:null,surname:"Cordero",fullName:"Mario D. Cordero",slug:"mario-d.-cordero"},{id:"77269",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"De Miguel",fullName:"Manuel De Miguel",slug:"manuel-de-miguel"}]},{id:"35962",title:"Monensin Induced Oxidative Stress Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Migration and Cancer Stem Cell Population",slug:"prostate-cancer-cell-migration-and-cancer-stem-cell-population-is-reduced-via-oxidative-stress-induc",totalDownloads:1703,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kirsi Ketola, Anu Vuoristo, Matej Orešič, Olli Kallioniemi and Kristiina Iljin",authors:[{id:"101326",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristiina",middleName:null,surname:"Iljin",fullName:"Kristiina Iljin",slug:"kristiina-iljin"}]},{id:"35963",title:"Compounds with Antioxidant Capacity as Potential Tools Against Several Oxidative Stress Related Disorders: Fact or Artifact?",slug:"compounds-with-antioxidant-capacity-as-potential-tools-against-several-oxidative-stress-related-diso",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"P. Pérez-Matute, A.B. Crujeiras, M. Fernández-Galilea and P. Prieto-Hontoria",authors:[{id:"105894",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Matute",fullName:"Patricia Perez-Matute",slug:"patricia-perez-matute"}]},{id:"35964",title:"Microalgae of the Chlorophyceae Class: Potential Nutraceuticals Reducing Oxidative Stress Intensity and Cellular Damage",slug:"the-microalgae-of-the-chlorophyceae-class-have-potential-as-nutraceuticals-because-their-ingestion-r",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Blas-Valdivia Vanessa, Ortiz-Butron Rocio, Rodriguez-Sanchez Ruth, Torres-Manzo Paola, Hernandez-Garcia Adelaida and Cano-Europa Edgar",authors:[{id:"91909",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Europa",fullName:"Edgar Cano-Europa",slug:"edgar-cano-europa"},{id:"102920",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Butron",fullName:"Rocio Ortiz-Butron",slug:"rocio-ortiz-butron"},{id:"114462",title:"Prof.",name:"Adelaida",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-García",fullName:"Adelaida Hernández-García",slug:"adelaida-hernandez-garcia"},{id:"129676",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Blas-Valdivia",fullName:"Vanessa Blas-Valdivia",slug:"vanessa-blas-valdivia"},{id:"129677",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rodriguez-Sanchez",middleName:null,surname:"Ruth",fullName:"Rodriguez-Sanchez Ruth",slug:"rodriguez-sanchez-ruth"},{id:"129678",title:"MSc.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Manzo",fullName:"Paola Torres-Manzo",slug:"paola-torres-manzo"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1910",title:"Oxidative Stress",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5fc01580caefb2637f31d59b377032a",slug:"oxidative-stress-molecular-mechanisms-and-biological-effects",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35980",title:"Introductory Chapter",slug:"introduction-chapter1",signatures:"Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Halyna M. Semchyshyn",authors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak"}]},{id:"35981",title:"Interplay Between Oxidative and Carbonyl Stresses: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Therapeutic Strategies of Protection",slug:"interplay-between-oxidative-and-carbonyl-stresses-molecular-mechanisms-biological-effects-and-ther",signatures:"Halyna M. Semchyshyn and Volodymyr I. Lushchak",authors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak"},{id:"108658",title:"Dr.",name:"Halyna",middleName:null,surname:"Semchyshyn",fullName:"Halyna Semchyshyn",slug:"halyna-semchyshyn"}]},{id:"35982",title:"Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses: Their Role in Health and Disease in Man and Birds",slug:"oxidative-and-nitrosative-stresses-their-role-in-health-and-disease-in-man-and-birds",signatures:"Hillar Klandorf and Knox Van Dyke",authors:[{id:"97552",title:"Prof.",name:"Hillar",middleName:null,surname:"Klandorf",fullName:"Hillar Klandorf",slug:"hillar-klandorf"},{id:"128379",title:"Prof.",name:"Knox",middleName:null,surname:"Van Dyke",fullName:"Knox Van Dyke",slug:"knox-van-dyke"}]},{id:"35983",title:"Nitric Oxide Synthase and Oxidative Stress: Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase",slug:"nitric-oxide-synthase-as-oxidative-stress-regulation-of-nitric-oxide-synthase",signatures:"Ehab M. M. Ali, Soha M. Hamdy and Tarek M. Mohamed",authors:[{id:"29143",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarek",middleName:"Mostafa",surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Tarek Mohamed",slug:"tarek-mohamed"},{id:"33117",title:"Prof.",name:"Ehab",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Ehab Ali",slug:"ehab-ali"},{id:"33118",title:"Prof.",name:"Soha",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Hamdy",fullName:"Soha Hamdy",slug:"soha-hamdy"}]},{id:"35984",title:"Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health",slug:"iron-oxidative-stress-and-health-authors",signatures:"Shobha Udipi, Padmini Ghugre and Chanda Gokhale",authors:[{id:"76965",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanda",middleName:null,surname:"Gokhale",fullName:"Chanda Gokhale",slug:"chanda-gokhale"},{id:"102454",title:"Dr.",name:"Shobha",middleName:null,surname:"Udipi",fullName:"Shobha Udipi",slug:"shobha-udipi"},{id:"108752",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmini",middleName:null,surname:"Ghugre",fullName:"Padmini Ghugre",slug:"padmini-ghugre"}]},{id:"35985",title:"Heme Proteins, Heme Oxygenase-1 and Oxidative Stress",slug:"heme-proteins-hemeoxygenase-1-and-oxidative-stress",signatures:"Hiroshi Morimatsu, Toru Takahashi, Hiroko Shimizu, Junya Matsumi, Junko Kosaka and Kiyoshi Morita",authors:[{id:"96949",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Morimatsu",fullName:"Hiroshi Morimatsu",slug:"hiroshi-morimatsu"},{id:"102714",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Toru Takahashi",slug:"toru-takahashi"},{id:"102716",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroko",middleName:null,surname:"Shimizu",fullName:"Hiroko Shimizu",slug:"hiroko-shimizu"},{id:"102717",title:"Dr.",name:"Junya",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumi",fullName:"Junya Matsumi",slug:"junya-matsumi"},{id:"102718",title:"Dr.",name:"Junko",middleName:null,surname:"Kosaka",fullName:"Junko Kosaka",slug:"junko-kosaka"},{id:"135353",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Morita",fullName:"Kiyoshi Morita",slug:"kiyoshi-morita"}]},{id:"35986",title:"Assessment of the General Oxidant Status of Individuals in Non-Invasive Samples",slug:"assessment-of-the-general-oxidant-status-of-individuals-in-non-invasive-samples",signatures:"Sandro Argüelles, Mercedes Cano, Mario F. Muñoz-Pinto, Rafael Ayala, Afrah Ismaiel and Antonio Ayala",authors:[{id:"92020",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Ayala",fullName:"Ayala",slug:"ayala"}]},{id:"35987",title:"Hydrogen: From a Biologically Inert Gas to a Unique Antioxidant",slug:"hydrogen-from-a-biologically-inert-gas-to-a-unique-antioxidant",signatures:"Shulin Liu, Xuejun Sun and Hengyi Tao",authors:[{id:"102149",title:"Prof.",name:"Hengyi",middleName:null,surname:"Tao",fullName:"Hengyi Tao",slug:"hengyi-tao"},{id:"102151",title:"Dr.",name:"Shulin",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Shulin Liu",slug:"shulin-liu"},{id:"102720",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuejun",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Xuejun Sun",slug:"xuejun-sun"}]},{id:"35988",title:"Paraoxonase: A New Biochemical Marker of Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Atherosclerosis",slug:"paraoxonase-a-new-biochemical-marker-of-oxidant-antioxidant-status-in-atherosclerosis",signatures:"Tünay Kontaş Aşkar and Olga Büyükleblebici",authors:[{id:"102425",title:"Dr.",name:"Tünay",middleName:null,surname:"Kontaş Aşkar",fullName:"Tünay Kontaş Aşkar",slug:"tunay-kontas-askar"},{id:"130281",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Büyükleblebici",fullName:"Olga Büyükleblebici",slug:"olga-buyukleblebici"}]},{id:"35989",title:"Renal Redox Balance and Na+, K+-ATPase Regulation: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology",slug:"renal-redox-balance-and-na-k-atpase-regulation-role-in-physiology-and-pathophysiology",signatures:"Elisabete Silva and Patrício Soares-da-Silva",authors:[{id:"101393",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricio",middleName:null,surname:"Soares-Da-Silva",fullName:"Patricio Soares-Da-Silva",slug:"patricio-soares-da-silva"},{id:"101397",title:"PhD.",name:"Elisabete",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Elisabete Silva",slug:"elisabete-silva"}]},{id:"35990",title:"Effects of Oxidative Stress and Antenatal Corticosteroids on the Pulmonary Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Alveolarization",slug:"effects-of-oxidative-stress-and-antenatal-corticosteroids-on-the-lung-expression-of-vascular-endothe",signatures:"Ana Remesal, Laura San Feliciano and Dolores Ludena",authors:[{id:"97843",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Remesal",fullName:"Ana Remesal",slug:"ana-remesal"},{id:"101327",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"San Feliciano",fullName:"Laura San Feliciano",slug:"laura-san-feliciano"},{id:"101329",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Ludeña",fullName:"Dolores Ludeña",slug:"dolores-ludena"}]},{id:"35991",title:"Protection of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases",slug:"protection-of-mouse-embryonic-stem-cells-from-oxidative-stress-by-methionine-sulfoxide-reductases",signatures:"Larry F. Lemanski, Chi Zhang, Andrei Kochegarov, Ashley Moses, William Lian, Jessica Meyer, Pingping Jia, Yuanyuan Jia, Yuejin Li, Keith A. Webster, Xupei Huang, Michael Hanna, Mohan P. Achary, Sharon L. Lemanski and Herbert Weissbach",authors:[{id:"98675",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Weissbach",fullName:"Herbert Weissbach",slug:"herbert-weissbach"},{id:"98845",title:"Dr",name:"Larry",middleName:"F.",surname:"Lemanski",fullName:"Larry Lemanski",slug:"larry-lemanski"},{id:"102060",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chi Zhang",slug:"chi-zhang"},{id:"102063",title:"Mr.",name:"Pingping",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Pingping Jia",slug:"pingping-jia"},{id:"102065",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yuanyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Yuanyuan Jia",slug:"yuanyuan-jia"},{id:"102067",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuejin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yuejin Li",slug:"yuejin-li"},{id:"102069",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith A.",middleName:null,surname:"Webster",fullName:"Keith A. Webster",slug:"keith-a.-webster"},{id:"102070",title:"Dr.",name:"Xupei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Xupei Huang",slug:"xupei-huang"},{id:"102071",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Achary",fullName:"Mohan Achary",slug:"mohan-achary"},{id:"102072",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Kochegarov",fullName:"Andrei Kochegarov",slug:"andrei-kochegarov"},{id:"102073",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sharon L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lemanski",fullName:"Sharon L. Lemanski",slug:"sharon-l.-lemanski"}]},{id:"35992",title:"Structural and Activity Changes in Renal Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Caused by Oxidants",slug:"impact-of-oxidants-on-the-activity-structure-and-conformational-stability-of-renal-betaine-aldehyde",signatures:"Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez, Hilda F. Flores-Mendoza, Ciria G. Figueroa-Soto, Edgar F. Morán-Palacio and Elisa M. Valenzuela-Soto",authors:[{id:"96690",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela-Soto",fullName:"Elisa Valenzuela-Soto",slug:"elisa-valenzuela-soto"},{id:"99831",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rosas-Rodríguez",fullName:"Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-a.-rosas-rodriguez"},{id:"99832",title:"MSc.",name:"Ciria G.",middleName:null,surname:"Figueroa-Soto",fullName:"Ciria G. Figueroa-Soto",slug:"ciria-g.-figueroa-soto"},{id:"102874",title:"MSc.",name:"Hilda F.",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Mendoza",fullName:"Hilda F. Flores-Mendoza",slug:"hilda-f.-flores-mendoza"},{id:"139474",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Morán-Palacio",fullName:"Edgar Morán-Palacio",slug:"edgar-moran-palacio"}]},{id:"35993",title:"Signalling Oxidative Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae",slug:"signalling-the-oxidative-stress-in-saccharomyces-cerevisiae",signatures:"Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz, Luis Serrano, Mima I. Petkova and Nuria Pujol-Carrion",authors:[{id:"98463",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"De La Torre-Ruiz",fullName:"Maria Angeles De La Torre-Ruiz",slug:"maria-angeles-de-la-torre-ruiz"},{id:"102988",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",fullName:"Luis Serrano",slug:"luis-serrano"},{id:"102990",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Pujol-Carrion",fullName:"Nuria Pujol-Carrion",slug:"nuria-pujol-carrion"},{id:"103002",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mima",middleName:null,surname:"Petkova",fullName:"Mima Petkova",slug:"mima-petkova"}]},{id:"35994",title:"Role of the Yap Family in the Transcriptional Response to Oxidative Stress in Yeasts",slug:"role-of-the-yap-family-the-transcriptional-response-to-oxidative-stress-in-yeasts",signatures:"Christel Goudot, Frédéric Devaux and Gaëlle Lelandais",authors:[{id:"94555",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Lelandais",fullName:"Gaëlle Lelandais",slug:"gaelle-lelandais"}]},{id:"35995",title:"The Yeast Genes ROX1, IXR1, SKY1 and Their Effect upon Enzymatic Activities Related to Oxidative Stress",slug:"the-yeasts-genes-rox1-ixr1-sky1-and-their-effect-upon-enzymatic-activities-related-to-oxidative-st",signatures:"Ana García Leiro, Silvia Rodríguez Lombardero, Ángel Vizoso Vázquez, M. Isabel González Siso and M. Esperanza Cerdán",authors:[{id:"98916",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Esperanza",middleName:null,surname:"Cerdan",fullName:"Maria Esperanza Cerdan",slug:"maria-esperanza-cerdan"},{id:"98926",title:"Dr.",name:"María-Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"González-Siso",fullName:"María-Isabel González-Siso",slug:"maria-isabel-gonzalez-siso"},{id:"102332",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"García Leiro",fullName:"Ana García Leiro",slug:"ana-garcia-leiro"},{id:"102334",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Lombardero",fullName:"Silvia Rodríguez-Lombardero",slug:"silvia-rodriguez-lombardero"},{id:"102336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Vizoso-Vázquez",fullName:"Ángel Vizoso-Vázquez",slug:"angel-vizoso-vazquez"}]},{id:"35996",title:"Complex Regulatory Interplay Between Multidrug Resistance and Oxidative Stress Response in Yeast: The FLR1 Regulatory Network as a Systems Biology Case-Study",slug:"complex-regulatory-interplay-between-multidrug-resistance-and-oxidative-stress-response-in-yeast-th",signatures:"Miguel C. Teixeira",authors:[{id:"16150",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Miguel Teixeira",slug:"miguel-teixeira"}]},{id:"35997",title:"ROS as Signaling Molecules and Enzymes of Plant Response to Unfavorable Environmental Conditions",slug:"ros-as-a-signaling-molecules-and-enzymes-of-plant-response-to-unfavorable-environmental-conditions",signatures:"Dominika Boguszewska and Barbara Zagdańska",authors:[{id:"96271",title:"MSc",name:"Dominika",middleName:null,surname:"Boguszewska",fullName:"Dominika Boguszewska",slug:"dominika-boguszewska"},{id:"106525",title:"Prof.",name:"Brabara",middleName:null,surname:"Zagdańska",fullName:"Brabara Zagdańska",slug:"brabara-zagdanska"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"62680",title:"The Behavior of Streaming Instabilities in Dissipative Plasma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79247",slug:"the-behavior-of-streaming-instabilities-in-dissipative-plasma",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Plasma is rich in instabilities. Many of them are a result of relative motion of plasma components. These, streaming instabilities (SI) are the most common in space and laboratory plasmas. A well-known example is the beam-plasma instability [1], in which the directed motion of a small group of fast electrons passing through the background plasma excites potential oscillations with high growth rate near the plasma frequency. Close attention to this instability is due mainly to design of high power sources of electromagnetic radiation based on this instability. The sources have many advantages as compared to well-known vacuum devices [2, 3]. Another example (we mention these two only) is the Buneman instability [4], in which plasma electrons move with respect to ions. The instability plays an important role in many scenarios in space physics and geophysics. A striking example of plasma with relative electron-ion motion is current-carrying plasma. This object is often considered in plasma physics. The instabilities which are due to relative electron-ion motion play an important role in physics of controlled fusion also.
\n
A clear understanding of physical nature of the SI, their role and influence on various processes in plasma requires substantial efforts. Physics of interaction of plasma components moving relatively to each other is essentially based on the concept of negative energy wave (NEW) [5]. This requires account of all factors which lead to NEW growth. Among them, dissipation plays an important role. Dissipation leads to energy losses for the growth of NEW. Influence of dissipation on the instabilities of streaming type is unique. Dissipation never suppresses the instabilities completely regardless on its level. Dissipation of high-level transforms the SI to dissipative streaming instability (DSI) [1]. These instabilities have a number of features: comparatively low growth rate, comparatively low level of excited oscillations, etc. For a few decades, DSI have been widely discussed, and it is supposed that they can be applied to explain various phenomena in space and laboratory plasma. Up to recently only one type of DSI was known, and it was believed that all types of electron stream instabilities (e.g., Cherenkov type, cyclotron type etc.) transform to the single known type of DSI. However, it turned out that other types of DSI also exist [6, 7, 8]. Changes in some basic physical parameters and/or system geometry lead to significant changes in physical nature of e-stream interaction with plasma. This changes result in two new, previously unknown types of DSI: DSI of over-limiting electron beam and DSI under weak coupling of the stream with the plasma. In both cases, the growth rate depends on dissipation more critically: \n\n1\n/\nν\n\n instead of conventional \n\n1\n/\n\nν\n\n\n (here \n\nν\n\n is the frequency of the collisions).
\n
The transformation of the SI to dissipative type makes their behavior in the presence of dissipation of particular interest. In order to understand how instability turns to another type, it is necessary to investigate the evolution of its fields in space and time [9, 10]. Simultaneously, the expressions for fields’ evolution give all available information on the SI: growth rates (spatial and temporal) under arbitrary level of dissipation, character of the instability (absolute/convective), range of unstable perturbations’ velocities, influence of dissipation on the instability, etc. These details help to understand how the instability turns to DSI, how it transforms given equilibrium of background plasma, predict the level and/or scale of the changes, how nonlinear phenomena arise as well as predict possible saturation mechanisms, etc. In general, the character of the fields’ development in space and time is one of the most important aspects of every instability.
\n
The character of space–time evolution of given instability is an important issue in many branches of physics. In plasma physics, we firstly note theory of amplifiers and oscillators in the microwave range based on interaction of e-beam with wave, where obvious progress is achieved [2, 3]. These studies are also important for research on plasma instabilities associated with research on nuclear fusion, astrophysics, etc.
\n
The mathematical solution of the problem of initial perturbation evolution reduces to calculation of the integral with a complete dispersion relation (DR) in the denominator of the integrand. An overall view on the character of the instability may be obtained by investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the Green’s function. In order to derive analytical expression for the fields’ space–time distribution, the DR should be specified and solved before integration. In this way, essential difficulties appear which usually cannot be overcome. One must apply approximate methods to obtain results. Presented here (see also [11]) approach is similar to traditional approach in many respects, but, in the same time, advantageously differs from it. Representation of the fields in form of wave train with slowly varying amplitude (SVA) allowed to overcome the difficulties and to obtain the space–time structure of the fields without reference on any particular model. Thereby, the approach singles out intrinsic peculiarities of various types of SI. The results show that all types of the beam-plasma instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron, etc.) have similar dynamics of development. By specifying only two parameters in the unified expression one can investigate given particular case of beam instability. With increase in level of dissipation all SI gradually turn to DSI.
\n
This review considers all these aspects: getting detailed information on SI, their space–time evolution and transformation to DSI. Presented approach shows that the DR which usually describes given SI can serve not only for solution of the well-known (and very simplified) initial and boundary problems. Its application is much wider. It can give much more information on the instability. Namely, it actually gives the solution of the well-known (and very important [9]) problem of time evolution of initial perturbation. The DR can give space–time structure of the fields at the instability development. In its turn, the fields’ structure contains complete information on the instability. Most of this information is unavailable by other methods. The expressions for fields’ evolution also show in detail the transformation of SI to dissipative type. Two new, previously unknown types of DSI are presented.
\n
Large variety of SI characterize by various types of the interaction with background systems (plasma-filled or not), various values of streaming currents, etc. From this follows various types of their DR and ensuing equation for SVA. They are considered separately. In Section 2, the evolution of various types of beam instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron, and the instability in periodical structure) are considered. All they characterize by small contribution of the beam in DR and this fact allowed generalizing the consideration. Section 3 gives the evolution of over-limiting e-beam instability. Due to influence of the beam space charge, the instability of such beams has other physical nature as compared to instability of conventional e-beams. In Sections 4 and 5, the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system and the Buneman instability are considered. The peculiarity of last case is in the role of plasma ions.
\n
\n
\n
2. The behavior beam-plasma instabilities in dissipative plasma
\n
\n
2.1. Equation for slowly varying amplitude
\n
Consider an electrodynamical system of arbitrary geometry (plasma filling is not obligatory) and let a monoenergetic relativistic electron beam penetrate it. The general form of the dispersion relation (DR) of such system is
where \n\nω\n\n is the frequency of perturbations and \n\nk\n\n is the wave vector. \n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n=\n0\n\n is the “cold” DR describing proper frequencies of the systems in the absence of the beam (its main part), and \n\n\nD\nb\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n is the beam contribution. We also assume that the beam density is small enough to satisfy the condition \n\n\n\n\nD\nb\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n\n<\n<\n\n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n\n\n. In following consideration, we will not specify the form of \n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n. Beam electrons interact with proper oscillations of background system and this interaction leads to instability. The interaction may be of various types: Cherenkov, cyclotron, interaction with periodical structure, etc. The general form of \n\n\nD\nb\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n may be written as
where \n\nu\n\n is the velocity of the beam electrons, \n\n\nω\nb\n\n\n is the Langmuir frequency of streaming electrons, \n\nγ\n\n is the relativistic factor of the beam electrons, and \n\nA\n\nω\nk\n\n\n is a polynomial with respect to \n\nω\n\n and \n\nk\n\n of degree no higher than two. The expression for \n\nf\n\n depends on the type of the beam interaction with plasma:
\n
\n\nf\n=\n\n\n\n\n0\n,\n\nif the interaction is of\n\nCherenkov type\n\n\n\n\nn\nΩ\n/\nγ\n,\n\nif the interaction is of\n\ncyclotron\n\ntype\n\n\n\n\n\nk\ncor\n\nu\n,\n\nif the beam interacts\n\nw\nith\n\nperiodical structure\n\n\n\n\n,\n\nE3
\n
where \n\nΩ\n\n is the cyclotron frequency, \n\nn\n=\n1\n,\n2\n,\n3\n…\n\n, \n\n\nk\ncor\n\n=\n2\nπ\n/\n\nl\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nl\n0\n\n\n is the spatial period of the structure. Below, we will show that properties of the instabilities follow from the general form (2) and do not depend on the expression for \n\nf\n\n.
\n
Let an initial perturbation arises in point \n\nz\n=\n0\n\n (electron stream propagates in the direction \n\nz\n>\n0\n\n) at instant \n\nt\n=\n0\n\n and the instability begins developing. Our aim is to obtain shape of the perturbation (i.e., space–time structure of the fields) at arbitrary instant \n\nt\n\n and based on the expression, investigate the behavior of the instability. In following consideration, we interest in longitudinal structure of the field (their dependence on \n\nz\n\n and \n\nt\n\n only). We single out two arguments: the frequency \n\nω\n\n and longitudinal wavelength k. Other arguments play no part in following. To avoid overburdening of the formulas below, they are omitted. The transversal structure of the fields may be obtained in regular way by expansion on series of eigenfunctions of given system.
\n
The development of wave pulse in its linear stage obeys the DR (1). The beam instability reveals itself most effectively on frequencies, closely approximating to roots of the main part of Eq. (1) and simultaneously to the beam proper oscillations (e.g., space charge wave). This means that following two conditions must be satisfied:
where the carrier frequency \n\n\nω\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\n0\n\n\n satisfy the conditions (4). We also assume that the amplitude \n\n\nE\n0\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n is slowly varying as compared to \n\n\nω\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\n0\n\n\n that is,
In such formulation, the problem of the instability evolution reduces to determination of the slowly varying amplitude (SVA) \n\n\nE\n0\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n. As the fields vary near \n\n\nω\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\n0\n\n\n, one can use following formal substitutions to derive an equation for SVA
\n\n\nIm\n\nδ\n0\n\n\n is the maximal growth rate of the beam instability, \n\nν\n\n describes dissipation in the system (its coincidence to collision frequency is not obligatory), and \n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n is the group velocity of resonant wave in the “cold” system.
\n
The Eq. (8) describes the evolution of SVA E0 (z, t) in space and time for all systems those may be described by the DR in form (1). Eq. (8) may be solved by using Fourier transformation with respect to spatial coordinate z and Laplace transformation with respect to time t. The corresponding equation for the transform \n\n\nE\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n is
where the function \n\nJ\n\nω\nk\n\n\n is determined by initial conditions. Its power with respect to \n\nω\n\n and \n\nk\n\n is no higher than the power of the origin equation. The specific form of this function is not essential for following. It is only necessary that \n\nJ\n\nω\nk\n\n\n be smooth and not equal to zero identically. The amplitude of the wave train can be obtained by inverse transformation
Here, \n\nC\n\nω\n\n\n is the contour of integration over \n\nω\n\n. For given case, it is a straight line that lies in the upper half plane of the complex plane \n\nω\n=\nRe\nω\n+\ni\nIm\nω\n\n and passes above all singularities of the integrand. Thus, the problem has been reduced to the integration in Eq. (11). It is convenient to transform the variables \n\nω\n\n and \n\nk\n\n to another pair \n\nω\n\n and \n\n\nω\n\'\n\n=\nω\n−\nku\n\n. The first integration (over \n\nω\n\n) may be carried out by residue method and the integration contour must be closed in the lower half plane. The pole is
The second integration (over \n\n\nω\n\'\n\n\n) cannot be carried out exactly, and we are forced to restrict ourselves by approximate, steepest descend method. That is, Eq. (11) will be worked out in asymptotic limit of comparatively large \n\nt\n\n. In this case, the integration contour should be deformed in order to pass through the saddle point in needed direction. The saddle point is
and \n\n\nJ\n0\n\n\n is the value of \n\nJ\n\nω\n\nω\n\'\n\n\n\n at the points. \n\nω\n=\n\nω\n1\n\n\n\nω\ns\n\'\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n\'\n\n=\n\nω\ns\n\'\n\n\n.
\n
\n
\n
2.2. Analysis of the fields’ dynamics
\n
We have arrived to very complex expressions (14). However, the field’s structure (i.e., the instability behavior) may be determined by analyzing the factor
\n
\n\nexp\n\nχ\nν\n\nund\n\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\nE15
\n
The information, which are available from the analysis are much more detailed and complete as compared to results of well-known initial and boundary problems. The analysis gives: growth rate(s), the velocities of unstable perturbations, the character of the instability and influence of the dissipation on it, etc. The expression (15) shows that along with exponential increasing the field covers more and more space. In the absence of dissipation, the velocities of unstable perturbations range from \n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n to \n\nu\n\n. The length of the wave train increases depending on time \n\nl\n∼\n\n\nu\n−\n\nv\n0\n\n\n\nt\n\n. One can easily see convective character of streaming instabilities in laboratory frame, as well as in other frames moving at velocities \n\nv\n<\n\nv\n0\n\n\n and \n\nv\n>\nu\n\n. If the observer’s velocity is within the range \n\n\nv\n0\n\n<\nv\n<\nu\n\n, the instability is absolute (see Figure 1, where the dependence of the SVA on z at various instants \n\n\nt\n1\n\n,\n\nt\n2\n\n\n and \n\n\nt\n3\n\n\n is presented; the leading edge moves at velocity \n\nu\n\n, but the back edge moves at velocity \n\n\nv\n0\n\n<\nu\n\n).
\n
Figure 1.
Asymptotic shapes of beam instability \n\nε\n=\nexp\n\nχ\n0\n\nund\n\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n depending on longitudinal coordinate \n\nζ\n=\nz\n\nδ\n0\n\n/\nu\n\n at various instants \n\n\nτ\n1\n\n=\n\nδ\n0\n\n\nt\n1\n\n<\n\nτ\n2\n\n=\n\nδ\n0\n\n\nt\n2\n\n<\n\nτ\n3\n\n=\n\nδ\n0\n\n\nt\n3\n\n\n.
\n
The peak (and the field’s properties in it) may be determined from the equation
That is, the peak places on 1/3 of the train’s length from the front and moves at the velocity \n\n\nw\ng\n\n\n. Actually, \n\n\nw\ng\n\n\n represents group velocity of the generated wave, with account of the beam contribution in the DR. The field’s value in the peak exponentially increases and the growth rate is equal to \n\n\nδ\nm\n\n=\n\n\n\n3\n\n/\n2\n\n\n\n\nδ\n0\n\n\n\n that is, coincides to solution of the initial problem. However, the initial problem can not specify the point, where the maximal growth occurs. The advantage of this approach is evident.
\n
In a fixed point z, the field first increases and attains maximum at instant \n\nt\n=\nz\n/\n\nw\na\n\n\n where
Then, the field falls off and at the time \n\nt\n≥\nz\n/\n\nv\n0\n\n\n the train passes the considered point. The velocity wa is the group velocity of the resonant wave upon amplification with account of the beam contribution in the DR. For given z, the field’s maximum is
The exponent \n\n\nδ\nm\n\n/\n\n\n\n\nu\n2\n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n3\n\n\n\n coincides to solution of the boundary problem as it is the maximal spatial growth rate. The coincidence to the results of well-known initial and boundary problems testifies presented approach. It may appear that this way of instability analysis is a bit more complicate. However, it must be admitted that along with growth rates we have obtained much other information. The information obviously clarifies the picture of the instability and makes it realistic. One can easily see the merits of presented approach.
\n
The relations between characteristic velocities are
At fixed instant \n\nt\n\n, perturbations exist only at distances \n\n\nv\n0\n\nt\n≤\nz\n≤\nut\n\n. The wave train passes given point \n\nz\n\n during the time \n\nz\n/\nu\n≤\nt\n≤\nz\n/\n\nv\n0\n\n\n. In a fixed point, the amplitude attains maximum at the instant, when the peak has already passed it (see Figure 1). The reason is that the perturbations with smaller velocities reach considered point in longer time, and they grow more efficiently. Perturbations with velocity \n\n\nw\na\n\n\n are the most efficiently enhanced perturbations.
\n
Generally, the dependence of the perturbations’ amplitudes on their velocity \n\nv\n\n has a form \n\nE\n∼\nexp\nΓ\n\nv\n\nt\n\n, where
The character of spatial growth depending on \n\nv\n\n is
\n
\n\nE\n∼\nexp\nΓ\n\nv\n\nz\n/\nv\n\nE22
\n
Presented above analysis is true if we neglect dissipation. Dissipation essentially changes the instability behavior. It suppresses slow perturbations. The threshold velocity is
If ν << δ0, this equation leads to small corrections to the expressions (17) and (18) for characteristic velocities and for the maximal growth rate in the peak. In the opposite case of high-level dissipation, only the perturbations are unstable, whose velocity is close to the beam velocity u. In this approximation, the solution of Eq. (25) is \n\nz\n=\nu\n−\nΔ\nu\n\n where
and the expression for maximal growth rate takes the form \n\n\nΓ\n\nν\n→\n∞\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nδ\nm\n3\n\n/\nν\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n. Obviously, this case corresponds to dissipative streaming instability (DSI). The same expression for \n\n\nΓ\n\nν\n→\n∞\n\n\n\n can be obtained from Eq. (1) by direct usage of the initial problem [1]. If one specifies \n\n\nδ\nm\n\n\n, he can obtain the growth rate of DSI in unbound beam-plasma system, in magnetized beam-plasma waveguide, etc.
\n
In general, by substitution of two parameters only: growth rate and the group velocity of resonant wave in “cold” system one can obtain the behavior of specific e-beam instability.
\n
It is not superfluous to repeat once again that the expression (14) and resulting analysis is valid for all types of e-beam instabilities: Cherenkov, cyclotron, beam instability in periodical structures, etc. Also, the analysis does not depend on specific geometry, external fields, etc.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. The behavior of overlimiting electron beam instability
\n
The picture described above is valid for e-beams, instability of which is due to induced radiation of the system proper waves by the beam electrons. However, it is known that with increase in beam current the physical nature of e-beam instabilities changes [6, 7, 12, 13, 14]. This is a result of influence of the beam space charge. It sets a limit for the beam current in vacuum systems. The limit may be overcome, for example, in plasma filled waveguide. The instability of over-limiting e-beams (OB) is due either to aperiodical modulation of the beam density in media with negative dielectric constant or to excitation of the NEW. In this section, we consider behavior of the first type of OB instability. It develops, for example, in uniform cross-section magnetized beam-plasma waveguide. It is clear that the change of the physical nature of the instability affects on its behavior. This instability sharply differs from the instability of conventional (underlimiting) e-beams: (1) its growth rate attains maximum at the point of exact Cherenkov resonance, (2) it is of nonradiative type, and (3) with increase in dissipation, it turns to a new type of DSI [6, 14].
\n
\n
3.1. Statement of the problem: analysis of the DR
\n
Mathematical description of OB is not so well-known as for underlimiting beams, and in order to catch the differences, we consider both cases simultaneously. Consider a cylindrical waveguide, fully filled by cold plasma. A monoenergetic relativistic electron beam penetrates it. The external longitudinal magnetic field is assumed to be strong enough to freeze transversal motion of the beam and the plasma electrons. For simplicity, we assume that the beam and plasma radii coincide to the waveguide’s radius and consider only the symmetrical E-modes with nonzero components Er, Ez, and Bφ. It is known [1] that the system under consideration is described by the following DR
ω and k are the frequency and the longitudinal (along z axis) wave vector, \n\n\nk\n⊥\n\n=\n\nμ\n\n0\ns\n\n\n/\nR\n\n. R is the waveguide’s radius, μ0s are the roots of Bessel function \n\n\nJ\n0\n\n\n:\n\n\nJ\n0\n\n\n\nμ\n\n0\ns\n\n\n\n=\n0\n\n, s = 1,2,3…, \n\n\nω\n\np\n,\nb\n\n\n\n are the respective Langmuir frequencies for the beam and the plasma, u is the velocity of the beam, \n\nγ\n=\n\n\n\n1\n−\n\nu\n2\n\n/\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\n\n−\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n, c is speed of light. The DR (27) determines the growth rates of the beam-plasma instability. As we have mentioned earlier, the character of the beam-plasma interaction changes depending on the beam current value. This change must reveal itself in the solutions of the DR (27). In order to consider the solutions, we look them in the form \n\nω\n=\nku\n+\nδ\n\n, \n\nδ\n<\n<\nku\n\n. The DR (27) reduces to [1, 6].
where \n\nx\n=\nδ\n/\nku\n\n, \n\nα\n=\n\nω\nb\n2\n\n/\n\nk\n⊥\n2\n\n\nu\n2\n\n\nγ\n3\n\n\n, \n\nβ\n=\nu\n/\nc\n\n, \n\n\nω\n⊥\n2\n\n=\n\nk\n⊥\n2\n\n\nu\n2\n\n\nγ\n2\n\n\n, and \n\n\nv\n0\n\n=\nuμ\n/\n\n\n1\n+\nμ\n\n\n\n is the group velocity of the resonant wave in “cold” system, \n\nμ\n=\n\nγ\n2\n\n\nω\n⊥\n2\n\n/\n\nω\n0\n2\n\n\n; \n\n\nω\n0\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nω\np\n2\n\n−\n\nω\n⊥\n2\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n is the resonant frequency of the plasma waveguide that is, \n\n\nω\n0\n\n\n satisfies following conditions
The solutions of Eq. (28) depend on the value of parameter α. This parameter actually serves as a parameter that determines the beam current value and the character of beam-plasma interaction. It corresponds (correct to the factor γ−2) to the ratio of the beam current to the limiting current in vacuum waveguide [14] \n\n\nI\n0\n\n=\n\nmu\n3\n\nγ\n/\n4\ne\n\n, that is, \n\nα\n=\n\n\n\nI\nb\n\n/\n\nI\n0\n\n\n\n\nγ\n\n−\n2\n\n\n\n (Ib is the beam current). The values \n\nα\n<\n\n<\n\nγ\n\n−\n2\n\n\n\n, correspond to underlimiting beam current \n\nI\n<\n\n<\n\nI\n0\n\n\n and the instability in this case is caused by induced radiation of system proper waves by the beam electrons. Neglecting the second and third terms one can obtain the well-known growth rate of resonant beam instability in plasma waveguide
If the beam current increases and became higher than the limiting vacuum current that is,
\n
\n\n\nγ\n−\n2\n\n<\n\n<\nα\n<\n\n<\n1\n,\n\nE32
\n
the instability has the same nature as the instability in medium with negative dielectric constant. If the beam is underlimiting, this effect is slight and is not observed. But now, this effect is dominant. Its distinctive peculiarity is that this effect attains its maximum in the point of exact Cherenkov resonance. The growth rate differs from Eq. (30) and is equal [13].
We emphasize new dependence on \n\nν\n\n, that is, actually we have new type of DSI. More critical dependence on \n\nν\n\n is due to superposition of two factors those lead to NEW excitation.
\n
Higher values of parameter α (that is, α >> 1) correspond to very high currents. For example, in the case of a cylindrical waveguide this condition leads to \n\n\nI\nb\n\n≥\n1\n,\n4\n\n\n\nmc\n3\n\n/\ne\n\n\n\nβ\n3\n\n\nγ\n3\n\n\n and means that the beam current is more than the limiting Pierce current. Until now such high currents beams have not been used in beam-plasma interaction experiments.
\n
\n
\n
3.2. Equation for SVA and its solution: transition to the new type of DSI
\n
In order to consider the evolution of an initial perturbation in a magnetized plasma waveguide penetrated by an OB, we proceed from the DR (27). Our steps coincide to those for the case of underlimiting e-beams: expand the DR (27) in series near \n\n\nω\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\n0\n\n\n (see (29) and derive an equation for SVA. Making use the condition of OB \n\n2\n\nβ\n2\n\n\nγ\n2\n\nδ\n/\n\nk\n0\n\nu\n≥\n1\n\n [13], one can obtain [6, 12].
(the denotations coincide to those in (8)). The Eq. (35) for SVA may be solved by analogy to solution of Eq. (8). Without delving into details, we present here the results [6, 12].
The analysis of the expression (36) is similar to previous case. It again reduces to the analysis of the exponent \n\n\nχ\n\novl\n\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n. The analysis shows that unstable perturbations vary through the same range from \n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n to \n\nu\n\n. The analysis of the instability character (absolute/convective) fully coincides to that for underlimiting e-beams. However, in this case, the waveform is symmetric with respect to its peak. The peak places in the middle at all instants and moves at average velocity
The field’s value in the peak exponentially increases and the growth rate is equal to maximal growth rate for OB \n\n\nδ\novl\n\n\n(33) (or, the same, to solution of the initial problem).
\n
At fixed point z the SVA attains its maximum ∼\n\nexp\n\nδ\novl\n\nz\n/\n\n\n\nu\n\nv\n0\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n at the instant \n\nt\n=\nz\n/\n\nw\nao\n\n\n, where
The expression \n\n\nδ\novl\n\n/\n\n\n\nu\n\nv\n0\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n is the maximal spatial growth rate at wave amplification by OB, and coincides to result of the boundary problem. The SVA depends on the perturbations’ velocity \n\nv\n\n as
The character of the space growth depending on perturbations’ velocity is \n\n∼\nexp\n\nΓ\n0\n\n\nv\n\nz\n/\n\n\n\nu\n\nv\n0\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n.
\n
Dissipation fundamentally changes this picture of the instability. For given velocity \n\nv\n\n the dependence of the SVA on the dissipation level becomes
where \n\n\nδ\novl\n\nν\n\n\n\n is given by Eq. (34). That is, with increase in level of dissipation the instability of OB transforms to the new type of DSI. The shapes of the waveform for OB instability for various level of dissipation are plotted in Figure 2. Figure 3 presents the curve \n\nf\n\nx\n\n\n.
\n
Figure 2.
Shapes of the waveform versus longitudinal coordinate at fixed instant \n\nt\n=\n3\n/\n\nδ\novl\n\n\n for various values of parameter \n\nk\n=\nν\n/\n\nδ\novl\n\n\n \n\n\nk\n1\n\n=\n0\n,\n\n\nk\n2\n\n=\n1\n,\n\n\nk\n3\n\n=\n2\n,\n\n\nk\n4\n\n=\n4\n\n.
\n
Figure 3.
The function \n\nf\n\nx\n\n\ngives the dependence of maximal growth rate on dissipation level.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. The behavior of the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system
\n
\n
4.1. Statement of the problem: the dispersion relation
\n
There is a factor which significantly influences on the physics of beam-plasma interaction. The factor is the level of overlap of the beam and the plasma fields. The well-known beam-plasma instability corresponds to full overlap of the beam and the plasma fields (strong beam-plasma coupling). In this case, physical nature of developing instability is due to induced radiation of the system’s normal mode oscillations by the beam electrons. The oscillations are determined by plasma alone, as its density is assumed much higher than the beam density. The beam oscillations are actually suppressed and do not reveal themselves. Excited fields are actually detached from the beam in that they exist in beam absence.
\n
The opposite case when the beam and plasma fields are overlapped slightly is the case of weak beam-plasma coupling. It may be realized, for instance, if the beam and the plasma are spatially separated in transverse direction. This transverse geometry provides conditions for increasing the role of the beam’s normal mode oscillations. In this case, the beam-plasma interaction has other physical nature. Electron beam is actually left to its own. Its oscillations come into play. Account of the beam’s normal mode oscillation leads to substantially new effects. Moreover, there is NEW among beam proper waves. Its growth causes instability due to the sign of energy. The growth rate of this instability attains maximum in resonance of plasma wave with NEW. Resonance of this (wave–wave) type comes instead of wave-particle resonance (conventional Cherenkov Effect) and was named “Collective Cherenkov Effect” [14, 15].
\n
Consider weak interaction of monoenergetic electron beam and plasma in waveguide in general form [8, 14]. The only assumption is following. The beam and plasma are separated spatially, which implies weak coupling of the beam and the plasma fields. For a start, we do not particularize the cross sections. The beam current is assumed to be less than the limiting vacuum current. Dissipation in the system is taken into account by introducing collisions in plasma. We restrict ourselves by the case of strong external longitudinal magnetic field that prevents transversal motion of beam and plasma particles.
\n
In strong external magnetic field, perturbations in plasma and beam have longitudinal components only. In such system, it is expedient to describe perturbations by using polarization potential \n\nψ\n\n [14]. This actually is a single nonzero component of well-known Hertz vector.
\n
We proceed from equations for \n\nψ\n\n and for the beam and the plasma currents \n\n\nj\n\np\n,\nb\n\n\n\n.
Here \n\n\nj\nbz\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\nz\nt\n\n=\n\np\nb\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\n\n\nj\nb\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n and \n\n\nj\npz\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\nz\nt\n\n=\n\np\np\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\n\n\nj\np\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n are perturbations of the longitudinal current densities of the beam and the plasma. Functions \n\n\np\n\nb\n,\np\n\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\n\n\ndescribe transverse density profiles for beam and plasma. For homogeneous beam/plasma \n\n\np\n\nb\n,\np\n\n\n≡\n1\n\n, for infinitesimal thin beam/plasma \n\n\np\n\nb\n,\np\n\n\n∼\nδ\n\n\nr\n−\n\nr\n\nb\n,\np\n\n\n\n\n\n (\n\nδ\n\n is Dirac function). \n\n\nΔ\n⊥\n\n\n is the Laplace operator over transverse coordinates, z is longitudinal coordinate, t is the time, c is speed of light, \n\n\nω\n\np\n,\nb\n\n\n\n are the Langmuir frequencies for plasma and beam respectively, \n\nν\n\n – is the collision frequency in plasma, \n\nγ\n\n is the relativistic factors of the beam electrons, \n\nu\n\n is the beam velocity.
\n
In general, the analytical treatment of the problem may be developed in different ways. The traditional way is to consider a multilayer structure of given geometry. With increase in number of layers this way leads to a very cumbersome DR. However, in the case of weak coupling (namely when the integral describing the overlap of the beam and the plasma fields (see below) is small), the interaction may be considered by another approach. The approach is perturbation theory over wave coupling [14]. Parameter of weak beam-plasma coupling serves as a small parameter that underlies this approach. This way leads to a DR of much simpler form, which, in addition, clearly shows the interaction of the beam and the plasma waves. Also, the procedure is not associated with a specific shape/geometry; that is, obtained results may be easily adapted to systems of any cross-section.
\n
The set of Eq. (46) reduces to following eigenvalue problem
\n\n\nω\n\n and \n\nk\n\nare the frequency and longitudinal wave vector, \n\nν\n\n is the frequency of plasma collisions. As we have mentioned earlier, direct solution of the problem (47) presents considerable difficulties. However, in case of spatially separated beam and plasma that is, when \n\n\np\nb\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\n\n\np\np\n\n\n\nr\n⊥\n\n\n=\n0\n\n and the integral describing the overlap of the fields (see below) is small, it is possible to apply perturbation theory. It assumes that in zero order approximation the beam and the plasma are independent and they may be described by two independent eigenvalue problems for plasma and beam respectively [14].
Proper functions \n\n\nψ\np\n\n\n and \n\n\nψ\nb\n\n\nof these zero-order problems as well as the zero-order DR for the beam and the plasma are assumed to be known. If one applies perturbation theory to the zero-order problems those are described by the DR
(the point \n\n\n\nω\n0\n\n\nk\n0\n\n\n\n is the intersection point of the plasma and the beam curves) and search the solution of Eq. (47) in the form \n\nψ\n=\nA\n\nψ\np\n\n+\nB\n\nψ\nb\n\n\n, \n\nA\n,\nB\n=\nconst\n\n, he can obtain in first order approximation the following DR
\n\n\nG\n\n is the coupling coefficient. It shows the efficiency of beam-plasma interaction, \n\n\nk\n\n⊥\np\n,\nb\n\n\n\n are the actual transverse wavenumbers for the beam and the plasma respectively (see also [8])
Mathematically, \n\nG\n\n is expressed in terms of integrals those represent the overlap of the beam and the plasma fields. Physically, it determines as far the field of plasma wave penetrates into beam and vice versa. According to our consideration, \n\nG\n\n is small G < <1. One more condition of validity of presented consideration is homogeneity of the beam and the plasma inside the cross sections.
\n
\n
\n
4.2. The growth rates
\n
The spectra of the beam waves are given by \n\n\nD\nb\n\n\n Eq. (52) and have following form
where \n\nα\n=\n\nω\nb\n2\n\n/\n\nk\n\n⊥\nb\n\n2\n\n\nu\n2\n\n\nγ\n3\n\n\n is the parameter that determines the beam current value (see previous section) \n\nβ\n=\nu\n/\nc\n\n. The beam-plasma interaction in the absence of dissipation leads to conventional beam instability that is caused by excitation of the system normal mode waves by the beam electrons. Its maximal growth rate depends on beam density as \n\n\nn\nb\n\n1\n3\n\n\n\n. With increase in level of dissipation the conventional beam instability is gradually converted to that of dissipative type. Its maximal growth rate depends on dissipation as \n\n∼\n1\n/\n\nν\n\n\n. For these instabilities the normal mode oscillations of the beam are neglected. The concept of the NEW is invoked only to explain the physical meaning of DSI. These results are valid only for the case of strong beam-plasma coupling. The decrease in beam-plasma coupling leads to exhibition of the beam’s normal mode oscillation. In this case, the instability is caused by the excitation of the NEW. Specific features of weak beam-plasma interaction should appear themselves in solutions of Eq. (51). If one looks them in the form\n\nω\n=\nku\n\n\n1\n+\nx\n\n\n\n, then Eq. (51) becomes
where \n\nq\n=\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\nγ\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\nk\n\n⊥\np\n\n2\n\n\nu\n2\n\n\nγ\n2\n\n/\n\nω\np\n2\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n. The usual Cherenkov resonance of the beam electrons with plasma wave corresponds to the condition \n\nq\n=\n0\n\n; however, the resonance between the beam slow wave and plasma wave (collective Cherenkov effect) corresponds to \n\nq\n=\n−\n\nx\n−\n\n\n.The interaction of the beam and plasma waves leads to instability. Mathematically, it is due to corrections to the expression for NEW. Using the condition of collective Cherenkov resonance one can obtain
It depends on beam density as \n\n\nn\nb\n\n1\n4\n\n\n\n. Under conventional Cherenkov resonance the system is stable. Dissipation exhibits itself as additional factor that intensifies growth of the NEW. Eq. (56) gives following expression for the growth rate upon arbitrary level of the dissipation [8].
where \n\nλ\n=\nν\n/\n\n\n2\n\nδ\nnew\n\n\nν\n=\n0\n\n\n\n\nγ\n2\n\n\n\n\n. The expression (58) shows gradual transition of no dissipative instability to that of dissipative type with increase in level of dissipation. This dependence on dissipation coincides to that depicted in Figure 3. In the limit of strong dissipation\n\nλ\n>\n>\n1\n\n, Eq. (58) becomes
\n\n\n\nδ\nNEW\n\n\nν\n→\n∞\n\n\n\n\n presents the maximal growth rate of the new type of dissipative instability, shown up in [8]. It also follows from Eq. (56) by neglecting first term in parentheses. The new type of dissipative beam-plasma instability is now substantiated for beam and plasma layers in waveguide. The cross-sections of the layers and the waveguide are arbitrary. The instability of new type results from the superposition of dissipation on the instability that is already caused by the growth of the NEW. The instability comes instead of the conventional DSI (with growth rate ∼ \n\n1\n/\n\nν\n\n\n) when beam-plasma coupling becomes small. The dependence on dissipation becomes more critical. The same instability can be substantiated in finite external magnetic field also [18].
\n
\n
\n
4.3. The space–time dynamics of the instability in spatially separated beam and plasma
\n
We have already obtained some properties of the instability in system with spatially separated beam and plasma. Consider now the behavior of this instability in detail. In so doing, we consider the evolution of an initial perturbation in system with spatially separated e-beam and plasma. We proceed from the DR (51). The successive steps are known: to derive the equation for SVA, solve it and analyze the solution. As a result, we have following equation for SVA:
where \n\n\nδ\n0\n\n≡\n\nδ\nNEW\n\n\nν\n=\n0\n\n\n\n\n(57), \n\n\nv\n\np\n,\nb\n\n\n\n are group velocities of the plasma wave and the NEW of the beam, respectively, and \n\n\nν\n∗\n\n=\nIm\n\nD\np\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nD\np\n\n/\n∂\nω\n\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n is proportional to collision frequency \n\n\nν\n∗\n\n=\nconst\n⋅\nν\n\n.
\n
The Eq. (61) is actually the same Eq. (35). This implies that the fields’ space–time evolution at the instability development in spatially separated beam-plasma system qualitatively coincides to that of over-limiting e-beam instability. It remains to repeat briefly the milestones of the analysis above for behavior of OB instability in new terms (assuming \n\n\nv\nb\n\n>\n\nv\np\n\n\n) and, where it is needed, to interpret results according new denotations. For this, we first rewrite the analyzing expression in new denotations
For the instability under weak beam-plasma coupling the velocities of unstable perturbation vary through the range \n\n\nv\np\n\n≤\nv\n≤\n\nv\nb\n\n\n, The character of the instability is determined by group velocities of plasma wave and the NEW. The statements on the character of the instability (convective or absolute) remain valid with account of replacements \n\n\nv\n0\n\n→\n\nv\np\n\n\n and \n\nu\n→\n\nv\nb\n\n\n. The place and the velocity of the peak of the wave train can be obtained, as earlier, by solving the equation
In the absence of dissipation, the peak places in the middle of the train at all instants that is, it moves at the average velocity \n\n\nw\ngs\n\n=\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nb\n\n+\n\nv\np\n\n\n\n\n. The field value in the peak exponentially increases and the growth rate is equal to \n\n\nδ\nNEW\n\n\nν\n=\n0\n\n\n\n\n(57). In the absence of dissipation, the waveform is symmetric with respect to its peak at all instants.
\n
Dissipation suppresses slow perturbations. The threshold velocity is (compare to previous subsection)
The wave train shortens. Only high velocity perturbations (at velocities in the range \n\n\nV\nth\n\n<\nv\n<\n\nv\nb\n\n\n) develop. Herewith the behavior of the fields in the peak (and the place/velocity of the peak) may be obtained by analyzing Eq. (63). If one takes into account the dissipation, the solution of (63) yields \n\nz\n=\n\nw\n0\n\nt\n\n, where
The peak shifts to the front of wave train. For high-level dissipation, we have \n\n\nw\n0\n\n,\n\nV\nth\n\nss\n\n\n→\n\nv\nb\n\n\n that is, one can conclude: the group velocity of perturbation of the new DSI is equal to the group velocity of the NEW. This distinguishes the DSI under weak coupling from the DSI of OB (where the velocity of perturbations was equal to the beam velocity).
\n
Substitution of Eq. (65) into \n\n\nχ\nν\n\nss\n\n\n\n gives us the dependence of the growth rate on dissipation of arbitrary level. The field value in the peak depends on dissipation as
This result agrees to Eq. (58). This coincidence actually serves as an additional proof of the correctness of the approach based on analysis of developing wave train (i.e., correctness of the initial assumptions, derived equation for SVA, its solution etc.). Analogous coincidence exists in case of underlimiting e-beams (see Section 2), but very cumbersome expressions (solutions of third-order algebraic equation) prevent showing it obviously.
\n
In conclusion to present section, we can state that two various types of e-beam instabilities: (1) the OB instability and (2) the instability under weak beam-plasma coupling have similar behavior. Both these instabilities transform to dissipative instabilities with the maximal growth rate \n\n∼\n1\n/\nν\n\n. In spite of their different physical nature, these instabilities have similar mathematical description. The contribution of the OB in the DR is given by expression having first order pole. The DR of the systems with spatially separated beam and plasma also may be reduced to analogous form. For comparison: the contribution of underlimiting e-beam is given by an expression with second-order pole for all types beam instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron etc.). This leads to their similar behavior. However, a difference between these two DSI also exists. In system with OB dissipation shifts the velocities of unstable modes to the beam velocity u. In the second case, the velocities are approximately equal to group velocity of NEW.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. The behavior of the Buneman instability in dissipative plasma
\n
\n
5.1. Statement of the problem: the equation for SVA
\n
The physical essence of the Buneman instability (BI) [4] is in the fact that the proper space charge oscillations of moving electrons due to the Doppler Effect experience red shift, and this greatly reduced frequency becomes close to the proper frequency of ions. Actually, the BI is due to resonance of the negative energy wave with the ion oscillations. For future interpretations and comparisons, we present the well-known [1, 4] DR and the maximal growth rate for the simplest case of the BI (cold e-stream, heavy ions, and accounting for collisions)
(\n\nu\n\n is the velocity of streaming electrons, \n\n\nω\nLe\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\nLi\n\n\n are Langmuir frequencies for electrons and.
\n
ions respectively, \n\n\nν\nBn\n\n\nis the frequency of collisions). The BI develops if \n\n\nω\nLe\n\n≥\nku\n\n, and the growth rate attains its maximum under \n\n\nω\nLe\n\n≈\nku\n\n.
\n
Now consider a plasma system, the DR of which may be written as
\n
\n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n+\nΔ\nD\n=\n0\n\nE68
\n
where \n\nΔ\nD\n=\n−\n\nω\nLi\n2\n\n/\n\nω\n2\n\n\n describes the contribution of ions in the DR, while \n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n describes contribution of moving electrons as well as collisions/dissipation in the system. In following consideration, we do not specify the form of \n\n\nD\n0\n\n\nω\nk\n\n\n. As \n\n\nω\nLi\n\n<\n<\n\nω\nLe\n\n\n we have \n\n\n\nΔ\nD\n\n\n<\n<\n\n\nD\n0\n\n\n\n and the ions in Eq. (68) play a role under small \n\nω\n\n that is, \n\n\nω\nLi\n\n>\n>\nω\n→\n0\n\n. One can at once see imaginary roots of the Eq. (68). The system becomes unstable (low frequency instability) and the growth rate may be obtained from
An initial perturbation arises and the instability begins to develop in point \n\nz\n=\n0\n\n (electron stream propagates in the direction \n\nz\n>\n0\n\n) at instant \n\nt\n=\n0\n\n. Our aim is to obtain the shape of the perturbation and investigate in detail the behavior of the BI. The procedure for obtaining the equation for SVA is known. Applying this procedure, we arrive to following Eq. [16]
\n\n\nIm\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\n is the general form of the resonant growth rate of the low-frequency BI [1, 4] (compare to Eq. (67)); \n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n is the group velocity of the resonant wave in the system. Here, it is equal to velocity of streaming electrons; \n\n\nν\n\'\n\n\n actually presents dissipation. In unbound plasma, the main cause of dissipation is collisions of plasma particles. Equality of the \n\n\nν\n\'\n\n\n in this form to collision frequency is not obligatory.
\n
Eq. (70) may be solved in known manner: that is, by using the Fourier and Laplace transformations. The problem reduces to integration in the inverse transformation. All these steps are known. So as not to repeat, we at once present resulting expression for the SVA [16]
In the absence of dissipation the velocities of unstable perturbations range from 0 to the group velocity \n\n\nv\n0\n\n\n. The length of the induced wave train increases as \n\nl\n≈\n\nv\n0\n\nt\n\n. The condition
(compare to Eq. (16)) determines the peak’s movement. In the absence of dissipation the peak disposes on 2/3 of the train’s length from its front and moves at velocity \n\n\nv\n0\n\n/\n3\n\n. Substitution of \n\nz\n=\n\nv\n0\n\nt\n/\n3\n\n into Eq. (72) gives the field’s behavior in the peak. It grows exponentially \n\n\nE\n0\n\n∼\nexp\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n/\n2\n\n\n\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\nt\n\n\n\n and the growth rate is equal to the maximal growth rate of the BI obtained earlier as a result of initial problem (e.g., see [1, 4] and Eq. (67)). However, in contrary to this approach, the initial problem does not give the point of the maximal growth. This approach gives the point. In addition, it gives the rates of the field growth in every point of the wave train (in the presence of dissipation also).
\n
Dissipation changes the fields’ dynamics and mode structure. It is easily seen from Eq. (72) that dissipation suppresses fast perturbations. The threshold velocity \n\n\nv\nth\n\n\n can be obtained from the equation \n\n\nχ\nBn\n\n\nz\nt\n\n=\nνz\n/\n\nv\n0\n\n\n and is equal
The wave train shortens. Actually the pulse slows down. Dissipation influences on the peak location/movement. Its place \n\nz\n=\n\nz\nmax\n\n\n can be obtained from the equation
The solution of this third-order algebraic equation gives location and velocity of the peak under arbitrary ratio \n\n\nν\n\'\n\n/\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\n. To avoid cumbersome expressions, we present here the solution only in the most interesting limit of high dissipation \n\n\nλ\n0\n\n→\n∞\n\n.
Substitution of this expression into \n\n\nχ\nBn\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n gives the field’s behavior in the peak under high-level dissipation. The field’s value increases exponentially
where the growth rate \n\n\nδ\nν\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\n3\n\n/\n2\nν\n\n\n\'\n\n\n is nothing else, as the growth rate of DSI of conventional type [1, 16, 17]. This once again justifies that high-level dissipation transforms the BI to DSI.
\n
In addition, the expression for \n\n\nχ\nBn\n\n\nz\nt\n\n\n gives much other information on the character of BI development. For example, by substituting \n\nz\n=\nv\nt\n\n one can investigate the behavior of the perturbation, moving at given velocity \n\nv\n\n and determine the rate of their growth
Figure 4 presents shapes of induced wave train for various levels of dissipation.
\n
Figure 4.
The shapes of initial perturbation for various level of dissipation. The dimensionless distance \n\nζ\n=\nz\n\nδ\nBn\n\n/\n\nv\n0\n\n\n, and the dimensionless field \n\nε\n=\n\nE\n0\n\n/\n\n\n\nJ\n0\n\n/\n\n\n\nv\n0\n\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\n\n\n\n\n are marked along the axes. Curve 1 corresponds to \n\n\nλ\n\'\n\n=\nν\n/\n\n\nδ\nBn\n\n\n=\n0\n\n; curve 2 – To \n\n\nλ\n\'\n\n=\n0.5\n\n; curve 3 – To \n\n\nλ\n\'\n\n=\n1.5\n\n; curve 4 – To \n\n\nλ\n\'\n\n=\n3\n\n.
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusion
\n
Now, we can generalize the properties of the SI. Originated perturbations form a wave train, carrier frequency and wave vector of which are determined by resonant conditions. The expression for space–time distribution of the fields gives much information on the behavior of the instability in limit of comparatively large times. The solutions of conventional initial and boundary problems follow from the expression by itself. The growth rate in the peak is equal to maximal growth rate of resonant instability \n\nδ\n\n, which usually describes given instability. The initial value problem gives the same growth rate without specifying where the growth takes place. That is, the approach gives realistic picture of the SI development. Dissipation leads to shortening of the wave train. With increase in level of dissipation the SI gradually turns to dissipative type. In the limit \n\nν\n>\n\n>\nδ\n\n (\n\nν\n\n is the collision frequency) the growth of the fields takes place according to dissipative instability. The approach gives also information on the growth rate for arbitrary \n\nδ\n/\nν\n\n. Obvious expression may be obtained by solving algebraic equation of second/third order.
\n
The approach justifies existence of two new, previously unknown types of DSI. For these DSI, the role of the beam’s space charge and/or proper oscillation becomes decisive. For both DSI, the growth rates have more critical dependence on dissipation as compared to conventional. Presented approach obviously shows the transition to the new types of DSI.
\n
Actually the approach presents solution of the well-known problem of time evolution of initial perturbation in systems those undergo the instabilities of streaming type. The importance of the problem is doubtless. Its traditional solution is restricted by mathematical difficulties. Presented methods allows without any difficulties obtain result for various SI in spite of their different mathematical description (e.g., the description of Buneman instability differs from the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system and from beam-plasma instabilities; herewith, the description various types of beam-plasma instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron, and other) also differs from each other). The approach by itself unified the differences. For beam-plasma instabilities results of the approach are unified even more and their usage is not more difficult than usage of the result of the initial and boundary problems (in spite of presented approach gives incomparably more data). In this sense, the approach can be used instead of the problems. It could seem that the procedure is a bit more difficult. However, this difficulty only seems.
\n
The general character of presented approach should be emphasized once more. It is based on very general assumptions and does not refer on any particular model. The approach transforms the general form of the DR to an equation for SVA of the developing wave train. For a large class of beam-plasma instabilities (Cherenkov, cyclotron, etc.), the equation for SVA is actually the same. Its solution gives analytical expression describing evolution of initial perturbation. Various SI evolve in similar manner. This emphasizes identity of their physical nature (induced radiation of the system proper waves by the beam electrons). For given instability, one should specify two parameters only: the resonant growth rate and the group velocity of the resonant wave. Obtained expression gives detailed information on the instability. The information is: the shape of developing wave train (envelope), velocities of unstable perturbations, the type of given instability (absolute or convective), location of the peak and the character of its movement, the rate of field’s growth in the peak, temporal and spatial growth rates, the rate of growth for perturbation moving at given velocity. Most of these data are unavailable by other methods.
\n
Validity limitations also should be mentioned. Obtained results may not be applied to the systems where beam instability is caused by finite longitudinal dimension, for example, Pierce instability.
\n
Presented approach has neither inner contradictions, no contradictions to previous results of the beam-plasma interaction theory. Its results fully coincide to those obtained by direct analysis of the DR. In some cases, (e.g., for overlimiting e-beam instability and the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system) obvious analysis is possible due to comparatively simple contribution of the beam in the DR (namely when the contribution has first (but not second) order pole).
\n
The results of presented approach actually are continuation and further development of the results of the initial and boundary problems. In its turn, the results of the problems have been repeatedly tested and rechecked experimentally. This actually can serve as confirmation of validity of the approach.
\n
In [19, 20] the nonlinear dynamics of the beam-plasma instability was investigated numerically at no stationary beam injection into plasma-filled systems. The results show that at the initial stage of instability development the field has a shape matching reasonably to presented results.
\n
Obtained results on SI evolution help to understand how the instability transforms given equilibrium of background plasma, estimate the level and/or scale of originated irregularities clear up how the nonlinear stage arises and predict saturation mechanisms. The systems, to which this may be applied are numerous, as the SI are the most common instabilities: from the Earth ionosphere to current carrying plasma (where the Buneman instability plays important role). Not to mention relativistic microwave electronics etc.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"streaming instability, dissipative instability, space–time evolution, slowly varying amplitude, transformation to dissipative instability",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/62680.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/62680.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62680",totalDownloads:290,totalViews:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 17th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 27th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"An approach is presented that allows getting detailed information on the behavior of streaming instabilities (SI) from the dispersion relation (DR). The approach is based on general assumptions and does not refer to any particular model and/or type of the stream interaction with background system (Cherenkov, cyclotron, etc.). The basis of the approach is transformation of the DR to an equation for slowly varying amplitude of the developing waveform. The solution of the equation actually presents results of the important problem of time evolution of initial perturbation and gives detailed information on the instability behavior. Most of the information is unavailable by other methods. For particular SI, only two parameters should be specified. The expression for the fields’ structure shows that with increase in level of dissipation, SI gradually turns to dissipative streaming instability (DSI). Two new, previously unknown types of DSI are presented: DSI of overlimiting electron beam and DSI under weak beam-plasma coupling. Growth rates of these DSI depend on dissipation more critically than usual. Presented approach is valid for a large class of SI: beam-plasma instabilities of various types (Cherenkov, cyclotron, etc.) including over-limiting e-beam instabilities, the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma systems, Buneman instability, etc.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/62680",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/62680",signatures:"Eduard V. Rostomyan",book:{id:"6735",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:"Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-basic-fundamentals-and-modern-applications",publishedDate:"February 27th 2019",bookSignature:"Haikel Jelassi and Djamel Benredjem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6735.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233397",title:"Dr.",name:"Haikel",middleName:null,surname:"Jelassi",slug:"haikel-jelassi",fullName:"Haikel Jelassi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"235189",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Rostomyan",fullName:"Eduard Rostomyan",slug:"eduard-rostomyan",email:"eduard_rostomyan@mail.ru",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The behavior beam-plasma instabilities in dissipative plasma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Equation for slowly varying amplitude",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Analysis of the fields’ dynamics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. The behavior of overlimiting electron beam instability",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. Statement of the problem: analysis of the DR",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2. Equation for SVA and its solution: transition to the new type of DSI",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. The behavior of the instability in spatially separated beam-plasma system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1. Statement of the problem: the dispersion relation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.2. The growth rates",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.3. The space–time dynamics of the instability in spatially separated beam and plasma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. The behavior of the Buneman instability in dissipative plasma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.1. Statement of the problem: the equation for SVA",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.2. Analysis of the Buneman instability behavior",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Alexandrov AF, Bogdankevich LS, Rukhadze AA. Principles of Plasma Electrodynamics. In: Rukhadze AA, editor. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984. 490pp\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Kuzelev MV, Rukhadze AA. Plasma Physics Report. 2000;26:231\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Kuzelev MV, Loza OT, Rukhadze AA, Strelkov PS, Shkvarunets AG. Plasma Physics Report. 2001;27:669\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Buneman O. Physical Review Letters. 1958;1:8\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Briggs RJ. Electron-Stream interaction with Plasma. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T Press; 1964. 187pp\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Rostomyan EV. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Sciences. 2003;31(6):1278\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Rostomyan EV. EPL. 2007;77:45001\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Rostomyan EV. Journal of Plasma Physics. 2012;78(5):531\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Bers A. Space-Time Evolution of Absolute and Convective Plasma instabilities. In Basics of Plasma Physics. Edited by Rosenbluth MN, Sagdeev RZ. North Holland, Amsterdam. 1983;1:451\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Kuzelev MV. Plasma Physics Report. 2006;32:572\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Rostomyan EV. Physics of Plasmas. 2000;7:1595\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Rostomyan EV. European Journal of Applied Physics. 2001;14(3):177\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Aizatski NI. Soviet Journal of Plasma Physics. 1980;6:597\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Kuzelev MV, Rukhadze AA. Plasma Free Electron Lasers. Paris: Edition Frontier; 1995\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Kuzelev MV, Rukhadze AA. Behavior of Streaming Instabilities in Dissipative Plasma. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1987;30:507\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Rostomyan EV. Physics of Plasmas. 2017;24:102102\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Rostomyan EV. Physics of Plasmas. 2016;23:102115\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Rostomyan EV. Physics Letters A. 2009;373:2581\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Rostomian EV, Filipichev DS. Soviet Journal of Plasma Physics. 1993;19:66\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Vedenin PS, Roukhlin VG, Tarakanov VP. Soviet Journal of Plasma Physics. 1989;15:1246\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Eduard V. Rostomyan",address:"eduard_rostomyan@mail.ru",affiliation:'
Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Astarack, Armenia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6735",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:"Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-basic-fundamentals-and-modern-applications",publishedDate:"February 27th 2019",bookSignature:"Haikel Jelassi and Djamel Benredjem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6735.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233397",title:"Dr.",name:"Haikel",middleName:null,surname:"Jelassi",slug:"haikel-jelassi",fullName:"Haikel Jelassi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"14074",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaoyong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",email:"superhust@163.com",fullName:"Chaoyong Zhang",slug:"chaoyong-zhang",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm for Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem under Uncertainty",slug:"hybrid-intelligent-algorithm-for-flexible-job-shop-scheduling-problem-under-uncertainty",abstract:null,signatures:"Guojun Zhang, Haiping Zhu and Chaoyong Zhang",authors:[{id:"14074",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaoyong",surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chaoyong Zhang",slug:"chaoyong-zhang",email:"superhust@163.com"},{id:"14078",title:"Prof.",name:"Guojun",surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Guojun Zhang",slug:"guojun-zhang",email:"zgj@mail.hust.edu.cn"},{id:"14079",title:"Prof.",name:"Haiping",surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Haiping Zhu",slug:"haiping-zhu",email:"zhpofhust@263.net"}],book:{title:"Advances in Reinforcement Learning",slug:"advances-in-reinforcement-learning",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor of Networks and Telecommunications Department (IUT C/V) at the University of Paris-Est (UPEC), Abdelhamid Mellouk is currently the Technical Program Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Communications Software in Communications Society and IEEE Senior Member. Founder of TINC (Transport Infrastructure and Network Control) research activity, his general area is in high-speed new generation wired/wireless networking, end to end quality of service and quality of experience. Currently, he is working on routing and switching optimization in dynamic traffic networks; human and bio-inspired artificial intelligence approaches. He investigates particularly the use of artificial neuronal intelligence together with biologically inspired techniques such as reinforcement learning, to control network decision in real-time.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"14105",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingkui",surname:"Chen",slug:"qingkui-chen",fullName:"Qingkui Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"14248",title:"Prof.",name:"Mengchun",surname:"Xie",slug:"mengchun-xie",fullName:"Mengchun Xie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Mengchun XIE received the MS degree in Mechanical Engineering form Xi’an University of Technology, China, in 1988. She received the PhD degree in Engineering form Fukui University, Japan, in 1997. She is Professor of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wakayama National College of Technology, Japan. Her research activities focus on knowledge representation, knowledge processing and modeling in the fields of artificial intelligence, computer simulation, multi-agent systems.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National College of Technology, Wakayama College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"14374",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Reignier",slug:"patrick-reignier",fullName:"Patrick Reignier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"14510",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Sadati",slug:"nasser-sadati",fullName:"Nasser Sadati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"15643",title:"Dr.",name:"Songlin",surname:"Zhuang",slug:"songlin-zhuang",fullName:"Songlin Zhuang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"15644",title:"Prof.",name:"He",surname:"Jia",slug:"he-jia",fullName:"He Jia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"15645",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaodong",surname:"Ding",slug:"xiaodong-ding",fullName:"Xiaodong Ding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"15721",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",surname:"Zaidenberg",slug:"sofia-zaidenberg",fullName:"Sofia Zaidenberg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17139",title:"Prof.",name:"Guy A.",surname:"Dumont",slug:"guy-a.-dumont",fullName:"Guy A. Dumont",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"compacts",title:"IntechOpen Compacts",intro:"
IntechOpen Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines. Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues or broader topics on the research subject.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen Compacts",metaDescription:"IntechOpen Compacts present a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs and covers content across all scientific disciplines.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/compacts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\\n\\n
COMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
50 - 130 pages
\\n\\t
Peer-reviewed
\\n\\t
Self-contained works on a particular subject compiled by one or more authors
\\n\\t
A unique hybrid between a book chapter and monograph
\\n\\t
Online only, and print options available
\\n
\\n\\n
COST
\\n\\n
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\n
The final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n
*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Optional Services
\\n\\n
IntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\n
FUNDING
\\n\\n
We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\n
BENEFITS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Peer-review
\\n\\t
Rapid publishing process: publication 4 to 6 weeks following acceptance
\\n\\t
Language proofreading and technical formatting included in the cost
\\n\\t
Personal support throughout the publishing process
\\n\\t
Tailor-made service: choose between online only or online and print editions of your Compact
\\n\\t
+560,000 visitors per month guarantees high visibility and opportunities for international content sharing
\\n\\t
You retain copyright to your work
\\n\\t
Wide dissemination and distribution to scientific databases and university libraries
\\n\\t
Competitive pricing with funding opportunities
\\n
\\n\\n
PUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\n
See a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\\n\\n
SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\n
If you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\n\n
COMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\n\n
\n\t
50 - 130 pages
\n\t
Peer-reviewed
\n\t
Self-contained works on a particular subject compiled by one or more authors
\n\t
A unique hybrid between a book chapter and monograph
\n\t
Online only, and print options available
\n
\n\n
COST
\n\n
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\n
The final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n
*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Optional Services
\n\n
IntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\n\n
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\n
FUNDING
\n\n
We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\n
BENEFITS
\n\n
\n\t
Peer-review
\n\t
Rapid publishing process: publication 4 to 6 weeks following acceptance
\n\t
Language proofreading and technical formatting included in the cost
\n\t
Personal support throughout the publishing process
\n\t
Tailor-made service: choose between online only or online and print editions of your Compact
\n\t
+560,000 visitors per month guarantees high visibility and opportunities for international content sharing
\n\t
You retain copyright to your work
\n\t
Wide dissemination and distribution to scientific databases and university libraries
\n\t
Competitive pricing with funding opportunities
\n
\n\n
PUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\n
See a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\n\n
SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\n
If you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"7316",title:"Seepage - Steady State Flow of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db3d61cbecd04230717ab1d9e5cd4b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in China",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5642f989826772a94001c51e2030ea1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Wildfire in the Wildland Urban Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"caac4a94c451c97cf8b52a6dcbac746b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jason Gordon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8037",title:"Paleontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"369bbc9633ff0e0d4f62335075242d2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8037.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8113",title:"Ocean Wave Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f7eaf28497842d73eb2ce64a1415aec2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcello Di Risio, Dr. Daniele Celli and Dr. Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8481",title:"River Deltas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8dd049b4bf7f01bdeda390d40a27b0c8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8481.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01daf31ddded5641c4ed88eca67b4284",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8556",title:"Mars Exploration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44538d785d8dfcc0d4f809e3a62b0035",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Giuseppe Pezzella and Prof. Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8568",title:"Intelligent Life Beyond Earth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f678594f3e4c852a12790aca46dbcdc2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9242",title:"Biogeoscience Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc62d7b263bcc3b797384e73513297f9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9242.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9245",title:"Landmines and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5015fc770dfb6f6e67a5dd370f1668a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. K.T.M. Udayanga Hemapala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9245.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128187",title:"Dr.",name:"K.T.M.",surname:"Hemapala",slug:"k.t.m.-hemapala",fullName:"K.T.M. Hemapala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9248",title:"Galaxies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"364566b36a78a23c895936974dc002ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9248.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:75},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:137},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:41},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"431",title:"Managerial Accounting",slug:"managerial-accounting",parent:{title:"Accounting",slug:"accounting"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:12,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"managerial-accounting",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6660",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fbbfae523cabcfa248b56822a2221cc",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",bookSignature:"Asma Salman and Muthanna G. Abdul Razzaq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206443",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62119",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76775",title:"Financial Instruments: Islamic Versus Conventional",slug:"financial-instruments-islamic-versus-conventional",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Sani Kabiru Saidu, Abubakar Sambo Junaidu and Rabiu Saminu\nJibril",authors:[{id:"240358",title:"Dr.",name:"Sani",middleName:"Kabiru",surname:"Saidu",slug:"sani-saidu",fullName:"Sani Saidu"},{id:"248786",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubakar",middleName:null,surname:"Sambo Junaidu",slug:"abubakar-sambo-junaidu",fullName:"Abubakar Sambo Junaidu"},{id:"248789",title:"Mr.",name:"Rabiu",middleName:null,surname:"Saminu Jibril",slug:"rabiu-saminu-jibril",fullName:"Rabiu Saminu Jibril"}]},{id:"60781",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76265",title:"An Inequality for Reinsurance Contract Annual Loss Standard Deviation and Its Application",slug:"an-inequality-for-reinsurance-contract-annual-loss-standard-deviation-and-its-application",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Frank Xuyan Wang",authors:[{id:"227007",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank Xuyan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"frank-xuyan-wang",fullName:"Frank Xuyan Wang"}]},{id:"61657",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76951",title:"Theoretical Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting: A Literature Review",slug:"theoretical-perspectives-on-sustainability-reporting-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Maria da Conceição da Costa Tavares and Alcina Portugal Dias",authors:[{id:"230817",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Da Conceição",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa Tavares",slug:"maria-da-conceicao-da-costa-tavares",fullName:"Maria Da Conceição Da Costa Tavares"},{id:"241948",title:"Prof.",name:"Alcina",middleName:null,surname:"Portugal Dias",slug:"alcina-portugal-dias",fullName:"Alcina Portugal Dias"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61657",title:"Theoretical Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting: A Literature Review",slug:"theoretical-perspectives-on-sustainability-reporting-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Maria da Conceição da Costa Tavares and Alcina Portugal Dias",authors:[{id:"230817",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Da Conceição",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa Tavares",slug:"maria-da-conceicao-da-costa-tavares",fullName:"Maria Da Conceição Da Costa Tavares"},{id:"241948",title:"Prof.",name:"Alcina",middleName:null,surname:"Portugal Dias",slug:"alcina-portugal-dias",fullName:"Alcina Portugal Dias"}]},{id:"61095",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"62119",title:"Financial Instruments: Islamic Versus Conventional",slug:"financial-instruments-islamic-versus-conventional",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Sani Kabiru Saidu, Abubakar Sambo Junaidu and Rabiu Saminu\nJibril",authors:[{id:"240358",title:"Dr.",name:"Sani",middleName:"Kabiru",surname:"Saidu",slug:"sani-saidu",fullName:"Sani Saidu"},{id:"248786",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubakar",middleName:null,surname:"Sambo Junaidu",slug:"abubakar-sambo-junaidu",fullName:"Abubakar Sambo Junaidu"},{id:"248789",title:"Mr.",name:"Rabiu",middleName:null,surname:"Saminu Jibril",slug:"rabiu-saminu-jibril",fullName:"Rabiu Saminu Jibril"}]},{id:"61603",title:"A Renewed Interest on the Fundamentals of Accounting: The Impact of the Matching ‘Principle’ on Earning Attributes",slug:"a-renewed-interest-on-the-fundamentals-of-accounting-the-impact-of-the-matching-principle-on-earning",totalDownloads:232,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Pietro Fera, Nicola Moscariello and Ettore Cinque",authors:[{id:"232629",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Moscariello",slug:"nicola-moscariello",fullName:"Nicola Moscariello"},{id:"235222",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Fera",slug:"pietro-fera",fullName:"Pietro Fera"},{id:"242935",title:"Prof.",name:"Ettore",middleName:null,surname:"Cinque",slug:"ettore-cinque",fullName:"Ettore Cinque"}]},{id:"61511",title:"Accounting and Measuring Well-being",slug:"accounting-and-measuring-well-being",totalDownloads:188,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"M N Murty",authors:[{id:"231349",title:"Prof.",name:"M N",middleName:null,surname:"Murty",slug:"m-n-murty",fullName:"M N Murty"}]},{id:"60781",title:"An Inequality for Reinsurance Contract Annual Loss Standard Deviation and Its Application",slug:"an-inequality-for-reinsurance-contract-annual-loss-standard-deviation-and-its-application",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Frank Xuyan Wang",authors:[{id:"227007",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank Xuyan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"frank-xuyan-wang",fullName:"Frank Xuyan Wang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"managerial-accounting",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/14074/chaoyong-zhang",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"14074",slug:"chaoyong-zhang"},fullPath:"/profiles/14074/chaoyong-zhang",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()