\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7487",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermal Energy Battery with Nano-enhanced PCM",title:"Thermal Energy Battery with Nano-enhanced PCM",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The consumption of any kind of energy has a significant role in protecting energy in the economic development of any country. Today, request in the sector has led to beautiful and large buildings around the world. It is noteworthy that buildings will spend about 30% of the worldwide energy produced. An energy storage system should have certain features that include proper energy storage material with a specific melting temperature at the optimum range, decent heat transfer well, and a pleasant enclosure compatible with the most important energy storage methods. Some features of nano-enhanced phase change materials are presented in this book.",isbn:"978-1-78985-418-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-417-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-178-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75858",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"thermal-energy-battery-with-nano-enhanced-pcm",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a917c6664886ab78f757aeb59f45635d",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7487.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5913,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 15th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 14th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 2nd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 1st 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185811/images/system/185811.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Mohsen Sheikholeslami works at the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology’s Department of Mechanical Engineering in\nIran. He is Head of the Renewable energy systems and nanofluid\napplications in heat transfer Laboratory at Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. His research interests are nanofluid, CFD,\nsimulation, mesoscopic modeling, nonlinear science, magnetohydrodynamic, ferrohydrodynamic, electrohydrodynamic, and heat\nexchangers. He has written several papers and books in various fields of mechanical\nengineering. He is the first scientist to develop a new numerical method (CVFEM)\nand he published the reference book with title: “Application of Control Volume\nBased Finite Element Method (CVFEM) for Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer”. He\nis also the first author of the following books: “Applications of Nanofluid for Heat\nTransfer Enhancement”, “Application of semi analytical methods for nanofluid flow\nand heat transfer”, “Hydrothermal Analysis in Engineering Using Control Volume\nFinite Element Method”, and “External Magnetic Field Effects on Hydrothermal\nTreatment of Nanofluid”, which are published in ELSEVIER. According to the\nreports of Thomson Reuters (Clarivate Analytics), he has been selected as a Web of\nScience Highly Cited Researcher (Top 0.01%) in 2016, 2017, and 2018.",institutionString:"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"773",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"64819",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Material",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82173",slug:"introductory-chapter-nano-enhanced-phase-change-material",totalDownloads:884,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64819",authors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],corrections:null},{id:"63027",title:"Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Storage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79576",slug:"seasonal-solar-thermal-energy-storage",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Solar intermittency is a major problem, and there is a need and great interest in developing a means of storing solar energy for later use when solar radiation is not available. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that is used to balance the mismatch in demand and supply for heating and/or cooling. Solar thermal energy storage is used in many applications: buildings, concentrating solar power plants and industrial processes. Solar thermal water heaters capable of heating water during the day and storing the heated water for evening use are common. TES improves system performance by smoothing supply and demand and temperature fluctuations. Thermal energy storage has become a fast-growing business. According to a research report, the global thermal energy storage market is expected to reach USD 12.50 billion by 2025. The chapter describes different types of thermal energy storage systems. Brief history, current state of research and the future of thermal storage are presented. Types of thermal storages, classifications, advantages and disadvantages are discussed; important thermal and physical properties are tabulated. Advances in enhancement of thermal properties of materials are briefly discussed. Challenges, opportunities, market outlook, government incentives and polices that support deployment of energy storage systems are outlined.",signatures:"Getu Hailu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63027",authors:[{id:"250634",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Getu",surname:"Hailu",slug:"getu-hailu",fullName:"Getu Hailu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63507",title:"Heat Transfer Enhancement Technique of PCMs and Its Lattice Boltzmann Modeling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80574",slug:"heat-transfer-enhancement-technique-of-pcms-and-its-lattice-boltzmann-modeling",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phase change materials (PCMs) have several advantages for thermal energy storage due to their high energy storage density and nearly constant working temperature. Unfortunately, the low thermal conductivity of PCM impedes its efficiency of charging and discharging processes. To solve this issue, different techniques are developed to enhance the heat transfer capability of PCMs. In this chapter, the common approaches, which include the use of extended internal fins, porous matrices or metal foams, high thermal conductivity nanoparticles, and heat pipes for enhancing the heat transfer rate of PCMs, are presented in details. In addition, mathematical modeling plays a significant role in clarifying the PCM melting and solidification mechanisms and directs the experiments. As a powerful mesoscopic numerical approach, the enthalpy-based lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which is robust to investigate the solid-liquid phase change phenomenon without iteration of source terms, is also introduced in this chapter, and its applications in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit using different heat transfer enhancement techniques are discussed.",signatures:"Zhiguo Qu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63507",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63507",authors:[{id:"250859",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiguo",surname:"Qu",slug:"zhiguo-qu",fullName:"Zhiguo Qu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63399",title:"The Laboratorial Research of Two-Phase Free Convection Devices for Cooling of Materials and Industrial Machines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80789",slug:"the-laboratorial-research-of-two-phase-free-convection-devices-for-cooling-of-materials-and-industri",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Refrigeration systems based on free convection (two-phase thermosyphons) are used for cooling equipment units in chemical, nuclear power, and steel-making industries, as well as for thermal stabilization of natural materials with temperature-dependent properties, such as permafrost. Results of laboratory testing are reported for two types of thermosyphons applied mainly to the thermal stabilization of frozen ground: (a) vertical tubes with finning and (b) systems with horizontal evaporation tubes (HET systems). Their uses are currently restricted to relatively small thermal loads, but the effect of the loads on the cooling performance remains poorly investigated. Theoretical analysis of internal and external heat transfer in a vertical thermosyphon provides constraints on the boundary conditions at the evaporator wall, to be used in formulating and solving problems on the temperature regime of frozen ground stabilized with thermosyphons. Comparison of measured and calculated parameters that characterize the operation of a model HET system allows improving the calculation quality by applying the respective corrections.",signatures:"Yakov B. Gorelik and Artur H. Khabitov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63399",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63399",authors:[{id:"258435",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Gorelik",slug:"jack-gorelik",fullName:"Jack Gorelik"},{id:"269840",title:"MSc.",name:"Artur",surname:"Khabitov",slug:"artur-khabitov",fullName:"Artur Khabitov"}],corrections:null},{id:"67768",title:"Identification of Heat Exchanger by Neural Network Autoregressive with Exogenous Input Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83464",slug:"identification-of-heat-exchanger-by-neural-network-autoregressive-with-exogenous-input-model",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the performance of neural network autoregressive with exogenous input (NNARX) model structure and evaluates the training data that provide robust model on fresh data set. The neural network type used is backpropagation neural network also known as multilayer perceptron (MLP). The system under test is a heat exchanger QAD Model BDT921. The real input-output data that collect from the heat exchanger will be used to compare with the model structure. The model was estimated by means of prediction error method with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for training neural networks. It is expected that the training data that covers the full operating condition will be the optimum training data. For each data, the model is randomly selected and the selection is based on ARX structure. It was validated by residual analysis and model fit, and validation results are presented and concluded. The simulation results show that the neural network system identification is able to identify good model of the heat exchanger.",signatures:"Tatang Mulyana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67768",authors:[{id:"244321",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatang",surname:"Mulyana",slug:"tatang-mulyana",fullName:"Tatang Mulyana"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6514",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ec06fd827f4dc0d3d7653eda88662de",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5406",title:"Nanofluid Heat and Mass Transfer in Engineering Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d47e243d462589591986c11b07212df8",slug:"nanofluid-heat-and-mass-transfer-in-engineering-problems",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6362",title:"Electric Field",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70b535bf877d17b46ddd1678574792a0",slug:"electric-field",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6807",title:"HVAC System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4805829f41fa799b707e4d442eac16da",slug:"hvac-system",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6807.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7774",title:"Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"694361f15eb61a1b21ff01c6cd96f59a",slug:"nanofluid-flow-in-porous-media",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi, Sadia Ameen, M. 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She received a gold medal in academics and a merit scholarship for her outstanding academic achievements. She is also a recipient of the Best Researcher Award. 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PCBs are halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with special chemical formulas encompassing 209 congeners [3]. Based on the number of chlorine atoms and their location at the biphenyl, PCBs can be divided into lower and higher chlorinated congeners. Lower and higher chlorinated PCBs have different bioaccumulation rates [4]. PCBs are made of two cis-carbon rings linked by a single carbon bond and biphenyl molecule. Each PCB molecule consists of 12 carbon atoms alongside chlorine atoms substituted for hydrogen ones at any of 10 possible positions. Hence, theoretically, 209 possible PCB congeners can be found [5]. Due to their chemical characteristics, they have been used extensively in the industry as electric insulators, plasticizers, heat exchange and hydraulic fluids. The main problem of PCBs lies in their persistent nature, high degree of lipophilicity, slow transformation rate and low environmental degradation, which made them associated with a broad spectrum of human diseases such as reproductive, immunological and carcinogenic [3, 6, 7, 8]. In 1987, International Agency for Research on Cancer and in 1996, the US environmental Protection Agency reported that PCBs are carcinogen in laboratory and wild animals and a possible carcinogen in humans [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Absorption of PCBs is feasible through ingestion, inhalation and dermal routes. The highest exposure pattern occurs through inhalation and skin absorption [16]. Once inside the body PCBs are transported to the liver. The main target of PCBs metabolism is the liver by the action of hepatic cytochrome p450 (CYP450). According to their chemical structure, PCBs can bind to different receptors [17] such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) [3]. Therefore, research was focused to study the impact of PCBs on liver function alteration and carcinogenicity [18]. Based on PCBs’ chemical structure and receptor affinity, they can be categorized into dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs. Among different PCBs, Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1254 and 1260 are the most produced and used PCBs in the US during the 1958–1977 period [19].
One of the earliest incidences of human direct PCB ingestion was reported in Japan in 1968 and known as Yusho accident (oil syndrome in Japanese). This incident affected more than 1800 people who ingested rice oil contaminated with kanechlor-400 [20]. The average intake of PCBs in Yusho patients was 633 mg. The PCB concentration in adipose tissue was 46–76 ppm. After 34 years, the titre of non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs in the blood of those patients reached 320 and 76 pg./g lipid, respectively [21]. Another famous PCB toxicity outbreak was reported a few years later after the Yusho incident in 1979 in Taiwan, known as the Yucheng incident (oil syndrome in Chinese). In this incident, around 2000 individuals consumed the same rice oil contaminated with Kanechlor-500 from one store [22]. Later, they developed skin problems and various health diseases. The concentration of PCBs in blood ranged from 3 to 1156 ppb [23]. A meta-analysis study of Yusho and Yucheng incidents showed that most patients exhibit a high degree of mortality due to lung, liver and skin cancers in both men and women [24, 25].
Before 1996, different assumptions have been made regarding PCBs’ carcinogenicity. Sometimes all PCBs were considered carcinogens. Other assumptions indicated that mixtures with high chlorine content are only carcinogenic [26]. The carcinogenic potential of different PCBs is attributed to PCBs potency, which is affected by environmental processes (partitioning, chemical reaction, transformation and preferential bioaccumulation). Partitioning includes the fractionation of PCB mixture into different environmental compartments (air, water, sediment and soil). PCBs adsorption rate increases proportionally with their chlorine and organic content where low-chlorine content PCBs tend to be more volatile and hydrophilic and high-chlorine content is more persistent and lipophilic. Chemical transformation of PCBs in the environment occurs through the biodegradation process by the action of anaerobic bacteria in the sediments. These bacteria remove chlorines from
Based on several reports from different agencies, PCBs were referred as possible human carcinogens [32]. This assumption is based on experimental data from rodents where PCBs treatment increased neoplasm formation in different rodent tissues.
Commercial PCB mixtures such as Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1254 and 1260 (dietary PCBs concentration ranged from 25 to 200 ppm over a period of 24-month treatment) were found to induce not only alteration in liver function tests (AST, ALT and GGT) but also liver tumours with bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma) in rats (female tumour incidence higher than male rats) after long-term feeding regime [33]. In addition, rats exposed to commercial mixtures with 60% chlorine through a dietary lifetime regime developed benign liver tumours that eventually progressed to malignant ones [34]. Furthermore, a mixture of PCB126 and PCB153 caused a mild increase in neoplastic liver lesions in mice. This was accompanied by an up-regulation of Cyp1a1 and Cyp2b10 (RNA and protein level) [35]. The same promotion of liver carcinogenesis was observed in partially hepatectomized rats challenged with a single DEN dose and subsequent intraperitoneal injection of PCB105, 126 or 153 [36]. Moreover, rats receiving a single dose of DEN followed by intraperitoneal injection of PCB77 or PCB153 (150 μmol/kg) alongside selenium-enriched diets feeding developed hepatic neoplasm. Selenium administration enhances the carcinogenic induction of PCB77 more than that of PCB153 as the number of positive placental glutathione s0transferase (PGST+) hepatic regions was higher in the former than the latter, respectively [37].
Single PCB compounds have a preferential binding affinity to different receptors. For example, PCB126 binds to AhR while PCB153 binds to CAR. Rats treated with a single dose of DEN followed by PCB126, PCB153 or in combination developed hepatic neoplasms most profoundly in single PCBs treatment only (PCBs combination treatments showed antagonistic results on liver neoplasm formation) as indicated with positive GST-P liver areas [38]. Cultured mouse hepatocytes treated with PCB126 exhibited reduced hepatocyte glycogen content in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed forskolin-stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate. Interestingly, glycogen treatment of cells restored PCB127 effects, indicating that PCB127 could affect the terminal players in the gluconeogenesis cycle. Finally, PCB126 could activate AhR and its downstream effector phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. This suggests a possible role of PCBs as energy metabolism disruptor agents [39]. Other studies showed that PCB153 could induce hepatocarcinoma through induction of NF-kB in mice (this was inhibited by deleting the p50 subunit of NF-kB) [40] or induce mutation in β-catenin (
PCBs administration could interfere with metals accumulation in the liver and affect their transport and excretion through kidneys. Mice fed different concentrations of PCBs with Cadmium (Cd)-enriched diets showed a reduction of Cd concentration in the liver. Also, liver histology of those mice revealed a characterized centrilobular enlargement of hepatocytes, hepatic focal necrosis and clear cytological signs of malignancy than the control group [43]. On the other hand, female rats fed a diet enriched with high-dose Aroclor-1254 and Aroclor-1260 for 78 weeks developed initial iron accumulation in the liver by week 52, induced hepatocyte proliferation and eventually liver carcinoma by the 78th week, indicating that iron accumulation in the liver is an early sign of hepatic neoplasm transformation induced by PCBs [44].
Human exposure cohort studies were also conducted to monitor the pathological aspects of PCBs. Workers in capacitor factories exposed to Aroclors mixtures with 41–54% chlorine content had increased mortality rates from liver tumours (gall bladder and biliary tract) [45]. The same finding was reported in HCC Italian patients settled in areas highly polluted with PCBs [46, 47]. The burden of PCBs concentration in liver, lung and kidney tissues of Chinese cancer patients residing near e-waste disassembly sites was very high (257.9 to 455.1 ng g−1), indicating a possible correlation between PCBs exposure and cancer incidence in those patients [48]. Another long-term cohort study was conducted in Germany in former PCB-exposed workers. The study linked the change in liver enzymes and morphology with PCB exposure level. There was a significant inverse connection between PCB concentration and ɤGT and a significant association between liver enlargement and PCBs level [49]. Another cohort study in the USA linked elevated levels of ortho-substituted PCBs and liver toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) in the former worker of PCB manufacturing complex. The authors reported that the increase in PCBs exposure was connected with an increase in liver disease burden, inflammation, steatohepatitis induction and hepatocyte apoptosis and fibrosis [50]. A large and extensive cohort study was conducted on 138,905 electricity workers exposed to insulating liquids of PCBs at five different electricity companies between the period of 1950 and 1986. Poisson regression was utilized to examine mortality of skin cancer (melanoma) and liver cancer in relation to PCBs exposure. Results showed that PCBs exposure was linked to melanoma development and in some workers hepatic cancers [51]. A controlled study was nested with two large prospective cohorts (one from Northern California Multiphasic Health Check-up (MHC) comprising 408 HCC cases and Norwegian Janus group comprising 84 HCC cases) from 1960 to 1980. Measuring 37 different congeners with GC-MS, the authors found that among measured congeners, PCBs (151, 170, 172,180,177 and 195) congeners were the highest with a concentration in HCC patients 1.3 to 1.4 ng/g lipid for the first group and 1.9 ng/g lipid for the second group, confirming a significant link between PCBs levels and HCC development [52].
PCBs can be indirectly accumulated in the human body through food chain by ingestion of aquatic animals contaminated with PCBs. For example, Delistraty study showed that PCBs titre in different aquatic animals in Columbia River, USA was significantly high. Sturgeon liver, whitefish fillet, carbs and smallmouth bass all showed significant high level of dioxin-like PCBs, non-dioxin like PCBs and total PCBs [53]. Another study showed that Bottlenose dolphin was stranded alive with high levels of different PCBs such as PCB 153,180, 187 and 138. Finally, large cell immunoblastic lymphoma was observed in the hepatic sinuses of these dolphins accompanied with liver enlargement. All previous studies indicate a direct correlation between carcinogenesis induction and levels of PCBs in those dolphins [9].
PCBs mode of action and the underlined molecular mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity have not been deciphered so far [7]. Yet, studies on different animal models,
2,3′4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl known as PCB118, one of the most persistent congener members, was found to promote hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cell proliferation and glycolysis through AhR, which subsequently elevates the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). These effects were inhibited by treating cells with PKM2 shRNA and superoxide dismutase, respectively [6].
PCB126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl), a non-ortho-chlorinated congener, was found to increase the synthesis of ROS specifically. Treatment of HepG2 cells with this congener enhance their carcinogenicity by inducing an oxidative stress response that was underlined by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), p38, c-Jun phosphorylation, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and finally an expression of antioxidant-responsive element (ARE)-dependent genes [7]. In addition, Faust
PCB47, 49, 52, 77 and 153 have a tumour promoting activity [32]. Also, some PCBs induce liver toxicity through induction of mixed function oxidases (phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene) [56] and inhibition of anti-oxidant production such as PCB154, 155, 184 and 153 inhibit paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in treated rats [57].
Most PCBs mixtures with high chlorine content and their derived metabolites showed superior tumour-promoting characteristics. Yet, concern over low-chlorine content PCBs was raised after experiments showing that dihydroxy metabolites induce breast cancer by inducing oxidative DNA damage in breast cancer cells [58]. Another possible mechanism of PCBs carcinogenicity is their ability to suppress the immune system and cause endocrine disruption [59]. PCB104, 188 and their hydroxylated forms 4′-50, 4′-30, 4′-72, 4′-112 and 4′-121 disturb endocrine pathways in rainbow trout cultured hepatocytes and induced vitellogenin synthesis indicating altered liver physiology [60]. Human MCF-7 cells exposed to PCBs analogues showed a reduction in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity on the transcriptional and translational level
HepG2 cells co-treated with benzo-a-pyrene and different doses of Aroclor 1254 had a high degree of DNA damage (as indicated by DNA migration assay and formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), oxidative stress and elevated CYP1A activity [63]. In another experiment, HepG2 cells exposed to various PCBs concentration (0.01-10µM) exhibit aggressive carcinogenic behavious underlined by pERK Tyr204 and pMdm2 Ser166 which attenuated P53 activity in those cells [64].
Dioxin-like PCBs such as PCB 77 and 81 were shown to have direct genotoxic effects on Chinese hamster V79-derived cell line by inducing micronuclei formation, and induced expression of CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and γ-H2AX protein (a marker of DNA double-strand breaks) [65, 66].
Another surprising finding of PCBs-induced hepatic carcinogenicity is their ability to inhibit intercellular community between liver cells. Mouse hepatoma cell line (Hepa1c1c7) treated with TCDD and different PCBs showed a rapid intercellular inhibition after 2 hrs. of treatment accompanied with AhR activation and induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity (an early marker of PCBs induced oxidative stress) [67]. Moreover, by using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify relative telomere length in lung and liver samples collected from rats treated with different PCBs (126, 153 and a mixture of them) showed larger relative telomere length, which is an early indication of euplastic or non-neoplastic pathogenic disease development [68].
Furan, a heterocyclic organic chemical, is considered as a human carcinogen and a liver toxicant in rodents [69]. It is found in a broad spectrum of common heat-treated and jarred foods in addition to tobacco smoke. It is also generated from numerous precursors such as amino acids, ascorbic acid and carbohydrates [70]. Infants received the highest furan exposure from ready-to-eat meals, while adults are exposed to furan by the dietary intake of coffee [69]. Furan is found mainly in the liver and is metabolized to the reactive metabolite, cis-but-2-ene-1,4-dialdehyde (BDA) through cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Reported studies have indicated that humans can convert furan to its reactive metabolite and cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), and consequently may be subjected to furan toxicity [71].
Being hepatotoxic, researchers [72] stated that furan is associated with cholangiofibrosis in rats and HCC & adenomas in mice. They also indicated that oxidative stress, alterations in gene expression, epigenetic modifications, inflammation and increased cell proliferation represent indirect mechanisms that are included in carcinogenesis. The carcinogenic effects of furan have been referred to as genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action. Epigenetic alterations are among the most important non-genotoxic alterations induced by furan since they are related to all other non-genotoxic events [69]. As a genotoxic furan could be linked to furan-into carcinogenicity, current human exposure levels to this hepatotoxicant may represent a risk to human health and required the necessity for its mitigation [73].
Metabolism of furan leads to the formation of protein adducts in the target organ. The first bioactivation step comprises the oxidation of cytochrome P450-catalysed of furan, which generates cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA can react with lysine to form pyrrolin-2-one adducts [70]. This metabolite directly reacts with DNA nucleophiles and proteins [74]. It is also known as a bacterial mutagen in Ames assay strain TA104. According to metabolic studies, this reactive metabolite is formed
Being a hepatocarcinogen in mice and rats, furan induced an enhancement for cytotoxic pathways represented by signalling of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and death receptor (DR5 and TNF-alpha), and proliferation through extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and TNF-α. In addition, NF-kappa B and c-Jun (genes essential for liver regeneration) were involved in response to furan [76]. Previous studies applying furan high doses revealed that it induced tumours at nearly 100% incidence at all doses [77]. Fraction of H-ras codon 61 CAA to AAA mutation was increased in liver tumours of furan-treated mice [78]. Besides, furan has a deleterious impact on the activity of crucial target enzymes included in ATP synthesis, glycolysis, redox regulation as well as b-oxidation in rat liver. After treatment with a high dose of furan, it was found that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly inhibited and observed some metabolic changes reliable to blockage of the glycolytic breakdown of glucose in the liver of the rat. Despite an increase in enoyl-CoA hydratase activity, an enhancement of ketone bodies production and a reduction in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase were recorded as a result of furan treatment. These enzymatic changes were linked to impairments occurring in cellular processes affecting the metabolic pathways and antioxidant defence and indicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a serious incident in furan toxicity [79]. Moreover, targets of putative protein of furan reactive metabolites induced functional damage of numerous individual proteins and interference with pathways, especially that of mitochondrial energy production, redox regulation, and protein folding. This damage represented critical targets of furan toxicity and can combine together to disturb cell homeostasis and cause the cell death of hepatocytes [80].
The liver is the main target organ affected by furan as indicated by serum biomarkers changes, change in liver weights and histological lesions after exposure to furan. Accordingly, a dose of 0.03 mg/kg bw of furan was proposed to be the non-detectable serious effect for hepatic toxicity [80]. In addition, Selmanoğlu
In addition, analysis of liver rats treated with furan by Comet assays showed breaks in both strands of DNA, an increase in oxidized purines and pyrimidines at cancer bioassay dosage represented by a near-linear dose-responsive manner [83]. Consequently, these findings postulated that furan induces cancer mainly in rats’ liver through a secondary genotoxic mechanism including oxidative stress, a down-regulation in the expression of apoptotic, cell-cycle checkpoints as well as DNA-repair genes accompanied by inflammation and cell proliferation dosage [83].
Furthermore, glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P) foci are considered as preneoplastic lesions markers in the hepatocarcinogenic rats. Using reporter gene transgenic rats, it was found that furan rapidly induces GST-Pþ foci formation without reporter gene mutation after short exposure [84]. On the other hand, GST-P foci development is probably due to cell proliferation other than the genotoxic mode of action in furan-treated rats. Based on the close association between neoplastic hepatocytes and GST-P, Hibi
Cholangiofibrosis is defined as a physical anomaly that occurs before cholangiocarcinoma development in some rodents. Some reports explained that severely affected areas of the liver representing injury due to furan administration were extended into the portal and capsular parts, resulting in a rapid ductular cells proliferation that extended into the parenchyma accompanied by a subtype of liver fibroblasts. These ductules were differentiated into hepatocytes lacking fibroblasts or developed to form tortuous ductular structures replacing much of the parenchyma, leading to cholangiofibrosis [86]. Moreover, furan-induced cholangiocarcinomas were proposed to develop from cholangiofibrosis areas as a consequence of indirect and chronic damage to DNA through oxygen radicals joined with persistent proliferative signals, including loss of connexin 32, which acts to translate this DNA damage to fixed mutations [87].
The carcinogenic effect of furan has been referred to as a genotoxic and non-genotoxic mechanism comprising epigenetic alterations in liver tissue [88]. Some reports postulated that furan carcinogenicity is caused by a non-genotoxic mechanism since it was not genotoxic in
In addition, epigenetic alterations involving DNA and microRNA (miRNA) methylation play a fundamental role in inducing furan carcinogenicity. It was indicated that DNA methylation changes and miRNA modulation followed by a DNA-damage response are the most pronounced alterations resulted from the use of 3-month furan treatment at a carcinogenic dose suggesting that non-genotoxic mechanisms are crucial for furan carcinogenicity [91]. It was found that gene-specific DNA methylation alterations have an essential role in the contribution of furan hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity [88]. Other studies indicated that aberrations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are one of the non-genotoxic alterations induced by furan exposure, which highlighted the role of epigenetic impairments in the furan hepatotoxicity mechanism [69].
Moreover, Conti
Since the mammalian genome is transcribed into mRNAs that code for protein and other non-coding RNA products [93]. Long non-coding-RNAs (lncRNA) are known as ncRNA species >200 nucleotides long, which represent significant epigenetic regulators of gene expression and are included in a wide spectrum of biological processes related to toxicology. Recio
Dioxins are considered as representative toxic agents among persistent organic pollutants and a large family of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, which composed of tricyclic aromatic compounds [94]. These compounds are produced by industrial wastes and can accumulate in soil, sediments as well as food chains with long half-life of numerous years, affecting human health [95]. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin (TCDD) is a typical representative and the most toxic substance of dioxins, which exhibits systemic hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption and also affects pathology and physiology of human skin [96]. Being with four chlorine atoms in lateral positions, 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) is the most biologically active isomer of dioxins [97]. It is a widespread and persistent pollutant in the environment originated from waste incineration or metal industries, plastics manufacturing and paper processing [98]. Moreover, it plays a significant role by binding to AhR for endocrine changes in experimental animals [99]. Besides, Türkez, Türkez
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is considered as a ligand-activated receptor which enables environmental pollutant toxicity like 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) [101]. It is also known as xenobiotic receptor or dioxin receptor and is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix/period AhR nuclear translocator single-minded family [102]. AhR translocates to the nucleus after binding to TCDD, dimerizes with AhR nuclear-translocator protein, binds to dioxin-responsive elements and up-regulates a series of genes expression that encode xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450s (e.g. CYP1A1, CYP1A2), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase as well as a form of UDPglucoronosyl-transferase-6 [103]. Even though AhR may serve as part of an adaptive chemical response, numerous studies reported that this dioxin receptor has important functions in liver, cell proliferation, cardiac development [104, 105] and the ubiquitin-proteasome system [106]. AhR plays a fundamental role in three biological aspects including xenobiotics metabolism, the toxic responses related to TCDD (dioxin) exposure and the vascular remodelling of the developing embryo. Using
Being a generally expressed ligand-dependent transcription factor, AhR mediates cellular responses to dioxins. Boutros
In response to dioxin, Kennedy
TCDD can induce hepatic fibrosis through a sequential events of steatosis followed by steatohepatitis. Lee, Wada [102] investigated the role of AhR in liver steatosis in wild type and transgenic mice. They concluded that AhR activated in liver cells induced CD36 expression, enhanced the uptake of fatty acids and steatosis induciton [102].
Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) mainly expressed in liver, is involved in the metabolic activation of carcinogens and hepatotoxins such as TCCD and CCl4. At post-transcriptional levels, CYP2E1 is induced and exerted mostly through mRNA and protein stabilization, while xenobiotic induction is found to be very limited at the transcriptional level [101]. Since the effect of xenobiotics on CYP2E1 liver, expression is of significant attention. Therefore, Mejia-Garcia
Recent studies revealed that TCDD exposure had caused increased productions of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and histopathological injury in the liver of both rats and mice [111]. This exposure also enhances oxidative stress and diminishes the fluidity of hepatic membrane and glutathione (GSH) content, as well as imbalances the antioxidant enzymes in the liver [112, 113]. Moreover, an increase in the relative weight of the liver, a significant increase in all of the hepatic biomarker levels (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and LDH) in the serum and a decrease of the antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were observed under dioxin effect in hepatic tissue of rat [114]. Additionally, Bentli
Viluksela and Pohjanvirta [118] reported that paternal exposure to TCDD was considered as the most effective congenator of dioxins in laboratory rodents and zebrafish as it can lower the reproductive performance and reduce the male/female ratio of offspring. Therefore, it will affect subsequent generations
Besides, previous studies have demonstrated that dioxins broadly alter hepatic mRNA levels [119]. Unexpectedly, Boverhof, Burgoon [120] found that responses of mouse and rats to TCDD exposure revealed that rat and mouse responses diverge significantly through analysis of a limited portion of their transcriptome. Accordingly, it was suggested that both mice and rat models should be applied to detect the acute hepatotoxicity of xenobiotics [120].
Under fabp10a promoter, Zhang [121] also established a line of transgenic zebrafish line (LiPan) characterized with the expression of liver-specific red fluorescent protein (DsRed), which enables the observation of liver in live LiPan fry. They revealed that TCDD could significantly increase both liver red fluorescence and size in LiPan fry. Thus, LiPan transgenic fry offers a suitable and rapid hepatotoxicity assay
Furthermore, by using the inducible
Environmental pollutants are a severe persistent burden, which cause a broad spectrum of health problems not only to aquatic animals but also to humans. Among them, PCBs, furan and dioxin are organic pollutants that were widely used in different applications before they were banned due to their carcinogenic potential. Different studies using different model animals and screening systems (
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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We characterized the optical wireless communication channel through the channel measurements and present different models for the OWC link performance evaluations. In addition, we present some technologies for the OWC performance enhancement in order to address the last-mile transmission bottleneck of the system efficiently. The technologies can be of great help in alleviating the stringent requirement by the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) backhaul/fronthaul as well as in the evolution toward an efficient backhaul/fronthaul for the 5G network. Furthermore, we present a proof-of-concept experiment in order to demonstrate and evaluate high capacity/flexible coherent PON and OWC links for different network configurations in the terrestrial links. To achieve this, we employ advanced modulation format and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in the offline and real-time mode of the operation. 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Wireless power transmission (WPT) technology was first pursued by Tesla over a century ago. However, it faced several challenges for deployment in real applications. Recently, energy harvesting and WPT technologies have received much attention as a clean and renewable power source. Rectenna (rectifying antenna) system can be used for remotely charging batteries in several sensor networks at internet of things (IoT) applications as commonly used in smart buildings, implanted medical devices and automotive applications. Rectenna, which is used to convert from RF energy to usable DC electrical energy, is mainly a combination between a receiving antenna and a rectifier circuit. This chapter will present several designs for single and multiband rectennas with different characteristics for energy harvesting applications. Single and multiband antennas as well as rectifier circuits with matching networks are introduced for complete successful rectenna circuit models. 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Further, the improved dual circularly polarized (CP) omnidirectional antenna based on slot array in coaxial cylinder structure is presented too, and two ports are assigned in its two side as left hand circularly polarized (LHCP) port and right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) port, respectively. The simulation and experiment results show their novelty and good performance of omnidirectional circular polarization with about 5 dBi gain in 5.2–5.9 GHz.",book:{id:"5427",slug:"modern-antenna-systems",title:"Modern Antenna Systems",fullTitle:"Modern Antenna Systems"},signatures:"Bin Zhou, Junping Geng, Xianling Liang, Ronghong Jin and\nGuanshen Chenhu",authors:[{id:"147056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xian-ling-liang",fullName:"Xian-Ling Liang"},{id:"189327",title:"Prof.",name:"Junping",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"junping-geng",fullName:"Junping Geng"},{id:"189923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronghong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"ronghong-jin",fullName:"Ronghong Jin"},{id:"189925",title:"MSc.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"bin-zhou",fullName:"Bin Zhou"},{id:"189927",title:"MSc.",name:"Guanshen",middleName:null,surname:"Chenhu",slug:"guanshen-chenhu",fullName:"Guanshen Chenhu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"762",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"