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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6799",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Structural Health Monitoring from Sensing to Processing",title:"Structural Health Monitoring from Sensing to Processing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Structural health monitoring (SHM) has attracted more attention during the last few decades in many engineering fields with the main aim of avoiding structural disastrous events. This aim is achieved by using advanced sensing techniques and further data processing. SHM has experienced booming advancements during recent years due to the developments in sensing techniques. The reliable operation of current, sophisticated, man-made structures drives the development of incipient reliable damage diagnosis and assessment. This book aims to illustrate the background and applications of SHM from both sensing and processing approaches. Its main objective is to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of SHM methodologies and their applications, which may provide a new perspective in understanding SHM for readers from diverse engineering fields.",isbn:"978-1-78923-788-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-787-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-713-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73069",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"structural-health-monitoring-from-sensing-to-processing",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dc048dca9ab7aaec08b4e7fde410f9d8",bookSignature:"Magd Abdel Wahab, Yun Lai Zhou and Nuno Manuel Mendes Maia",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6799.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8390,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 1st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 2nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 21st 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 20th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"235628",title:"Dr.",name:"Magd Abdel",middleName:null,surname:"Wahab",slug:"magd-abdel-wahab",fullName:"Magd Abdel Wahab",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235628/images/system/235628.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Magd Abdel Wahab is a Professor of Applied Mechanics in the Department of Mechanical Construction and Production at Ghent University, Belgium. He received his BSc, 1988, in Civil Engineering and his MSc, 1991, in Structural Mechanics, both from Cairo University. Prof Wahab completed his PhD in Fracture Mechanics in 1995 at KU Leuven, Belgium. He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the University of Surrey in 2008. He has published more than 240 scientific papers and technical reports in Solid Mechanics and Dynamics of Structures. His research interests include fracture mechanics, damage mechanics, fatigue of materials, durability, and dynamics and vibration of structures.",institutionString:"Ghent University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"235629",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun Lai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yun-lai-zhou",fullName:"Yun Lai Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235629/images/system/235629.png",biography:"Dr. Yun Lai ZHOU is a research fellow in department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at National University of Singapore, Singapore. He received his B.Sc., 2010, in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, from Northwestern Polytecnic University, China; M.Sc., 2011 and PhD in 2015, both in Civil Engineering from Technical University of Madrid, Spain. He was awarded the honor degree of International PhD from the Technical University of Madrid, Spain in 2015. Dr. Zhou has authored and co-authored about 40 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings on the subject of structural health monitoring and structural modal analysis, and his research interests include structural health monitoring, system identification, and fracture mechanics.",institutionString:"National University of Singapore",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National University of Singapore",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"235630",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes Maia",slug:"nuno-manuel-mendes-maia",fullName:"Nuno Manuel Mendes Maia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235630/images/6455_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Nuno Manuel Mendes Maia received his habilitation in mechanical engineering in 2001 from Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon. Prof. Maia has authored and co-authored two textbooks and about 200 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings on the subject of modal analysis and structural dynamics. He obtained his first degree in 1978 and his master\\'s degree in 1985, both in mechanical engineering from Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST), University of Lisbon. He received his PhD in mechanical vibrations (1989) from Imperial College London, UK. His current research interests are modal analysis and modal testing, updating of finite element models, coupling and structural modification, damage detection in structures, modeling of damping, transmissibility in multiple degree-of-freedom systems, and force identification.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"611",title:"Signal Processing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-signal-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"62095",title:"Failure Assessment of Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors for Increased Reliability of SHM Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77298",slug:"failure-assessment-of-piezoelectric-actuators-and-sensors-for-increased-reliability-of-shm-systems",totalDownloads:1054,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the chain from sensing to information extraction, there are many traps where errors can occur, which might lead to false alarms and therefore leave us with the impression of an unreliable system. In this chapter, we deal with the important first element of the chain, the sensor, which can undergo various faults and defects during its lifetime. Especially for the use of acousto-ultrasonic (AU)-based methods or the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method, piezoelectric transducers are frequently used. Subsequent steps within the chain of SHM rely on the quality and reliability of these measurements. An overview is given on the usage of piezoelectric transducers within SHM systems, their electro-mechanical coupling and its modeling as well as frequent faults of these devices and methods on how to inspect them and diagnose defects. The authors show the effects of different transducer faults on the excited wave field, used for AU. It is shown how a sensor fault can be detected before the SHM system indicates a (false) alarm. With the help of application scenarios—including temperature variations—the advantages and disadvantages of the introduced methods of transducer inspection are presented, enabling an increased reliability of SHM systems.",signatures:"Inka Mueller and Claus-Peter Fritzen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62095",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62095",authors:[{id:"242648",title:"Prof.",name:"Inka",surname:"Mueller",slug:"inka-mueller",fullName:"Inka Mueller"},{id:"242649",title:"Prof.",name:"Claus-Peter",surname:"Fritzen",slug:"claus-peter-fritzen",fullName:"Claus-Peter Fritzen"}],corrections:null},{id:"62434",title:"Structural Health Monitoring by Acoustic Emission Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79483",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-by-acoustic-emission-technique",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Elastic wave, which is formed due to sudden rearrangement of stresses in a material, is called acoustic emission (AE). It is widely used in nondestructive testing (NDT) of materials and structures especially in health monitoring of structures for damage detection. When a body is subjected to an external force (in the form of changing pressure, load, or temperature), any micro fracture inside the body releases energy in the form of AE wave, which is received by sensor and later on is converted to electrical signal for inspection. In early stage, major importance was given on studying the AE characteristics during the deformation and fracture on various materials (by J. Kaiser in Germany in 1950 and B. H. Schofield in the USA in 1954). Nowadays, lots of research are conducting on formulating the theories behind AE formation, propagation, and inspection in various fields as an important health monitoring tool for NDT. In this chapter, I would like to elaborate a “feature outlook of AE” based on past, present, and future perspectives; “AE monitoring” procedure based on theoretical and experimental perspectives; and smart applications in structural health monitoring based on industrial and biostructural perspectives with related figures and tables.",signatures:"Md. Tawhidul Islam Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62434",authors:[{id:"243583",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Tawhidul Islam",surname:"Khan",slug:"md-tawhidul-islam-khan",fullName:"Md Tawhidul Islam Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"61470",title:"Evaluation of Diagnostic Symptoms for Object Condition Diagnosis and Prognosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77264",slug:"evaluation-of-diagnostic-symptoms-for-object-condition-diagnosis-and-prognosis",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For complex objects, condition assessment is usually based on indirect symptoms related to residual processes such as vibration, noise, heat generation, etc. The number of available symptoms is often large, and it is necessary to select those which are most representative (i.e., sensitive to condition parameters). Such selection may be based on singular value decomposition (SVD). An alternative approach is proposed that employs information content measures. In order to obtain a reliable condition assessment and prognosis of its evolution (in particular, remaining useful life estimation), certain preprocessing of experimental data is necessary. This involves, among others, issues such as life cycle normalization or identification and removal of outliers. Suitable procedures are proposed and discussed. Example is presented for vibration-based symptoms of steam turbine technical condition.",signatures:"Tomasz Gałka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61470",authors:[{id:"112049",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Galka",slug:"tomasz-galka",fullName:"Tomasz Galka"}],corrections:null},{id:"62351",title:"Application and Challenges of Signal Processing Techniques for Lamb Waves Structural Integrity Evaluation: Part A-Lamb Waves Signals Emitting and Optimization Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78381",slug:"application-and-challenges-of-signal-processing-techniques-for-lamb-waves-structural-integrity-evalu",totalDownloads:1276,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lamb waves have been widely studied in structural integrity evaluation during the past decades with their low-attenuation and multi-defects sensitive nature. The performance of the evaluation has close relationship with the vibration property and the frequency of Lamb waves signals. Influenced by the nature of Lamb waves and the environment, the received signals may be difficult to interpret that limits the performance of the detection. So pure Lamb waves mode emitting and high-resolution signals acquisition play important roles in Lamb waves structural integrity evaluation. In this chapter, the basic theory of Lamb waves nature and some environment factors that should be considered in structural integrity evaluation are introduced. Three kinds of typical transduces used for specific Lamb waves mode emitting and sensing are briefly introduced. Then the development of techniques to improve the interpretability of signals are discussed, including the waveform modulation techniques, multi-scale analysis techniques and the temperature effect compensation techniques are summarized.",signatures:"Zenghua Liu and Honglei Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62351",authors:[{id:"242539",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenghua",surname:"Liu",slug:"zenghua-liu",fullName:"Zenghua Liu"},{id:"243542",title:"Dr.",name:"Honglei",surname:"Chen",slug:"honglei-chen",fullName:"Honglei Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"62445",title:"Application and Challenges of Signal Processing Techniques for Lamb Waves Structural Integrity Evaluation: Part B-Defects Imaging and Recognition Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79475",slug:"application-and-challenges-of-signal-processing-techniques-for-lamb-2018-09",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The wavefield of Lamb waves is yielded by the feature of plate-like structures. And many defects imaging techniques and intelligent recognition algorithms have been developed for defects location, sizing and recognition through analyzing the parameters of received Lamb waves signals including the arrival time, attenuation, amplitude and phase, etc. In this chapter, we give a briefly review about the defects imaging techniques and the intelligent recognition algorithms. Considering the available parameters of Lamb waves signals and the setting of detection/monitoring systems, we roughly divide the defect location and sizing techniques into four categories, including the sparse array imaging techniques, the tomography techniques, the compact array techniques, and full wavefield imaging techniques. The principle of them is introduced. Meanwhile, the intelligent recognition techniques based on various of intelligent recognition algorithms that have been widely used to analyze Lamb waves signals in the research of defect recognition are reviewed, including the support vector machine, Bayesian methodology, and the neural networks.",signatures:"Zenghua Liu and Honglei Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62445",authors:[{id:"242539",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenghua",surname:"Liu",slug:"zenghua-liu",fullName:"Zenghua Liu"},{id:"243542",title:"Dr.",name:"Honglei",surname:"Chen",slug:"honglei-chen",fullName:"Honglei Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"61817",title:"Qualification of PWAS-Based SHM Technology for Space Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78034",slug:"qualification-of-pwas-based-shm-technology-for-space-applications",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter refers to the results obtained in the framework of a national research project whose novelty was that concomitant outer space constraints, namely extreme temperature variations, radiations and vacuum, were applied to structures specimens to study their effect on the structural health monitoring (SHM) technology based on piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) and electromechanical impedance spectroscopy (EMIS) method of damages detection and identification. The results, in short, concern (a) the survivability and sustainability of EMIS technique, in fact the PWAS transducers survival, in these harsh conditions and (b) the developing of a methodology to distinguish between the damages of mechanical origin, and the false ones, caused by environmental conditions, which are, basically, harmless. This has resulted by observing that the splitting phenomenon of resonance peaks on EMIS signature can be associated with the occurrence of mechanical damage, making so possible the clear dissociation of the changes determined by the harsh environmental conditions.",signatures:"Ioan Ursu, Mihai Tudose and Daniela Enciu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61817",authors:[{id:"241406",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Enciu",slug:"daniela-enciu",fullName:"Daniela Enciu"},{id:"241556",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioan",surname:"Ursu",slug:"ioan-ursu",fullName:"Ioan Ursu"},{id:"241557",title:"Mr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Tudose",slug:"mihai-tudose",fullName:"Mihai Tudose"}],corrections:null},{id:"62265",title:"Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbine Structures through Univariate and Multivariate Hypothesis Testing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78727",slug:"condition-monitoring-of-wind-turbine-structures-through-univariate-and-multivariate-hypothesis-testi",totalDownloads:793,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter presents a fault detection method through uni- and multivariate hypothesis testing for wind turbine (WT) faults. A data-driven approach is used based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. First, using a healthy WT data set, a model is constructed through multiway principal component analysis (MPCA). Afterward, given a WT to be diagnosed, its data are projected into the MPCA model space. Since the turbulent wind is a random process, the dynamic response of the WT can be considered as a stochastic process, and thus, the acquired SCADA measurements are treated as a random process. The objective is to determine whether the distribution of the multivariate random samples that are obtained from the WT to be diagnosed (healthy or not) is related to the distribution of the baseline. To this end, a test for the equality of population means is performed in both the univariate and the multivariate cases. Ultimately, the test results establish whether the WT is healthy or faulty. The performance of the proposed method is validated using an advanced benchmark that comprehends a 5-MW WT subject to various actuators and sensor faults of different types.",signatures:"Francesc Pozo and Yolanda Vidal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62265",authors:[{id:"120779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Vidal",slug:"yolanda-vidal",fullName:"Yolanda Vidal"},{id:"120780",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesc",surname:"Pozo",slug:"francesc-pozo",fullName:"Francesc Pozo"}],corrections:null},{id:"61039",title:"Structural Health Monitoring of Bolted Joints Using Guided Waves: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76915",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-of-bolted-joints-using-guided-waves-a-review",totalDownloads:1149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bolted joints are widely applied in engineering structures. Significant advantages of bolted joints are that they can be easily disassembled and the possibility to design for bearing large working load. However, in practical applications, preload loss in pre-tensioned bolts is inevitable. Reliable detection of bolt loosening is significant to ensure structural reliability and safety. In the past decades, the guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) methods have been developed for the detection of bolt loosening, and considerable advancements have been made in this area. This chapter presents a review of the existing studies on bolt preload monitoring method based on guided wave. The basic principle and characteristics of the typical methods are discussed, which involve wave energy dissipation, time reversal guided wave, contact acoustic nonlinearity, and active chaotic ultrasonic excitation-based methods. In addition, this chapter presents an experimental comparison of the detection sensitivity of wave energy dissipation and time reversal method. The results show that the TR method is more sensitive to bolt loosening.",signatures:"Fei Du, Chao Xu, Huaiyu Ren and Changhai Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61039",authors:[{id:"240057",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",surname:"Xu",slug:"chao-xu",fullName:"Chao Xu"},{id:"252014",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",surname:"Du",slug:"fei-du",fullName:"Fei Du"},{id:"252018",title:"Mr.",name:"Huaiyu",surname:"Ren",slug:"huaiyu-ren",fullName:"Huaiyu Ren"},{id:"252019",title:"Mr.",name:"Changhai",surname:"Yan",slug:"changhai-yan",fullName:"Changhai Yan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2278",title:"Advances in Wavelet Theory and Their Applications in Engineering, Physics and 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Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11476",leadTitle:null,title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe debate on globalization and sustainability issues has gained momentum in the last few years, thus shedding unprecedented light upon their interrelatedness, as well as their cross-cultural dimensions. They range from the trade-off between global and local aspects to the urban-rural polarization, from global health security to international migration flows, and from cultural globalization to glocalization of technocultures, just to mention a few topics in relation to globalization. Turning to sustainability, it comes naturally to evoke the 2030 Agenda as a strategic to-do list, which leads to focus on its Sustainable Development Goals and associated targets. The areas to be further explored include – but are not limited to – sustainable growth, tourism, and food systems.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tWithin this scenario, special attention needs to be devoted to financial implications, due to their pervasiveness. Nobody would question the key role that finance plays to complement the real sphere of the economy and that has increasingly attracted both academics and practitioners. As a result, traditional pillars – such as financial markets, products, and institutions – have evolved significantly, with financial innovation fueling further progress over time. The global side of the coin features – among others – financially connected markets, international financial exchanges, and financial conglomerates that provide valuable opportunities in terms of international corporate finance. On the other side, recent advances have involved a wider recourse to ESG factors, allowed forward steps towards a more inclusive financial system, and have made digital finance a must, rather than an option, even though much remains to be accomplished, for instance, to facilitate access to formal financial channels in many underdeveloped regions.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book aims to examine emerging trends, new perspectives, and empirical applications that deal with globalization and sustainability. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of these important concepts as valuable support to successfully meet the challenges and take on the opportunities ahead. At the same time, drawing upon empirical evidence can contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice, which also fits within the scope of this book.
According to the International Energy Agency, the world utilized 109613 TWh of energy in 2014, with fossil fuels accounting for 80% of that total. The depletion of fossil fuels takes 40 years for oil, 60 years for natural gas, and 200 years for coal. The use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy directly affects the environment by emitting greenhouse gases, causing climatic changes such as global warming, which cause malaria and famine [1]. If adequately developed, these sources can diversify energy supply, while wind, biomass, and geothermal cannot fully replace fossil fuels [2]. Solar energy is unique among renewable energy sources because it delivers 711019 Kcal each year, 10,000 times more than the world consumes. Solar energy is widely used in turning sunshine into useable energy for various applications such as solar water heating, solar transportation, solar ventilation, and solar electricity [3].
Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight directly into electricity, providing a practical and straightforward option to sustain the growing energy demand. Currently, solar cell research and development focuses on (i) the maturity of silicon solar cells. However, the complex manufacturing process, high energy consumption, and high cost of classic silicon-based solar cells have slowed their progress. (ii) TFT solar cells GaAs [4]. CIGS [5], and CdTe [6] are examples of thin-film solar cells. Although thin-film solar cells are efficient and stable, gallium and indium are scarce in the crust, and cadmium is poisonous. (iii) New solar cells A new generation of solar cells include organic photovoltaics (OPV) DSSC [7] and perovskite solar cells (PSC) [4, 8, 9]. These solar cells are light and cheap. However, various issues prevent wide-scale application.
Although PSC, photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) has increased from 3.8 to 23.3 per cent, device stability has remained an issue limiting applications [10]. Evaporating silicon solar cells require advanced high-temperature manufacturing, high-quality silicon, and intricate energy sources. These cells are also mechanically rigid. Polymer solar cells are a low-cost alternative to silicon solar cells since they may be made by painting or printing [11]. Polymer cells are cheap, light, and flexible [12]. Since 1992, when Sariciftci et al. [13] demonstrated effective photoinduced electron transfer from polymer semiconductors to an electron acceptor, C60 polymer solar cells have gained popularity. Utilizing conducting polymers as electron donors could achieve 6–7.9% power conversion efficiency [14]. Conjugated polymers appeal to solar cell efficiency because their bandgap’s and energy levels can be tuned chemically. The discovery of new electron-donor and electron-acceptor materials has recently increased OSCs’ power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) to above 18% [15]. New materials, improved device processing methods and blend morphology [16, 17], and a better understanding of device physics [18] have contributed to OPV cell progress in the previous 30 years.
High-performance computing and optimization of computational chemistry codes have increased theoretical research in this area. Theoretical approaches are the best way to overcome practical synthesis problems and investigate cost-saving manufacturing and processing options. DFT can help solve these problems because it examines the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of these materials. The only electronic structural approaches currently relevant to conjugated polymers have relied on density functional theory (DFT) [19, 20]. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO), bandgap (Eg), ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), charge mobility, open-circuit voltage (VOC), and reorganization energies (λ) are key electronic parameters that determine the optoelectronic properties of polymer solar materials. This chapter examines DFT’s usage and validity in polymer solar cell research. This will be followed by a description of how the DFT method looks at polymer solar cell characteristics. In addition, to describe the DFT and TD-DFT applications for polymer solar cells characteristics is also highlighted, as is DFT’s overall utility in polymer solar cell design.
Computational quantum chemistry may play an essential role in the development of OPV research and technology. In addition, the results of these computations can be used as a low-cost guide for developing and improving solar materials. Overall, the field’s research can be divided into quantum science and charge transfer dynamics, new structures and creative concepts, and materials development for various applications. Understanding the functioning mechanism of polymer solar cells is the primary focus of the study. The main point of contention is how the bonded electron–hole pair breaks. The “hot exciton effect” is the most frequently recognized answer to this subject. When an electron is absorbed by one semiconductor material from another, it brings energy differences, causing the electron to get heated and acquire velocity, allowing it to escape from the confined exciton state. Even though this idea has recently gained widespread acceptance, numerous investigations have cast doubt on its validity [21].
These methods are now being used to predict component excited-state properties in light-harvesting systems. Nonetheless, this is a difficult task. Furthermore, large systems pose a significant challenge to conventional quantum chemistry techniques for excited states. Thus, calculations and theoretical models are beneficial when used in conjunction with CT experiments. Optical absorption investigations can measure exciton binding energies. Electrochemistry can be used to assess OPV components’ oxidation and reduction potentials, as well as their HOMO–LUMO gaps [22]. The charge transfer and recombination kinetics can be studied using femtosecond transient absorption and time-resolved emission measurements [22]. These studies rely on well-established electron and energy transmission [23, 24] and their thermodynamic and kinetic consequences [25].
In polymer solar cells, computational quantum theories such as density functional theory (DFT) are used. TD-DFT is the essential instrument in the quantum mechanical simulation of quantum chemistry for computing excited-state characteristics and charge-transfer (CT) excitations in large systems [26]. TD-DFT can extract excitation energies, frequency-dependent response qualities, and photo-absorption spectra from molecules and materials. There are several hurdles to implementing TD-DFT computations on photovoltaic systems. Assumptions in these applications can cause catastrophic modeling errors. Many hypotheses and refinements to this basic technique have been proposed [27].
Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigates the electronic structure (principally the ground state) of many-body systems, such as atoms, molecules, and condensed phases. A many-electron system’s properties can be determined using functionals, i.e. function of another function. Inorganic photovoltaic properties such as bandgap, optical absorption, intra-molecular and inter-molecular charge transfer, exciton binding energy, charge transfer integral, reorganization energy and rate of charge transfer and recombination in donor-acceptor complexes can be calculated or developed using DFT based computational methods. In practice, the effects of organic photovoltaic media on these qualities should be considered. Although the impact of the medium varies depending on the transitions involved, polarization continuum solvation models may commonly be used to account for solvation at a low computational cost [28].
The Schrödinger equation, which explains the behavior of electrons in a system, is reformulated in density functional theory (DFT) so that approximate solutions are tractable for functional materials. Hohenberg and Kohn [29] proposed the idea in 1964, claiming that all ground-state features may be expressed as an operative of the charge density that must be reduced in energy. However, rather than tackling the Schrödinger Equation [30] head-on, these theorems showed that an initial guess of the charge density might be improved iteratively.
Hohenberg, Kohn, and Sham created such a theory in density functional theory (DFT) [31], leading to two of the top ten most preferred articles of all time6 and for which Kohn received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1999. The Schrödinger equation’s ground-state solutions are restated in DFT to find energy as a charge density function.
The exchange-correlation functional chosen determines the precision of the DFT calculation. Although theorists may frequently improve computation accuracy by employing more intricate functionals (at a higher processing cost), there are some highly coupled electron systems that most functionals fail. Other disadvantages of traditional DFT include the small system size, the difficulty of modeling weak (van der Waals) interactions, dynamics over long periods, and non-ground state characteristics (finite temperatures or excited conditions). Larger systems can be tackled with the linear scaling approach [32], finite-temperature effects can be addressed with lattice dynamics [33] and cluster expansion [34], electronic excitations can be modeled with time-dependent DFT [35], the GW method [36], and the Bethe–Saltpeter [37], and several approaches can be used to overcome these limitations. In his assessment, Carter [38] gives a quick outline of some of these options. A DFT calculation requires the coordinates and orientations of the atoms in the material within a repeating lattice, the exchange-correlation functional, parameters and algorithms for numerical and iterative convergence, and, optionally, a method for more efficiently treating the system’s core electrons (for example, through the use of pseudopotentials). DFT generates the electronic charge density, total energy, magnetic configuration, and electronic band structure.
The density-functional theory (DFT) has proven massively popular among the massive panel of current theoretical techniques. This success is mainly because no changeable inputs parameters are required, efficient numerical codes exist, and a high level of adaptability, particularly in representing semiconductor and metal ground state features. The ability of DFT approaches to handle larger systems has grown as computing power has increased. However, the present limit does not yet reach the 10000–10 million atom window involved in the active device region of PV cells. Modern semiconductor optoelectronic devices, such as quantum wells [39] and quantum dots [40], have features with a feature size of a few nanometers. Such systems are composed of various materials and alloys’ complex two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) geometries. Nonetheless, DFT approaches can be used to get insight into the physical phenomena of individual device components, such as particular materials or tiny heterostructures. Quantitative PV design, for example, necessitates a valid prediction of electronic bandgap’s band-lineups and effective masses.
DFT based on the local density approximation (LDA) [41] or the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) [42] is well recognized for failing to replicate the excited states of molecules adequately. Hybrid approaches that contain a fraction of Hartree-Fock exchange, on the other hand, may be able to avoid the band-gap problem, but their results are highly dependent on the material of interest. Even while Heyd et al. [43]. HSE06 hybrid functional is a good option for computing band gaps, band offsets, or alloy characteristics [44]. It fails to simulate the direct–indirect crossover in GaAsP alloys [45]. Many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) can also provide factual findings, mainly when using the GW technique (GW, where G stands for Green’s function and W for the screened potential), which can be utilized in a perturbative scheme [46] or self-consistently [47]. The ionization potential and electron affinity of the donor and acceptor materials, respectively, are essential parameters for charge separation because they determine the relative alignment of electron and hole levels. DFT inside a super-lattice (SL) approximation can be used to estimate the drop of the interface’s potential in heterostructures, resulting in a reasonable estimate of the band-lineup. The DFT potential drop at the interface can be quickly compensated by the GW eigenvalues derived for the bulk valence band states [48], but a GW treatment for a complicated stack is out of reach.
In DFT simulation, a reasonable estimation of alloy electrical characteristics is likewise a difficult task. Indeed, even typical semiconductors experience significant band-gap bowing; that is, the band-gap energy follows:
Where b is a parameter for bowing, super-cell techniques are better than virtual crystal approximations for statistically random alloys. However, DFT with specific quasi-random structures (SQS) (small super-cells) that recreate mixing enthalpies and atomic correlations of extremely large super-cells can provide identical results for specific alloy compositions. Chemical mixing, strain, and atomic relaxation effects are all included in SQS models.
Furthermore, semiempirical approaches for studying mechanical or electronic properties, such as the valence force field (VFF) and the tight-binding approximation [49] or elasticity and the K.P method [50], require precise electronic parameters as input. They can be calculated using DFT or discovered through experiments. For example, the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) [51] is used to get quantitative estimates of electromechanical tensors of bulk materials. When just by-products of a first-order perturbation computation are required, an efficient application of the “2n + 1” theorem yields second-and third-order derivatives of the total energy, provided that atomic-displacement variables are removed. Various physical responses of insulating crystals, such as elastic constants, linear piezoelectric tensors, and linear dielectric susceptibility, as well as tensor properties related to internal atomic displacements like Born charges and phonons, can be obtained using second-order derivatives [51]. Interference techniques and symmetry analysis must be used in conjunction with the DFPT method for third-order components linked to physical qualities such as nonlinear electrical susceptibilities, nonlinear elasticity, or photoelastic and electrostrictive effects [52].
TD-DFT has become the workhorse of quantum chemistry for computing excited-state characteristics and charge-transfer excitations in complex networks [53]. Linear and non-linear simulations may be popular due to their scalability and variety of methodologies. However, photovoltaic TD-DFT computations pose significant problems, notably with long-range CT interactions. Furthermore, although standard computer programs make TD-DFT easy to use, it is not a “black box” technique since approximations utilized in TD-DFT tools can occasionally produce major systemic mistakes in estimated results.
Making correct CT excitation energies with TD-DFT is problematic because approximate exchange-correlation (XC) potentials lack the unique features of exact Kohn–Sham (KS) potentials [54]. Thus, a non-local, exact-exchange contribution throughout the exchange-correlation kernel solves the charge-transfer problem in TD-DFT.
Many hybrid functionals (HF) have recently performed well in benchmark tests [55]. For example, Zhao and Truhlar created a functional (M06-2X) that contains the complete non-local exact-exchange contribution [56]. Prior studies investigated comprehensive adjustments for non-hybrid local adiabatic XC potentials targeting the CT problem utilizing constraint variational density functional. According to Ziegler et al. [57], the linear response approach produces qualitative variances between the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TD-HF) and adiabatic local potential-based TD-DFT excitation energies and also between the TD-DFT and SCF excitation energies. In the variational approach, the mix of occupied and empty orbitals is allowed above linear terms to determine transition densities. However, the recent surge of activity in the field gives reason for optimism.
Constrained DFT (CDFT) [58] is an alternative technique that uses a variational constraint approach to alleviate TD-DFT’s drawbacks. To handle charge- and spin-constrained electronic states within the ground state KS DFT technique [59], CDFT was created. Implementation is computational. CDFT has been proven to be useful for long-range electron transmission [60, 61, 62]. While TD-DFT’s thrilled states (valence states) are inaccessible to CDFT, many of TD-DFT’s bothersome excited states are dealt with naturally in CDFT.
CDFT can be used in systems where the ground-state electron density must meet a threshold. The localization of electronic density in space indeed reduces the variation in electron number between donor and acceptor areas by two. To enforce the constraint, Lagrange multipliers are used in CDFT. To counteract self-interaction mistakes caused by approximation XC functionals, CDFT uses semi-local functionals that are denser than the density. It defines diabatic states for electron transfer kinetics and chemical reaction rates. Using a ground state DFT functional, these limitations can also compute long-range charge transfer and low-lying spin states [61, 62].
However, this paradigm has several drawbacks. In CDFT, the electron density is partitioned by nuclear populations, affecting the constraint potential’s shape. So the exact electron density partitioning is unknown. As a result, CDFT can only represent a subset of electronic excitations. Therefore, CDFT may not be the best method for simulating some diabatic circumstances. Also, a time-dependent optimal potential treatment of exact exchange can help describe charge-transfer excitations [63]. However, the exchange potential is too local to correctly predict the bandgap (i.e. HOMO–LUMO gap). Semi-quantitative hybrid functionals can forecast band gaps better than orbital dependent functionals. They use correlations to communicate precisely. Somewhat of focusing on density, we can improve approximation solution XC functionals in orbitals. They can also compensate for imperfections in self-interaction, and exchange energy is naturally stated in orbitals.
Dispersion correction to KS-DFT is widely employed to handle long-range electron correlations that cause dispersion forces [64, 65]. Unfortunately, local DFT functionals overestimate dispersion forces, whereas non-local and hybrid DFT functionals underestimate them [64, 65]. Developing DFT functionals optimized for improved management of Vander Waals interactions, on the other hand, appears promising. The Vander Waals density functional (vdW-DF) [65] techniques successfully cope with London dispersion interactions. Modern dispersion-corrected DFT methods include empirical components because they function best for long-range interactions. However, standard density functionals perform well for close interactions. So any dispersion-correction method using DFT has to integrate the short and long-range asymptotic areas, which are both well understood individually.
The most widely used non-empirical method for determining dispersion energy for molecular systems is the vdW-DF approach [66]. Due to the charge transfer reliance of dispersion being incorporated via electron density, this technique naturally accommodates it. Regular adjustments also alter thickness. Despite its mathematical complexity, this approach can achieve a smooth transition between chemical binding at small distances and Vander Waals attraction at long distances.
The KS inherent DFT defect is the KS-dispersion DFT term. Adding damped inter-atomic potentials of the kind C6R6 to the KS-DFT energy appears to be another successful empirical way of accounting for dispersion [64]. This approach is substantially faster to calculate, has high numerical stability, and provides physical insight. Despite its semi-classical origin, it can supplement standard density functionals in treating long-range electron correlation. In addition, estimating supramolecular complex binding energies has been proved to be easier with this strategy.
Many properties of interest in OPVs can be calculated or developed using DFT based computational methods, including bandgap, optical absorption, intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer, exciton binding energy, charge transfer integral (to quantify electronic coupling), reorganization energy, and the rate of charge transfer and recombination in D–A compositors. In addition, in natural systems, the effects of the surrounding OPV media on these properties should be addressed. Although the impact of the medium varies depending on its nature and the nature of the transitions involved, low-cost polarization continuum solvation models can be utilized to account for solvation. In such situations, the solvent is treated as a continuous with a static dielectric constant, polarizing and polarized by the solute.
The following is a discussion of the theoretical methodologies and computational techniques mentioned above to foster a greater understanding of the connection between chemical structures and the optical and electrical properties of D–A systems about the rational design of OPV devices.
A range of experimentally observed methods utilized may or may not indicate appreciable quantities in diverse contexts. Band gaps (see infra) are essential features to consider when evaluating conducting polymers. Controlling band gaps can improve the electroluminescence of OLEDs or the light absorption efficiency of photovoltaic cells [67]. To make organic polymers with good nonlinear optical response [67] or semiconductors having high electrical conductivity [68], materials with tiny band gaps are sought.
The phrase “bandgap” has multiple meanings. An infinite periodic system’s electrical structure is called a “band.” Also examined are monomers of conjugated polymers and oligomers of various sizes. The term bandgap also refers to a finite method feature that converges to the infinite periodic (band-structure) limit with oligomer size. The “gap” is the difference in electronic energy levels. Such as the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied one, or computed energy gaps MO or CO (LUMO) [69]. Lowest optically permissible electronic excitation energy A visible energy gap (also known as an adiabatic or vertical optical gap) is an EO. Also, adiabatic or vertical electron attachment/detachment has associated energies like electron affinity (EA), ionization potential (IP) and electronegativity (EF) = IP-EA. Orbital energies and eigenvalues in KS DFT and HF may or may not be visible. However, approximations in actual computations might lead to big mistakes (see below). Furthermore, an orbital energy gap cannot reflect both EO and EF. Although the interpretation of the orbital energy gap as the fundamental gap is accurate in principle, the multiple approximations in the functionals make this interpretation useless in practice.
Band gaps often exhibit a roughly linear dependence on 1/m, allowing extrapolation to m → ∞, 1/m → 0. Generally, the quality of calculated results for different properties strongly relies on the physical models employed [70]. Extrapolating the infinite-periodic limit from a sequence of oligomer simulations requires prudence. Band gaps can diverge from linearity in 1/m [71]. These can also compute band gaps for polymers with unlimited chain lengths. PBCs have the advantage of not requiring further computations or extrapolation. However, PBC quantum chemistry algorithms are less functional than their molecular counterparts, which is a disadvantage.
The cheap computational cost of DFT and TD-DFT allows for the study of large systems. In contrast, the most commonly used functionals for molecules, such as generalized gradient approximations (GGA) and global hybrid GGA functionals, result in the incorrect asymptotic behavior of a potential, significant delocalization errors, and lack of derivative discontinuity, all of which negatively impact o They showed that the band gaps computed with different hybrid functionals differ significantly, indicating that present hybrid functionals do not yield proper band gaps [72, 73, 74]. The link between projected orbital energy gaps and measured band gaps absorption energies is also poor for nonhybrid density functionals. Therefore, typical hybrid and meta-hybrid functionals are not acceptable for assessing the performance of organic photovoltaics, according to Savoie et al. Other hybrid functional analyses found striking agreement with measured optical gaps [75]. Many studies suggest that DFT and TD-DFT have limited predictive potential in this critical field [74]. Using hybrid functionals to integrate eX solves some of the DFT difficulties in extended systems [76]. However, estimated transfer integrals in organic semiconductors are sensitive to eX fraction [77].
To explain the transport properties, the charge transfer rate between donor and acceptor moieties could be calculated. Using DFT calculations of the electronic coupling, reorganization energy, and free energy difference associated with one electron transfer from donor to acceptor at the high-temperature limit, we can determine a rate using Marcus’s formula [78, 79]. These predictions are then discussed in light of DFT’s intrinsic flaws, such as overestimation of actual ground state energy, failure of the basis set to represent the system, and the inability of the functional to approximate critical interactions, to name a few. When it comes to charge transfer, however, there is another problem that is often overlooked.
A system where an extra account is localized on a single molecular unit is impossible to simulate using conventional DFT. As a result, calculations are frequently performed first on the charge donor, then on the charge acceptor, with or without the charge transferred. The overall energy of the system is calculated by adding the energies of the individual components. This is true when a considerable distance separates the donor and acceptor, and the electron density distribution of one entity has no effect on the electron density distribution of the other [79]. The size of the organizations participating in the charge transfer and the quantity and location of the surplus charge should naturally establish this limit. More sophisticated (and consequently more expensive) techniques, such as charge-constrained DFT [80], have been proposed for situations where this limit can never be achieved, such as intramolecular charge transfer [79]. However, standard ground state DFT remains the approach of choice for intermolecular charge transfer in solar cells, which usually involves larger molecular assemblies.
Exciton binding energy (Eb) is an essential element in polymer electronics and fundamental polymer physics, and it has been a source of debate for a long time. For example, a big Eb is required for a light-emitting polymer so that charge recombination takes precedence. Both the semiempirical model study [81] and the DFT/LDA Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) or GW approaches [82] have relied heavily on theoretical research of Eb of conjugated polymers. The semiempirical model can be addressed nearly precisely for the electron correlation, but the results depend highly on the parameters, even though a qualitative comprehension has been reached [81].
Although the BSE or GW approach is first-principles, it is unclear if the Hohenberg–Kohn–Sham framework might accommodate these many-body adjustments at the Green’s function level.
Furthermore, the final results differ from one another [82]. We highlight two recent advances in quantum chemistry: (i) Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and its successful application to the lowest-lying excited states [83], and (ii) the hybrid GGA Becke three-parameter Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional for the quantitative prediction of chemical and electronic structures [82]. In examining the excitation processes in conjugated systems, the combination of the two has proven quite effective [84]. Tretiak et al. [85] demonstrated that hybrid density functionals might simulate excitonic phenomena and provide satisfactory Eb findings. Pure local spin density approximation (LSDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA, such as BLYP, BP86, BPBE, PBEPBE, BPW91), meta-GGA (such as PBEKCIS), and hybrid density functionals (H-GGA, such as O3LYP, B3LYP, B972, PBE1PBE) are used to optimize the ground-state geometries of the molecules at the DFT level.
The ET parameters are now frequently calculated using ab initio quantum chemistry methods. In classical Marcus theory [86], two critical parameters determine the temperature-dependent kinetics of electron transfer: the driving force and the reorganization energy. The activation energy, G#, is calculated as follows:
which then can be used in the Arrhenius relationship for the rate constant
The Boltzmann constant is denoted by kB. Note that Eq. (3) is essentially classical, and when quantum effects are relevant, the temperature dependence of Eq. (3) breaks down [87].
Although free energies will be used in natural systems, ab initio calculations usually overlook entropy changes and instead use potential energy. When the reactant and product structures are known, G° may readily determine the difference between respective equilibrium energies. However, calculating is more complicated since it involves nonequilibrium energy.
Abs Initio algorithms have difficulties determining since it is not a ground-state attribute. In the adiabatic representation, the ground state potential energy curve is lower than the excited state potential energy curve. To compute, one must first know the energy of the product state at the reactant state’s equilibrium structure. Excited-state energies are more difficult to calculate than ground-state energies. TD-DFT methods provide good excited-state energies (e.g., up to 100 atoms). The energy of long-range CT states in TD-DFT is underestimated [88, 89], limiting its use in ET reactions.
In ET research, constrained DFT has various advantages. For starters, restricted DFT makes accessing diabatic states and calculating Marcus parameters a breeze. Second, from ground-state computations, constrained DFT generates diabatic conditions. Excited-state calculations are avoided. Third, the equilibrium structures of the reactant and product states are obtained by optimizing constrained geometry. Third, the quality of diabatic potential energy curves from limited DFT is superior to adiabatic curves from DFT to optimize in adiabatic conditions because fractional charge systems are more susceptible to self-interaction errors [90]. Fourth, the localization of an unpaired electron is forced via constrained DFT. As a result, restricted DFT energy values are more precise. Limited DFT cannot be used for ET reactions involving a locally excited state as a ground-state approach. To investigate such responses, TD-DFT and limited DFT could be utilized. Our method, in particular, is before the electron source and acceptor. In systems in which the donor and acceptor are not separated, this can be a problem. As a result, our method is now the most effective for long-range ET responses, which is why it was created.
The coupling constant should be computed to obtain correct adiabatic energies from diabatic ones, making limited DFT more useful. In the adiabatic representation, the two curves create an upper and lower curve, with the energy gap at qc being twice the electronic coupling constant Hab, which is a significant coupling constant in nonadiabatic dynamics. DFT overestimates Hab, which could lead to erroneous RobinDay class III compound assignment. The limited DFT methodology for calculating high-quality diabatic energies could also be used to forecast exact Hab values. One of the difficulties is that constrained DFT techniques do not provide the proper wave function. Hab is the union of two independent wave functions with no equivalent in static density-dependent observables. As a result, some estimates are required to extract Hab from constrained DFT. We are now doing an active study on this topic, and the results will be released soon. Hab can also be employed with restricted DFT to study the issue of degenerate charge transfer states. It can also tackle problems similar to those that the restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham approach can solve [45].
They are using density functional theory and Scharber’s model to forecast the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. The scientific community has long sought improved polymers with excellent power conversion efficiency. Because polymer synthesis and device production take time, a guide would help find the best polymers. They published a simple model in 2006 that outlines how to estimate the power conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction solar cells, and they claimed that these devices could attain 10% power conversion efficiencies. To evaluate a polymer’s photovoltaic potential, Scharber’s model requires knowledge about energy levels. Commonly, cyclic voltammetry is used to obtain these energy levels after polymer production. Modern theoretical tools like density functional theory come into use. These technologies can theoretically predict polymer properties before they are made.
The DFT has been extensively used to develop, explain, and predict the features of present and future organic solar cells [91]. Even though the model predicts certain qualities like open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current density (JSC), one may wonder if the model estimates some attributes more precisely than others when combined with density functional theory. The dependability of theoretical computations is critical for understanding and predicting device attributes. There have been extensive research on oligomers [92] and crystals [93], but few comparisons of computations on polymers with experimental evidence. These highest values for power conversion efficiency can be derived by integrating density functional theory determined attributes with Sharber’s model.
This is equivalent to the maximum power density output of the device divided by the total power density receiving from the Air Mass 1.5 solar spectrum [94], which is 1000 W/m2. The device’s power density comprises the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor (FF). According to Scharber’s model, the VOC is connected to the difference between the acceptor’s LUMO and the donor’s HOMO. The VOC is obtained by subtracting 0.3 eV from the energy level difference. This shift was discovered empirically and is linked to residual carrier binding energy and interface effects [95]. An integral of external quantum efficiency (EQE) multiplied by the number of photons from the Air Mass 1.5 sun spectrum at all frequencies. For energies below and above the donor’s optical band gap (Eopt), the EQE is just a step function with a value of 0%. The fill factor is FF = 0.65 for all devices. Other EQE and FF assumptions can be made if desired. For example, the EQE could be determined by investigating the Kohn-Sham joint density of states, revealing the frequency-dependent absorption cross-section behavior. In this situation, the polymer layer is thick enough to absorb any photon over the optical band gap, and the film shape essentially limits the EQE. The following equations describe Scharber’s mode.
As seen in Eq. (5), this model implies a 0.3 eV energy difference between the donor and acceptor Lumos to enable effective charge transfer. This LUMO offset should not be confused with the 0.3 eV empirical shifts for Eq. (6). So Eopt = 0.6 eV is the maximum value for eVOC.
Time-dependent DFT has surpassed all other methods for calculating organic compounds’ excitation energies and optical characteristics in the last decade. Visual features like absorption spectra and optical band gap can be used to validate structures further. To better understand the electronic transitions of polymer monomers, used TD-DFT/CAMB3LYP/with varied basis set levels to perform quantum calculations on electronic absorption spectra in the gaseous phase and solvent. Aside from the bandgap, the computational prediction of whole spectrum excitation energies and cross-sections above the bandgap is equally crucial to solar cell efficiency. The excited electron tends to decay toward the conduction level (or the LUMO level) before being injected into the anode due to vibronic (molecular dyes) or photonic (solid dyes) contact with the environment, resulting in thermalization loss of the cell efficiency. The choice of time-dependent TD-DFT can be critical in accurately reproducing absorption, especially when using donor-acceptor dyes with charge-transfer excitations, as in the current study, where range corrected functionals become a viable option. The band maximum (λmax) is an apparent essential feature of the absorption spectra.
These are significant for optical properties of polymers in polymer solar cell applications, ranging from TD-DFT methodologies to predicted absorption wavelengths (λmax), oscillator strengths (f), and vertical excitation energies (E).
New materials have emerged as an appealing and profitable replacement to inorganic semiconductors due to the desire to manufacture more cost-effective electronic devices using simple manufacturing processes. Organic materials, such as conjugated polymers, tiny organic molecules, and self-assembling organic semiconductors, have recently piqued interest due to their ability to fabricate flexible, light-weight, semi-transparent, and large-area devices. As a result, DFT based computational computations have become a valuable method for investigating materials in OSC research. The relevance of DFT calculations in the knowledge of the structure-properties relationship in the design of new polymer solar cells has been highlighted in this paper. Furthermore, we discovered that DFT’s improved power in understanding and forecasting features of polymer solar cells is caused by increased computational capacity and the emergence of robust and diverse computational methodologies. We have explored how theoretical calculations based on the KohnSham energy levels of density functional theory combined with Scharber’s model can be utilized to locate viable photovoltaic polymers in this paper.
Within the generalized Kohn–Sham formalism that offered proper excitation energies, density functional theory and its time-dependent extensions made substantial progress along the range separated hybrid functionals. DFT has been effectively used to explain and predict molecular geometries, electronic structure, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy levels, absorption spectra, and intramolecular charge transfer for known conjugated organic compounds (ICT). These characteristics significantly impact the open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (JSC), charge separation at the donor/acceptor interface, and solar photon absorption.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"49005",doi:"10.5772/60836",title:"Endoscopic Criteria in Assessing Severity of Swallowing Disorders",slug:"endoscopic-criteria-in-assessing-severity-of-swallowing-disorders",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4545",slug:"seminars-in-dysphagia",title:"Seminars in Dysphagia",fullTitle:"Seminars in Dysphagia"},signatures:"Farneti Daniele and Genovese Elisabetta",authors:[{id:"172879",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Farneti",slug:"daniele-farneti",fullName:"Daniele Farneti"},{id:"175419",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Genovese",slug:"elisabetta-genovese",fullName:"Elisabetta Genovese"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2355,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7784,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5644,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5347,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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