Laminar flow regime pressure-drop numerical results at the boundaries between different layers (zeolite over soil) to analyze flow through porous zone.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"932",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Acute Pancreatitis",title:"Acute Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Acute Pancreatitis (AP) in approximately 80% of cases, occurs as a secondary complication related to gallstone disease and alcohol misuse. However there are several other different causes that produce it such as metabolism, genetics, autoimmunity, post-ERCP, and trauma for example... This disease is commonly associated with the sudden onset of upper abdominal pain that is usually severe enough to warrant the patient seeking urgent medical attention. Overall, 10-25% of AP episodes are classified as severe. This leads to an associated mortality rate of 7-30% that has not changed in recent years. Treatment is conservative and generally performed by experienced teams often in ICUs. Although most cases of acute pancreatitis are uncomplicated and resolve spontaneously, the presence of complications has a significant prognostic importance. Necrosis, hemorrhage, and infection convey up to 25%, 50%, and 80% mortality, respectively. Other complications such as pseudocyst formation, pseudo-aneurysm formation, or venous thrombosis, increase morbidity and mortality to a lesser degree. The presence of pancreatic infection must be avoided.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-984-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6779-2",doi:"10.5772/1439",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"acute-pancreatitis",numberOfPages:302,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",publishedDate:"January 18th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",numberOfDownloads:68385,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 20th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 17th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine, at the University of Oviedo, Spain. 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\r\n\tMass production companies are facing new challenges in the fourth industrial revolution that could have a major impact on their market position. Increasingly dynamic customer demand requires the implementation of new mass-production solutions to meet specific customer needs with the efficiency of mass production. Mass production is not only a technological challenge, but the related logistical solutions also play a major role in the improvement of efficiency. In addition to the automation and robotization of technological and logistical processes, the role of human resources in mass production cannot be neglected. Based on these facts, this book intends to contain studies that cover five major disciplines related to mass production. The first of these areas is the Sustainability of Mass Production Systems, which focuses on energy efficiency, greening, emission reduction, and the environmental impact of mass production. The second topic will cover the logistics and material handling processes of mass production from automation, supply chain design and operation, autonomous material handling, and logistics 4.0 solutions point of view. The third topic will include the main topics of technologies in mass production, while the fourth part will focus on the importance of human resources. The fifth part will include the state-of-the-art IT solutions for mass production.
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The literature describes a porous medium as a region in space comprising of at least two homogeneous material constituents, presenting identifiable interfaces between them in a resolution level, with at least one of its constituents remaining fixed or slightly deformable [1]. Among porous materials, soil and zeolite are interesting because they are perfectly aligned with the definition for porous materials.
The aim of this work is search for options to improve soil health since it is a great concern worldwide due to the huge variety of pollutants and anthropogenic activities that may cause damage. Zeolite is an option to amend soil in activities like gardening, farming, environment amending, among others, it is reported in the literature as a suitable material for sustainable chemistry. Mixing zeolite in soil may be beneficial in different ways, we are especially interested in interactions of mixed soil-zeolite with water. In this work, a model is developed to obtain a systematic methodology to test nanomaterials with porous features produced in our laboratory which is the next step for near future work within our research group. This model is based in different flow regimes where water interacts with two layers formed by nanostructured zeolite and soil in a vertical arrangement. The analysis is approached as a bi-layer porous material model resolved using the mathematical model implemented in ANSYS-Fluent.
In this section a brief set of fundamental concepts are displayed to put the reader in context with the topics within this research work as described next.
The word
Porous materials are defined as elements/compounds that contain a porous structure consisting of interconnected pores on different length scales from micro- (<2 nm), meso- (2–50 nm) to macropores (>50 nm). Micro- and mesopores may provide size and shape selectivity for guest molecules, enhancing the host–guest interactions. Alternatively, macropores can considerably favor diffusion to and accessibility of active sites by guest molecules, which is particularly important for the diffusion of large molecules or in viscous systems. Emphasis in porous size is an important work trend among scientists and technologists due to the wide range of possibilities regarding applications of porous materials based in pore size. One of the more interesting porous materials is zeolites which are included within this study [5, 6, 7].
Zeolites were found in 1756 and since then their use has spread out in chemical industries for catalysis, adsorption, separation, and a great variety of other applications. 35,232 patents with the title including “zeolite*” are documented by Derwent Innovations Index as of January 2, 2020 and around 30,271 publications with “zeolite*” in their title are recorded by the Web of Science Core Collection in the same date. Although there is a lot of work and advancement in the science and technology related to zeolites, fundamental research on them and their applications have a great deal of relevancy [5].
Zeolites in its natural mineral presentation are found in several parts of the world but most zeolites used are produced by synthesis [8, 9]. Differences between natural and synthetic zeolites include: 1) Synthetics are obtained from chemicals and naturals are processed mines, 2) Synthetic zeolites silica to alumina ratio is 1 to 1 and natural clinoptilolite zeolites is 5 to 1 ratio, 3) clinoptilolite zeolite do not break down in mildly acid environment, synthetic zeolites do break. Natural zeolite structure has more acid resistant silica to keep its structure together [9].
Zeolite is a microporous (<2 nm) material comprising crystalline aluminosilicate with various structures [10, 11]. Over 200 types of zeolites have been reported [12] with pore diameters between 0.25 and 1 nm [13] and possess good selectivity properties [14, 15, 16]. In catalytic applications, zeolite framework structure is an assembly made of AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra able to provide Brønsted and Lewis acid sites inside the micropore [17, 18, 19, 20]. For example, Brønsted acid sites in synthetic zeolites, such as zeolite Y and ZSM-5, are responsible for the catalytic cracking reaction in oil refinery [21].
Hierarchical porous zeolite addresses issues with porous size. Under its perspective, there are three types of porosity according to pore size, micropore (<2 nm), mesopore (2–50 nm), and macropore (>50 nm) [22]. Zeolites may be considered a family of crystalline aluminosilicates consisting of orderly distributed molecular sized nanopores. Their structure benefits adsorption of guest molecules with specific sizes and shapes or separation processes for liquid or gas mixtures as molecular sieves [23, 24]. In addition, zeolites with guest species, coupled with acid or metal sites, enables shape-selective catalysis [25, 26, 27]. Zeolites are considered the most important solid catalysts in petrochemical industries [28, 29, 30, 31]. Zeolitic materials are also promising in a wide variety of applications, including renewable energy and environmental improvement [32].
Properties of zeolites are directly related with their nanoporous framework structures, so TO4 tetrahedra (“T” denotes tetrahedrally coordinated Si, Al, P, etc.) is fundamental [33]. According to the literature [22], 235 types of zeolite frameworks have been discovered [12], however, there is still a high demand for improved zeolitic materials with new structures and superior functions. In addition, new technology trends are giving a new impulse to zeolite research, such is the case of nanotechnology where nanostructured zeolite or interactions of zeolite with nanostructured materials have captured the interest of researchers. Soil may be counted among the more interesting interactions with zeolite.
The Soil Science Society of America has published two definitions for soil. One is “
A soil detailed definition depends upon physical, chemical, biological, and morphological properties, and characteristics. Their effect on soil management decisions is critical in any case the soil is to be used in either crop production, in an urban setting, or for roads, dams, waste disposal, and other uses [35].
Soil is a porous media at the land surface formed by weathering processes mediated by biological, geological, and hydrological phenomena. Soil is different than weathered rock because it shows a vertical stratification (the soil horizons) that has been produced by the influence of percolating water and living organisms. From a chemistry perspective, soils are open, multicomponent, biogeochemical systems containing solids, liquids, and gases. Open systems mean soils exchange matter and energy with the surrounding atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. Such exchange is highly variable, but it is the essential flux that cause the development of soil profiles and the patterns of soil quality [36].
Generally, soil is formed by fragmented and chemically weathered rock which includes sand, silt, and clay separates, and contains humus (partially decomposed organic matter). Soil diversity is huge, because of the different regional circumstances, it varies considerably. If properties of soil are known, it may be effectively managed and succeed at a specific use or purpose.
The major elements in soils exceed a concentration of 100 mg-kg−1, all others are known as trace elements. According to multiple reports, the major elements include O, Si, Al, Fe, C, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Ti, N, S, Ba, Mn, P, and perhaps Sr and Zr, in decreasing order of concentration. The major elements C, N, P, and S also are macronutrients, so they are critical to life cycles and may be absorbed by organisms in significant amounts [36].
Climate change is affecting the way we live without a doubt. For example, El Nino and La Nina are climate patterns in the Pacific Ocean that affect weather worldwide [10]. In Mexico, these and other climate related phenomena are responsible for intensified drought in a great part of the country. In the northern part of Mexico for this year (2021) the forecast indicates there will be 20–30% water availability for the different activities if compared to last year [11]. Porous materials may be a feasible option for gardens and crop soil to keep humidity for longer periods of time. Then, porous materials and specially zeolite, are interesting materials for studying their interaction with soil and water.
In this work is used the code ANSYS-Fluent® [37, 38] and all CFD methodologies presented are embedded in this program. Like most CFD codes, ANSYS contains three main elements: (a) a preprocessor, (b) a solver, and (c) a postprocessor, the role of each one will be described briefly in the next sections.
ANSYS Fluent solves conservation equations for mass and momentum. For flows involving heat transfer or compressibility, an additional equation for energy conservation is solved. Additional transport equations are solved when the flow has other features such as transport species, chemical reactions, turbulence, etc. Since conservation equations are widely known, we will present only the simplified version and will focus in describing the porous media approach briefly.
The equation for conservation of mass, or continuity equation, can be written as follows:
Eq. (1) is the general form of the mass conservation equation and is valid for incompressible as well as compressible flows. The source Sm is the mass added to the continuous phase from the dispersed second phase (for example, due to vaporization of liquid droplets) and any user-defined sources.
Conservation of momentum in an inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame is described by the next equation [39]:
where
Geometry and meshing are part of the preprocessing phase to resolve a computational fluid dynamics problem. The definition of the key features of our model starts with the idea of simulating a water flow through a porous zone formed by a thin layer of zeolite applied over a layer of soil. This model consists of a vertical arrangement of a packed bed like porous zone formed by the two layers, both contained in a transparent pipe with a water flow from top to bottom applied by gravity. PTC-CREO [40] was used to develop the 3D CAD model needed so CAE software may be enabled to carry on with the CFD simulation. SpaceClaim is a module within ANSYS used to prepare geometries for CFD calculations [37] and, it was used to extract the fluid domain for the meshing procedures. The module ANSYS meshing was used to carry on with the meshing procedure of the fluid domain.
The porous media model incorporated in ANSYS-Fluent can be used in a wide variety of single phase and multiphase problems, for example, flow through packed beds, filter papers, perforated plates, flow distributors, and others.
In this model, a cell zone is selected as the porous media where ANSYS methodology is applied by means of user inputs and the Momentum Equations for Porous Media, for further information the reader is referred to the ANSYS-Fluent manual [38].
The porous media model incorporates an empirically determined flow resistance in a region of your model defined as “porous”. In essence, the porous media model adds a momentum sink in the governing momentum Equations [38]. The model would represent a porous zone without a detailed exact model of the porosity within the materials at microscale, in other words, the porous zone will be represented qualitatively and will be resolved with equations empirically defined to do so as explained briefly in the next paragraphs.
The porous media models for single phase flows and multiphase flows use the Superficial Velocity Porous Formulation as the default. ANSYS Fluent calculates the superficial phase or mixture velocities based on the volumetric flow rate in a porous region.
Porous media are modeled by the addition of a momentum source term to the standard fluid flow equations. The source term is composed of two parts: a viscous loss term (Darcy’s equation first term on the right-hand side, and an inertial loss term (Darcy’s equation second term on the right-hand side), as shown next:
where
To recover the case of simple homogeneous porous media
where α is the permeability and
ANSYS Fluent also allows the source term to be modeled as a power law of the velocity magnitude [38]:
where
In the power-law model, the pressure drop is isotropic and the units for
In laminar flows through porous media, the pressure drop is typically proportional to velocity and the constant can be considered zero. Ignoring convective acceleration and diffusion, the porous media model then reduces to Darcy’s Law [38]:
Pressure drop is computed in ANSYS Fluent for each one of the three (
where
Here, the thickness of the medium (
Calculations for laminar flow regime models were based in Darcy law. For calculations under turbulent flow regime Darcy-Forchhimer is the mathematical model used by ANSYS.
This work was processed using ANSYS Fluent®. The pressure–velocity coupling scheme controls the way pressure and velocity are updated when the pressure-based solver is used. The scheme can be either segregated (pressure and velocity are updated sequentially) or coupled (pressure and velocity are updated simultaneously) [38]. The scheme used in this work for pressure–velocity coupling is SIMPLE. For spatial discretization we use least squares cell based for gradient, PRESTO! for pressure and second order upwind for momentum. This set up was successful to treat single layer and double layer porous media models and convergence was reached with few to moderate number of iterations.
The results module provided by ANSYS® was used to visualize code/numerical results, the data may be presented in different ways to facilitate the numerical analysis. The figures and graphs were generated from the numerical sheet produced within ANSYS-Fluent. These may include domain geometry and grid display, vector plots, line, and shaded contour plots, 2D and 3D surface plots, particle tracking, and view in perspective (translation, rotation, scaling, etc.), and few hand-made numerical computations.
This work was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as implemented in ANSYS-Fluent. The calculation processes are explained in the next paragraphs.
The geometries and assemblies initially were developed using CAD programs, but they can be designed either way in the geometry module within ANSYS, which is called SpaceClaim. A CAD program enables further development and a highly detailed design, which is interesting for complex developments. For the scope of this work, SpaceClaim was used to prepare the geometry for CFD. Figure 1 shows the geometry preparation in different steps up to the meshing generation.
Geometry used to simulate a single layer of zeolite exposed to water flow from top to bottom. (a) CAD geometry for zeolite single layer interacting with water, (b) CAD geometry of fluid and porous zone without pipe and covers. (c) Fluid domain prepared in ANSYS for CFD simulation, (d) meshed fluid domain.
Meshing procedure was carried on ANSYS meshing module, since the geometry is a simple cylinder, the discretization process was easily resolved. The meshing model was carried on systematically with a different number of elements, from a rough mesh to a finer mesh in search of the more efficient model. Overall, under 100 thousand elements was considered a rough mesh, up to 500 thousand elements is medium and over that number of elements is considered a fine mesh. The models used in 3D demonstrated a nice performance during the convergence trials (Figure 2), however, if a further simplification is found, it should be considered.
Geometry used to simulate a layer of zeolite over a layer of soil exposed to water flow from top to bottom. (a) CAD geometry for zeolite-soil porous layers interacting with water, (b) CAD geometry of fluid and porous zone without pipe and covers. (c) Fluid domain prepared in ANSYS for CFD simulation, (d) meshed fluid domain.
Therefore, 2D models were developed to improve efficiency in our calculations. The 2D model worked very well and improved efficiency so we decided to present the results generated with these models.
Overall, the best results were obtained with simplified models using a 2D geometry representative of the proposed systems with single and double porous media layer, an example of 2D model geometry used is shown in Figure 3. The figure illustrates a slice of the interacting materials stacked from top to bottom with a first layer of water on top, followed by two layers composed with porous materials ordered in zeolite placed over soil and at the bottom more water. Figure 3(a) was obtained from ANSYS SpaceClaim where it may be optional to label each layer but also labels may be added in the meshing module. The geometry was simplified to a basic shape, as can be observed in Figure 3(b). Thus, the model was easily discretized by using ANSYS meshing module with an average size element of 6.5x10−5 m (0.065 mm) which in total added up to 473,550 elements. The discretization results may be observed in Figure 3(c) and (d).
Simplification to a 2D model of the double layer with soil zeolite on top of soil as loaded in ANSYS for meshing procedures and mesh obtained (see scale for length dimensions under the model image).
Convergence trials were carried on with different geometries and resolution models. The best choice was selected based in efficiency and 2D models were selected over 3D. The geometries proposed were designed as simple models, the idea is a simple pipe containing a packed bed formed with one or two porous materials layers.
These geometries were used in calculations under laminar and turbulent flow regime set up subject to boundary conditions. Calculations with double layer and under both flow regimes are included in the following sections for a more detailed discussion of results.
Two different set of calculations are presented in the next paragraphs, the first one is based in results obtained from laminar flow regime models. Results for pressure calculations are presented in Figure 4. These calculations required an input velocity with different values relatively low to obtain laminar flow through a double layer porous zone built with zeolite and soil. Velocity values used in this section are
Contour plots corresponding to results for pressure from laminar flow regime calculations using a double layer model porous zone. (a)
Pressure effects are displayed in Figure 4, to understand pressure-drop in a layer-by-layer contour plot that illustrates water flow moving through zeolite and soil layers modeled as porous media within ANSYS-Fluent.
The higher the input velocity, the higher pressure is required to make the flow pass through the porous media, for specific pressure values a scale in pascals is shown by the side of each simulation to help interpret the contours color in the image.
In Figure 5 are presented contour plots of velocity to illustrate how water is applied gradually into the model. Water is applied using an input velocity with low values to keep the flow under laminar regime in y-axis negative direction (downwards). Velocity decreases as the flow advances through the pipe and porous zone represented by the two layers simulating zeolite and soil. Each velocity contour plot includes a scale with velocity values in meters per second to facilitate the interpretation of each color included in the contour plot. For a better understanding of pressure drop, a graph showing pressure drop profile was generated based in results for laminar flow regime computations as displayed in Figure 6. This profile is built as a scatter plot using y-axis or height in the model as the
Contour plots corresponding to results for velocity in y-direction from laminar flow regime calculations using a double layer model porous zone. (a)
Graph showing pressure drop results for laminar flow regime calculations using a double layer model porous zone. (a)
Pinlet-zeol (Pa) | Poutlet-zeol (Pa) | Pinlet-soil (Pa) | Poutlet-soil (Pa) | ∆Pzeol (Pa) | ∆Psoil (Pa) | ∆PTotal (Pa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.005 | 862 | 603.4 | 258.6 | 86.2 | 258.6 | 172.4 | 775.8 |
0.01 | 1754 | 701.6 | 526.2 | 175.4 | 1052.4 | 350.8 | 1578.6 |
0.02 | 3628 | 1451 | 1088 | 362.9 | 2177 | 725.1 | 3265.1 |
0.03 | 7735 | 3094 | 2320 | 773.4 | 4641 | 1546.6 | 6961.6 |
0.04 | 5621 | 2249 | 1686 | 562.1 | 3372 | 1123.9 | 5058.9 |
Laminar flow regime pressure-drop numerical results at the boundaries between different layers (zeolite over soil) to analyze flow through porous zone.
Results for pressure calculations obtained from turbulent flow model simulations are presented in Figure 7. These calculations required an input velocity with different values to obtain turbulent flow through our model with a double layer porous zone built with zeolite and soil.
Contour plots for pressure obtained from turbulent flow regime numerical results corresponding to calculation with different velocity inputs using a double layer porous zone, the velocity values used were: (a)
Velocity values used in this section are
The higher the input velocity, the higher pressure is required to make the flow through the porous media, for specific pressure values a scale in pascals is shown by the side of each simulation to help interpret the contours color in the image. In comparison with laminar flow, water flow velocity and pressure present higher values.
In Figure 8 are presented contour plots of velocity to illustrate how water flows through the porous zone. Water is applied using an input velocity with low values just enough to keep the flow as turbulent with a direction in y-axis with or without negative sign (downwards).
Contour plots for velocity in y-axis obtained from turbulent flow regime numerical results corresponding to calculations with different velocity inputs using a double layer porous zone, the velocity values used were: (a)
Velocity decreases as the flow advances through the porous zone represented by the two layers simulating zeolite and soil. Each velocity contour plot includes a scale with velocity values in meters per second to facilitate the interpretation of each color included in the contour plot.
For a better understanding of pressure drop, a graph showing pressure drop profile was generated for turbulent flow calculations as displayed in Figure 9. Similarly, as it was done with laminar flow, the profile is built with a scatter plot using y-axis or height in our model as the
Graph showing pressure drop results for turbulent flow regime calculations using a double layer model porous zone. (a)
Pinlet-zeol (Pa) | Poutlet-zeol (Pa) | Pinlet-soil (Pa) | Poutlet-soil (Pa) | ∆Pzeol (Pa) | ∆PSoil (Pa) | ∆PTotal (Pa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.04 | 7733 | 3093 | 2320 | 773.2 | 4640 | 1546.8 | 6959.8 |
0.05 | 9966 | 3986 | 2990 | 996.4 | 5980 | 1993.6 | 8969.6 |
0.1 | 22930 | 9171 | 6878 | 2292 | 13759 | 4586 | 20638 |
0.2 | 57700 | 28850 | 23080 | 5768 | 28850 | 17312 | 51932 |
0.3 | 104400 | 52180 | 31310 | 10430 | 52220 | 20880 | 93970 |
0.4 | 163000 | 81510 | 65210 | 16300 | 81490 | 48910 | 146700 |
0.5 | 233600 | 116800 | 93440 | 23350 | 116800 | 70090 | 210250 |
Turbulent flow regime pressure-drop calculations at the boundaries between different layers (zeolite over soil) to analyze flow through porous zone.
Porous zone flow is simulated as a region that presents resistance to the fluid flow. When water is introduced in the system each layer representing a porous material presents a difficulty to allow flow through which can be measured with the pressure drop calculated on those areas. Due to its properties, zeolite layer presents the higher pressure drop values. Zeolite and soil material parameters to represent materials properties used within this work are based in textbook values [1, 8, 35] and can be modified as required depending on the specific properties of the materials that need to be simulated. The input velocity is also important regarding how pressure drop displays its profile and relative values, in general, the higher the input velocity value, the higher the pressure drop in the porous zone areas. Such effect occurs in laminar flow and turbulent flow. However, pressure drop may be higher in turbulent flow due to velocity input values are higher too. This model may be useful for future developments where the porous materials properties are modified or when one needs further studies related to water distribution in the system.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used as a powerful tool to analyze multi-physics problems in a wide variety of applications. To analyze porous materials ANSYS-Fluent offers an interesting scheme that enables the study of a fluid through a porous material. A bi-layer model was built to represent a layer of zeolite placed over a layer of soil and both interacting with a water flow. Laminar and turbulent flow regimes were analyzed successfully with the approach proposed which represents an attempt to systematically analyze different nanostructured zeolites interacting with different soil types.
This work was financed by CONACyT (Mexican Science and Technology National Council) through 2015 CONACyT SEP-CB (Basic Science-Public Education Ministry) project fund 258553/CONACyT/CB-2015-2101. Thanks go to the Scientific Computing Laboratory at FCQ-UJED for computational resources. Thanks go to the Academic Group UJED-CA-129 for valuable discussions.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Crustal plates are styled by the intra-plate stress depending on overall plate dynamics, i.e., break up by stretching, drifting by horizontal forces, and collision/subduction by convergence. The Indian plate is no exception to this. The structural framework of the Indian plate evolved since its break up from the African plate in Late Jurassic, subsequent northward drift and final collision with the Eurasian plate on the north in Middle Eocene and with Indo-Sinian plate on the northeast in Late Oligocene [1, 2]. Geodynamics of the plate created internal stress activating faults in the pre-existing structural fabric of the Precambrian-Archaean shield. During the break-up stage, when the Indo-African plate was undergoing far-field crustal distension, the intra-cratonic rift basins were formed in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time. In Late Cretaceous post break up crustal rebound and slab-pull towards the north caused trailing edge uplift that aborted the rifting followed by basin uplifts. Drifting motion induced divergent trans-tensional stress on the reactivated faults. Collision and post-collision continued subduction generated compressive stress over the entire plate. This resulted in inversion of the rifted structures. In this paper, we discuss the development of the active tectonic zones (TZ; Figure 1) due to varying plate motion during different tectonic set-up and present neotectonic inversion stage.
Present position of the Indian plate with major active tectonic zones (
Before the initial break up in the Permo-Triassic pre-breakup stage, the Eastern Gondwana mega-plate was stretched by far-field crustal distension when the intra-cratonic rifted basins of Gondwana were formed. In the Indian craton, the rifting occurred mostly in the eastern part of the craton (Figure 2) as the extensional stress developed mostly between India and Australo-Antarctican plates [3].
Map showing major Gondwana and Mesozoic-tertiary rift basins of India and mid-continental NSG. Arrows indicate intra-plate dynamics at different periods.
The first break up between Africa and India took place in Late Jurassic and rifting was completed in Early Cretaceous with the separation of Africa and Madagascar-India. As a result, the related intra-cratonic rifting mostly happened in the western pericratonic region of the Indian plate [3]. This was followed by the early Late Cretaceous break up of India and Australia-Antarctica in the eastern part. Rifting of eastern pericratonic basins and a few Upper Gondwana intracratonic basins took place during this time.
Rift drift transition occurred in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene time, marked by a widespread unconformity in depositional sequences of both eastern and western pericratonic rift basins. This was a period of stress release and trailing edge uplift of the Indian plate due to the slab-pull from the Tethyan trench. This uplift is responsible for the aborting of the rifts and large-scale upthrusts along primordial faults boosting horst-graben structures along the evolved passive margins where the continents split.
As the Indian plate drifted northward with anticlockwise rotation along a curved path (Figure 3), the reactivated rift-faults were subjected to horizontal stress, inducing transtensional movements within the pericratonic rift basins. This is evident by the breaking of upthrust-related drape folds along the tilted-up edges of the uplifts (horsts) into small sub-order folds. The best example is seen in the structure of Kutch uplifts (Figure 4).
Path of post-cretaceous drifting of the Indian plate.
Tectonic map of Kutch rift basin, the zone of intensive seismic activity in SCR. The map shows major fault-bound tilted uplifts and intervening grabens/half-grabens. Evidence of strike-slip movement is indicated by the breakup of marginal drape fold over the tilted-up edges of the horst (indicated by fold symbols) and left step over of the KMF as SWF towards the east with en echelon shift of Kutch mainland and Wagad uplifts.
India collided head on with the Eurasian plate in late Middle Eocene initiating uplift of the Himalayan orogenic belt in the north (Figure 3). In Late Oligocene Burmese plate collided obliquely with the Indian plate at its northeastern corner giving rise to Assam-Arakan orogenic belt (Figures 1 and 5). This stage is continuing as the northern and northeastern edges of the plate are continuing to subduct under the two converging plates. In the NE, due to oblique collision, the plates are still under the process of convergence with progressive southwestward closing of the intervening NE Indian remnant ocean basin, Bengal basin and Bay of Bengal [4] (Figure 5). Widespread compressive stress developed in the plate due to southerly backthrust from the collision front and northerly ridge-push from Carlsberg Ridge as the Arabian Sea continues to spread. This compressive regimen is continuing in the present neotectonic cycle. It is responsible for the initiation of inversion tectonic cycle in Eocene-Oligocene and its continuation in the current neotectonic cycle. This is quite evident from the inversion structures seen in all the intra-cratonic basins as well as in the offshore pericratonic basins. Morphotectonic features of India with predominance of the first-order topography also indicate active neo-tectonic cycle dominated by compressive stress.
Plate collision dynamics of NE India – AATZ: The straight collision of Eurasian plate and oblique collision of Burmese plate at the NE corner of India, sutured part is Naga Schuppen belt, and open, the converging region, is the remnant basin of Bengal & bay of Bengal.
Several active tectonic zones (TZ) developed in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent (Figure 1) during the movement of the Indian plate through the tectonic stages discussed above. These zones are active under compressive stress. The Baluchistan-Karakoram TZ, Himalayan TZ, and Assam-Arakan TZ are present along the northern subduction front of the plate from west to east. A prominent midcontinental TZ, SONATA (Son-Narmada-Tapti) TZ along the NSG (Narmada-Son geofracture), occurs across the plate along a paleo-suture between northern Bundelkhand proto-continent (BPC) and southern Deccan proto-continent (DPC) (Figure 2). The tectonic reactivation is taking place due to differential rotating motion between the two proto-cratons along the SONATA TZ. The western pericratonic region covering parts of Maharashtra and entire Gujarat is another active TZ designated here as Gujarat TZ, as evident from the repeated earthquakes in this stable continental region (SCR). The Andaman-Nicobar Island arc is another active TZ as the oceanic plate of northeastern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal) is subducting under the arc. These TZs are briefly outlined below.
The Karakoram-Himalayan orogenic belt is the subduction complex along the northwestern periphery of the Indian plate (Figure 1). The northernmost projection of the leading edge of the plate in the region of Rawalpindi and Jammu had the first contact with the Eurasian plate. Subsequently, the subduction was affected by northward motion with simultaneous anticlockwise rotation of the plate. Thus, the northwestern part of the leading edge has a transformal relationship with the Afghan craton. The transpressional strike-slip relationship is marked by Chaman transcurrent (CT) and Ornach-Nai transcurrent faults (ONT). The Baluchistan arc marks the subduction complex of the Arabian Sea and the Afghan craton collision [5]. All these faults are presently active making this TZ a prime earthquake-prone zone.
The Himalayan TZ marks the continent-continent collision zone with the ongoing thrusting of the Tibetan plate over the Indian plate. This zone, therefore, is highly vulnerable to earthquake generation. Epicentres of several disastrous earthquakes are located in this zone. The northward motion of the Indian plate is constrained by this collision front which is building up strain in this zone and also back thrust that is responsible for the compressive stress experienced in the sub-continent.
This is a zone of oblique collision where two colliding continents are still in the process of convergence with a remnant ocean between them [6]. The Burmese plate collided with the NE corner of the Indian plate near the present syntaxial bend of the mobile belt (Figures 1 and 5). The plate continues to rotate towards the northeastern edge of the Indian plate as suturing is progressing southwestward with the extension of the subduction complex of the mobile belt. As such, this zone is tectonically highly active in the present cycle. This is evident from the intense seismic activity and occurrence of many strong earthquakes.
The SCR earthquake zone includes parts of central and western India covering parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and almost the whole of Gujarat (Figure 1). The rifted region of Kutch-Cambay, Saurashtra, and Narmada comprises the SCR EQ-zone. The Son-Narmada-Tapti tectonic lineament zone, SONATA, across the Indian shield is a part of this SCR EQ zone. This ENE-WSW trending SONATA zone is defined by Narmada-Son lineaments in the north and Tapti lineament in the south. The zone is reactivated along Precambrian Satpura-Bijawar mobile belt occupying the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) [7]. The northern part of the CITZ is the suture zone between the BPC and DPC (Dharwar-Bastar-Singbhum) proto-cratons or sub-plates. The zone consists of a bunch of E-W striking faults parallel to the NSG, reactivated as right-lateral strike-slip faults in the neotectonic cycle. It is affected by NE-SW striking Burhanpur wrench fault [8] with a right-lateral shift. The active seismic zone around Jabalpur, Broach, and Surat is a part of this active tectonic zone. Gujarat TZ includes Saurashtra horst, Kutch, Cambay, and Narmada rifts with active faults. The most vulnerable area of strain build-up for earthquake generation is the Kutch rift (Figures 4 and 6).
Tectonic map of Kutch showing major tectonic elements which are major stress barriers for strain build-up. Arrows indicate stress directions. Square marks the critical strain build-up zone in the fault step-over area. Stars and crossed circles within the critical zone are locations of major earthquake epicentres.
This is an Island arc, a part of the Sumatran arc which is the collision front of the oceanic plate of the Indian Ocean and the Indochina-Malaysian continental plate (Figure 1). It extends northward into the Assam-Arakan orogenic belt where the oceanic plate has been consumed as the Burmese plate converged on the Indian plate. This Arc is very active seismic zone where the disastrous Tsunami of 2004 originated.
Indian Plate is affected by five main ocean-to-continent transcurrent faults as indicated by the extension of important offshore transform/strike-slip faults across the continent. These are, from north to south, the North Kathiawar-Great Boundary fault, SONATA Zone, Alibag, Vengurla, and Tellichery-East Coast-HHL-Naga Hills faults (Figure 7) (HHL: Hail-Hakalula lineament). The trans-continental extension of these faults is traced by strong tectonic lineaments matching with mapped fault/shear zones and important Proterozoic tectonic trends. The matching strikes of North Kathiawar and Great Boundary Fault suggest a continuous trend of crustal shear between Trans Aravalli proto-craton (TAPC) and BPC. These extensive and active fault zones are considered here as mega shear zones (MSZ).
Red lines mark the major ocean-to-continent transcurrent faults (MSZs, numbered) across the Indian shield:
Presently the Indian plate is under compressive stress ([9]; Figures 1 and 7). The slab-pull from the Andaman trench is causing the anticlockwise rotation of the plate (Figure 7). The Indian plate is divided in the middle by the SONATA TZ which is a mega-shear zone (MSZ) reactivated in the present neotectonic cycle as a transcontinental transform fault (Figure 7). This MSZ extends from the Carlsberg Ridge to Upper Assam across the continent along NSG connecting the Dauki fault and Naga thrust [9]. As a result, the two proto-cratons, BPC & DPC, are rotating with differential motion on either sides of this mid-continental shear zone (Figure 2) [3]. The motion of the northern protocraton is constrained by the collision front whereas the southern craton is moving relatively free in response to the anti-clockwise plate motion. The Deccan sub-plate is affected by another mega-shear zone, the Tellichery fault, extending from Carlsberg Ridge in the offshore to Naga frontal thrust along the Naga Hills in AA TZ. This fault extends across the southern part of DPC through the Palghat gap, Kaveri shear zone, along the east coast (bordering Krishna- Godavari rift basin), and across the Bangladesh-Tripura fore-arc prism following Eastern Ghat Precambrian trend (Figure 7). This is defined here as Tellichery-Naga-Hills MSZ.
Between SONATA MSZ and Tellichery-Naga Hills MSZ, two other offshore faults, Alibag and Vengurla faults, occur. These faults also appear to extend across the shield but the lineaments are obscured by the Deccan Trap cover. The relatively free rotation of the Deccan subplate is creating a tensional stress in the region of the Gulf of Cambay and Narmada (Figure 2). This is evident from the occurrence of pull-apart basins in this region [3, 9]. At the same time, in the central and eastern parts of this MSZ, transpressional stress is developed (Figure 2). This is evident from the uplift of the Gondwana rifts in the central and eastern parts of this MSZ. South of NSG, the three MSZs across the Deccan sub-plate divide the plate into slices which are slipping left-laterally relative to each other from north to south due to rotation of the plate. This progressive left lateral shift from north to south is apparently responsible for the convex outline of the present coastline.
The Tellichery-Naga MSZ is a resurgent shear zone playing an important role in the present-day plate dynamics. The identification of the mega shear extending from the Carlsberg ridge to the Indo-Burmese plate boundary adds a new dimension in the plate kinematics in the northern Indian Ocean as it appears to be a new or evolving transform plate boundary. Between Eastcoast and AA TZ this MSZ passes through an active zone of seismic activity (Figure 8) and it matches with the active TT3 and HHL tectonic lineament of Bangladesh [10] and Tripura-Naga Hills [11] respectively. This transform motion and the stress generated by active convergence of Indian and Burmese plates following oblique collision are responsible for the high degree of seismicity of the Assam-Arakan TZ.
Map showing the focal mechanism of seismic events along Tellichery-Naga Hills MSZ (stippled zone). (Courtsey: Dr. C. Subrhamanyam, NGRI).
The compressive stress due to continuing north and north-northeastward subduction of the Indian plate is responsible for the seismicity of the Himalayan TZ. The Baluchistan-Karakoram TZ (Figure 1) is also highly vulnerable to earthquakes. The recent 2005 Baluchistan earthquake is an example. This is caused by different plate motions along the AA-SD TZ in this northwestern border of the plate. The compression related to the continuing northward subduction of the plate along the Karakoram thrust, the transform motion between the Indian and Afghanistan plates along CT and ONT, and subduction of the Arabian Sea oceanic plate below the Afghan plate along the Makran Fault (MF) in AA-SD TZ, west of the transform boundary are causative forces.
In the SCR zone, the highly rifted Gujarat region is the most active seismic zone in peninsular India. The structural inversion of the rifted structures due to present compressive stress is responsible for the repeated generation of the large earthquakes M > 7.0, particularly in the Kutch rift where the confining stress is enhanced by the local structural framework as discussed below. The SONATA zone is another earthquake-prone linear zone. Several major strong earthquakes M ~ 6.0 occurred around Jabalpur in the past including the recent 1997 earthquake [12]. The focal depth of the 1997 Jabalpur earthquake is estimated at 35 km, at the crust–mantle boundary [13]. The dextral strike-slip motion and related kinematics associated with the parallel faults and their conjugate Riedel faults in the SONATA are the cause of repeated rift basin deep crustal earthquakes within this zone as noted in cases of the 1973 Broach and the 1997 Jabalpur earthquakes M > 6.0.
The Latur and Koyna earthquakes are apparently related to the Koyna-Kurduwadi rift (Figure 9) inversion with compressional stress [15]. These rifts are apparently related to Alibag MSZ passing south of the SONATA zone. These events are, however, shallow (depth < 10 km) upper crustal earthquakes.
Major tectonic elements south of SONATA zone:
January 26, 2001, Republic day EQ earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat state, is a world example of a recent high magnitude Mw 7.7 earthquake in SCR. Several disastrous earthquakes occurred in the Kutch rift since ancient times. Strain build-up at the E-W master faults due to intra-plate kinematics is the reason for repeated earthquake generation [16]. The Kutch Mainland Fault (KMF) in the middle of the rift is the main active fault for earthquake generation (Figure 4). This fault is currently experiencing dextral transpressional strike-slip movement. Towards the east, the fault tapers off and sidesteps to the left (i.e., shifts to the north) and continues eastward as South Wagad Fault with an approximately 50 km step-over zone (Figures 4 and 6).
Intense seismic activity within this step-over zone is indicated by crowding of earthquake epicentres including two major high-intensity earthquakes, the 1956 Anjar, and the 2001Bhuj (Figure 6) earthquake. This fault step-over zone is strained by the accumulation of regional compressional stress. Further, the occurrence of massive plutons and geophysical data indicate the presence of a deep-seated igneous body which appears to be syn-rift crustal melt in the deeper crust at 20–40 km depth (Figure 10). Seismic tomography study [17] in the Bhuj earthquake epicentre area clearly indicated fluid-filled rock matrix at this depth [18]. The E-W rift ends up against an NW-SE trending basement ridge, the Radhanpur-Barmer arch that separates this rift and the transversely oriented N-S Cambay rift (Figures 4 and 6). The easterly horizontal stress along KMF/SWF is constrained by this ridge, which acts as an effective stress barrier. This adds to the strain build-up due to compressive stress within the critical stepover zone. The resistance against the igneous body further adds to the strain build-up along a rift fault presumably passing over the flank of the igneous mass as shown in the conceptual model (Figure 10) drawn on the basis of the available geological and seismotectonic data [19]. The rift fault SWF that extends to the deeper crust is a sub-vertical planar fault bounding the basement domino block in the upper crust. It extends into the deeper crust becoming a low-angle rift fault in the semi-ductile layer of the deeper crust (Figure 10). This pattern of the fault along the flank of the igneous mass matches with the pattern of distribution of hypocentres of aftershocks. This indicates that the SWF is the causative fault for repeated earthquake generation [16, 19].
Conceptual rift model of Kutch showing causative fault, SWF, extending into the deeper crust causing mantle rupture and lithospheric melt. The igneous body formed by the melt forms the main stress barrier.
The neo-tectonic cycle is active on the Indian Plate due to present plate motion and related tectonic movements. It is manifested as structural inversion of the rifted structures, rejuvenation and modification of the existing structures by upthrust and transpressional forces, continued subduction at the collision fronts, and uplift of the crustal blocks in the exposed shield region. The structural stress is the compressive force being generated by the north-eastward ridge-push from the Carlsberg Ridge and the southwestward back-thrust from the collision front on the north.
The major plate motions are, north and northeastward underthrusting of the Indian plate below the Eurasian plate, transform movement with respect to Afghan and Burmese plates, and anti-clockwise rotation due to ridge-push from Carlsberg ridge and slab-pull from the Andaman-Sumatran trench (Figures 1 and 5). Intra-plate movements, mainly strike-slip in response to horizontal stress due to drift motion, are controlled by the three main ocean to continent mega-shear zones.
Several tectonic zones (Figure 1) were created by the above-mentioned plate dynamics along the periphery of the plate with varying stress kinematics – Himalayan TZ in the north, Baluchistan-Afghan TZ on the northwest, Assam-Arakan TZ on the NE, and Gujarat TZ in the west. Reactivation along the paleo-suture activated the mid-plate SONATA TZ. All these resurgent tectonic zones are presently active seismic zones and sites for several disastrous earthquakes. The Gujarat and SONATA TZs are more active seismic zones for the SCR earthquakes in India.
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Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9992",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9f71037866aa5450cf23c0fb74711d1",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-transdisciplinary-nature-of-volcano-science",bookSignature:"Károly Németh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7677",title:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5afd431dd1f4f5081355b017fd17f237",slug:"forecasting-volcanic-eruptions",bookSignature:"Angelo Paone and Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6104",title:"Volcanoes",subtitle:"Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a11586252b4ac42153a8b2bc9a8fcf08",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5311",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a579041bbfa682d2376a58326d0483e6",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",bookSignature:"Karoly Nemeth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5694",title:"6th International Maar Conference Abstracts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f96e1339bf34deb5cb0228dba907b1b3",slug:"6th-international-maar-conference-abstracts",bookSignature:"Jiaqi Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194433",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5104",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f91748e9b1463ce5e7352ea982c3128",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof. Dr. Maged",middleName:null,surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.-dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof. Dr. Maged Marghany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"409",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Approach to Volcanological Problems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39ff133e87b1d1f1a07d872ff755762b",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-a-comprehensive-approach-to-volcanological-problems",bookSignature:"Francesco Stoppa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57017",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Stoppa",slug:"francesco-stoppa",fullName:"Francesco Stoppa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25980",doi:"10.5772/25264",title:"Hydrovolcanic vs Magmatic Processes in Forming Maars and Associated Pyroclasts: The Calatrava -Spain- Case History",slug:"hydrovolcanic-vs-magmatic-processes-in-forming-maars-and-associated-pyroclasts-the-calatrava-spain-c",totalDownloads:2884,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"409",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-a-comprehensive-approach-to-volcanological-problems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - A Comprehensive Approach to Volcanological Problems"},signatures:"F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, M. Schiazza and A. Tranquilli",authors:[{id:"57017",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Stoppa",slug:"francesco-stoppa",fullName:"Francesco Stoppa"},{id:"62737",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluigi",middleName:null,surname:"Rosatelli",slug:"gianluigi-rosatelli",fullName:"Gianluigi Rosatelli"},{id:"62738",title:"Mr.",name:"Mariangela",middleName:null,surname:"Schiazza",slug:"mariangela-schiazza",fullName:"Mariangela Schiazza"},{id:"62739",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tranquilli",slug:"andrea-tranquilli",fullName:"Andrea Tranquilli"}]},{id:"51948",doi:"10.5772/64129",title:"Fumarolic Minerals: An Overview of Active European Volcanoes",slug:"fumarolic-minerals-an-overview-of-active-european-volcanoes",totalDownloads:2285,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The fumarolic mineralogy of the Icelandic active volcanoes, the Tyrrhenian volcanic belt (Italy) and the Aegean active arc (Greece) is investigated, and literature data surveyed in order to define the characteristics of the European fumarolic systems. They show broad diversity of mineral associations, with Vesuvius and Vulcano being also among the world localities richest in mineral species. Volcanic systems, which show recession over a longer period, show fumarolic development from the high-temperature alkaline halide/sulphate, calcic sulphate or sulphidic parageneses, synchronous with or immediately following the eruptions, through medium-temperature ammonium minerals, metal chlorides, or fluoride associations to the late low-temperature paragenesis dominated by sulphur, gypsum, alunogen, and other hydrous sulphates. The situation can be different in the systems that are not recessing but show fluctuations in activity, illustrated by the example of Vulcano where the high-temperature association appears intermittently. A full survey of the mineral groups and species is given in respect to their importance and appearance in fumarolic associations.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Tonči Balić-Žunić, Anna Garavelli, Sveinn Peter Jakobsson, Kristjan\nJonasson, Athanasios Katerinopoulos, Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos\nand Pasquale Acquafredda",authors:[{id:"183593",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonci",middleName:null,surname:"Balic-Zunic",slug:"tonci-balic-zunic",fullName:"Tonci Balic-Zunic"},{id:"183700",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Garavelli",slug:"anna-garavelli",fullName:"Anna Garavelli"},{id:"183701",title:"Dr.",name:"Sveinn Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Jakobsson",slug:"sveinn-peter-jakobsson",fullName:"Sveinn Peter Jakobsson"},{id:"183702",title:"Prof.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Katerinopoulos",slug:"athanasios-katerinopoulos",fullName:"Athanasios Katerinopoulos"},{id:"188833",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristjan",middleName:null,surname:"Jonasson",slug:"kristjan-jonasson",fullName:"Kristjan Jonasson"},{id:"188834",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Kyriakopoulos",slug:"konstantinos-kyriakopoulos",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos"},{id:"188835",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Acquafredda",slug:"pasquale-acquafredda",fullName:"Pasquale Acquafredda"}]},{id:"51105",doi:"10.5772/63486",title:"How Polygenetic are Monogenetic Volcanoes: Case Studies of Some Complex Maar‐Diatreme Volcanoes",slug:"how-polygenetic-are-monogenetic-volcanoes-case-studies-of-some-complex-maar-diatreme-volcanoes",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The increasing number of field investigations and various controlled benchtop and large‐scale experiments have permitted the evaluation of a large number of processes involved in the formation of maar‐diatreme volcanoes, the second most common type of small‐volume subaerial volcanoes on Earth. A maar‐diatreme volcano is recognized by a volcanic crater that is cut into country rocks and surrounded by a low‐height ejecta rim composed of pyroclastic deposits of few meters to up to 200 m thick above the syn‐eruptive surface level. The craters vary from 0.1 km to up to 5 km wide and vary in depth from a few dozen meters to up to 300 m deep. Their irregular morphology reflects the simple or complex volcanic and cratering processes involved in their formation. The simplicity or complexity of the crater or the entire maar itself is usually observed in the stratigraphy of the surrounding ejecta rings. The latter are composed of sequences of successive alternating and contrastingly bedded phreatomagmatic‐derived dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDC) and fallout depositions, with occasional interbedded Strombolian‐derived spatter materials or scoria fall units, exemplifying the changes in the eruptive styles during the formation of the volcano. The entire stratigraphic sequence might be preserved as a single eruptive package (small or very thick) in which there is no stratigraphic gap or significant discordance indicative of a potential break during the eruption. A maar with a single eruptive deposit is quantified as monogenetic maar, meaning that it was formed by a single eruptive vent from which only a small and ephemeral magma erupted over a short period of time. The stratigraphy may also display several packages of deposits separated either by contrasting discordance surfaces or paleosoils, which reflect multiple phases or episodes of eruptions within the same maar. Such maars are characterized as complex polycyclic maars if the length of time between the eruptive events is relatively short (days to years). For greater length of time (thousands to millions of years), the complex maar will be quantified as polygenetic. These common depositional breaks interpreted as signs of temporal interruption of the eruptions for various timescales also indicate deep magma system processes; hence magmas of different types might erupt during the formation of both simple and complex maars. The feeding dikes can interact with groundwater and form closely distributed small craters. The latter can coalesce to form a final crater with various shapes depending on the distance between them. This observation indicates the significant role of the magmatic plumbing system on the formation and growth of complex and polygenetic maar‐diatreme volcanoes.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Boris Chako Tchamabé, Gabor Kereszturi, Karoly Németh and\nGerardo Carrasco‐Núñez",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"},{id:"182834",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Chako Tchamabé",slug:"boris-chako-tchamabe",fullName:"Boris Chako Tchamabé"},{id:"183809",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Núñez",slug:"gerardo-carrasco-nunez",fullName:"Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez"}]},{id:"49656",doi:"10.5772/61974",title:"Optical Satellite Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone Environment — An Overview",slug:"optical-satellite-remote-sensing-of-the-coastal-zone-environment-an-overview",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Optical remote-sensing data are a powerful source of information for monitoring the coastal environment. Due to the high complexity of coastal environments, where different natural and anthropogenic phenomenon interact, the selection of the most appropriate sensor(s) is related to the applications required, and the different types of resolutions available (spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal) need to be considered. The development of specific techniques and tools based on the processing of optical satellite images makes possible the production of information useful for coastal environment management, without any destructive impacts. This chapter will highlight different subjects related to coastal environments: shoreline change detection, ocean color, water quality, river plumes, coral reef, alga bloom, bathymetry, wetland mapping, and coastal hazards/vulnerability. The main objective of this chapter is not an exhaustive description of the image processing methods/algorithms employed in coastal environmental studies, but focus in the range of applications available. Several limitations were identified. The major challenge still is to have remote-sensing techniques adopted as a routine tool in assessment of change in the coastal zone. Continuing research is required into the techniques employed for assessing change in the coastal environment.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Ana C. Teodoro",authors:[{id:"18485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Teodoro",slug:"ana-teodoro",fullName:"Ana Teodoro"}]},{id:"49851",doi:"10.5772/62122",title:"Detection of Tree Crowns in Very High Spatial Resolution Images",slug:"detection-of-tree-crowns-in-very-high-spatial-resolution-images",totalDownloads:3257,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The requirements for advanced knowledge on forest resources have led researchers to develop efficient methods to provide detailed information about trees. Since 1999, orbital remote sensing has been providing very high resolution (VHR) image data. The new generation of satellite allows individual tree crowns to be visually identifiable. The increase in spatial resolution has also had a profound effect in image processing techniques and has motivated the development of new object-based procedures to extract information. Tree crown detection has become a major area of research in image analysis considering the complex nature of trees in an uncontrolled environment. This chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part I offers an overview of the state of the art in computer detection of individual tree crowns in VHR images. Part II presents a new hybrid approach developed by the authors that integrates geometrical-optical modeling (GOM), marked point processes (MPP), and template matching (TM) to individually detect tree crowns in VHR images. The method is presented for two different applications: isolated tree detection in an urban environment and automatic tree counting in orchards with an average performance rate of 82% for tree detection and above 90% for tree counting in orchards.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Marilia Ferreira Gomes and Philippe Maillard",authors:[{id:"177110",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Maillard",slug:"philippe-maillard",fullName:"Philippe Maillard"},{id:"177172",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marilia",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Gomes",slug:"marilia-gomes",fullName:"Marilia Gomes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66703",title:"P-Wave Teleseismic Tomography: Evidence of Imprints of Deccan Mantle Plume below the Kachchh Rift Zone, Gujarat, India",slug:"p-wave-teleseismic-tomography-evidence-of-imprints-of-deccan-mantle-plume-below-the-kachchh-rift-zon",totalDownloads:2717,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The Indian plate had experienced the Deccan volcanism at 65 Ma when it moved over the Re-union hotspot, which has altered lithospheric structure below the Kachchh rift zone (KRZ). To quantify the influence of Deccan volcanism on the crust-mantle, the present chapter focuses on the delineation of the upper mantle structure below the KRZ, through the modeling of crust corrected P-residuals and P-wave teleseismic tomography. The crust corrected normalized P-residuals suggest dominant negative residuals associated with the central KRZ, indicating crustal and lithospheric thinning below the KRZ. A low velocity down to a depth of 170 km below the central KRZ is detected through the teleseismic tomography using these P-residuals. However, these residuals also show positive values for the surrounding un-rifted zones. Note that a low shear velocity zone extending from 100–120 km to 170–220 km depth beneath the central KRZ has already been revealed by the modeling of P-RFs. This reduction in seismic velocity in the upper mantle could be explained by the presence of trapped carbonatite/partial melts related to the Deccan volcanism. The influx of volatile CO2 emanating from the carbonatite melts in the asthenosphere might be generating lower crustal earthquakes occurring in the KRZ.",book:{id:"7677",slug:"forecasting-volcanic-eruptions",title:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions",fullTitle:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions"},signatures:"Prantik Mandal",authors:[{id:"279344",title:"Dr.",name:"Prantik",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"prantik-mandal",fullName:"Prantik Mandal"}]},{id:"49608",title:"Remote Sensing of Mountain Glaciers and Related Hazards",slug:"remote-sensing-of-mountain-glaciers-and-related-hazards",totalDownloads:2414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Mountain glaciers are highly sensitive to temperature and precipitation fluctuations and active geomorphic agents in shaping the landforms of glaciated regions which are direct imprints of past glaciations, providing reliable evidence of the evolution of the past Cryosphere and contain important information on climatic variables. But most importantly, glaciers have aroused a lot of concern in terms of glacier area changes, thickness change, mass balance and their consequences on water resources as well as related hazards. The contribution of glacier mass loss to global sea-level rise and increasing number of glacier-related hazards are the most important and current socioeconomic concerns. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the changes and constant monitoring of glaciers are essential for studying climate, water resource management and hydropower and also to predict and evade glacier-related hazards. The recent advances in the techniques of earth observations have proved as a boon for investigating glaciers and glacier-related hazards. Remote sensing technology enables extraction of glacier parameters such as albedo/reflectance/scattering, glacier area, glacier zones and facies, equilibrium line, glacier thickness, volume, mass balance, velocity and glacier topography. The present chapter explores the prospective of remote sensing technology for understanding and surveying glaciers formed at high, inaccessible mountains and glacier-induced hazards.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Pratima Pandey, Alagappan Ramanathan and Gopalan\nVenkataraman",authors:[{id:"18342",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramanathan",middleName:null,surname:"Alagappan",slug:"ramanathan-alagappan",fullName:"Ramanathan Alagappan"},{id:"177179",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratima",middleName:null,surname:"Pandey",slug:"pratima-pandey",fullName:"Pratima Pandey"},{id:"178231",title:"Prof.",name:"Gopalan",middleName:null,surname:"Venkataraman",slug:"gopalan-venkataraman",fullName:"Gopalan Venkataraman"}]},{id:"60548",title:"Volcanic Glass and its Uses as Adsorbent",slug:"volcanic-glass-and-its-uses-as-adsorbent",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Volcanic glasses are an amorphous phyllosilicates formed by the fast cooling of the magma. The physicochemical properties of volcanic glasses are directly related to their chemical composition. Thus, the rhyolitic magma, which presents the highest SiO2 percentage, displays a high viscosity, which leads to explosive eruptions by the ex-solution of H2O, CO2, and SO2, when the pressure diminishes generates a macroporous structure with interesting applications in construction, as abrasive, acoustic, filter as well as in the agriculture field. The macroporosity of volcanic glass allows to host large molecules as biomolecules, tensoactives, or dyes. On the other hand, the existence of hydroxyl groups in this amorphous aluminosilicate also favors the adsorption of cations and anions, so the volcanic glass is an economical adsorbent to retain heavy metals or radioactive cations.",book:{id:"6104",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",title:"Volcanoes",fullTitle:"Volcanoes - Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health"},signatures:"Juan Antonio Cecilia, Miguel Armando Autie-Pérez, Juan Manuel\nLabadie-Suarez, Enrique Rodríguez Castellón and Antonia Infantes\nMolina",authors:[{id:"126325",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Castellón",slug:"enrique-rodriguez-castellon",fullName:"Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón"}]},{id:"57502",title:"The Characteristics of Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia",slug:"the-characteristics-of-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1869,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter discusses the unique characteristics of the volcanic eruptions in Indonesia. We know that Indonesia has 147 volcanoes and 76 of them are active volcanoes and spread along the islands of Java, Lesser Sunda, Sumatra, and Celebes. The characteristics of Indonesian volcanoes are quite unique in terms of the formation process, eruption phenomenon, and the resulting natural disasters. Most volcanoes in Indonesia consist of stratovolcanoes, but this does not mean that the resulting eruptions are always explosive and they have a long period. This can be seen from the activity of Semeru that always erupts effusively every day, Sinabung that has a very short eruption period, Tangkuban Perahu eruption that occurs suddenly with the lack of early signs, and Merapi and Kelud that have eruption period that is getting shorter. Based on the results of our study it can be known that the types of volcanic eruption are influenced by the structure of the constituent rocks of the volcanoes. However, the presence of external control factors in the form of large-scale earthquakes will affect their periodicity. The large earthquakes can affect the stability of the magma chamber that can trigger a premature eruption.",book:{id:"6104",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",title:"Volcanoes",fullTitle:"Volcanoes - Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Liliasari S",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]},{id:"51105",title:"How Polygenetic are Monogenetic Volcanoes: Case Studies of Some Complex Maar‐Diatreme Volcanoes",slug:"how-polygenetic-are-monogenetic-volcanoes-case-studies-of-some-complex-maar-diatreme-volcanoes",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The increasing number of field investigations and various controlled benchtop and large‐scale experiments have permitted the evaluation of a large number of processes involved in the formation of maar‐diatreme volcanoes, the second most common type of small‐volume subaerial volcanoes on Earth. A maar‐diatreme volcano is recognized by a volcanic crater that is cut into country rocks and surrounded by a low‐height ejecta rim composed of pyroclastic deposits of few meters to up to 200 m thick above the syn‐eruptive surface level. The craters vary from 0.1 km to up to 5 km wide and vary in depth from a few dozen meters to up to 300 m deep. Their irregular morphology reflects the simple or complex volcanic and cratering processes involved in their formation. The simplicity or complexity of the crater or the entire maar itself is usually observed in the stratigraphy of the surrounding ejecta rings. The latter are composed of sequences of successive alternating and contrastingly bedded phreatomagmatic‐derived dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDC) and fallout depositions, with occasional interbedded Strombolian‐derived spatter materials or scoria fall units, exemplifying the changes in the eruptive styles during the formation of the volcano. The entire stratigraphic sequence might be preserved as a single eruptive package (small or very thick) in which there is no stratigraphic gap or significant discordance indicative of a potential break during the eruption. A maar with a single eruptive deposit is quantified as monogenetic maar, meaning that it was formed by a single eruptive vent from which only a small and ephemeral magma erupted over a short period of time. The stratigraphy may also display several packages of deposits separated either by contrasting discordance surfaces or paleosoils, which reflect multiple phases or episodes of eruptions within the same maar. Such maars are characterized as complex polycyclic maars if the length of time between the eruptive events is relatively short (days to years). For greater length of time (thousands to millions of years), the complex maar will be quantified as polygenetic. These common depositional breaks interpreted as signs of temporal interruption of the eruptions for various timescales also indicate deep magma system processes; hence magmas of different types might erupt during the formation of both simple and complex maars. The feeding dikes can interact with groundwater and form closely distributed small craters. The latter can coalesce to form a final crater with various shapes depending on the distance between them. This observation indicates the significant role of the magmatic plumbing system on the formation and growth of complex and polygenetic maar‐diatreme volcanoes.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Boris Chako Tchamabé, Gabor Kereszturi, Karoly Németh and\nGerardo Carrasco‐Núñez",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"},{id:"182834",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Chako Tchamabé",slug:"boris-chako-tchamabe",fullName:"Boris Chako Tchamabé"},{id:"183809",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Núñez",slug:"gerardo-carrasco-nunez",fullName:"Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"658",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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