\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9519",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Epilepsy - Update on Classification, Etiologies, Instrumental Diagnosis and Treatment",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Update on Classification, Etiologies, Instrumental Diagnosis and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the last two decades, there have been enormous advances in understanding epilepsy. Techniques such as electroencephalography, neuroimaging, neurosurgery, and neuropsychology are giving us a better understanding of the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Treatments such as antiepileptic drugs, surgery, and stem cell therapy are improving patient outcomes. This book presents the most current information on the physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy.",isbn:"978-1-83962-289-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-288-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-290-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87314",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"epilepsy-update-on-classification-etiologies-instrumental-diagnosis-and-treatment",numberOfPages:254,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9074ae871f3044a2cfa973e8f516f546",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:"April 28th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9519.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6670,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 25th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 24th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 12th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 11th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. Since 2016, he has worked at the Neuroscience Department of Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.",institutionString:"Belcolle Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Ospedale di Belcolle",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"73156",title:"Definition, Classification, and Burden of Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93599",slug:"definition-classification-and-burden-of-epilepsy",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases in the world, and is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures (fits) that can occur at all ages. The causes of epilepsy are multiple, ranging from perinatal problems, traumatic brain insults, metabolic abnormalities, to infections of the central nervous system; sometimes, the causes are not known. Consensual international norms have been established for the proper diagnosis and management of epilepsy, including specificities for vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. Specific emphasis must be laid on low and middle income countries, where about 80% of all persons with epilepsy reside. In such resource-limited settings, epilepsy patients are often confronted with sub-optimal care, reduced access to treatment, and frequent epilepsy complications. Early epilepsy diagnosis and proper anti-epileptic treatment usually result in satisfactory seizure control, and enable persons with epilepsy to lead a normal life. Besides the usual medications, psychosocial support and stigma reducing interventions are crucial to improve the quality of life of affected persons and their families.",signatures:"Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73156",authors:[{id:"323941",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph Nelson",surname:"Siewe Fodjo",slug:"joseph-nelson-siewe-fodjo",fullName:"Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73285",title:"Epileptic EEG Classification by Using Advanced Signal Decomposition Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93810",slug:"epileptic-eeg-classification-by-using-advanced-signal-decomposition-methods",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are frequently used for the detection of epileptic seizures. In this chapter, advanced signal analysis methods such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Ensembe (EMD), Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and Synchrosqueezing Transform (SST) are utilized to classify epileptic EEG signals. EMD and its derivative, EEMD are recently developed methods used to decompose nonstationary and nonlinear signals such as EEG into a finite number of oscillations called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). In this study multichannel EEG signals collected from epilepsy patients are decomposed into IMFs, and then essential IMFs are selected. Finally, time- and spectral-domain, and nonlinear features are extracted from selected IMFs and classified. DMD is a new matrix decomposition method proposed as an iterative solution to problems in fluid flow analysis. We present single-channel, and multi-channel EEG based DMD approaches for the analysis of epileptic EEG signals. As a third method, we use the SST representations of seizure and pre-seizure EEG data. Various features are calculated and classified by Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Boosted Trees (BT), and Subspace kNN (S-kNN) to detect pre-seizure and seizure signals. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches achieve outstanding validation accuracy rates.",signatures:"Ozlem Karabiber Cura and Aydin Akan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73285",authors:[{id:"323508",title:"Prof.",name:"Aydin",surname:"Akan",slug:"aydin-akan",fullName:"Aydin Akan"},{id:"323510",title:null,name:"Ozlem",surname:"Karabiber Cura",slug:"ozlem-karabiber-cura",fullName:"Ozlem Karabiber Cura"}],corrections:null},{id:"75338",title:"Rolandic Epilepsy: Self-Limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96148",slug:"rolandic-epilepsy-self-limited-epilepsy-with-centrotemporal-spikes",totalDownloads:469,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, had been previously considered as benign childhood epilepsy. According to the new classification proposed by Sheffer I. and colleagues the term “benign” has been changed to “self-limited”. Many studies reported that BECTS may cause transient or long lasting cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Rolandic epilepsy is the most frequent among the childhood focal epilepsy and may account for about 15–25% of all epileptic syndromes diagnosed between the ages of 5 to 15 years. The incidence range changes between 7.1–21 per 100000 in population younger than 15 years with male predominance. The age of onset in 90% of cases between 1 and 10 years with peak around 6–7 years. Seizures mainly occur during a night sleep, whereas the probability of awake seizures are less than 10%. The characteristic clinical features are: (1) focal motor seizure with unilateral orofacial tonic or clonic contractions; (2) speech arrest; (3) hypersalivation; (4) sensory symptoms represented by unilateral numbness or paresthesia of tongue, lips, gum and inner part of the check; (5) unilateral clonic jerk in leg and arm with postictal paresis; (6) generalized seizures. The EEG picture is distinctive in Rolandic epilepsy. The background activity is almost always preserved in awake state and during a sleep. The typical interictal EEG pattern is high voltage, diphasic spikes or sharp waves frequently with slow activity on central-midtemporal region. The centrotemporal spikes or rolandic spikes come from the lower rolandic region created a horizontal dipole with maximal electronegativity in the centrotemporal region and electropositivity in the frontal region usually seen unilateral or bilateral. In most cases children with RE have a good prognosis regarding both seizures and neurodevelopment. The remission of seizures usually occurs before the age of 18 years. The cognitive and behavior problem may happen in active period of disease which are reversable in most of patients.",signatures:"Ulviyya Guliyeva, Nana Nino Tatishvili and Rauan Kaiyrzhanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75338",authors:[{id:"324284",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulviyya",surname:"Guliyeva",slug:"ulviyya-guliyeva",fullName:"Ulviyya Guliyeva"},{id:"345949",title:"Prof.",name:"Nana",surname:"Tatishvili",slug:"nana-tatishvili",fullName:"Nana Tatishvili"},{id:"346211",title:"Dr.",name:"Rauan",surname:"Kaiyrzhanov",slug:"rauan-kaiyrzhanov",fullName:"Rauan Kaiyrzhanov"}],corrections:null},{id:"73193",title:"Review in Autism and Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93424",slug:"review-in-autism-and-epilepsy",totalDownloads:414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of undefined etiology characterized by social, communication deficits, and restricted interests/repetitive or isolated behaviors. The determination of autism is made in early life as the patients create unusual or decreased social interaction and communication, together with stereotypic movement. In most patients, a delay in verbal and nonverbal communication is watched, whereas a few patients never accomplish valuable language. Patients with autism and epilepsy may develop any type of seizure and maybe all type of seizures. Interestingly, not absolutely understood relationship between each and a lot of research in progress concerning these relations. In patients with autism, some they do not develop seizures; however, abnormal paroxysmal electroencephalographic “EEG” activity can be seen in up to 30%. For that reason, important investigation of patients with autistic spectrum disorders, and any kids with language regression, should always include sleep recording EEG in order to exclude acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome). The complex relationship between autism and epilepsy provides a bridge to further knowledge of shared neuronal networks for both the autisms and the epilepsies We review the literature to elucidate the relationships between epilepsy and autism.",signatures:"Mashael AlKhateeb and Hesham AlDhalaan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73193",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73193",authors:[{id:"326597",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",surname:"AlKhateeb",slug:"mashael-alkhateeb",fullName:"Mashael AlKhateeb"},{id:"326945",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesham",surname:"AlDhalaan",slug:"hesham-aldhalaan",fullName:"Hesham AlDhalaan"}],corrections:null},{id:"74373",title:"Cerebrovascular Disease; A Leading Cause of Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95119",slug:"cerebrovascular-disease-a-leading-cause-of-epilepsy",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Various types of cerebrovascular diseases can result in epilepsy in any age, especially in the elderly. Besides well-known cause of epilepsy as large cerebral infarction involving cerebral cortex and intracerebral hemorrhage, there are growing evidences of roles of subcortical infarction, chronic subdural hematoma, and superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We review here the epidemiology and possible predictors of epilepsy in each type of cerebrovascular lesions and summarize the characteristics of semiology and electroencephalography findings in order to take early treatment strategy. Additionally, relevance of acute-symptomatic seizures and status epilepticus to epilepsy is discussed.",signatures:"Kaoru Obata, Kazuaki Sato, Hiroya Ohara and Masako Kinoshita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74373",authors:[{id:"290736",title:"Prof.",name:"Masako",surname:"Kinoshita",slug:"masako-kinoshita",fullName:"Masako Kinoshita"},{id:"325231",title:"M.D.",name:"Kaoru",surname:"Obata",slug:"kaoru-obata",fullName:"Kaoru Obata"},{id:"341189",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuaki",surname:"Sato",slug:"kazuaki-sato",fullName:"Kazuaki Sato"},{id:"341190",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroya",surname:"Ohara",slug:"hiroya-ohara",fullName:"Hiroya Ohara"}],corrections:null},{id:"74381",title:"Clinical Applications of Brain Mapping in Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95121",slug:"clinical-applications-of-brain-mapping-in-epilepsy",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"EEG brain mapping is a neurophysiological technique based on computer-assisted analysis of conventional EEG. This technique, generally consisting in quantitative analysis of EEG (QEEG), includes topographic displays of frequency or voltage, statistical comparison to normal values and discriminant analysis. QEEG assessment still remains controversy about its clinical role. QEEG topographic analysis could be useful in many neurological diseases: in cerebrovascular disease EEG analysis is useful since EEG parameters are highly correlates with regional blood and metabolism; in degenerative disease (as dementia or encephalopathies) quantitative EEG frequency analysis could suggest an organic base of the disorder even if it is not able to distinguish between the types of dementia. QEEG techniques are also potentially useful in identifying anomalies in patients with cerebral trauma or in children with cognitive disorders. In the field of epilepsy EEG brain mapping could help clinics to detect spikes, locate an epileptic focus and suggest the type of epilepsy. In this chapter author describes principles of EEG brain mapping and its potential applications in particular in the epileptic field.",signatures:"Sandro Misciagna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74381",authors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],corrections:null},{id:"73789",title:"Is EEG a Useful Examination Tool for Diagnosis of Epilepsy and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94352",slug:"is-eeg-a-useful-examination-tool-for-diagnosis-of-epilepsy-and-comorbid-psychiatric-disorders-",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diagnosis of epilepsy usually involves interviewing the patients and the individuals who witnessed the seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG) adds useful information for the diagnosis of epilepsy when epileptic abnormalities emerge. EEG exhibits nonlinearity and weak stationarity. Thus, nonlinear EEG analysis may be useful for clinical application. We examined only about English language studies of nonlinear EEG analysis that compared normal EEG and interictal EEG and reported the accuracy. We identified 60 studies from the public data of Andrzejak 2001 and two studies that did not use the data of Andrzejak 2001. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy were not reported in nonlinear EEG analysis except for one case series of comorbid psychotic disorders. Using a variety of feature extraction methods and classifier methods, we concluded that the studies that used the data of Andrzejak 2001 played a valuable role in EEG diagnosis of epilepsy. In the future, according to the evolution of artificial intelligence, deep learning, new nonlinear analysis methods, and the EEG association with the rating scale of the quality of life and psychiatric symptoms, we anticipate that EEG diagnosis of epilepsy, seizures, and comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy will be possible.",signatures:"Hideki Azuma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73789",authors:[{id:"325400",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",surname:"Azuma",slug:"hideki-azuma",fullName:"Hideki Azuma"}],corrections:null},{id:"73163",title:"EEG Signal Denoising Using Haar Transform and Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) for the Finding of Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93180",slug:"eeg-signal-denoising-using-haar-transform-and-maximal-overlap-discrete-wavelet-transform-modwt-for-t",totalDownloads:519,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wavelet transform filters the signal without changing the pattern of the signal. The transformation techniques have been applied to the continuous time domain signals. The chapter is devoted to the study of the EEG (ElectroEncephaloGram) Signal processing using Haar wavelet transform and Maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) for the analyzing of Epilepsy. Haar transform returns the approximation coefficients and detail coefficients. Detail coefficients are generally referred to as the wavelet coefficients and are a highpass representation of the input. In this chapter, with the help of Haar transform, the detailed coefficients of the input signal have been analyzed for the detection of Epilepsy. Maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform filters the noise coefficients of the input signal in each and every level, and it has displayed the filtered output signal.",signatures:"Sasikumar Gurumoorthy, Naresh Babu Muppalaneni and G. Sandhya Kumari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73163",authors:[{id:"323288",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasikumar",surname:"Gurumoorthy",slug:"sasikumar-gurumoorthy",fullName:"Sasikumar Gurumoorthy"},{id:"323289",title:"Dr.",name:"Naresh Babu",surname:"Muppalaneni",slug:"naresh-babu-muppalaneni",fullName:"Naresh Babu Muppalaneni"},{id:"323290",title:"Ms.",name:"G.",surname:"Sandhya Kumari",slug:"g.-sandhya-kumari",fullName:"G. Sandhya Kumari"}],corrections:null},{id:"74279",title:"Epileptic Seizure Prediction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94005",slug:"epileptic-seizure-prediction",totalDownloads:530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Epilepsy is a nervous disease which causes seizures. Electroencephalography (EEG) gives complex information about the brain dynamics but its visual inspection is difficult and requires skilled interpreters. Source localization means identifying the area of the brain where a seizure can occur. In general, source localization is necessary for patients with a special condition in epilepsy, i.e. when their disease is resistant to drugs. One-third of the people having epilepsy are drug resistant and the latest anti-epileptic drugs cannot stop the seizures completely. Unexpected occurrence of seizure disturbs the quality of life and causes physical damage and thus epilepsy should be predicted. This study will use various signal processing methods to extract features by studying the pre-ictal and inter-ictal periods, localize the source and then finally predict epilepsy with the help of Artificial Neural Networks. The knowledge thus derived can help in preparing a wearable brain - computer interface.",signatures:"Shaik Jakeer Hussain and Gurajapu Raja Sumant",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74279",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74279",authors:[{id:"323417",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaik",surname:"Jakeer Hussain",slug:"shaik-jakeer-hussain",fullName:"Shaik Jakeer Hussain"},{id:"323495",title:"Mr.",name:"Gurajapu",surname:"Raja Sumant",slug:"gurajapu-raja-sumant",fullName:"Gurajapu Raja Sumant"}],corrections:null},{id:"73208",title:"The Dynamic of EEG Characteristics in Epileptic Children during the Treatment with Valproic Acid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93574",slug:"the-dynamic-of-eeg-characteristics-in-epileptic-children-during-the-treatment-with-valproic-acid",totalDownloads:353,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anticonvulsant drug (AED) treatment in epileptic children should be optimized through the anticipation of AED effectiveness at the beginning of the treatment. Researchers thought that the complex EEG analysis should identify the AED treatment’s output in children with epilepsy. The research purpose is to study the different EEG pattern bases on AED treatment. A total of 43 patients with ages of 3–9 years were studied. Three EEGs’ registration took place: before valproic acid-depakin (Dep) treatment, second (3 months), and third (6 months) after treatment. The background EEG pattern was investigated as a quantitative [absolute power spectra (APs)] and brain mapping. In addition, epileptiform EEG and the clinical characteristics of patients were evaluated. Valproic acid reduces Aps in high-amplitude slow waves and spontaneous epileptic patterns decrease and spike-wave complex (3/s) reduces; spikes-polyspikes, sharp waves, and generalized paroxysms during functional tests decreased. The rhythmic monomorphic theta waves (RMT) of tempo-parietal region were studied using brain mapping. The RMT correlated with the recurrence of seizures if Dep was withdrawn. The AED treatment effectiveness had been shown by decreases of slow waves and suppression of epileptiform EEG pattern and clinical improvement. The effective AED therapy should consider the analysis of the base EEG pattern, power spectra, and EEG mapping.",signatures:"Irma Khachidze",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73208",authors:[{id:"283049",title:"Dr.",name:"Irma",surname:"Khachidze",slug:"irma-khachidze",fullName:"Irma Khachidze"}],corrections:null},{id:"73878",title:"Cognitive and Psychological Side Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94308",slug:"cognitive-and-psychological-side-effects-of-antiepileptic-drugs",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among well-known side effects such as dizziness, nausea, headache and diplopia medical treatment of epilepsy may cause side effects on cognition, mood and behavior. In special constellations this can profoundly affect compliance with the medication as well as quality of life. Some patients are more vulnerable to side effects than others. Side effects can have profound impact on the development and future life of a patient. Some antiepileptic drugs (e.g. topiramate, zonisamide) show a more severe side effect profile than others (e.g. lamotrigine, levetiracetam). Thus, in the treatment of epilepsy, it is crucial to consider such possible side effects – especially in the beginning of or while changing the medical treatment. Specific neuropsychological examinations can monitor side effects on cognitive functions like concentration, memory or speech function. If this is not possible in an ambulant setting, specific screening instruments and repeated and precise interviews of patients and/or relatives can help to discover potential side effects. Because most side effects can be reversible, dosage modification or drug replacement is required as soon as incompatibilities are discovered.",signatures:"Katja Eva Brückner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73878",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73878",authors:[{id:"325127",title:"Dr.",name:"Katja",surname:"Brückner",slug:"katja-bruckner",fullName:"Katja Brückner"}],corrections:null},{id:"73337",title:"Challenges Related to Epilepsy Management in Sudan, an Example of Low-Middle Income Country",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93907",slug:"challenges-related-to-epilepsy-management-in-sudan-an-example-of-low-middle-income-country",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases that require long-term healthcare, although it has no racial, gender, or geographical boundaries, certain populations and demographics face different challenges regarding management of epilepsy. These challenges include patients’ and communities’ misconceptions of epilepsy nature, treatment and outcome, various use of traditional and spiritual therapy in management of epilepsy, stigma of epilepsy, shortage of neurology facilities and specialists and their aggregation in the capital, and collapse of the healthcare system in Sudan. This chapter aims to highlight some of the difficulties facing people with epilepsy in Sudan, an example of a low middle-income country.",signatures:"Ismat Babiker, Awab Saad, Basil Ibrahim and Mohamed Abdelsadig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73337",authors:[{id:"323431",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismat",surname:"Babiker",slug:"ismat-babiker",fullName:"Ismat Babiker"},{id:"323773",title:"Dr.",name:"Awab",surname:"Saad",slug:"awab-saad",fullName:"Awab Saad"},{id:"328825",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdelsadig",slug:"mohamed-abdelsadig",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelsadig"},{id:"328826",title:"Dr.",name:"Basil",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"basil-ibrahim",fullName:"Basil Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"73600",title:"Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93602",slug:"presurgical-evaluation-of-epilepsy-surgery",totalDownloads:424,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is defined as failure of two adequate trials of appropriately chosen and administered antiepileptic drugs. Approximately about 30% of epilepsy patients are drug resistant. Accountable reasons to treatment failure including failure to recognize epilepsy syndrome, poor drug compliance, lifestyle factors, etc. In modern era of medicine, DRE patient should be encouraged to have early referral to tertiary epilepsy centre for presurgical evaluation. Comprehensive neurophysiology, structural neuroimaging, and neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment are regarded as essential elements. Invasive electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring in terms of subdural electrodes, depth electrodes, foramen ovale electrodes, and more advanced technique using stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) are strong armamentarium for epilepsy surgeon. Epilepsy surgery in terms of resection, disconnection, or neuro-modulation should be recommended after a multi-disciplinary agreement.",signatures:"Tak Lap Poon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73600",authors:[{id:"323777",title:"Dr.",name:"Tak Lap",surname:"Poon",slug:"tak-lap-poon",fullName:"Tak Lap Poon"}],corrections:null},{id:"73453",title:"Pyramid Exploration Intervention, Environmental Enrichment, Aerobic Swimming Exercise and Brain Neuroplasticity in the Kainate Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93914",slug:"pyramid-exploration-intervention-environmental-enrichment-aerobic-swimming-exercise-and-brain-neurop",totalDownloads:343,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Previous studies have shown that environmental enrichment increases neurogenesis and reverses learning and memory deficits in rats with kainate-induced seizures. We tested the hypothesis that exploring a wooden pyramid for 3h/d augments neurogenesis and attenuates the learning and memory deficits following chemical lesioning of the hippocampus and motor cortex with kainic acid (KA). A pyramid exploration intervention (PEI) was created by subjecting rats to residing in a pyramidal wooden structure of 3 h/d for 30 d. We also compared the effects on neurogenesis for PEI to those for aerobic (swimming) exercise (EX) and environmental enrichment via exploration of a rectangular-shaped wooden cage. Following KA seizures, the PEI increased brain neurogenesis. Differences in measures of neurogenesis were not significantly different than those for EX and EE. Aerobic (swimming) exercise and novel environment exposures appear to increase neural plasticity and may be considered a complementary treatment for epilepsy.",signatures:"Vasavi R. Gorantla, Sabyasachi Maity and Richard M. Millis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73453",authors:[{id:"324135",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard M.",surname:"Millis",slug:"richard-m.-millis",fullName:"Richard M. Millis"},{id:"329585",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vasavi R.",surname:"Gorantla",slug:"vasavi-r.-gorantla",fullName:"Vasavi R. Gorantla"},{id:"329696",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",surname:"Maity",slug:"sabyasachi-maity",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maity"}],corrections:null},{id:"73296",title:"Current Status and Potential Challenges of Cell-Based Therapy for Treating Status Epilepticus and Chronic Epilepsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93811",slug:"current-status-and-potential-challenges-of-cell-based-therapy-for-treating-status-epilepticus-and-ch",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Chronic and recurrent seizures may give rise to cell necrosis, astrocyte activation, neuron death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that cell-based therapy is a promising treatment option for epilepsy. Various stem cell types were used for treatment of epilepsy in basic and experimental researches. It is especially vital to gauge the efficacy of distinct donor cell types, such as the embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hippocampal precursor cells, γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic progenitors, neural stem cells. The goal of this chapter is to evaluate the progress made hitherto in this area and to discuss the prospect for cell-based therapy for epilepsy.",signatures:"Huifang Zhao and Zhiyuan Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73296",authors:[{id:"102881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiyuan",surname:"Li",slug:"zhiyuan-li",fullName:"Zhiyuan Li"},{id:"325855",title:"Dr.",name:"Huifang",surname:"Zhao",slug:"huifang-zhao",fullName:"Huifang Zhao"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3454",title:"Positron Emission Tomography",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Instrumentation, Research and Clinical Oncological Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391535d2cdebfe48d3fd6822480d9079",slug:"positron-emission-tomography-recent-developments-in-instrumentation-research-and-clinical-oncological-practice",bookSignature:"Sandro 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Techniques such as electroencephalography, neuroimaging, neurosurgery, and neuropsychology are giving us a better understanding of the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Treatments such as antiepileptic drugs, surgery, and stem cell therapy are improving patient outcomes. This book presents the most current information on the physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy.",isbn:"978-1-83962-289-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-288-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-290-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87314",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"epilepsy-update-on-classification-etiologies-instrumental-diagnosis-and-treatment",numberOfPages:254,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9074ae871f3044a2cfa973e8f516f546",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:"April 28th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9519.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6670,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 25th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 24th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 12th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 11th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna, received his degree in medicine in 1995 and in neurology in 1999 at Catholic University in Rome. In 2003 he took PhD in Neuroscience at Catholic University in Rome discussing the behavioural and cognitive profile of patients with frontotemporal dementia. As a clinician, he has worked in different neurological departments of Italian hospitals, Alzheimer’s clinics, Neuropsychiatric clinics, and Neurological rehabilitative departments.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. Since 2016, he has worked at the Neuroscience Department of Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.",institutionString:"Belcolle Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Ospedale di Belcolle",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"73156",title:"Definition, Classification, and Burden of Epilepsy",slug:"definition-classification-and-burden-of-epilepsy",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"323941",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph Nelson",surname:"Siewe Fodjo",slug:"joseph-nelson-siewe-fodjo",fullName:"Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo"}]},{id:"73285",title:"Epileptic EEG Classification by Using Advanced Signal Decomposition Methods",slug:"epileptic-eeg-classification-by-using-advanced-signal-decomposition-methods",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"323508",title:"Prof.",name:"Aydin",surname:"Akan",slug:"aydin-akan",fullName:"Aydin Akan"},{id:"323510",title:null,name:"Ozlem",surname:"Karabiber Cura",slug:"ozlem-karabiber-cura",fullName:"Ozlem Karabiber Cura"}]},{id:"75338",title:"Rolandic Epilepsy: Self-Limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes",slug:"rolandic-epilepsy-self-limited-epilepsy-with-centrotemporal-spikes",totalDownloads:469,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"324284",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulviyya",surname:"Guliyeva",slug:"ulviyya-guliyeva",fullName:"Ulviyya Guliyeva"},{id:"345949",title:"Prof.",name:"Nana",surname:"Tatishvili",slug:"nana-tatishvili",fullName:"Nana Tatishvili"},{id:"346211",title:"Dr.",name:"Rauan",surname:"Kaiyrzhanov",slug:"rauan-kaiyrzhanov",fullName:"Rauan Kaiyrzhanov"}]},{id:"73193",title:"Review in Autism and Epilepsy",slug:"review-in-autism-and-epilepsy",totalDownloads:414,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"326597",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",surname:"AlKhateeb",slug:"mashael-alkhateeb",fullName:"Mashael AlKhateeb"},{id:"326945",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesham",surname:"AlDhalaan",slug:"hesham-aldhalaan",fullName:"Hesham AlDhalaan"}]},{id:"74373",title:"Cerebrovascular Disease; A Leading Cause of Epilepsy",slug:"cerebrovascular-disease-a-leading-cause-of-epilepsy",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"290736",title:"Prof.",name:"Masako",surname:"Kinoshita",slug:"masako-kinoshita",fullName:"Masako Kinoshita"},{id:"325231",title:"M.D.",name:"Kaoru",surname:"Obata",slug:"kaoru-obata",fullName:"Kaoru Obata"},{id:"341189",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuaki",surname:"Sato",slug:"kazuaki-sato",fullName:"Kazuaki Sato"},{id:"341190",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroya",surname:"Ohara",slug:"hiroya-ohara",fullName:"Hiroya Ohara"}]},{id:"74381",title:"Clinical Applications of Brain Mapping in Epilepsy",slug:"clinical-applications-of-brain-mapping-in-epilepsy",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}]},{id:"73789",title:"Is EEG a Useful Examination Tool for Diagnosis of Epilepsy and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders?",slug:"is-eeg-a-useful-examination-tool-for-diagnosis-of-epilepsy-and-comorbid-psychiatric-disorders-",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"325400",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",surname:"Azuma",slug:"hideki-azuma",fullName:"Hideki Azuma"}]},{id:"73163",title:"EEG Signal Denoising Using Haar Transform and Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) for the Finding of Epilepsy",slug:"eeg-signal-denoising-using-haar-transform-and-maximal-overlap-discrete-wavelet-transform-modwt-for-t",totalDownloads:519,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"323288",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasikumar",surname:"Gurumoorthy",slug:"sasikumar-gurumoorthy",fullName:"Sasikumar Gurumoorthy"},{id:"323289",title:"Dr.",name:"Naresh Babu",surname:"Muppalaneni",slug:"naresh-babu-muppalaneni",fullName:"Naresh Babu Muppalaneni"},{id:"323290",title:"Ms.",name:"G.",surname:"Sandhya Kumari",slug:"g.-sandhya-kumari",fullName:"G. 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The main functions of the eyelid are to provide protection for the moist surface of the eye. Due to its function and exposition to outside factors such as sunlight, it has distinctive anatomy and requires a unique approach. Because of its location and morphology, it often poses a challenge for contact dermatoscopy in diagnosis and requires distinct surgical methods when such an approach is necessary. Lesions located in the eyelid area may be visualized using a non-contact dermatoscope. More accessible areas of this region may be visualized with contact dermatoscopy using a non-alcoholic medium and a special contact plate designed to be used in difficult anatomical locations (Figures 1 and 2). Due to a close relation with sensitive conjunctiva, the examination may be preceded by applying local anesthetic drop (e.g. Proxymetacainum) into the conjunctival sack in order to prevent pain reflex and eyelid closure. To reduce the risk of irritation, an ophthalmic gel may be used instead of the immersion fluid. Another less recommended approach may involve a dry dermatoscopy, without a contact plate or with a contact plate, but without immersion fluid.
A hand dermatoscope with a contact plate designed for difficult anatomical locations.
A small junctional nevus visualized with a contact plate designed for difficult locations.
The eyelid can be divided into four layers. Eyelid skin is continuous with the skin of the face, although it is substantially thinner. Underneath the skin lies the striated muscle called the orbicularis muscle, which is responsible for eye closure. Deeper lies the tarsus, a strong plate of dense connective tissue with meibomian glands. The innermost layer of the eyelid is the conjunctiva. The eyelids contain various glands like the eccrine sweat glands of the eyelid skin and the accessory lacrimal gland of Krause and Wolfring in the conjunctiva, the gland of Moll (an apocrine gland), and the sebaceous glands–the Meibomian glands and the glands of Zeiss.
Benign and malignant tumors may originate in all of the mentioned layers, although they are usually of skin origin, mostly epidermal [1].
Although the most numerous epithelial tumors of the eyelid margin like basal cell carcinoma except for its pigmented variant, epithelial cysts, or actinic keratosis will mainly not be discussed in this chapter.
Freckles are small (1–5 mm in diameter), flat brown skin spots located in skin exposed to sunlight. They are usually multiple lesions in one site. Histologically, there is hyperpigmentation of the basal cell layer but no elongation of the rete ridges. They tend to darken after exposition to sunlight and lighten when devoid of it. With time they may clinically disappear. Dermoscopic features include evenly distributed pigmentation and a moth-eaten border [2, 3].
Simple lentigo (lentigo simplex) is a skin lesion with well-demarcated borders, light to dark brown. Arise due to melanocyte proliferation in the basal layer of the epidermis. They do not darken when exposed to sunlight which differentiates them from freckles. Multiple appearances of lentigo simplex lesions are called lentiginosis [4]. Dermatoscopic features include structureless homogenous pigmentation. These lesions may be congenital and may be associated with genetic syndromes like Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, Carney Complex, or LEOPARD Syndrome [5]. Dermatoscopic features include a uniform thin brown, black or blue network (Figures 3 and 4).
Lentigo simplex of the lower eyelid.
Lentigo.
Nevus is commonly found in the area of the eyelids. It is a heterogeneous group of lesions with a wide array of clinical and histological presentation.
A congenital nevus is found in the skin of the eyelids in about 1% of newborns. It may vary in size, from small to large. Large lesions have a higher rate of malignant transformation. Histologically a congenital nevus is similar to an acquired nevus.
A kissing or split nevus is a rare subtype of a congenital nevus that appear on both the upper and lower eyelid. Its unique morphology indicates that it developed early in utero, before the 20th week of gestation, when the eyelids are divided [6, 7]. Due to its difficult location involving both eyelids and usually a large diameter as well as typically benign nature, those type of nevi are not usually surgically treated [7].
Nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis) is a benign melanocytic lesion involving the face and eyelid region, specifically the area supported by the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve. It is usually congenital but may appear in puberty. It appears due to the entrapment of melanocytes in the upper third of the dermis. The deeper location of melanocytes gives this lesion a blue/gray appearance. The cause of the failure of migration of the melanocytes to their typical location in the basal layer of the epidermis remains unknown. In addition to covering the eyelids nevus of Ota may also involve the conjunctiva as well as the sclera, increasing the risk of developing glaucoma. It also affects the uveal tract of the eye, increasing the risk of uveal melanoma. Histologically distinct dendritic melanocytes can be found in the affected areas [8]. It is usually unilateral. Some authors use the term “nevus of Hori” for a bilateral involvement [9].
Acquired nevus appears commonly in the eyelid area. The lesions usually appear in childhood and may increase in size during patient growth.
Histologically there are three main types of acquired nevus, according to the location of melanocyte proliferation: the junctional nevus, located in the dermo-epidermal junction, the intradermal nevus, located only in the dermis, and the compound nevus, which involves both of these locations. Junctional appears mainly among younger patients and presents as a flat, evenly colored spot. Dermatoscopic features include reticular or globular patterns, interrupted by the presence of follicular openings, the intradermal nevus is located deeper in the dermis and may be elevated or papillomatous in shape. It might be slightly pigmented or have no pigmentation (achromic) at all. Dermatoscopic features may include comma vessels, globular pattern, centered coma, and occasionally arborizing vessels in case of repetitive trauma. A compound nevus combines the characteristics of the previous lesions.
A distinct subtype of intradermal nevus appearing in the face and neck region is called the Miescher’s nevus. Its dermatoscopic features may include a homogeneous globular pattern with the focal and symmetric arrangement of globules arranged in a cobblestone pattern.
Some achromic intradermal nevus located on the eyelid margin may be misdiagnosed as basal cell carcinoma, which is typically found in the lower eyelid. Madarosis is often associated as a sign of malignancy, brown structureless pigmentation and brown globules are on the other hand more frequent in a nevi. Basal cell carcinoma has a more shiny and smooth surface, deprived of hair, whereas dermal nevus is more papilomatous with visible skin markings and hair follicles (Figures 5–14) [10].
A subtle junctional nevus close with a line of Meibomian glands. Courtesy of Pawel Pietkiewicz MD, PhD.
A junctional nevus of the eyelid margin.
Compound nevus of the eyelid margin with a junctional nevus of the conjunctiva.
Intradermal nevus of the eyelid margin – So called Miescher’s nevus.
An achromic intradermal nevus of the eyelid margin.
An achromic intradermal nevus of the upper eyelid.
An achromic kissing nevus of the upper and lower eyelid.
An intradermal nevus as seen in dermatoscope.
An intradermal nevus of the eyelid margin.
A hypochromic intradermal nevus of the eyelid margin initially referenced as basal cell carcinoma.
This benign skin lesion is a proliferation of basaloid cells. Although it is not composed of melanocytes, it may be pigmentary in appearance due to a transfer of melanin from them to the keratinocytes. It is usually a well-demarcated plaque or papilla [13]. Dermatoscopic features include fingerprinting or cerebrilike (brain-like) structures, comedo-like openings or pseudocomedones, moth-eaten borders, sharp demarcation and milia-like cysts, and centered looped vessels (Figure 15) [14].
Verruca seborrhoica.
The eyelid skin is rich with glandular tissue which may produce cystic lesions like epidermal inclusion cysts, hidrocystomas which appear when a gland duct is occluded. Those benign lesions may sometimes be misdiagnosed as malignant, especially when filled with blood or blood components that give them a pigmented appearance. The most typical dermatoscopic findings include the structureless pattern with cystic intradermal space filled with fluid and the presence of arborizing vessels (Figures 16 and 17) [15].
Inclusion cyst filled with blood.
Inclusion cyst of the eyelid margin.
Melanoma of the eyelid region is sporadic, comprising less than 1% of all malignant eyelid lesion [16]. Due to the fact that the lower eyelid is much more exposed to ultraviolet light, melanoma appears much more commonly in this region compared to the upper eyelid [17]. It affects mainly patients with blond or red hair, pale skin, and the presence of multiple skin lesions, a tendency to burn and tan poorly, and a history of sunburn in childhood as well as artificial tanning before 25 years old.
The most common histological variants of melanoma in the eyelid area are lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading melanoma [18, 19]. The most common dermatoscopic features include a higher number of dermatoscopic structures, and colors. The most prevalent pattern of melanoma in the face include gray color (homogenous areas, globules, dots, and circles), annular-granular pattern (dots aggregated around hair follicles), rhomboidal structures, and finally, obliterated hair follicles in invasive melanoma. Additional features include a shiny white line and a blue-whitish veil (Figures 18 and 19).
A suspicious compound nevus of the eyelid margin.
Superficial spreading melanoma of the eyelid margin with a vertical nodular growth.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant skin lesion, accounting for 86% of all cutaneous malignancies. BCC is typically located in the lower eyelid or medial canthus. Clinically and histologically, the most common variants are the nodular, superficial, micronodular, morphiform, and pigmented. Pigmented BCC (pBCC) it is uncommon in light skin types, and more common in darker ones. The reason for the pigmented appearance of these lesions is that, that histologically they are composed of basaloid tumor cells intermingled with dendritic melanocytes. The melanocytes themselves usually do not demonstrate any atypical characteristics. No prognostic differences in pBCC are noted in comparison with clinically nonpigmented lesions [20]. Dermatoscopic features may vary. The most common dermatoscopic findings include arborizing vessels as well as mentioned above intense pink homogenous areas or yellow collor corresponding to ulceration. The vascular patterns may be different depending on the type of BCC. Nodular BCC usually presents with classical arborizing vessels while short telangiectasia suggests superficial BCC. Additional features may include leaf-like areas, spoke wheel-like areas, milia-like cysts, large ovoid nests, and target-like areas. Up to 10% of BCCs may contain pigmented structures like globules or dots [21, 22, 23]. Accurate dermatoscopic examination of the lesion borders may help plan surgical margins which may prove different than the ones observed surgically (Figures 20 and 21).
Pigmentary basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid presenting shiny pearly-like surface.
Pigmentary basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid with ovoid nests, arborizing vesse, and central ulceration.
Infrequently, conjunctival lesions may also affect the eyelid margin. In the case of diffuse conjunctival infiltration, the involvement of eyelid skin should be considered a poor prognostic factor. When noticing a melanocytic lesion of the eyelid margin, one should perform a precise assessment of the conjunctiva and conjunctival fornix, both the lower and the upper. Dermoscopic features of conjunctival melanoma were characterized as structureless areas, irregular dots, and a high prevalence of gray coloration [15]. Authors suggest that typical dermatoscopic features of skin melanoma may be also present in conjunctival melanoma such as atypical pigment network, irregular dots, and globules, regression structures, as well as blue-white veil (Figure 22) [24].
Melanoma in situ of the conjunctiva, affecting the eyelid margin presenting black-brown-gray homogeneous area sparing hair follicle openings.
While not specifically part of the eyelid region, the caruncle remains an interesting aspect. Although it may be confused with conjunctival tissue due to its proximity, it is, in fact, a skin fold covered with sebaceous and sweat glands located in the medial canthus of the eye. Due to its nature, although infrequently, it may be a point of origin for various skin lesions, mainly nevi or papillomas (Figure 23) [15, 25].
Junctional nevus of the caruncle.
Because of the distinct anatomy of the eyelid, pigmented lesions of this area require a specific approach. Due to the eyelid being a very important cosmetic feature of the face, some patients pay special attention to lesions appearing in this region. Benign pigmented lesions may be removed by an ophthalmologist or an oculoplastic surgeon using surgery or other destructive methods such as cryotherapy or laser treatment after a careful dermatoscopic examination. Suspicious lesions require an incisional or excisional biopsy to determine their nature. Incisional biopsy should be chosen for large lesions, while small may undergo excisional biopsy.
Basal cell carcinoma with its pigmented variant may require Mohs micrographic surgery to safely assess its margins with the least healthy tissue traumatization.
General guidelines for the management of melanoma located in different areas of the body, where wide surgical excision is performed with margins according to the Breslow scale are not perfectly suitable for eyelid skin. It is caused by the specific anatomy of skin in this region and by the proximity of critical structures and difficulties with reconstructive surgery of large eyelid defects. Because of that, most surgeons suggest 3–5 mm surgical margins, however, this issue remains controversial, as some authors use up to 10 mm of safe surgical margin [17, 18, 26]. Long-term observations suggest a high rate of recurrence in the area of the head and neck.
Diffuse melanoma of the conjunctiva with the involvement of the eyelid region may require orbital exenteration which includes removal of the eyelids, the eyeball, and all surrounding tissues and remains a very traumatizing surgical procedure.
Because of the distinct anatomy of the eyelid, pigmentary lesions of this area require a specific, multidisciplinary approach including a dermatologist, ophthalmologist, oculoplastic surgeon, and oncologist.
All photographs presented in this chapter, unless stated otherwise, have been captured in Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
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\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
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\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
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\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
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\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
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He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). 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