\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5792",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sea Urchin - From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",title:"Sea Urchin",subtitle:"From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is addressed to the readers operating in the sea urchin field of research, as well as to the lovers of this fascinating organism. Sea urchin, among the most known marine invertebrates belonging to the deuterostomes, is more closely related to humans than other invertebrates, thus representing a suitable model system not only for developmental biology and ecotoxicology but also for biomedicine. The topics described highlight the validity and versatility of this organism for different kinds of investigations. A collection of interesting chapters contributes to this volume and clearly shows the reason of the high interest manifested by a huge number of scientists around the world for this organism over time. Each contribution is a separate and comprehensive chapter but within the book's aim.",isbn:"978-953-51-3526-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3525-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4636-0",doi:"10.5772/65503",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sea-urchin-from-environment-to-aquaculture-and-biomedicine",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"03e5af4d15dfb028a11e298e47948799",bookSignature:"Maria Agnello",publishedDate:"October 4th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5792.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8607,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 8th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175306/images/6183_n.jpg",biography:"She graduated in Biological Sciences that enabled to the profession of biologist in 2001; in 2005, she achieved the qualification of laboratory technologist and in 2006 the PhD degree in Cellular and Developmental Biology. From 2006 to 2010, she was a research fellow at the current Department STEBICEF of Palermo University, and from 2010 to 2017, she was an adjunct professor of Developmental Biology for the degree course of Biological Sciences. She was an associated research fellow for the SZN of Naples since 2016; in the current year, she achieved the enablement to associate professor for the “Comparative Anatomy and Cytology” sector. Her research activity, focused on stress response, apoptosis, autophagy and mitochondria in embryos and oocytes of sea urchin, has led to several publications on international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Palermo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"322",title:"Mariculture",slug:"mariculture"}],chapters:[{id:"56623",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sea Urchin - Knowledge and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70415",slug:"introductory-chapter-sea-urchin-knowledge-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1474,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Agnello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56623",authors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello"}],corrections:null},{id:"54868",title:"Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: A Comparative Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68469",slug:"sea-urchin-covering-behavior-a-comparative-review",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Covering behavior in sea urchins is an important aspect of many species’ ecology and has a variety of perceived benefits including food source, mechanical defense, shielding from sunlight, and predator protection. The goal of this study was to determine whether an urchin genus’s main benefit from this form of crypsis is correlated with either phylogenetic relationships or environmental factors (ocean depth and climate). To evaluate this hypothesis, a literature review was conducted on 15 urchin genera that use the covering reaction. The function of this behavior for the aforementioned genera was both mapped onto a phylogeny and evaluated, based on the climate and depth of the genera’s habitats to determine whether the patterns exist. The results suggest that phylogenetic relationships provide a more functional predictive tool for determining the purpose of covering in an urchin genus than its environment. This conclusion is useful for understanding the biology of sea urchins as well as how the covering reaction relates to the many other cryptic behaviors used by animal species.",signatures:"Morgan A. Ziegenhorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54868",authors:[{id:"196540",title:"Ms.",name:"Morgan",surname:"Ziegenhorn",slug:"morgan-ziegenhorn",fullName:"Morgan Ziegenhorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56010",title:"Effects of Environmental Factors on Reproduction of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69511",slug:"effects-of-environmental-factors-on-reproduction-of-the-sea-urchin-strongylocentrotus-intermedius",totalDownloads:1502,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The results of long-term studies (2003–2015) of the reproductive biology of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in wild populations located in the northwestern Sea of Japan along 400 km of the coast of the Primorye region of Russia and differing by the level of anthropogenic pressure are reported. Our analysis showed that since 1970–1980s, the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer occurred in S. intermedius populations inhabiting anthropogenically polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay, resulting in the appearance of three types of populations that differ from each other in the proportions of individuals with early spawning (the end of May–June) and late spawning (September–early October). Our results indicate that neither photoperiod nor temperature may be considered as the primary external factors determining a shift in S. intermedius temporal patterns of gonad maturation and the timing of spawning and that phytoplankton concentration is the main factor for initiation of sea urchin spawning activity. We hypothesized that the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer in S. intermedius populations inhabiting polluted areas can be explained by a phenotypic response of this species to environmental changes caused by chronic eutrophication.",signatures:"Peter M. Zhadan, Marina A. Vaschenko and Tatyana N. Almyashova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56010",authors:[{id:"198112",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Vaschenko",slug:"marina-vaschenko",fullName:"Marina Vaschenko"},{id:"198123",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Zhadan",slug:"peter-zhadan",fullName:"Peter Zhadan"},{id:"198124",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Almyashova",slug:"tatiana-almyashova",fullName:"Tatiana Almyashova"}],corrections:null},{id:"55822",title:"Morphological and Biochemical Profiles of the Gonadal Cycle in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Wild Type vs. Bred",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68895",slug:"morphological-and-biochemical-profiles-of-the-gonadal-cycle-in-the-sea-urchin-paracentrotus-lividus-",totalDownloads:1522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Paracentrotus lividus gonads represent a valued gourmet delicacy, particularly appreciated in Europe and in Japan. Their commercial value is generally associated to their size, freshness, colour and texture. Diet, gametogenesis and environmental conditions have a marked influence, promoting the indispensable mechanisms of synthesis, selective storage and mobilization of the bioactive compounds, as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of gonads in order to obtain nutrients. The objective of this work is to compare the morphological and biochemical profiles of reproductive life cycle of the gonads of adult P. lividus in its marine natural environment and adult captured sea urchins breeding into a fish aquaculture system. The reproductive cycle of male and female wild and breeding P. lividus was characterized during 1 year by analysing variations of the gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of animals captured at four different locations of the south-western coast of Salento, Italy, with the animals grown in a fish farm and fed with four different types of diet. The gonadal and repletion indexes were determined before the specimen dissection for evaluation of sex, development stages and physiological aspects. Gonads were processed for histological and biochemical analysis. The gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates was performed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by spectrometry, respectively.",signatures:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo, Elisabetta Carata, Stefania Mariano and\nLuciana Dini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55822",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Dini",slug:"luciana-dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",surname:"Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata"},{id:"206597",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Mariano",slug:"stefania-mariano",fullName:"Stefania Mariano"}],corrections:null},{id:"56006",title:"Importance of Gamete Quality in Ecotoxicological Application: Natural versus Bred Population in Paracentrotus lividus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69235",slug:"importance-of-gamete-quality-in-ecotoxicological-application-natural-versus-bred-population-in-parac",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several approaches have been tested to respond to the depletion of wild stocks, from the production of seeds to the setting up of closed echinoculture systems, starting with fertilization of eggs with the consequent development to adult sea urchins. Hence, in the last years, our research group has focused on the assessment of a feasible and sustainable strategy aimed to ensure a rapid and effective gonadal growth of healthy gametes in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) to employ in ecotoxicological application. In order to compare the health of obtained gametes with wild populations, the effectiveness of diets was evaluated with different biological parameters, such as fertilization and embryo-development test, and with histological analysis of gonads to appraise the stage of maturation. Moreover, the information regarding different breeding conditions of adults and genetic variability should be combined with the analysis of larval settlement and its requirements, demonstrating the importance of these parameters for the possible closure of the echinoculture cycle in RAS. Results achieved so far in terms of gonadal development and health of gametes have provided evidence of success in overcoming natural gaps between reproductive events in natural populations and an efficient and standardize breeding condition in RAS.",signatures:"Sartori Davide, Lera Samantha, Silvia Giuliani, Simona Macchia,\nLorenzo Morroni, David Pellegrini and Andrea Gaion",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56006",authors:[{id:"197878",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Davide",surname:"Sartori",slug:"davide-sartori",fullName:"Davide Sartori"},{id:"198021",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Giuliani",slug:"silvia-giuliani",fullName:"Silvia Giuliani"},{id:"198197",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Gaion",slug:"andrea-gaion",fullName:"Andrea Gaion"},{id:"198480",title:"MSc.",name:"Simona",surname:"Macchia",slug:"simona-macchia",fullName:"Simona Macchia"},{id:"198482",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Lera",slug:"samantha-lera",fullName:"Samantha Lera"},{id:"198486",title:"MSc.",name:"David",surname:"Pellegrini",slug:"david-pellegrini",fullName:"David Pellegrini"},{id:"198490",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Morroni",slug:"lorenzo-morroni",fullName:"Lorenzo Morroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"56605",title:"The Sea Urchin Embryo: A Model for Studying Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Human Diseases and for Testing Bioactive Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70301",slug:"the-sea-urchin-embryo-a-model-for-studying-molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-human-diseases-and-for-t",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of the current knowledge concerning fundamental genetic mechanisms, evolutionary processes and development, cellular physiology, and pathogenesis comes from studies of different animal model systems. Whereas mice, rats, and other small mammals are generally thought of as the typical model systems used by researchers in biomedical studies, aquatic models including both freshwater and marine organisms have long proved to be essential for the study of basic biological processes. For over a century, biologists have used the sea urchin embryo as a prototype for the investigation of developmental mechanisms that contribute to building the embryo body plan. Here we highlight the contribution of the sea urchin embryo as a simple model for studying aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the pathways and mechanisms involved in cell survival and death. Moreover, we point out the role of this embryonic system as a potent and affordable tool for learning about developmental effects and toxicity responses to environmental contaminants and chemical compounds.",signatures:"Maria Di Bernardo and Marta Di Carlo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56605",authors:[{id:"198292",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Di Carlo",slug:"marta-di-carlo",fullName:"Marta Di Carlo"},{id:"198293",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Di Bernardo",slug:"maria-di-bernardo",fullName:"Maria Di Bernardo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2052",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9bbb1af278ed9e5df351641aaf598f0",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80438",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmir",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"edmir-carvalho",fullName:"Edmir Carvalho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1009",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed29c6b4a288a1549dc724e247930545",slug:"aquaculture",bookSignature:"Zainal Abidin Muchlisin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1009.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92673",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainal",surname:"Muchlisin",slug:"zainal-muchlisin",fullName:"Zainal Muchlisin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1689",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fcdb7a6dd3ef54b6669111c7b6355ea",slug:"marine-ecosystems",bookSignature:"Antonio Cruzado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122197",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Cruzado",slug:"antonio-cruzado",fullName:"Antonio Cruzado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"612",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"531750867c1b8db770f8557eaf1e21bc",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral and Zafer Doğu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2053",title:"Aquaculture and the Environment",subtitle:"A Shared Destiny",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896dc149c63ab74b6f76141f3ed6535d",slug:"aquaculture-and-the-environment-a-shared-destiny",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2053.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8928",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfeadf50d4d57ea0b440f005d420752",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Qian Lu and Mohammad Serajuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"304473",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Lu",slug:"qian-lu",fullName:"Qian Lu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-africa",title:"Corrigendum: Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African Populations",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79528.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79528",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79528",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79528",chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]},book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7131",leadTitle:null,title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) is the nerve of facial expression. It innervates all superficial muscles of the face and scalp, the contraction of which is responsible for all our numerous facial expressions like anger, pain, fear, smile, etc. Facial disfigurement resulting from facial nerve disorders can affect the physical, psychological, and emotional integrity of an individual. This might result in a social, occupational, and educational handicap. The facial nerve is one of the most common cranial nerves implicated by disorders. Common disorders involving the facial nerve include Bell's palsy, tumors, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm. Among these disorders, Bell's palsy is the commonest with an annual global incidence of 11.5-53.3 per 100,000 in different populations, and it accounts for approximately 60-75% of cases of acute unilateral facial paralysis with the right side being affected in 63% of cases.",isbn:"978-1-83880-178-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-177-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78923-933-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73929",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",numberOfPages:66,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",publishedDate:"May 29th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6342,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 13th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30993/images/system/30993.png",biography:"Prof. Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini graduated from AL-Mustansiryia College of Medicine, Iraq, in 1987, after which he worked as a house officer in different hospitals in Baghdad for fifteen months followed by military service for three years. He began his pediatrics study in 1991 and obtained a fellowship from the Iraqi Commission for Medical Specializations in 1996. He was a lecturer in the Department of Pediatrics, AL-Anbar College of Medicine, Iraq, from 1996 to 2001, after which he was promoted to assistant professor. In 2005, he began working in the Department of Pediatrics, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq. He became a professor there in 2008. Prof. AL-Zwaini was head of the Department of Pediatrics at both AL-Anbar and AL-Kindy Medical Colleges for many years. He is a member of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health, UK. He has published more than thirty scientific papers in different pediatric fields and has a special interest in pediatric hematology, neurology, and nutrition.",institutionString:"University of Baghdad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Baghdad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"271089",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khalidi",slug:"mohammed-jalal-hussein-al-khalidi",fullName:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein Al-Khalidi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271089/images/system/271089.jpeg",biography:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein Al-Khalidi is Professor and Vice Dean for scientific Affair at Al-Kindy Medical College, Baghdad University, Iraq. He was awarded the M.B.Ch.B. degree from Al-Mustansyria University, Medical College in 1986-1987 and received his Higher Diploma in Pediatrics from Medical College, University of Baghdad in 1995.\nHe was awarded Fellow of Iraqi Medical Specialization in Pediatrics in 1995. Dr. Al-Khalidi Memberships include: Member of American Society of Tropical Medicine& Hygiene (ASTMH) since 2018; Member of ESPGHAN since 2010; Associate MRCPCH (UK), 2005, registration No, 207939; Iraqi Medical Association, 1987, registration No, 14955; Iraqi Pediatrics Association, 2000; and Sulyamania Medical Association, 2006.",institutionString:"Al-Kindy Medical College, Baghdad University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1097",title:"Neurotology",slug:"neurotology"}],chapters:[{id:"66341",title:"Introductory Chapter: Facial Nerve - An Overview",slug:"introductory-chapter-facial-nerve-an-overview",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}]},{id:"65792",title:"The Proprioception in the Muscles Supplied by the Facial Nerve",slug:"the-proprioception-in-the-muscles-supplied-by-the-facial-nerve",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64297",title:"Treatment of Facial Nerve Palsy Based on Genetic Analysis of the Facial Muscles",slug:"treatment-of-facial-nerve-palsy-based-on-genetic-analysis-of-the-facial-muscles",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"141619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Moriyama",slug:"hiroshi-moriyama",fullName:"Hiroshi Moriyama"}]},{id:"63954",title:"The Use of Phototherapy for Bell’s Palsy",slug:"the-use-of-phototherapy-for-bell-s-palsy",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7860",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17e914e07088c3e9c4d085a609be1f42",slug:"epilepsy-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini and Ban Adbul-Hameed Majeed Albadri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6210",title:"Thalassemia and Other Hemolytic Anemias",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"857e8a4bff6f78189f15a00423bde1a6",slug:"thalassemia-and-other-hemolytic-anemias",bookSignature:"Isam AL-Zwaini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9805",title:"Infant Feeding",subtitle:"Breast versus Formula",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1570fa9b5653287eaa25fe171b404a",slug:"infant-feeding-breast-versus-formula",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini, Zaid Rasheed Al-Ani and Walter Hurley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7072",title:"Cerebral Palsy",subtitle:"Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eebd6581cd862f95edfacb284191e1c5",slug:"cerebral-palsy-clinical-and-therapeutic-aspects",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7160",title:"Selected Topics in Myasthenia Gravis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eeda0ab67d079aaaef6c71f9d7f1bb26",slug:"selected-topics-in-myasthenia-gravis",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini and Ali AL-Mayahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5603",title:"Advances in Clinical Audiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f52ebfa4173882c42e96ac8325309ab",slug:"advances-in-clinical-audiology",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5603.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16332",title:"Air Change Measurements Using Tracer Gases: Methods and Results. Significance of air change for indoor air quality",doi:"10.5772/18600",slug:"air-change-measurements-using-tracer-gases-methods-and-results-significance-of-air-change-for-indoor",body:'Both comfortable and healthy indoor climate conditions can only be achieved by constant fresh air supply. However, the minimum of air change required to reach this goal is depending upon different perspectives. Measures for thermal insulation and energy savings are difficult to bring in line with air quality requirements that result from findings of epidemiological studies (Seppänen et al., 1999; Seppänen& Fisk, 2004; Wargocki et al., 2002), and supply air facilities considering the technical construction of buildings and safety aspects (Erhorn&Gertis, 1986). Moreover, construction deficits impairing the integrity of the building envelope, meteorological conditions (thermal and flow induced pressure differences) and, not least, the behaviour of the residents, affectthe air change in a variety of ways (Heidt, 1987).
For a number of different reasons it is necessary and desirable to examine the real fresh air flow between indoor and outdoor climate under given circumstances. Air change processes are of particular importance in studies focusing on their relationship to indoor air pollutants.
For manifold reasons the air quality inside buildings has been intensively investigated since quite a long time. Of particular relevance are the following aspects (Seifert &Salthammer, 2003):
In countries with a cold or temperate climate, inhabitants spend more than 50% of the time in their homes.In certain population groups (e.g. infants and the elderly), this proportion is even exceeding 90%.
Indoor air contains a wide range of different organic and inorganic components. Therefore, the carbon dioxide concentration alone cannot always be regarded as an indicator of air quality (Fanger, 1988; Persily, 1997). Above all, organic compounds which are released from the building, furnishings, household and hobby devices, as well as by daily activities of the inhabitants, such ascooking, baking or frying, and especially smoking, altogether contribute to air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds.
The energy crisis in the 1970s caused an increase in energy costs, evoking an urgent need to reduce the consumption of heat energy. The preventionof heat loss in homes is a very effective way to save energy and related costs. For climate protection and the reduction of global CO2 emissions the economical use of energy resources is of outstanding significance. Thermal insulation of the building envelope protects efficiently against heat loss, but enhanced tightness includes the disadvantage of reduced air change, thereby increasing the indoor pollutant concentration. To evaluate the indoor air quality under conditions of natural ventilation, the air change rate (ACR) can be determined through standard tracer gas measurement.
For this purpose, a small amount of the tracer gas is released in the room (or building) under study and its concentration is then recorded as a function of time. Subsequently, using appropriate evaluation algorithms the ACR can be calculated from the data obtained.
The first sectionis introducing basic physical principles of air change processes between indoor and outdoor environment, followed by a description of tracer gases which are frequently used in daily routine, and methods determining the ACR. Moreover, the applicability of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas has been compared with results obtained by hexafluorobenzene or sulphur-hexafluoride. In addition, we are discussing the impact of weather conditions on ACR data obtainedunder natural ventilation. This section is followed by a review on ACR due to passive ventilation through facades in selected residences in Berlin. Finally, the relationship between air change and the concentration of selected volatile compounds under worst case conditions will be discussed.
According to VDI (2001) 4300, part 7, air change is defined as the ratio of air supply Q(t) into a zone (i.e. a room or space) in relation to the volume of this zone VR (room volume) and is generally expressed as air change per hour [h-1] or [ACH]. The following equation expresses this definition:
λ(t) is the ventilation rate or air change rate [h-1],
Q(t) is the air supply into a room [m³/h],
VR is the room\'s volume [m³], and t = time [h].
For the model described here, which is designed to calculate the time course of the tracer gas concentration, the following simplifying assumptions has been made:
The tracer gas is considered to be chemically stable and inert; i.e. there will be no chemical reactions capable to alter the concentration of the tracer gas in the room.
There will be no adsorption processes on walls, ceiling or furnishings of the room that may lower the concentration of the tracer gas in the room.
The air is considered to be completely mixed throughout the measurements. Inside the room there are no concentration gradients, i.e. the concentration of the tracer gas at a given time is the same for the whole room.
An exchange of tracer gas-containing air with ambient air only occur in those areas that are in contact with the outside, i.e. air change with other interior spaces is considered to be negligible. The room in which the tracer gas was released is considered a single zone system.
The exchange processes that take place during the measurement period are assumed to be temporally invariant. The air supply rate Q(t) and, thus, the air change rate λ(t) are constant. Q(t) and λ(t) can be replaced by Q and λ.
The basis for the description of the relationship between the mass or concentration of a gaseous substance in a space as a function of time is the mass balance equation. This equation expresses that the mass and – in a fixed volume – the concentration of a tracer gas can only change when either more tracer gas is added to the original amount or tracer gas is removed by elimination processes. Considering the above assumptions, the following supply and removal processes are significant for the tracer gas concentration in the room air (physical dimensions of these variables are given in brackets):
Transport of tracer gas from the room air to the outside: Q*Ci [mass per time unit]
Transport of tracer gas from the outside air into the room air Q*Ca [mass per time unit]
(Constant) emission E of tracer gas into the space by a tracer gas source [mass per time unit]
Thus, the mass balance equation can be formulated as the following differential equation (Heidt& Werner, 1986): (equation 2a)\n\t\t\t\t
After dividing both sides of the equation by the volume VR, we obtain an ordinary differential equation which describes the concentration change of a tracer gas in the room per time unit: (equation 2b)
As stated above, Q/VR is defined as the air change rate. When Q/VR in Eq. 2b is replaced by λ (Eq. 1) we obtain Eq. 2c:
Ci: tracer gas concentration in the indoor air [mass / volume]
Q: exchange air flow between room and outside [volume / time unit]
E: amount of tracer gas emitted per unit time [mass / time unit]
VR: room volume
t: time
Equation 2c expresses that under constant homogeneous mixing the concentration change of the tracer gas is proportional to the concentration difference between indoor and outdoor spaces (Ci – Ca) at time t, the air change rate λ, and the amount of tracer gas emitted per time unit (emission rate E).
By integration we obtain the starting conditions at time 0 (C(t=0) = C0):
Integration of the differential equation thus leads to an exponential function with the air change rate λ in the exponent. Equation 3b is the basis for the mathematical analysis of tracer gas measurements that are recorded as concentration-time curves. This function is characterised by the following features: If no tracer gas is emitted into the room (i.e. E = 0), and there is already a non-zero tracer gas concentration C0 present at the time t = 0 which is higher than the outdoor air concentration Ca, then the expression (C0 – Ca) exp(-λt) + Ca describes the elimination of the tracer gas out of the room. The curve starts with the initial concentration C0 and decays exponentially until the ambient tracer gas concentration Ca or any other constant background concentration is reached. If a tracer gas is used, which does not occur in the outside air (i.e. Ca = 0) the concentration decreases over time to the value zero. Equation 3b can be simplified to Equation 3 c:
If a source in the room is emitting tracer gas with a constant rate E and if the initial tracer gas concentration in the room at the beginning of the measurement C0 is equal to the outside concentration Ca (C0 = Ca), then the tracer gas will accumulate within the room. Starting with the concentration Ca, the mathematical function grows with increasing t asymptotically towards Ceq, which reaches the final value of Ca + E/(λ*VR) at infinity.
Ceq: equilibrium concentration
Equation 4c reflects the fact that under equilibrium conditions (i.e. emission equals elimination) the tracer gas concentration Ceq is proportionally dependent on the emission rate E but inversely proportionally dependent on both the air change rate λ and the volume of the room VR. This relationship forms the basis for the determination of the air change rate with tracer gas measurements made under equilibrium conditions.
In addition to the physical properties discussed in Section 2.1 (model assumptions) tracer gases should fulfil some other requirements in regard to their practical suitability. These include health safety aspects, low environmental burden, high availability and good handling in practical use at the lowest costs possible and, not least, tracer gases should be well recordable with established measurement techniques over a wide concentration range and with high selectivity (Raatschen, 1995).
In the past, a number of gaseous substances such as helium, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, methane, acetone, and the radioactive noble gases argon-41 and krypton-85, have been studied and tested for the determination of ACR, mostly in comparison with other tracer gases. Reviews are given by Grimsrud et al. (1980), Shaw (1984), and Sherman (1990). Until the early 1990s, krypton-85 was still used for air change measurement (Schulze &Schuschke, 1990), but later skipped for safety reasons (radiation protection). Nowadays, the following tracer gases are mainly used in practice (Raatschen, 1995):
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Halogenated hydrocarbons, such as hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) and perfluorocarbons (PFC).
Formerly, nitrous oxide (N2O) was widely used for air change measurement in buildings, primarily in Europe (Heidt& Werner, 1986; Keller &Beckert, 1994; Salthammer, 1994; Wegner, 1983, 1984). In the U.S. it was rarely used because of its low TLV (threshold limit value) of 50 ppm (Lagus& Grot, 1997). Germany\'s equivalent of TLV, the MAK, is however 100 ppm. For precautionary reasons it should not be used in occupied buildings (Raatschen, 1995). Other disadvantages of N2O are the ease of adsorption on surfaces at concentrations below 1000 ppm, and its high solubility in water, which means that the air change rate can be substantially overestimated in very airtight rooms (Schulze &Schuschke, 1990).
After Gregory\'s observation in 1962, that sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) can be measured reliably on the nanogram scale with electron capture detection – ECD (Gregory, 1962), it has been widely used for air infiltration measurement in buildings since the early 1970s (Drivas et al., 1972; Hunt & Burch, 1975). Of all candidates, the characteristics of SF6 are nearest to the ideal of a tracer gas. Today, SF6 is the most frequently used tracer gas worldwide, which is confirmed by the number of relevant publications. In this chapter, only on a very limited selection of publications could be considered (Chuah et al., 1997; Howard-Reed et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 1979; Lagus& Grot, 1997; Raatschen, 1995; Shaw, 1984; Walker & Forest, 1995; Wilson et al., 1996). SF6 is very stable and only decomposes above 550 C. Background concentration of SF6 in ambient air is ≈1 ppt(6 ng/m3) (Raatschen, 1995). Although its density is about five times higher than that of air, this difference causes no systematically distorting effects on the results of air change measurements with concentrations usually applied in practice (Niemelä et al., 1991; Shaw, 1984). SF6 can be used in occupied buildings. It can be recorded with high accuracy within a wide concentration range. According to Raatschen (1995) the concentrations commonly used for indoor air change measurement are not exceeding one hundredth of the German MAK value which was defined to be 1000 ppm or 6100 mg/m3 (TRGS 900, 1999). It should be noted that this value is not a toxicity limit. It is simply defined as the still manageable analytical upper limit for gases which are not imminently toxic (BIA-Report, 2001). Due to its high stability SF6 is only very slowly degraded in the atmosphere and it belongs, like the perfluorinated hydrocarbons, to the climatic relevant greenhouse gases. Therefore, to avoid unnecessary environment hazard it should be used carefully and sparingly in concentrations as low as possible, like other tracer gases.
Hexafluorobenzene, and perfluorocarbon-hydrocarbon tracers (PFT) such as perfluorodimethylcyclobutane, perfluoromethylcyclobutane, perfluorodimethylcyclo-hexane, and perfluoromethylcyclohexane are also appropriate as tracer gases and are preferably used in the determination of ACR with the constant injection method applying the passive sampler technique. Enrichment for active sampling is also possible (Cheong &Riffat, 1995; Dietz & Cote, 1982; Dietz et al., 1986; Krooß et al., 1997; Mailahn et al., 1989; Salmon et al., 2000). Since these compounds, unlike SF6, adsorb well on activated carbon or Tenax they are frequently used in field studies (surveys) to determine indoor air change rates (Andersen et al., 1997; Bornehag et al., 2005; Hirsch et al., 2000; Lembrechts et al., 2001; Øie et al., 1997, 1998; Parker, 1986; Pandian et al., 1993; Ruotsalainen et al., 1992; Sakaguchi&Akabayashi, 2003). The disadvantage of these compounds, however, is that they tend to attach to room surfaces and the emission rates of these gases are strongly temperature dependent (Hill et al., 2000). Thus, a sufficiently long conditioning period is necessary as well as an accurate temperature control of the storage vessels.
Basically, three appropriate methods exist for the determination of ACR using tracer gases. According to VDI (2001) 4300, part 7, these are the concentration decay method, the constant injection method, and the constant concentration method.
Tracer gas is injected into the room for a short period of time, either from a gas bottle with pressure reducer or manually from filled gas tanks. After mixing with the room air the tracer gas concentration is measured at regular time intervals. Because the decay curve of the tracer gas concentration C follows an exponential course when completely mixed with the room air (see Eq. 3c) each sampling will not only remove old air but also a certain amount of fresh air supply as well. This essentially means that there will be still ≈37% (100/e1) of the originally added tracer gas (37% old room air), after a complete air change cycle has occurred. The time (1/λ), after which the air change cycle is completed is known as the nominal time constant τ (Maas, 1997; Sherman, 1990). After 3τ (3/λ), 4τ (4/λ) and 4.6τ (4.6/λ), the tracer gas concentration in the room volume under study is 5%, 2% and 1% of its initial value, respectively (Fig. 1a).
By using the concentration decay function
Ci(ti) is the tracer gas concentration at time ti
ti+1 – ti is the time interval between two measurements
and applying non linear regression analysis we can determine the ACRλ (C0: tracer gas concentration at time t=0 (Sherman, 1990)). However, in most cases logarithmic concentration values are used to obtain a linear relationship between the logarithm of the tracer gas concentration Ci(t) and the time t (Fig. 1b): (equation 5a)
The ACR λ is then calculated via linear regression analysis according to Eq. 5a. Both evaluation options – the linear and the non-linear regression analysis – are particularly well suited for the examination of concentration-time curves recorded over a longer period of time. If only a few measurements are available, e.g. when sampling is performed with syringes or other appropriate devices, then the ACR can be determined using the following relationship: (equation 5b)
Relationship between tracer gas concentration and time; a, untransformed ordinate; b, after logarithmic transformation.
An illustration of the procedure is given in Fig. 2a. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) was released in an office space (volume 48 m³, equipped with two double glazed box windows). Initial concentration of the tracer gas was adjusted to ≈5 mg/m³. The concentration was measured for 7 hours in 15 minutes intervals using a photo-acoustic infrared detector with selective filter (Bruel&Kjaer Single Gas Monitor). During the measurement the office was unoccupied; door and windows were kept closed. Tracer gas and room air were not continuously mixed with a fan or similar device. For the analysis, SF6 concentration values were chosen in such a way that each concentration-time pair – c(ti+1), c(ti) – covered exactly a time interval of one hour, meaning that the denominator was equal to 1 when determining the air change rate (ACR). After choosing the six measurement points depicted in Fig. 2a we calculated an average ACR of 0.327 h-1. The standard deviation was 0.038 h-1, which corresponds to a coefficient of variation of ≈12%. When the same measuring points were analysed by linear regression analysis we obtained an ACR of 0.323 h-1 (Fig. 2b). Both values are almost equal. The determination of ACR using concentration-time pairs is also known as the two-point method (Sherman, 1990). For this method, a number of at least five concentration-time pairs are recommended which should be evenly distributed over the entire measurement period (ASTM E 741 – 00; VDI, 2001 ). In order to reduce the statistical error to ≤10% the time interval between the first and the last measuring point should be in the order of magnitude of the nominal time constant (ASTM E 741 – 00; Heidt& Werner, 1986; Maas, 1997; Sherman, 1990). This prerequisite is, however, hardly fulfilled for ACR between 0.1 and 0.2 h-1 or even lower, since the required minimum decay time would be between 5 and 10 hours or more. Most probably, in the case of very low ACR a statistical error of more than 10% must be accepted. Recommended minimum time intervals between the first and the last measurement and the corresponding measurement intervals are summarised in Table 1, according to ASTM E 741 – 00 and VDI (2001).
ACR determination from concentration decay with the two-point method, time interval ti+1 – ti between two measurements: one hour; a, linear scale; b, logarithmic scale, linear regression.
Examples for minimum time spans between first and last sampling based on recommendations of ASTM E 471 – 00 and recommended sampling intervals (VDI, 2001) for air change measurement with the decay method.
The concentration decay method is the most commonly used one in practice. It is particularly well suited for the determination of ACR up to 10 h -1 (10 ACH) in indoor rooms with a volume below 500 m3 (VDI, 2001). If data loggers are used to record the concentration decay, the measurement intervals can be shortened down to seconds and in consequence ACR >10 h-1 can be determined.
To determine ACR with this method a diffusion tube containing C6F6 or PFT is frequently used as tracer gas source. A defined amount of tracer gas is constantly emitted over a certain period of time. Thus, the tracer gas concentration increases with time and reaches a stable value (equilibrium concentration) which depends on the room volume VR, the air change rate λ, and the emission rate E. At that time point, one or more air samples are taken and the tracer gas concentration is determined for each sample. The ACR can be calculated after solving Eq. 4c for λ. Fig. 3a depicts an example of the constant injection method.
Crucial for this method is, however, that sampling can only be started when the tracer gas concentration is near the equilibrium. If sampling starts too soon, an overestimation of the ACR will be the consequence. The time to reach approximate equilibrium conditions depends on λ (see Fig. 3b).
Determination of ACR; a, constant injection method; b, concentrations after constant injectionfor different ACR.
According to ASTM E 741 – 00, the tracer gas concentration should have reached at least 95% of the equilibrium concentration before measurements can be started. The time until approximate equilibrium is reached can be estimated applying Eqs. 4b, 4c. However, under worst case conditions in rooms with very low air changes, it will be difficult to correctly measure ACRs with this method, because the build-up time to reach nearly equilibrium concentrations is too long (Table 2).
The time intervals for the tracer gas concentration to reach 95%, 98% or 99% of the target equilibrium value (Ceq) are 3/λ, 4/λ and 4.6/λ, respectively (cf. Table 2).
As Table 2 shows, the time periods needed to reach approximate equilibrium can be several days when the ACR is only 0.1 h-1 or even lower. For this reason, the constant injection method is suitable only for short-term measurements of ACR above 0.3 h-1 when diffusion tubes are used as tracer gas source. Under usual "worst case" conditions (i.e. last active window ventilation 10-12 hrs before sampling) and ACR <0.3 h-1 the tracer gas concentrations are still too far away from the equilibrium. The advantage of the constant injection method is that it can be used for indoor hygiene studies addressing the relationship between pollution and air change in daily used rooms. In this case, tracer gas measurements can be performed with passive samplers and exposure times range from days to weeks.
Time spans [hours] needed to reach 95%, 98% or 99% of equilibrium concentration (Ceq) for a wide range of air change rates.
During constant and thorough mixing with the indoor air, tracer gas is released in the room until a predefined concentration is reached. During the entire measurement the tracer gas concentration is kept constant with an automated dosing and control system. Under the condition of constant tracer gas concentration the air supply is proportional to the tracer gas supply rate. The air supply rate can then be calculated from the ratio of the tracer gas supply to the tracer gas concentration. If the room volume is known, the ACR can be calculated from this ratio (Chao et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 1979; Maas, 1997). An advantage of the constant concentration method is that even short-term changes of air supply can be detected. Compared to the previously described methods the technical equipment required for this method is, however, rather expensive and thus this method is comparatively rarely used for indoor air quality evaluation.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gaseous organic compounds always detectable in the indoor air. Since humans exhale metabolic carbon dioxide in considerable quantities, its concentration can increase to several thousand ppm (ml/m3 room air) within a short time. CO2 concentration is often used to assess the air quality of occupied rooms. In this context we remind of Pettenkofer\'s reference concentration. Already in 1858 the German chemist and hygienist pointed out that a CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm (0.1 vol %) is the upper tolerable limit in indoor environments. Nowadays CO2 measurements are often used for the determination of the indoor ACR, because it can be easily quantified and the required devices are reasonably priced and easy to operate. Moreover, CO2 fulfils a number of the above mentioned specifications of a good tracer gas.
A huge number of studies are published testing the feasibility of exhaled human carbon dioxide as tracer gas in air change settings. Next to the already mentioned work of Pettenkofer (1858) we would like to allude to the studies done by Penman (1980), Penman & Rashid (1982), and Smith (1988) which are of special importance. Results of Dols&Persily (1992), Nabinger et al. (1994), and Persily (1997) have, however, demonstrated that ACR cannot be reliably determined from spot, peak or average values of the CO2 concentration inside buldings, because these values are strongly influenced by the number of occupants in the rooms, their times of stay, and, hence, the incessantly changing carbon dioxide supply rates. Depending on the amount of natural ventilation the ACR is sometimes over-estimated up to 2-fold of the real value. The reason is that the air-tightness of modern buildings and the usual sojourn times of the occupants prevent in most cases that the equilibrium concentration can be approached. In practice it is much better to derive the ACR from the decay or build-up curve as was already shown (Barankova, 2005; Bekö et al., 2010; Chao et al., 1997; Chung & Hsu, 2001; Guo& Lewis, 2007; Menzies et al., 1995; Roulet&Foradini, 2002; Schulze &Schuschke, 1990; Sekhar, 2004; Shaw, 1984).
After CO2 is released in a room, either as exhaled breath or via a gas container, its concentration will decay exponentially, if no further CO2 supply occurs. To exemplify this, the CO2 decay recorded in a bedroom of an older building (built 1908) is depicted in Fig. 4. In 1990 this bedroom was equipped with a double box window; the room volume is 30 m³. The room was doped by a person with exhaled carbon dioxide, then the measurement was started and the room was left. During the entire procedure the room was unoccupied – door and window were kept closed. Measurement of CO2 concentration was done by a CO2 sensitive probe with infrared absorption. A Testo 400 device (Testo, Lenzkirch, Germany) was used for data logging and as control unit.
Unlike other tracer gases, CO2 has the particularity that there is always a certain amount of CO2 in the outdoor air meaning that the background concentration cannot be neglected. In general the outdoor air concentration of CO2 is between 350 and 450 ppm or even higher, depending on the season. Thus, the CO2 decay curve will not decline to zero. Instead, the CO2 concentration decreases to values which are near to that of the outdoor air. This must be taken into account when analysing CO2 decay curves. Eq. 5 cannot be applied; the air change rate (ACR) must be determined using the term derived from Eq. 3 b:
C0: initial concentration, Ca: concentration in the ambient air (i.e. background concentration)
It is possible to examine the linearised curve when the background concentration is subtracted before linearising. Therefore, the background concentration must be determined by an additional measurement. (equation 6a)
With this relation the ACR can be determined by linear regression analysis. In practice, however, this will be difficult in most cases since it is not feasible to record the CO2-concentration until the decay curve reaches background level. Modern buildings are in general designed to achieve high airtightness resulting in a very slow decay, and hence the linearisation of the decay curve using the logarithm of the concentration differences is not possible. Furthermore, the background concentrations are often unknown or not accessible to direct measurement. In these cases, the air change rate λ can be determined only by non-linear regression with iterative calculation methods according to the model as given in Eq. 6. Iterative calculation methods start with initial values (raw values) specified by the user for the function parameters, which are then improved iteratively by using the method of least squares until the model function is fitted optimally to the measured curve.
Decay curves of CO2 (black glyphs) in a bedroom equipped with double box window and located in a building built in 1908, estimated with nonlinear regression (white curves).
Air change rates in a bedroom located in an older building (built in 1908) equipped in 1990 with wooden framed double box window, decay method and CO2 as tracer gas. Avg.: Average, CI: confidence interval
The results obtained from the CO2 decay curves depicted in Figure 4 were evaluated using the method of nonlinear regression and are shown in Table 3. The calculated ACR ranged from 0.25 to 0.4 h-1 (mean 0.32 h-1). The goodness of fit of the regression model is very high, since more than 99% of the variability of the CO2 concentration can be explained by the respective regression functions. This is also reflected by high accuracy of the estimates for the various ACR. The 95% confidence intervals are very narrow and deviate only about 2 – 3% downward and upward from each individual value. These results were due to both the low variance of the CO2 values from the fitted curves (white curves in Fig. 4) and the extensive measurement periods (several hours) which yielded high numbers of nodes (concentration-time data pairs) at measuring intervals of 3 minutes. However, the differences between day-to-day measurements are much larger. The 95% confidence interval for the mean ACR ranges from 0.226 to 0.411 h-1. A possible explanation for this relatively high day-to-day variation is given below (see section 3.5). ACR, which were determined under the terms of exclusive joint ventilation (i.e. windows and doors closed), vary considerably and show extremes that span two orders of magnitude. This is shown in Figures 5a and 5b where six examples of CO2 decay curves are depicted which can typically be recorded indoors. For illustrative reasons decay curves were selected which start at about almost the same initial concentration of 1500 – 1800 ppm and were recorded over a measurement period of more than 10 hours (Fig. 5a). Another selection criterion was the existence of stable weather conditions over the entire measurement period. Both figures demonstrate that CO2 decay curves can decrease exponentially over a period of 50 hours and longer under stable weather conditions (Fig. 5a).
CO2 decay curves (black) in 6 rooms of different air tightness. White curves show results of regression analyses; a, nonlinear regression; b, linear regression of logarithmic values
This is an indication that tracer gas and room air can remain homogeneously mixed over such long periods without the need of a fan. The ACR estimated from the decay curves are given in Table 4, and the analysis of the curves was done with non-linear regression analysis (see Eq. 6). In addition to the air change rate λ, the background concentration Ca was also determined with the regression model and is presented in Table 4. After subtracting the respective background concentration from the measured CO2 concentration values, the logarithmic plot of the concentration differences shows a nearly perfect linear concentration-time relationship (Fig. 5b).
ACR and background concentrations with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) measured in 6 rooms with differing natural ventilation (windows and doors closed); estimated from CO2 decay curves with the statistical method of nonlinear regression (time interval between two concentration values: 3 min).
When CO2 is supplied at a constant rate, it is possible to determine the ACR from the increasing concentration values (Figure 6). Evaluation of the concentration curve is the same as with the constant injection method. The air change rate λ is calculated with the non-linear regression model approach y = a0 + a1*[1-exp(-a2*t)] (cf. Eq. 4a), where a0 = Ca, a1 = E/(λ*VR), and a2 = λ. When the ACR is small, the build-up curve will approach the equilibrium only slowly, and this will lead to a quasi-linear concentration curve if the measurement period is too short. Therefore, the ACR calculated from this curve can be afflicted with large uncertainties. For this reason, to obtain a more reliable estimate of the ACR the concentration build-up must be recorded over a period as long as several hours, with intervals of a few minutes. When metabolic CO2 is used, measurements should be done best during sleep (of the occupants), because this comes nearest to the requirement of a constant CO2 supply. Figure 6 also shows the ACR determined from the analysis of the CO2 respective build-up curves depicted here.
These CO2 build-up curves were recorded in the same room as the decay curves in Figure 4. The measurement of the CO2 increase occurred, however, four years before, when the room was occupied by 3 persons (two adults, one child). The ACR of both series of measurements, decay and build-up curves, differ only slightly from each other taking daily variation into account.
CO2 concentration build-up curves in a bedroom equipped with a double box window and located in a building built in 1908. Corresponding ACR, estimated with nonlinear regression (fitted values: white curves). Constant-injection method, room volume 30 m³, occupancy: 2 adults, one child.
The above examples have shown the applicability of determining ACR from CO2 concentration curves, when either the influence of the background concentration can be mathematically eliminated or a constant supply of CO2 is provided. It can, however, not be concluded that conventional and established tracer gases are dispensable. Compared to CO2 these have some indisputable advantages, namely a much wider range of possible applications and virtually negligible background concentrations.Both of which greatly simplifies the determination of ACR.
Under certain circumstances the use of established tracer gases is not possible, and in these cases we have to resort to the CO2 method. This may be necessary in patients with environmentally related health problems, who will not accept the use of tracer gases in their homes because they fear health hazards. In such cases, the CO2 method is a valuable alternative. It is therefore necessary to examine the extent to which results obtained with CO2 differ from those obtained with conventional and established tracer gases. To achieve this we performed a number of comparative studies by which an established tracer gas like hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) or sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) was used in parallel to CO2.
The measurements described below were done in two different rooms, firstly, in a bedroom (24 m3 effective volume) of a terraced house (built December 1997) equipped with double glazed windows and insulating rubber seals, conducting measurements over a period of 5 days, and secondly, in an office space (72 m3 effective volume) of an old brick building (built ≈1900) equipped with two double-box windows. Windows and doors were closed during the experiment. A total of two measurement cycles were performed at intervals of two months.
At the start of the conditioning phase a diffusion tube which contained hexafluorobenzene was placed in both rooms. First sampling on Tenax-tubes occurred about 72 hours after the windows and doors were closed, further samples (two samples each) were taken every 24 hours. Room air was collected using sampling tubes (1 litre per tube) with a bellows pump, type Accuro (Dräger, Lübeck, Germany). ACR were calculated from the known emission rate of the C6F6-tubes, the equilibrium concentration and the effective room volume, according to the procedure for the constant injection method as described in VDI (2001), using Eq. 4c.
In the bedroom, CO2 concentration was measured continuously over the entire study period with measuring intervals of 3 minutes using the Testo 400-device equipped with CO2 probe, and the measured values were stored in the internal data logger. In theofficespace, the CO2 concentration was measuredwith asecond devicein a 24hour rhythmaccording to the American standard ASTMD6245-98. Measurements occurred mainly at nighttime in the then unoccupied office building. Prior to the start of the measurement, the CO2 concentration in the office space was set to ≈600 ppm by the experimenter. Thecalculation of the ACRwas achieved with non-linear regression analysisusingthestatisticalpackageSPSS, wherethemeasuredconcentration values were fitted to exponential terms with consideration of the calculatedbackgroundconcentrations.
Results of the CO2 measurements:
The CO2 time-concentration curve recorded for the bedroom is depicted in Figure 7. The bold black line represents the measured concentration values, whereas the grey line describes the graph which was obtained by means of section-wise non-linear regression analysis. Above the individual curve sections, the calculated ACR are plotted. Given the high air-tightness of the bedroom ACR as low as 0.05 to0.1h-1 were determined. It is obvious that the CO2 concentration increases very quickly during the night (one adult) to levels greater than 4000 ppm and decay exponentially during the day to values of 1500 - 2000 ppm. Due to thelowACR, the equilibriumconcentrationofCO2isnotcompassed during a 7 hours\' sleep. The statistical analysis of the CO2 curves obtained for the office space equipped with double box windows resulted, however, in significantly higher ACR, which ranged between 0.2 and 1.4 h-1 because of different window and door features.
Results of the hexafluorobenzene measurements:
In Figure 8, the values of the hexafluorobenzene concentrations from a series of measurements in both rooms are shown together with calculated curves. The solid lines represent the concentration curves which are calculated using Eq. 4b on the basis of the known emission rate E, the room volume VR and the given air change rate λ, whereas the points representtheconcentrations that have been measured (bedroom: triangles; office space: squares). It is evident that the measurements in the bedroom oscillate about values which would be expected for an ACR of about 0.05 h-1. The reason for the large deviation of the two first measurements from the curve is probably due to largely differing flow resistances of the Tenax tubes used. In comparison to the bedroom, the CO2 values in the office (lower curve) show a much lower level despite the double emission rate. On the one hand, the lower concentration increase is caused by the larger room volume, but another reason is the significantly higher ACR of 0.45 h-1. The calculation of the ACR from the individual concentration values measured led to values ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 h-1 for the bedroom and from 0.2 to 1.7 h-1 for the office space, respectively.
Course of CO2 concentration in a bedroom equipped with an insulating glasswindow with rubber sealing. Window and door closed. Measured values (black) with corresponding air change rates [in ACH], dotted curve: theoretical values. Room volume:24 m³, occupancy: one adult.
Course of hexafluorobenzene concentration (HFB) in two rooms with different volumes and different window types, theoretical curves calculated from given emission rates E, air change rates λ, known room volumes VR. Black glyphs: measured values.
The results of the tracer gas comparison are shown in Table 5 for both test series. At large, a very good agreement was found for ACR determined with the two different tracer gases.
ACR results of comparative measurements with CO2 and hexafluorobenzene as tracer gases. Windows and doors closed.
In another series of investigations an office space with a volume of 48 m³ and two double box windows was doped with CO2 and SF6 in parallel on 6 consecutive days, and the ACR were determined from the decay curves. Measurement of SF6 was done in the same way as described in the above section "decay curve". An example of the parallel concentration decay of both tracer gases is given in Figure 9; results of the 6 experiments, which differ only slightly, are compiled in Table 6.
Decay curves of CO2 and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and curve fits; simultaneous measurements in the same room.
Comparative measurements with CO2 und SF6; office space (volume 48 m³, two double box windows); COV (%): coefficient of variation = 100*standard deviation (std.dev.) / average.
The average ACR was 0.304 h-1 for CO2 (SD ± 0.09 h-1) and 0.298 h-1 for SF6 (SD ± 0.09 h-1). To check for systematic differences between the individual determinations we calculated the ratio of the two air change rates and got a mean ratio of 1.02 with a standard deviation of ± 0.08. Thus, no statistically significant systematic differences between the compared tracer gases could be detected. Since our sample size was rather small (only 6 determinations for each tracer gas) we included results from other studies (Guo and Lewis 2007; Roulet and Foradini 2002; Shaw, 1984) for comparison. After inclusionof these data the difference wasstatisticallysignificant, albeit the systematicdeviationbetweentheACR, determined under the same conditions with either CO2 or SF6, was very small (Fig. 10). A similarly good agreement was found by Stavova (Baránková) et al. (2006) comparing CO2 and Freon 134a.
The mean ratio of the two air change rates (CO2/SF6) is about 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.12). Standard deviation ranged from 0.93 to 1.21. The ≈6% overestimation of the ACR, as obtainedwithCO2, is yet much smaller thanthe 50percentoverestimation obtainedby Schulze and Schuschke (1990) who used krypton 85. On the basis of existent data it is so far not possible to conclude with certainty whether or not very small ACR (i.e. 0.1 h-1) are responsible for higher systematic deviations.
Natural ventilation is driven by the air-pressure difference between theinteriorandexternalenvironment which prevails on the room\'s openingareas like windowsanddoors. The air change rate is also influenced by thetightnessof windowsanddoors versus jointsand cracksin the building envelope. The air-pressuredifferenceis predominantly causedby temperaturedifferencesbetweenindoorand outdoor climate,andbylocalwindeffects. Onthewindward sideof a building, the wind is trapped reaching its highestdynamic power when the flow angle equals 90 . Onthesides of a building that parallel thewinddirectionandon the far side, negative air-pressures occur regularly. These air-pressuredifferencesresult in raised rim hole rates, particularly in case of leaksor openwindowson opposite sides of a building, due to suctionand pressure cycles of the wind(i.e. cross ventilation). The entire air-pressureontothefaçadeisdependentonboth thewindspeed and squalls,as well as the building’s constructional quality, namely the tightness of thefaçade.
Comparative air change determinations with CO2 and SF6 as tracer gases. Results from other authors and own results. Solid line: mean, dotted lines: 95% confidence interval of the mean, dashed lines: interval of ± 1 standard deviation.
Tostudy theeffectsof weather conditions on the ACR,measurementswere conducted intwo different officebuildingsof theRobertKoch Institute, Berlin, Germany. Building #1 is anolder brick building (built ca. 1900), surrounded by allotment gardens (to the northandsouth) and largeopen spaces. On the east side is a three-storey row house, and on the west side afour-storey office building. Dueto the location of the building, unhindered wind flow is limited to south-east or south-west directions. All of the five rooms which have beenselected in building #1 were located on the south side and equipped with double box windows (rooms A– D and F; room volumes between 30and 90 m³).
The rooms in building #2 constructed in the late 1970s were equipped with tightly closing windows featuring single glazing and insulating rubber seals. The room selected for the measurements had a large window sill with a couple of windows in north-east direction and a room volume of 40 m3 (room E). In front of the windows was an open space (length ≈150 m), limiting wind flow to solely from north-easttosouth-east directions. On the south side,room E wasprotectedbya cross-building located in a distance of ≈10 m. Likewise, on the north side, the building was protected by a north-east to south-west oriented wing of the same building (in a distance of about 70 m from room E).
Between January 1999 and December 2010 a total of 611 air change measurements were performed in the five rooms of building #1 (A – D and F) using the CO2 decay method. Thedecay curveswere mainly recorded at night or on weekends according to ASTMD6245-98,when the building was unoccupied. Analogously, 388 air change measurements were carried outin roomEof building #2 between July 2002 and September 2008. During the measurements all doors and windows were kept closed. Data about meteorologicalconditions during thetests, such as outsideairtemperature, wind speed andwinddirectionwereobtainedfrom the web sites of local Berlin weatherstations. In roomEofbuilding #2 the indoor temperature was recorded during the measurements. Table7provides an overview ofthe air change rates determined. Forroomswithdouble box windows individual values ofACR varied from <0.05 h-1 to 1.8 h-1(i.e. a factor of ≈40), whereas the medians (50th percentile) obtained for the rooms A – D and F varied only between 0.3 and 0.6h-1. Significantdifferencesbetween the individual roomscouldnot be detected.
Air change rates [ACH] in office spaces with windows of different construction, rooms A-D, F: wooden double box windows, room E: insulating glass window with plastic frame and rubber sealing
Significantly lower ACR were determined for room E in building #2 equipped with double glazed windows for which the median was 0.08h-1. The individual values varied between 0.016 and 0.40h-1, i.e. maximum and minimum differ more than a magnitude. Wind influences, especially wind speed, were identified as the main reason for the variability of theACRin the two buildings (Fig. 11).
In building #1 (rooms A – D and F) theACRrangedfrom<0.1 h-1 when windspeed waslower than 5 km/h to1.2–1.4h-1at a wind speed up to 30–40 km/h. The strong influenceofthewind caused significantanduncontrollableheatlossesthrough leaky windows which, in turn, caused unhealthy draught effects.
Surprisingly, the results obtained for room E in building #2 equipped with insulated windows and rubber seals, were significantly dependent on wind influences, as well, although the wind effects weremuchsmallerthan those of building #1. For room E,ACR were less or equal to 0.05h-1 when wind speed was lower than <5 km/h but increased up to 0.25h-1with a wind speed ofmorethan 40 km/h. Therelations describedhereessentially confirm the results formerly obtained by Wegner (1983). Besides the wind speed, theflow directionof the wind had a significant impact onthe amountof the ACR. Thisisevidentfrom the graphical presentation in Figure12, grouping ACRs according to the winddirection prevailing in test periods.
Influence of wind speed on ACR in office spaces equipped with windows of different construction. Windows and doors closed. Rooms with double box windows (A-D, F: n= 611), room with insulating glass window: n= 388).
Wind direction and ACR in office spaces equipped with windows of different construction. Windows and doors closed. Rooms with double box windows (A-D, F: n= 601), room with insulating glass window: n= 388).
Adverse wind blowing against the window or in parallel to the window front are of higher impact than wind flow from the backside of the building, the latter causing lower ACR than the two former (see Table 8).
Dependance of ACR on wind direction, raw and adjusted ACR quotients, Rooms A-D, F: windows to south, room E windows to north-east.
In case of the roomswithdouble box windows, this led toarelative threefold increase ofairchange, expressed as ratio ac(luv) : ac(lee), for wind directions from south towest. In theroomwithdouble glazed windows, we measured an almost doubled increase ofairchange (70– 100%)for winddirectionsfrom north toeast. The overall airchangeratios depending upon the relative wind direction, respectively were not remarkably influenced by the wind speed (Quotientadj in Table8). Summarising wind effects we could demonstrate thatregardless ofwind strength and the windowtypeanairflow directed tothe window front can yield a 1.5- to more than 2-fold increase of the ACR in comparison to wind from the backside.
The temperature difference between inside and outside is one of the major forces driving ventilation. We investigated the impact of the temperature gradient (room air temperature minus outside air temperature) on the ACR in room E and found astatisticallysignificant effect on the extent ofairchange(Fig. 14a). Whereas the average air change rate λ, after correction for the wind influence, was only 0.06 h-1 at atemperaturedifference ΔT of 0K, it increased up to 0.1 h-1 when the temperature gradientrose toabout30 K. However, as compared to wind effects (Fig 14b), the exponential relationship between ACR and temperature gradient(Fig.14a), turned out to be much weaker, at least for room E with its tightly closingwindow.
Wind action and temperature gradient both proved to be significantfactors influencingthe amountofairchange through joints and cracks in buildings. For indoor spaces in buildings with high leak tightness, windowventilationplaysacrucialrole in the removalof excess humidity, carbon dioxide, odorsand othervolatilecompounds. Theeffectiveness ofventilationviaopenedwindowsisnot only dependent ontheir number, sizeandarrangementin the room, but also on the modus and frequency of active window ventilation. Windows that are only opened partway (i.e. tilted) ventilateless effectivethan fully openedwindows. Cross-ventilation can be achieved when windows on oppositesides ofa room are opened simultaneously. Cross-ventilation removes moistureandcontaminants most effectively fromthe indoor airtothe outside. Theeffectiveness ofthedifferentmodes of window ventilation expressed in terms of the ACR, was examined with a couple of tests in room E, the results of which are shown in Figure 13 in conjunction with thejointventilation results.
ACR and window position. Office room E.
ACR determinations were carried out by the decay method; duration of themeasurements varied between 0.5h and3h with recording intervals of 12 sto 1 min.After doping the room with CO2, one window in the room (dimensions: width 0.8m and length 1.2m) was either in tilted position(i.e. 10 cm wide upperopening)orwidely open(i.e. opening angle80 ). To achieve cross-ventilation, an opposite window was also widely open. For both ventilation modes – tilted or full open – the following ACR were determined (Table 9a): With the tiltedwindow a total of 239 measurements was performed; the average ACR(i.e. median) was 1.5 h-1 with day-to-day variations that ranged from 0.5 h-1to3.4h-1. Inthe caseof full open window, the median ACR was10h-1, with a minimum of 2.4h-1 and a maximum of 30h-1 (321 measurements). For cross ventilation a number of 179measurementswere performed. The ACRvaried between 15 h-1 and 146h-1(median: 40h-1). On the basis of these data we calculated the ventilation times which are necessary to reduce an indoor CO2 concentration of 1500 ppm by 98% (corresponding to a CO2 concentration that is about 30 ppm higher than outside) and yielded 2 hours for the tilted window (range 1 – 7 hours), ≈0.3 hours for the wide open window (range 0.1 – 1.5 hours) and 0.1 hours for cross-ventilation (range 1 - 14 min; see also Table 9b).
Dependance of ACR on window construction and opening
Ventilation time needed to reduce CO2 concentration of 1500 ppm by 98%
These results clearly confirm the great importance of ventilation with fully open windows and, even more, of cross-ventilation for the efficient removal of indoor pollutants. Thebroad variation inACR can be explained to a great deal by theeffectof the temperature gradientbetween indoor and outside (Fig. 14a).
Compared to the temperature gradient,windeffectsplayed only a minor role at least for the window openings "tilted" and "widely open" tested here (Fig. 14b). The dependence oftheACRonthetemperaturegradientcouldbe estimated by non-linear exponential curve fitting for all tested window opening modes (Fig. 14a). From these findings we can conclude thatin case of ventilation via tilted window, witha temperaturegradient of10K,an ACR of0.92*exp(0.045 * 10) =1.4h-1 can be expected for the room examined here (95% prediction interval:1.0h-1–2.0h-1). With atemperaturegradient of20Kan average ACRof2.3h-1 can be expected (95% prediction interval1.6h-1 – 3.1 h-1). For ventilation with fully open window an ACR of 4.5 * exp (0.071 * 10) = 9.2 h-1 (Δ T = 10 K) can be expected and 18.6 to h-1 (Δ T = 20 K) with 95% prediction intervals 5.5 h-1– 15.3 h-1 and 11.1 h-1– 31.2 h-1, respectively. In the case of cross ventilation an average ACR would expected to be 39.0 h-1 and 50.2 h-1 for Δ T = 10 K and 20 K, with 95% prediction intervals of 23.0 h-1 - 65.8 h-1 and 29.6 h-1 – 85.1 h-1, respectively.
Theresultspresented so fardo not allowgeneralstatementson theairchangeinbuildings, sincethenumberofrooms examinedwas far toosmall. As partofsite inspections and indoor air investigationsduring 1999–2005,ACR were determined for a further number of different buildings and rooms applying the CO2 concentration decay method. A total of 198 livingandworkingspaces, situated in 152 buildings in theBerlin areaandin the immediatesurrounding werestudied, comprising of 143residentialbuildingsof different
a. Influence of temperature gradient (indoor to outdoor) on ACR, corrected for wind effects, b. Influence of wind speed on ACR, corrected for temperature effects, in an office space (room E) for different ventilation conditions: natural ventilation: "closed", "window tilted", "widely open" and "cross ventilation", (from bottom to top); room volume 40 m³, solid lines: fitted curve, dashed lines: 95% prediction intervals.
age and storey numbers, and nine different office buildings. None of the rooms had an additionally installed ventilation system. Tenants were asked not to enter the rooms duringthetracergasmeasurements and to keep windows and doors closed. The duration ofthetracergasmeasurementsvariedbetween2 hoursand 24hours. To obtain decay curves with a high number of nodes we choose time intervals of 1 to 3 minutes between CO2 measurements. Two Testo 400 devices withCO2probe(infrared absorption) were used for recording and data logging. The results show that under worst case conditions the vast majority of the ACR are below the range of 0.5 h-1 – 1 h-1 which was recommended by the former German Federal Health Office (Bundesgesundheitsamt, 1993) for common living quarters. The ACRof the studiedrooms ranged from minimum0.02 h-1to maximum1.98 h-1. Of the198naturallyventilatedrooms the majority (167=84%) had ACRof 0.5h-1orbelow. ACR of 0.8h-1or higher could be determinedfor only 12of the rooms (6%). The50th percentile(median) of the ACRwas0.2h-1witha95% confidence interval(CI) of 0.17 h-1 – 0.24h-1; arithmetic mean was 0.31h-1 (95% CI 0.27 h-1 – 0.36h-1) and geometric mean was 0.22h-1 (95% CI 0,20 h-1 – 0,25 h-1), respectively (see Table 10). Thus, our studies essentially confirm the results obtained by Münzenberg (2004) and Salthammer etal. (1995), who conducted ACR measurements under similarmethodologicalconditions inGermany, and received results consistent with those from surveys in Scandinavia by Andersen et al. (1997); Bornehag et al. (2005) and Harving et al. (1992).
Measurements performed in the same rooms using diffusion tubes and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) or PFT as a tracer gas yielded somewhat higher ACR compared to that obtained with the CO2 concentration decay method. This can be explained by necessarily longer exposure times of collection tubes ranging from several days to weeks, which essentially means that there have been one ore more active ventilation phases during the measurement period influencing the air change (Table 10). However, eveninthesestudies, the proportion of roomswithACR below 0.5 h-1was remarkably high. Studies conducted in the USA also show a high proportion of buildings (50 percent and more) with ACR below 0.5 h-1 (Persily et al., 2010), suggestingthatabasically desirable ACRof at least 0.5h-1is difficult to achieveunder normalconditions. Similar conclusions have been drawn by Erhorn and Gertis (1986) and Münzenberg (2004).
Stratification for window types showed significantly higher ACR (factor ≈2) for rooms with double box windows or composite windows than for rooms with specially insulated windows (double glazing and continuous rubber seal; Table 11). However, also for rooms with double box windows or composite windows the majority of the ACR determinations yielded values <0.5 h-1. The50th percentile(median) was 0.33h-1, and the75th percentilewasabout0.56h-1. In comparison, rooms with double glazed windows had a median ACR of 0.16 h-1 and the 75th percentile was 0.25 h-1.
ACR measurements in Germany and Scandinavia, results of surveys. TFE: 1.1.2-trichloro-1.2.2-trifluoroethane, 1) before reconstruction. 2)after reconstruction, 3) single family houses, 4) multi-family houses, AM: arithmetic mean,. GM: geometric mean, n.a. not available, < 0.5 h- 1: proportion (%) of air change rates < 0.5 h-1
ACR in naturally ventilated rooms (windows and doors closed) equipped with different window types. Min: Minimum. Max: Maximum. 05. P: 5th percentile. 25. P: 25th percentile. 75.P: 75th percentile. 95. P: 95th percentile. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. AM: arithmetic mean. GM: geometric mean
Theempiricalfrequency distribution of the ACR for thetotalsamplehadthe typicalshapeof alog-normal distributionwith asteeprise onthe leftand a long tail on therightside (Fig. 15a). A good fit to the normal distribution could be achieved by calculating the logarithms of the ACR (Fig. 15b).
Empirical frequency distribution of ACR (natural ventilation) for 198 rooms in the City of Berlin; a, values as determined; b, log-transformed values. Solid line represents normal distribution.
This is consistent with the results of Scandinavian studies by Andersen et al. (1997); Bekö et al. (2010); Harving et al. (1992); Øie et al. (1998) and Ruotsalainen et al. (1992) who found the same form of empirical frequency distributions of ACR in Danish, Finnish and Norwegian residential buildings.
Adequate ventilation is the cheapest and easiest way to effectively remove indoor pollutants. Previous studies have shown that insufficient airchangeis mainly due to renovation and other structuralchanges, namely in most cases the installationof new air-tight windows (Wegner 1983, 1984). The results of our own investigations presented here have led tosimilar conclusions, apart from significantly lower ACR as compared to previous studies(Wegner 1983, 1984). Generallyinsufficientfresh air supply resulted in anconsiderableincrease of indoor airpollutants. This is the caseforformaldehyde(Li et al., 2002; Salthammeretal., 1995; Wegner,1983) and othervolatilecompounds(Hodgson etal., 2003) as well asforthe radioactivenoblegasradon(Andersen etal., 1997; Chaoetal., 1997; Sentikova, 1999). Our own studiesalsofounda correlationbetween theconcentrationof volatileorganiccompoundsand the ventilation rateinnaturallyventilatedrooms, as described below.
We have chosen some frequently found indoor air pollutants, which may be taken as typical representatives of different substance classes, namely formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, hexanal, d-limonene, α-pinene, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5-siloxane), and toluene. Air sampling to analyse thesecontaminants was done in the rooms under study (closed windowsanddoors), either after a CO2tracergasmeasurement was finished or directly before the start of a CO2 decay recording with Aircheck samplers (model 224-PCXR8) SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA, USA. Forenrichmentweused the adsorption media recommended for these pollutants. Airvolumes varied from 90 l to 120 l and the sampling airflow was 1.5– 2 l/min. Formaldehyde was somewhat special since itwasmeasured semi-quantitatively in situ inmostrooms. An Interscan 4000 device (Ansyco, Lenzkirch, Germany) was used to carry out the measurements. Prior to the determination of the formaldehyde concentration, a zerobalance was produced bypumpingairthroughan upstreamactivatedcarbonfilter for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the concentrationvaluewas recordedwhenthe readingremainedconstant. Comparison ofmeasurementsfor24different roomsyieldedagood agreement of concentration levels obtained with the electrochemicalformaldehyde method using theInterscan4000and the laboratory results obtained by analysis of the airsamplesthat were collected with DNPHcartridges.
Statistics for the pollutants investigated here are listed in Table12; if the sample size was sufficient the95% confidence intervals were also included. Acetone, formaldehydeandacetaldehydeshowedthe highestconcentrations, with median valuesof75µg/m³, 23 µg/m³and 31 µg/m³, respectively. Due toboiling pointsbelow60 C, these pollutants are classified as very volatileorganiccompounds (VVOC). Therefore, they are–withthe exceptionofformaldehyde–notregularlyrecorded indoors.
As Figure16shows, thefrequencyofformaldehydeconcentrations >100µg/m³ seems to correlate withthe ACR. In8of77 category-1 roomswithACR<0.2 h-1formaldehyde amounted to ≥100µg/m³, i.e. the frequencyof exceeding values was 10.4% (95% CI 4.6% –19.5%). Among the category-2 und -3 rooms was only one each with exceeding formaldehyde (1.6% and3.2% relativefrequency, 95% CI 0% –8.5% and0% –16.7%, respectively). According to Χ2testing these differences were close to be significant (p=0.060), but this seems unlikely due to strongoverlapsof the very broad 95% CI. Our finding thus points to successfulemission reduction measures through low-emission products by which pollutant concentrations can be accomplished that are within the range of the accepted limits, even in very airtight rooms.
Frequency of formaldehyde concentrations >100 µg/m³ and ACR (natural ventilation) in rooms of the City of Berlin.
a. and b. Concentrations of acetaldehyde (a) and acetone (b) and corresponding air change rates in rooms of the City of Berlin. Sampling: worst case conditions, solid line: mean concentration, dotted line: 90% prediction limit.
Unlike formaldehyde, the concentrations of acetaldehyde and acetoneshoweda cleardependenceofthe airchangerate λ, which could be described by the power function (C(λ) = a*λ-k). The independent variable air change rate could explain about 50% (R2 = 0.5) of the total variance of the acetaldehyde concentration values and about34% (R2=0.34) of the acetone concentration values. The results of a curve fitting are shown in Fig. 17 a and b.\n\t\t\t\t
According to the resulting functionparameters it can beestimatedthat an increase ofthe ACR from 0.1h-1to 0.5h-1 would yield a reductionof the indoor concentrationsfrom 40µg/m³ to 15µg/m³foracetaldehyde,and from 145µg/m³to60µg/m³for acetone. This is a reduction factor of 2.4 – 2.7.
Concentrations [µg/m³] and 95% confidence intervals of selected VVOC and VOC in the air of rooms in the City of Berlin; n.d.: 95% confidence interval not detected (small sample size), 10. P: 10th percentile, 90. P: 90th percentile, AM: arithmetic mean, GM: geometric mean.
Similar relations were found forothervolatileorganiccompounds(Table 12). Again, thedependenceof their indoor airconcentrationsonthe ACR could be characterizedby a powerfunction (see Figures 17c to 17h). Regression analysis revealed that an increase of the ACR from 0.1h-1to 0.5h-1 decreased the concentrations of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol andhexanal (or hexanaldehyde) by a factor of ≈2.3, since 2-ethyl-hexanol declined from 6.2µg/m³ to 2.6µg/m³, and hexanal declined from 21.2µg/m³ to 9.1µg/m³. Forlimoneneandα-pinene the reductionfactorswere2.6and2.2, respectively. For these pollutants, the indoor air concentrations would be reduced from 24 µg/m³ and 30 µg/ m³ to values of 9 µg/m³ and 14 µg/m³, respectively For decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D5) and toluene the reduction factors amounted to2.7and2.4, corresponding to a decline 6.5µg/m³to 2.4µg/m³(D5) or32µg/m³to 13µg/m³(toluene).
c-h.Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOC) and corresponding ACR in rooms of the City of Berlin. Sampling under worst case conditions, solid line: mean concentration, dotted line: 90% prediction limit.
These results may allow to conclude thatincreasingthe ACR to the fourfold will reduce indoor airconcentration of VVOC and VOC to half. Thismeansthat theconcentration is inversely proportionalto thesquare rootof theACR, but seems to be contradictory to theoreticalconsiderations, ifoneassumesanearlyconstantemissionrateof volatilecompounds. In this case, the concentration would be inversely proportionalto theACR underequilibriumconditions, meaning that a fourfold increase in the ACR would reduce the concentration to a quarter.
One of the reasons for the deviating results is surely the fact that nowadays many buildings are constructed with such a high air-tightness that a kinetic equilibrium cannot be achieved under typical sampling conditions (i.e. time span of several hours between last window ventilation and start of the measurement; see also Figure 3b). Thatleads, firstly, tolowACR (<0.2 h-1) and, secondly,to an underestimationof the VOCconcentrations. Theregressionanalysis yieldsaflattercurveand anexponentk<1 forthe air change rate λ. Anotherreasonis thedifferentinterior decoration (furniture, wallpapers, other equipment) of the spaces investigated here, andthustheir differing pollutionloads. Our VOC sample comprised rooms which differed greatly in respectto number and kind of possiblesources. Therefore, we can assumethateven in roomswith lowairchange either no VOC sources existed or only such sources withlowemissionrates. As a consequence,onlylowconcentrations could have been measuredin the air of theserooms. This fact would also contribute to the flattening of the air change-concentration curve.
Theinfluence ofACRonthe concentrationsof VOC is also valid when we consider substance classes. The spectrumofindividualcompoundsof these classes resembles that described by Schleibingeretal. (2001, 2002). Aswithformaldehyde, the analysis wasperformedwithgroupeddatato revealthedependency onthe ACR, and categorisation was done as above. For determiningoffrequencies of exceeding concentrations the individual measurement values were summed up. Subsequently, the sum values were dichotomised on the basis of the medians of the empirical distributions. The empirical medians agreed quite well with the limits proposed by Schleibinger et al. (2002) – especially when taking into accountthe 95% confidence intervals of the percentiles (Table 13). Exceptionshere are thesiloxanes, for which the 90th percentile was clearly above Schleibinger\'s recommendation (Schleibiger, 2002). The marked deviation from previous studies (Schleibinger et al., 2001; Scholz, 1998) may indicate an increased (and still increasing) use of siloxanes as constituents of coating materials, paints, cosmetics etc., thus contributing more than ever to indoor air pollution.
Indoor air concentrations and 95% confidence intervals [µg/m³] for selected classes of chemical compounds. Results of a survey performed in the city of Berlin. Published target and reference values by
The relationshipbetweenambient airconcentrations of selectedsubstanceclassesandtheACR the following picture can summarised as follows (Fig. 18): Dependingon the substanceclass,between 50% and 70% of roomswithACR<0.2 h-1(sample sizeof this subgroup varied from n= 41ton= 53) showed concentrations whichwereabovethemedianof the respective substance class. For ACRbetween0.2h-1 and0.5h-1(sample size between n =37andn= 52) this was true for only 40 – 50% of the rooms. This proportion was further reduced to 10 – 20% when the ACR were equal to or greater than 0.5 h-1 (n = 15-27). This trend was statistically significant for all substance classes studied here (χ2 test for trend: aldehydes p <0.01, aromatics p <0.001, terpenes p <0.001), Even for siloxanes the trend was significant, although not very pronounced (p <0.05).
Frequency of concentrations above median (50th percentile), given for selected compound classes and stratified by ACR. Active air sampling under worst case conditions, error bars: 95% confidence intervals.
Overall, it canbe deducedthattheprobabilityofexceeding pollutant concentrations not only depends on the numberofindoorsources andtheir emitting power, but alsoon theair-tightnessof rooms. However, no exceeding concentrations can occur without the presence ofindoorsources. Forthisreason, theuseof low-emissionproducts should givenpriority in order to avoid preventable future exposure to air pollutants. Whether a given indoor air concentration is above the usual burden and appropriate remedial measures are necessary, can be clearly evaluated by theACR.It would therefore bedesirabletodefineair-change-related referencevaluesfor common and tolerable concentrationsof volatileindoorairpollutants.
Tracergasmeasurementsfacilitate the determinationofairchangebetweenindoor and outdoor environmentunder different ventilation conditions. Inthis papermethodsare described which can be used to determine the air change rate with tracergas measurements. Special emphasis was given tocarbon dioxide, since this tracergasisoftenusedto assess indoor airqualityandairtightness ofrooms. Wehaveshownways todetermine airchangerates with carbon dioxide and compared the results with those obtained by other tracergases.
The dependence ofthenaturalair change fromtheprevailingweatherconditions, such as thecurrentwindandtemperatureconditionscouldbedemonstrated by owninvestigations. Wheather effects in conjunction with different window types were leading to considerable day-to-day variability, thereby limiting the reproducibility of measurementsto a large extent. However, focusing on therelationship between air changeand window ventilation we could showthatventilationwithwide openwindows or cross-ventilation are by far thecheapest ways to remove indoor pollutants as quickly as possible from indoor air. The effectiveness of window ventilation strongly depends on the temperature difference between room air and outside air, whereas the influence of wind seems to be less important.
Studieson theair quality inBerlin\'shousing stockrevealeda very highproportionofrooms with lowair changerates. About80% of therooms examined by usshowedair changeratesbelow 0.5 h-1, half of which were even below0.2 h-1, when determined under so-called "worst case" conditions. Especiallyin roomsthathadnewlyinstalledwindowswithinsulated glassandperipheralsealingstrip, verylowair changerateswere frequently determined. Of these,about50% (median) had air changeratesbelow 0.16 h-1. This was in significant contrast to rooms in older buildings equipped with wooden framed double box windows or composite windows, which displayed mean air change ratesof0.47h-1.
Lowair changerates often contributetoelevated VOC concentrations, in rooms with insulated windows, unless emissions are notlimited byappropriate low-emissionproducts. This relationshipcould beconfirmedby our investigations. Improvementof ventilation i.e. increasingtheairchangerateis an efficient measure to additionally reducethepollutantloadin indoor spaces. Therefore,to achieve limitationofunhealthy indoor-borne pollutants a combination of both measurescan strongly be recommended.
We are grateful to Dipl. Ing. P. Tappler, Innenraum Mess- und Beratungsservice, Vienna, Federal Republic of Austria, for providing instrumentation and sulphur hexafluoride for the measurement of air change rates. We also thank Dr.-Ing. H. Schleibinger, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, for his generous assistance in the acquisition of literature, and to the ALAB staff, Analytic Laboratory Berlin, for carefully conducting the sample analyses. We gratefully thank Dr.Liv Bode for her support in revising the manuscript.
Fluid-solid two-phase flows are important in many geophysical problems such as sediment erosion, transport and deposition in rivers or coastal environment, debris flows, scour at river or marine structures, and submarine landslides. Behaviors of fluid-solid two-phase flows are very different from those of liquid-gas two-phase flows where bubbles are dispersed in the liquid or droplets dispersed in the gas. Vast numbers of experiments on various scales have been carried out for different applications of fluid-solid two-phase flows; these experiments have advanced our understanding of bulk behaviors of some important flow characteristics. However, development of measurement techniques suitable for collecting data that contribute to understanding important physics involved in fluid-solid two-phase flows is a still-evolving science. With the modern computer technology, many data that are not obtainable currently in the experiment can be easily produced by performing time-dependent, multidimensional numerical simulations. Of course, empirical closure models required to close the governing equations still need high-quality experimental data for model validation.
\nNumerical approaches to two-phase flows include Eulerian-Eulerian approach, direct numerical simulations (DNS) based on Eulerian-Lagrangian formulations (Lagrangian point-particle approach), and fully resolved DNS approach [1]. Fully resolved DNS can resolve all important scales of the fluid and particles, but these simulations are currently limited to about 10 k uniform-size spheres on a Cray XE6 with 2048 cores [2], and it is not practical to use this method to model large-scale geophysical flow problems in the foreseeable future [1]. Lagrangian point-particle approach uses Eulerian formulation for the fluid phase and Lagrangian formulation for tracking the instantaneous positions of the particles. Lagrangian point-particle simulations make use of semiempirical relationships to provide both hydrodynamic force and torque acting on each particle and thus avoid modeling processes on scales smaller than Kolmogorov scale [1], making it possible to include more particles and run in a domain larger than that for fully resolved DNS. The application of Lagrangian point-particle approach is crucially dependent on the availability and accuracy of such semiempirical relationships. A recent study shows that good results can be obtained for about 100k uniform-size spherical particles in a vertical channel flow [3]; however, using this approach to investigate large-scale two-phase flow problems is still beyond the current computing capacity. Two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian approach treats both the fluid and particle phases as continuum media and is suitable for solving large-scale two-phase flow problems.
\nEulerian-Eulerian two-phase flow models based on large-eddy-simulations solve a separate set of equations describing conservation of mass, momentum, and kinetic energy for each phase [4, 5, 6, 7] and thus have the potential to consider all important processes involved in the interactions between the two phases through parameterization of particle-scale processes. This chapter introduces the basics of Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase flow modeling, its implementation in the finite-volume framework of OpenFOAM®, and two applications in geophysical flow problems.
\nLet us consider a mixture of fluid and solid particles. Fluid can be gas, water, or a mixture of water and gas. In DNS and Lagrangian point-particle approaches to two-phase flows, the flow field is solved by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the motion of each particle is determined by the Newton’s equation of motion. In Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase flow approaches, however, the motions of individual particles are not of the interest, and the focus is on the macroscopic motion of the fluid and solid particles instead. For this purpose, the solid particles are modeled as a continuum mass through an ensemble averaging operation, which is based on the existence of possible equivalent realizations. After taking ensemble average, the mixture of fluid and particles consists of two continuous phases: the fluid (water, gas, or a mixture of water and gas) is the fluid phase, and the solid particle is the solid phase. Both phases are incompressible. The motions of the fluid and solid phases are governed by their own equations, which are obtained by taking ensemble average of the microscopic governing equations for each phase [8]. Even though some aspects of fluid-solid interaction can be considered through the ensemble average, the ensemble averaging operation itself, however, does not explicitly introduce any turbulent dispersion in the resulting equations. To consider the turbulent dispersion in the Eulerian-Eulerian description of the fluid-solid two-phase flows, another averaging operation (usually a Favre average) is needed to consider the correlations of turbulent components [5, 9].
\nAt the microscopic scale, the fluid-solid mixture is a discrete system. The purpose of performing an ensemble averaging operation is to derive a set of equations describing this discrete system as a continuous system at the macroscopic scale, where the typical length scale should be much larger than one particle diameter.
\nIn the Eulerian-Eulerian approach to two-phase flows, it is assumed that the equations governing the motion of phase \n
and
\nwhere \n
where \n
Because the fluid phase and the solid phase are immiscible, at any time \n
The volumetric concentration of phase \n
There are several methods to derive the ensemble averaged equations governing the motion of phase \n
where \n
The ensemble averaged equations governing the motion of phase \n
and
\nThe resulting equations governing the ensemble average motion of phase \n
and
\nwith
\nNote that \n
which is the density of the interfacial force [8]. Physically, \n
After using Eq. (3) for \n
and
\nwhere \n
and \n
For compressible materials \n
Now we examine the limiting case where the fluid-solid system is at its static state. Because the phase functions for the two phases satisfy \n
for the fluid phase, and
\nfor the solid phase.
\nBecause \n
which, physically, is the buoyancy acting on the solid phase. Now Eq. (18) becomes
\nwhich states that the weight of the solid particles is supported by the buoyancy and the interparticle forces. Therefore, the ensemble pressure of the solid phase can be written as \n
For brevity of the presentation, we shall denote simply \n
and
\nThe ensemble averaged equations governing the motion of the solid phase are
\nand
\nwhere \n
To close the equations for the fluid and solid phases, closure models are needed for \n
It is remarked here that the definitions of the ensemble averages given in Eq. (14) do not consider the contribution from the correlations between the fluctuations of the velocities and the fluctuations of phase functions at microscopic scale; therefore, the effects of turbulent dispersion are not directly included in the ensemble averaged equations describing the motion of the each phase. In the literature, two approaches have been used to consider the turbulent dispersion: (i) considering the correlation between the fluctuations of \n
In the absence of the turbulent dispersion from \n
This expression for \n
where \n
The volumetric concentration and the velocities can be written as
\nwhere the Favre averages are defined as
\nand the overline stands for an integration with respect to time over a time scale longer than small-scale turbulent fluctuations but shorter than the variation of the mean flow field.
\nThe averaged equations for the mean flow fields of the two phases are obtained by taking the following steps: (i) substituting Eq. (25) with Eq. (26) in Eqs. (22) and (24), (ii) substituting Eq. (27) in the equations obtained at step (i), and (iii) taking average of the equations obtained at step (ii) to obtain the following equations:
\nfor the fluid phase, with \n
and
\nfor the solid phase, with \n
It is remarked here that the terms \n
In order to close these averaged equations, closure models are required for the following terms: \n
where \n
For brevity of the presentation, the symbols representing Favre averages are dropped hereinafter, and the final equations governing the conservation of mass and momentum of each phase are
\nfor the fluid phase and
\nfor the solid phase.
\nThe stress tensor for the fluid phase \n
The viscous stress tensor \n
where \n
The stress tensor \n
where \n
with \n
The equations governing \n
and
\nwhere coefficients \n
where \n
with \n
It is remarked here that the presence of solid particles in the turbulent flow may either enhance (for large particles) or reduce (for small particles) the turbulence [18]. The \n
The closure models for \n
where \n
For solid particles in a compact bed, the formula proposed by Hsu et al. [19] can be used to compute \n
where \n
The closure models for \n
The kinematic viscosity of the solid phase \n
where \n
Based on an analysis of heavy and small particles in homogeneous steady turbulent flows, Hinze [20] suggests that \n
and
\nwhere the coefficient \n
For dense fluid-solid two-phase flows, the visco-plastic rheological characteristics depend on a dimensionless parameter \n
Following the work of Boyer et al. [22], Lee et al. [16] assumed
\nwhere \n
where \n
which considers the solid phase in its static state as a very viscous fluid and
\nwhere \n
The drag force between the two phases is modeled through the particle response time \n
The first model is based on particle sedimentation in still water, which can be simplified as a one-dimensional problem, where the steady sedimentation assures that there are no stresses in both the solid and fluid phases in the vertical direction \n
and
\nwhere \n
Because net volume flux through any horizontal plane must be zero, we have
\nCombining Eqs. (59) and (61) yields
\nSubstituting Eqs. (61) and (62) into Eq. (60) leads to
\nwhere the solid-phase velocity \n
where the coefficient \n
The terminal velocity of a single particle \n
where \n
where \n
It is remarked that Eq. (64) is validated only for \n
Another model for particle response time can be derived by examining the pressure drop in the steady flow through a porous media. For a one-dimensional problem of a horizontal, steady flow through porous media, the terms containing the stresses of the fluid phase disappear, and Eq. (38) reduces to
\nwhere the horizontal coordinate \n
For this problem, Forchheimer [29] suggested
\nwhere \n
Comparing Eqs. (69) and (70) and using Eq.(71) give
\nwhere \n
For flow in a porous media, the particle response time can also be related to its permeability \n
where \n
When the flow is very slow, Eqs. (70), (71), and (73) suggest that
\nwhich means that the particle response time can be related to the permeability.
\nEquation (64) is validated only for \n
where \n
Combining Eqs. (63), (76), and (66)–(67) gives
\nWe stress that \n
where \n
For given values of \n
This section introduces how to use OpenFOAM® to solve the governing equations with the closure models presented in the previous section. OpenFOAM® is a C++ toolbox developed based on the finite-volume method; it allows CFD code developers to sidestep the discretization of derivative terms on unstructured grids.
\nTo avoid numerical noises occurring when \n
and
\nThe solutions of Eqs. (80) and (81) are expressed in the following semidiscretized forms:
\nwhere \n
If Eq. (83) is directly used to calculate \n
which is corrected by the following corrector
\nThis predictor-corrector scheme can improve the numerical stability by introducing a numerical diffusion term. To see this, we combine Eqs. (39) and (85) to obtain the following equation describing the evolution of \n
The right-hand side of Eq. (86) now has a diffusive term introduced by the numerical scheme. High sediment concentration and large \n
For the velocity-pressure coupling, Eq. (82) is similarly solved using a predictor \n
which is corrected by the following corrector
\nSubstituting Eq. (88) into Eq. (37) gives a pressure equation. However, when using this pressure equation to simulate air-water flows, numerical experiments have shown that the lighter material is poorly conserved [36]. The poor conservation of lighter material can be avoided by combining Eqs. (37) and (39) into the following Eq. (37):
\nand using Eq. (89) to correct \n
and combine Eqs. (83) and (88)–(90) to obtain the following equation
\nThe numerical diffusion term on the right-hand side of Eq. (91) can help improve the numerical stability.
\nThe prediction-correction method presented here deals with velocity-pressure coupling and avoids the numerical instability caused by high concentration. The turbulence closure \n
When \n
An iteration procedure is needed to solve the governing equations at each time step for the values of \n
Compute \n
Solve Eq. (86) for \n
Compute \n
Compute \n
Compute \n
Solve Eq. (91) for \n
Repeat Eqs. (5)–(7) for \n
Compute \n
Set \n
Repeat Eqs. (1)–(10) with the updated \n
Solve Eqs. (45) and (46) for \n
Figure 1 is a flowchart showing these 12 solution steps.
\nA flow chart showing the solution procedure using OpenFOAM®.
In the absence of the solid phase, the numerical scheme outlined here reduces to the “PIMPLE” scheme, which is a combination of the “pressure implicit with splitting of operator” (PISO) scheme and the “semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations” (SIMPLE) scheme. Iterations need to be done separately to solve Eq. (80) for \n
To ensure the stability of the overall numerical scheme, the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition must be satisfied for each cell. The local Courant number for each cell, which is related to the ratio between the distance of a particle moving within \n
where in \n
This section briefly describes two examples that have been studied using the two-phase flow models described. The problem descriptions and numerical setups for these two problems are included here; for other relevant information, the reader is referred to Lee and Huang [35] and Lee et al. [38].
\nA sluice gate is a hydraulic structure used to control the flow in a water channel. Sluice gate structures usually have a rigid floor followed by an erodible bed. The scour downstream of a sluice gate is caused by the horizontal submerged water jet issuing from the sluice gate. It is of practical importance to understand the maximum scour depth for the safety of a sluice gate structure. Many experimental studies have been done to investigate the maximum scour depth and the evolution of scour profile (e.g., Chatterjee et al. [39]). For numerical simulations, this problem includes water (fluid phase) and sediment (solid phase) and is best modeled by a liquid-solid two-phase flow approach. In the following, the numerical setup and main conclusions used in Lee et al. [38] are briefly described. The experimental setup of Chatterjee et al. [39] is shown in Figure 2. To numerically simulate the experiment of [8], we use the same sand and dimensions to set up the numerical simulations: quartz sand with \n
A sketch of the experimental setup for scour induced by a submerged water jet.
Comparison of the computed scour depth with measurements of Chatterjee et al. [
The problem involves also an air-water surface, which can be tracked using a modified volume-of-fluid method introduced in [38]. A nonuniform mesh is used in the two-phase flow simulation because of the air-water interface, the interfacial momentum transfer at the bed, and the large velocity variation due to the water jet. The finest mesh with a vertical mesh resolution of \n
The scour process is sensitive to the model for particle response time used in the simulation. Because Eq. (72) can provide a better prediction of sediment transport rate for small values of Shields parameter, it is recommended for this problem. The two-phase flow model can reproduce well the measured scour depth and the location of sand dune downstream of the scour hole.
\nAnother application of the fluid-solid two-phase flow simulation is the simulation of the collapse of a deeply submerged granular column. The problem is best described as a granular flow problem, which involves sediment (a solid phase) and water (fluid phase). Many experimental studies have been reported in the literature on this topic. This section describes a numerical simulation using the fluid-solid two-phase flow model described in this chapter.
\nFigure 4 shows the experimental setup of Rondon et al. [40]. A 1:1 scale two-phase flow simulation was performed by Lee and Huang [35] using the fluid-solid two-phase flow model presented in this chapter. The diameter and the density of the sand grain are 0.225 mm and 2500 kg/m3, respectively. The density and the dynamic viscosity of the liquid are 1010 kg/m3 and 12 mPa s, respectively. Note that the viscosity of the liquid in the experiment is ten times larger than that for water at room temperature. For this problem, using a mesh of 1.0 × 1.0 mm and the particle response model given by Eq. (78), the fluid-solid two-phase flow model presented in this chapter can reproduce well the collapse process reported in Rondon et al. [40]. Figure 5 shows the simulated collapsing processes compared with the measurement for two initial packing conditions: initially loosely packed condition and initially densely packed condition.
\nA sketch of the experimental setup for the collapse of a deeply submerged granular column.
The simulated collapsing processes for the initially loose condition (a)–(d) and the initially dense condition (e)–(h). The lines represent contours of the computed concentrations, and the symbols were experimental data of Rondon et al. [
The two-phase model and closure models presented in this chapter are able to deal with both initially loose packing and initially dense packing conditions and reveal the roles played by the contractancy inside the granular column with a loose packing and dilatancy inside a granular column with a dense packing. One of the conclusions of Lee and Huang [35] is that the collapse process of a densely packed granular column is more sensitive to the model used for particle response time than that of a loosely packed granular column. The particle response model given by Eq. (78) performs better than other models; this is possibly because the liquid used in Rondon et al. [40] is much viscous than water.
\nThis chapter presented a brief introduction to the equations and closure models suitable for fluid-solid two-phase flow problems such as sediment transport, submarine landslides, and scour at hydraulic structures. Two averaging operations were performed to derive the governing equations so that the turbulent dispersion, important for geophysical flow problems, can be considered. A new model for the rheological characteristics of sediment phase was used when computing the stresses of the solid phase. The \n
This material presented here is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1706938 and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [MOST 107-2221-E-032-018-MY3]. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
\nAs this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11527",title:"Six Sigma and Quality Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11949",title:"LiDAR Technology - From Surveying to Digital Twins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1a71ec59de076cdb37d854e4bb72fbd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Linh Truong - Hong and Dr. Anh Thu Anh Phan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188308",title:"Dr.",name:"Linh",surname:"Truong - Hong",slug:"linh-truong-hong",fullName:"Linh Truong - Hong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11798",title:"Listeria monocytogenes - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Cristina Saraiva, Dr. Sónia Saraiva and Prof. Alexandra Esteves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11798.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226197",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Saraiva",slug:"cristina-saraiva",fullName:"Cristina Saraiva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11876",title:"Esophageal Surgery - Current Principles and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9592bd7a6a3809cdc6a66f6100233aaa",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Andrea Sanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11876.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"327116",title:"M.D.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Sanna",slug:"andrea-sanna",fullName:"Andrea Sanna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:280},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"115",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"engineering-control-engineering",parent:{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"},numberOfBooks:51,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1216,numberOfWosCitations:1462,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1079,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1893,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"115",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10972",title:"Control Systems in Engineering and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f92f65447d0f90b67465865d41a61cd1",slug:"control-systems-in-engineering-and-optimization-techniques",bookSignature:"P. Balasubramaniam, Sathiyaraj Thambiayya, Kuru Ratnavelu and JinRong Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252215",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",middleName:null,surname:"Balasubramaniam",slug:"p.-balasubramaniam",fullName:"P. Balasubramaniam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9976",title:"Fuzzy Systems",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c4c0d41cf25d2e8fda944450ac46d95",slug:"fuzzy-systems-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9976.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2dae75adf13d3e082893264d82967fb",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9287",title:"Control Theory in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c584de5f40193b636833aa812dab9d5",slug:"control-theory-in-engineering",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu, Ali Saghafinia, Xian Du and Sohom Chakrabarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7485",title:"Applied Modern Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a7be73f7232e08867ed81bdf9850c6",slug:"applied-modern-control",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180550",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",middleName:null,surname:"Anh Tuan",slug:"le-anh-tuan",fullName:"Le Anh Tuan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6806",title:"Fuzzy Logic Based in Optimization Methods and Control Systems and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedf4479b910cbcee3025e391f073417",slug:"fuzzy-logic-based-in-optimization-methods-and-control-systems-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Sadollah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Sadollah",slug:"ali-sadollah",fullName:"Ali Sadollah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6323",title:"PID Control for Industrial Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3994459e0812cf44a04b3f6c3e28e9c1",slug:"pid-control-for-industrial-processes",bookSignature:"Mohammad Shamsuzzoha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87344",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shamsuzzoha",slug:"mohammad-shamsuzzoha",fullName:"Mohammad Shamsuzzoha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6101",title:"Advances in Some Hypersonic Vehicles Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ecc3136420d6f6cc0de2da29f9d749c",slug:"advances-in-some-hypersonic-vehicles-technologies",bookSignature:"Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6240",title:"Adaptive Robust Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19601f78e28ac1956912e5eeb6b834ac",slug:"adaptive-robust-control-systems",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180551",title:"Prof.",name:"Anh Tuan",middleName:null,surname:"Le",slug:"anh-tuan-le",fullName:"Anh Tuan Le"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5823",title:"Recent Developments in Sliding Mode Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1075a2f87196085bae2babfac6bc3d52",slug:"recent-developments-in-sliding-mode-control-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:51,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29691",doi:"10.5772/37638",title:"A Real-Time Gradient Method for Nonlinear Model Predictive Control",slug:"a-real-time-gradient-method-for-nonlinear-model-predictive-control",totalDownloads:2676,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:67,abstract:null,book:{id:"2091",slug:"frontiers-of-model-predictive-control",title:"Frontiers of Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Frontiers of Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Knut Graichen and Bartosz Käpernick",authors:[{id:"113632",title:"Prof.",name:"Knut",middleName:null,surname:"Graichen",slug:"knut-graichen",fullName:"Knut Graichen"},{id:"139321",title:"MSc.",name:"Bartosz",middleName:null,surname:"Kaepernick",slug:"bartosz-kaepernick",fullName:"Bartosz Kaepernick"}]},{id:"34221",doi:"10.5772/36321",title:"A Mamdani Type Fuzzy Logic Controller",slug:"a-mamdani-type-fuzzy-logic-controller",totalDownloads:12561,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:67,abstract:null,book:{id:"2273",slug:"fuzzy-logic-controls-concepts-theories-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications"},signatures:"Ion Iancu",authors:[{id:"107854",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",slug:"ion-iancu",fullName:"Ion Iancu"}]},{id:"62600",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79552",title:"Introductory Chapter: Which Membership Function is Appropriate in Fuzzy System?",slug:"introductory-chapter-which-membership-function-is-appropriate-in-fuzzy-system-",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"6806",slug:"fuzzy-logic-based-in-optimization-methods-and-control-systems-and-its-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic Based in Optimization Methods and Control Systems and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic Based in Optimization Methods and Control Systems and Its Applications"},signatures:"Ali Sadollah",authors:[{id:"147215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Sadollah",slug:"ali-sadollah",fullName:"Ali Sadollah"}]},{id:"4579",doi:"10.5772/5812",title:"Cumulative Vehicle Routing Problems",slug:"cumulative_vehicle_routing_problems",totalDownloads:3412,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"İmdat Kara, Bahar Yetiş Kara and M. Kadri Yetiş",authors:null},{id:"15216",doi:"10.5772/14532",title:"Super-Twisting Sliding Mode in Motion Control Systems",slug:"super-twisting-sliding-mode-in-motion-control-systems",totalDownloads:5837,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:null,book:{id:"103",slug:"sliding-mode-control",title:"Sliding Mode Control",fullTitle:"Sliding Mode Control"},signatures:"Jorge Rivera, Luis Garcia, Christian Mora, 0Juan J. Raygoza and Susana Ortega",authors:[{id:"18069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera",slug:"jorge-rivera",fullName:"Jorge Rivera"},{id:"22689",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"luis-garcia",fullName:"Luis Garcia"},{id:"22690",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"christian-mora",fullName:"Christian Mora"},{id:"23671",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Raygoza",slug:"juan-jose-raygoza",fullName:"Juan José Raygoza"},{id:"23672",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"susana-ortega",fullName:"Susana Ortega"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53024",title:"Key Aspects for Implementing ISO/IEC 17025 Quality Management Systems at Materials Science Laboratories",slug:"key-aspects-for-implementing-iso-iec-17025-quality-management-systems-at-materials-science-laborator",totalDownloads:2853,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Implementing a quality management system based on the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 17025 standard at materials science laboratories is challenging, mainly due to two main factors: (i) the high technical complexity degree of some tests used for materials characterization and (ii) the fact that most materials science laboratories provide materials characterization tests and also carry out research and development activities. In this context, this chapter presents key subjects while implementing a quality management system at materials science laboratories and some considerations on strategies for effectively implementing such systems.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Rodrigo S. Neves, Daniel P. Da Silva, Carlos E. C. Galhardo, Erlon H.\nM. Ferreira, Rafael M. Trommer and Jailton C. Damasceno",authors:[{id:"20571",title:"Prof.",name:"Erlon H.",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Ferreira",slug:"erlon-h.-martins-ferreira",fullName:"Erlon H. Martins Ferreira"},{id:"145815",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Santis Neves",slug:"rodrigo-de-santis-neves",fullName:"Rodrigo De Santis Neves"},{id:"145816",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Eduardo Cardoso Galhardo",slug:"carlos-eduardo-cardoso-galhardo",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Cardoso Galhardo"},{id:"159056",title:"Dr.",name:"Jailton",middleName:null,surname:"Damasceno",slug:"jailton-damasceno",fullName:"Jailton Damasceno"},{id:"191863",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Pereira Da Silva",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"daniel-fernandes",fullName:"Daniel Fernandes"},{id:"191865",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Mello Trommer",slug:"rafael-mello-trommer",fullName:"Rafael Mello Trommer"}]},{id:"53946",title:"The Evolution of Quality Concepts and the Related Quality Management",slug:"the-evolution-of-quality-concepts-and-the-related-quality-management",totalDownloads:4462,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Enterprises usually adopt some quality practices to control the product quality during the manufacturing process in order to assure the delivery of qualitative good products to customers. The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"62915",title:"Advanced Methods of PID Controller Tuning for Specified Performance",slug:"advanced-methods-of-pid-controller-tuning-for-specified-performance",totalDownloads:3522,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter provides a concise survey, classification and historical perspective of practice-oriented methods for designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and autotuners showing the persistent demand for PID tuning algorithms that integrate performance requirements into the tuning algorithm. The proposed frequency-domain PID controller design method guarantees closed-loop performance in terms of commonly used time-domain specifications. One of its major benefits is universal applicability for both slow and fast-controlled plants with unknown mathematical model. Special charts called B-parabolas were developed as a practical design tool that enables consistent and systematic shaping of the closed-loop step response with regard to specified performance and dynamics of the uncertain controlled plant.",book:{id:"6323",slug:"pid-control-for-industrial-processes",title:"PID Control for Industrial Processes",fullTitle:"PID Control for Industrial Processes"},signatures:"Štefan Bucz and Alena Kozáková",authors:[{id:"21933",title:"Ms.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Kozakova",slug:"alena-kozakova",fullName:"Alena Kozakova"},{id:"213658",title:"Dr.",name:"Štefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucz",slug:"stefan-bucz",fullName:"Štefan Bucz"}]},{id:"75699",title:"Data Clustering for Fuzzyfier Value Derivation",slug:"data-clustering-for-fuzzyfier-value-derivation",totalDownloads:300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The fuzzifier value m is improving significant factor for achieving the accuracy of data. Therefore, in this chapter, various clustering method is introduced with the definition of important values for clustering. To adaptively calculate the appropriate purge value of the gap type −2 fuzzy c-means, two fuzzy values m1 and m2 are provided by extracting information from individual data points using a histogram scheme. Most of the clustering in this chapter automatically obtains determination of m1 and m2 values that depended on existent repeated experiments. Also, in order to increase efficiency on deriving valid fuzzifier value, we introduce the Interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means (IT2PFCM), as one of advanced fuzzy clustering method to classify a fixed pattern. In Efficient IT2PFCM method, proper fuzzifier values for each data is obtained from an algorithm including histogram analysis and Gaussian Curve Fitting method. Using the extracted information form fuzzifier values, two modified fuzzifier value m1 and m2 are determined. These updated fuzzifier values are used to calculated the new membership values. Determining these updated values improve not only the clustering accuracy rate of the measured sensor data, but also can be used without additional procedure such as data labeling. It is also efficient at monitoring numerous sensors, managing and verifying sensor data obtained in real time such as smart cities.",book:{id:"9976",slug:"fuzzy-systems-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Systems",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Systems - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"JaeHyuk Cho",authors:[{id:"329648",title:"Prof.",name:"JaeHyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"jaehyuk-cho",fullName:"JaeHyuk Cho"}]},{id:"39778",title:"GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light",slug:"gps-and-the-one-way-speed-of-light",totalDownloads:3492,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2387",slug:"new-approach-of-indoor-and-outdoor-localization-systems",title:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems",fullTitle:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems"},signatures:"Stephan J.G. Gift",authors:[{id:"141106",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Gift",slug:"stephan-gift",fullName:"Stephan Gift"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"115",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"77466",title:"Optimization of Model Predictive Control Weights for Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor by Using the Multi Objective Bees Algorithm",slug:"optimization-of-model-predictive-control-weights-for-control-of-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor-b",totalDownloads:149,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98810",abstract:"In this study, the model predictive control (MPC) method was used within the scope of the control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The strongest aspect of the MPC, the ability to control multiple components with a single function, is also one of the most difficult parts of its design. The fact that each component of the function has different effects requires assigning different weight coefficients to these components. In this study, the Bees Algorithm (BA) is used to determine the weights. Using the multi-objective function in BA, it has been tried to determine the weights that reduce the current values together with the speed error. Three different PI controllers have been designed to compare the MPC method. The coefficients of one of these are tuned with BA. Good Gain Method and Tyreus-Luyben Method were used in the other two. As a result of experimental studies, it has been observed that MPC can control PMSM more smoothly and accurately than PI controllers, with weights optimized with BA. With MPC, PMSM has been controlled with 15% settling time than other controllers and also with no overshoot.",book:{id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering - Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg"},signatures:"Murat Sahin"},{id:"78164",title:"Use of Discrete-Time Forecast Modeling to Enhance Feedback Control and Physically Unrealizable Feedforward Control with Applications",slug:"use-of-discrete-time-forecast-modeling-to-enhance-feedback-control-and-physically-unrealizable-feedf",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99340",abstract:"When the manipulated variable (MV) has significantly large time delay in changing the control variable (CV), use of the currently measured CV in the feedback error can result in very deficient feedback control (FBC). However, control strategies that use forecast modeling to estimate future CV values and use them in the feedback error have the potential to control as well as a feedback controller with no MV deadtime using the measured value of CV. This work evaluates and compares FBC algorithms using discrete-time forecast modeling when MV has a large deadtime. When a feedforward control (FFC) law results in a physically unrealizable (PU) controller, the common approach is to use approximations to obtain a physically realizable feedforward controller. Using a discrete-time forecast modeling method, this work demonstrates an effective approach for PU FFC. The Smith Predictor is a popular control strategy when CV has measurement deadtime but not MV deadtime. The work demonstrates equivalency of this discrete-time forecast modeling approach to the Smith Predictor FBC approach. Thus, this work demonstrates effectiveness of the discrete-time forecast modeling approach for FBC with MV or DV deadtime and PU FFC.",book:{id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering - Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg"},signatures:"Derrick K. Rollins"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:2},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"marcio-oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/13800",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"13800"},fullPath:"/profiles/13800",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()