Kinematic values.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9846",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science - Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science - Patterns, Processes, and Analyses includes eight studies that examine the issue of spatial variability in four areas of the environmental sciences – atmospheric science, geological science, biological science, and landscape science. The topics range from monitoring of wind, the urban heat island, and atmospheric pollution, to coastal geomorphology, landscape planning and forest ecology, the problem of introduced species to regional ecologies, and a technique to improve the identification of human constructions in semi-natural landscapes. A small volume can only offer a small glimpse at the activities of scientists and insights into environmental science, but the array of papers herein offers a unique view of the current scholarship.",isbn:"978-1-83962-460-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-459-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-461-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87655",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",publishedDate:"October 21st 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4286,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies, at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regard to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the US–Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to adaptation to climate change, spatial responses of wine growing to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, and artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"207255",title:"Dr.",name:"Davod",middleName:null,surname:"Poreh",slug:"davod-poreh",fullName:"Davod Poreh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207255/images/system/207255.png",biography:"Dr. Davod Poreh Ph.D. is a member of DIETI Department of Electrical Engineering in University of Naples Federico II. He has been working in radar satellite/airborne remote sensing, laser remote sensing, and passive satellite remote sensing in many European countries including Germany and Italy, consequently studying and producing many radar interferograms, persistent scatterers, polarimetiric data sets, airborne/sea laser data, topographic data, etc. His main research interests are in the field of electromagnetic, microwave and passive remote sensing, image processing (optical and SAR), radar, polarimetric SAR, interferometreic SAR, sensor design, antenna, polarimetric based radar simulations, InSAR time series (persistent scatterers interferometry, and SBAS), ground penetrating radar, seismic, gravity, electromagnetic geophysics, information retrieval for land, oceanic, and urban area, EO programming, and GIS.",institutionString:"University of Naples Federico II",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Naples Federico II",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"637",title:"Spatial Analysis",slug:"spatial-analysis"}],chapters:[{id:"71690",title:"Coherent Doppler Lidar for Wind Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91811",slug:"coherent-doppler-lidar-for-wind-sensing",totalDownloads:502,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An eye-safe all-fiber Coherent Doppler Lidar for wind sensing system has been developed and tested at the Remote Sensing Laboratory of the City College of New York, New York, NY. The system, which operates at a 20 kHz pulse repetition rate and acquires lidar return signals at 400 MSample/s, accumulates signals that are as much as 20 dB lower than the receiver noise power by using embedded programming techniques. Two FPGA embedded programming algorithms are designed and compared. In the first algorithm, power spectra of return signals are calculated and accumulated for different range gates. Line of sight wind speed estimates can then be calculated after transferring the range gated accumulated power spectra to a host computer. In the second FPGA algorithm, a digital IQ demodulator and down sampler allow an autocorrelation matrix representing a pre-selected number of lags to be accumulated. Precision in the velocity measurements is estimated to be on the order of 0.08 m/s and the precision in the measured horizontal wind direction is estimated to be to be about 2°.",signatures:"Sameh Abdelazim, David Santoro, Mark F. Arend, Fred Moshary and Sam Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71690",authors:[{id:"35185",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Moshary",slug:"fred-moshary",fullName:"Fred Moshary"},{id:"315627",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Abdelazim",slug:"sameh-abdelazim",fullName:"Sameh Abdelazim"},{id:"316564",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Santoro",slug:"david-santoro",fullName:"David Santoro"},{id:"318273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Arend",slug:"mark-arend",fullName:"Mark Arend"},{id:"318274",title:"Dr.",name:"Sam",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sam-ahmed",fullName:"Sam Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"69982",title:"Low-Key Stationary and Mobile Tools for Probing the Atmospheric UHI Effect",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89514",slug:"low-key-stationary-and-mobile-tools-for-probing-the-atmospheric-uhi-effect",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The urban heat island (UHI) effect is created by a series of man-made surface modifications in urban areas that cause changes to the surface energy balance, resulting in higher urban surface air temperatures as compared with surrounding rural areas. Studying the UHI effect is highly amenable to hands-on undergraduate student research projects, because, among other reasons, there are low key measurement tools that allow accurate and regular stationary and mobile probing of air temperature. Here, we summarize the results of a student project at Texas A&M University that analyzed the atmospheric UHI of Bryan/College Station, a mid-size metro area in east Texas. Sling psychrometers were used for semi-regular twice daily stationary air temperature monitoring, and a low-cost electronic sensor and miniature data logger were used for mobile measurements. Stationary data from two similar, open mid-rise building locations showed typical UHI intensities of 0–2°C, while the mobile measurements identified situations with UHI intensities exceeding 6°C when traversing areas with high impervious surface fractions. Nighttime measurements showed the expected UHI intensity relations to wind speed and atmospheric pressure, while daytime data were more strongly related to urban morphology. The success of this research may encourage similar student projects that deliver baseline data to urban communities seeking to mitigate the UHI.",signatures:"Kristen Koch, Gunnar W. Schade, Anthony M. Filippi, Garrison Goessler and Burak Güneralp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69982",authors:[{id:"152057",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunnar",surname:"Schade",slug:"gunnar-schade",fullName:"Gunnar Schade"},{id:"310660",title:"Ms.",name:"Kristen",surname:"Koch",slug:"kristen-koch",fullName:"Kristen Koch"},{id:"310661",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Filippi",slug:"anthony-filippi",fullName:"Anthony Filippi"},{id:"310662",title:"Mr.",name:"Garrison",surname:"Goessler",slug:"garrison-goessler",fullName:"Garrison Goessler"},{id:"310663",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Güneralp",slug:"burak-guneralp",fullName:"Burak Güneralp"}],corrections:null},{id:"70801",title:"Mapping and Estimation of Nitrogen and Sulfur Atmospheric Deposition Fluxes in Central Region of the Mexican Bajio",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90878",slug:"mapping-and-estimation-of-nitrogen-and-sulfur-atmospheric-deposition-fluxes-in-central-region-of-the",totalDownloads:598,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen and sulfur deposition and its relationship with meteorological conditions in the metropolitan area of León in Guanajuato, México. N and S atmospheric deposition was collected using passive samplers (IER) in 10 sites in León City during three climatic seasons in 2018. Nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate concentrations and deposition fluxes of N and S were determined. From wind and air-mass trajectories analysis, mechanisms and possible sources contributing to N and S deposition in the study area were assessed. Atmospheric deposition fluxes were compared to critical load values reported for sensitive ecosystems in Europe. It was found that mean deposition flux for N (5.82 Kg N ha−1 year−1) was within the range of values reported for sensitive ecosystems in Nuevo México, Europe, and California. On the other hand, the mean deposition flux for S (13.77 S Kg ha−1 year−1) exceeded the critical load values proposed for Europe, suggesting that current S deposition could be a risk for ecosystems and water bodies in the region.",signatures:"Rosa María Cerón Bretón, Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón, Reyna del Carmen Lara Severino, Marcela Rangel Marrón, María de la Luz Espinosa Fuentes, Simón Eduardo Carranco Lozada and Lizbeth Cisneros Rosique",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70801",authors:[{id:"128592",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia Griselda",surname:"Cerón Bretón",slug:"julia-griselda-ceron-breton",fullName:"Julia Griselda Cerón Bretón"},{id:"255604",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",surname:"Ceron Breton",slug:"rosa-maria-ceron-breton",fullName:"Rosa Maria Ceron Breton"},{id:"316644",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna Del Carmen",surname:"Lara Severino",slug:"reyna-del-carmen-lara-severino",fullName:"Reyna Del Carmen Lara Severino"},{id:"316645",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",surname:"Rangel Marrón",slug:"marcela-rangel-marron",fullName:"Marcela Rangel Marrón"},{id:"316646",title:"Dr.",name:"María De La Luz",surname:"Espinosa Fuentes",slug:"maria-de-la-luz-espinosa-fuentes",fullName:"María De La Luz Espinosa Fuentes"},{id:"316647",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón Eduardo",surname:"Carranco Lozada",slug:"simon-eduardo-carranco-lozada",fullName:"Simón Eduardo Carranco Lozada"},{id:"316648",title:"MSc.",name:"Lizbeth",surname:"Cisneros Rosique",slug:"lizbeth-cisneros-rosique",fullName:"Lizbeth Cisneros Rosique"}],corrections:null},{id:"71412",title:"Monitoring Storm Impacts on Sandy Coastlines with UAVs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91459",slug:"monitoring-storm-impacts-on-sandy-coastlines-with-uavs",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"UAV applications have shown the potential to increase the efficiency of collecting high resolution and spatially extensive topographic datasets of sandy coastal systems. These systems are dynamic and sensitive to variability in wave energy, evident in topographic adjustments associated with storm events. Topographic and volumetric changes of a beach-dune system were measured following a post tropical storm event. Using a pre-storm LiDAR and post-storm UAV survey, we identified high magnitude and continuous alongshore erosion of the foredune. Lower magnitude and discontinuous areas of deposition were also recorded, as sediment eroded from the foredune translated seaward and was deposited onto the beach. Overall, a total volumetric loss of ∼11,000 m3 from the beach-dune zone was recorded along the 2.5 km survey extent. Our results highlight the capability of UAVs for rapid monitoring and quantification of storm impacts. Furthermore, confidence in reported topographic changes was improved by implementing quality control measures and handling of data uncertainties (e.g., vegetation). The aim of this chapter is to quantify the impact of a storm event on a beach-dune system and discuss methodological challenges of monitoring sandy coastlines with UAVs.",signatures:"Alex Smith, Brianna Lunardi, Elizabeth George and Chris Houser",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71412",authors:[{id:"315461",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Smith",slug:"alex-smith",fullName:"Alex Smith"},{id:"315601",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",surname:"Houser",slug:"chris-houser",fullName:"Chris Houser"},{id:"317789",title:"BSc.",name:"Brianna",surname:"Lunardi",slug:"brianna-lunardi",fullName:"Brianna Lunardi"},{id:"317790",title:"BSc.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"George",slug:"elizabeth-george",fullName:"Elizabeth George"}],corrections:null},{id:"71713",title:"Recent Advances in Coastal Survey Techniques: From GNSS to LiDAR and Digital Photogrammetry - Examples on the Northern Coast of France",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91964",slug:"recent-advances-in-coastal-survey-techniques-from-gnss-to-lidar-and-digital-photogrammetry-examples-",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to document the evolution of surveying techniques used for monitoring changes in morphology of beaches and coastal dunes in northern France, beginning with GNSS surveys in the 1990s, followed by airborne topographic LiDAR surveys since 2008, and high-resolution digital photogrammetry data collected by an UAV during recent years. Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) derived from the data obtained from the different techniques were used for monitoring coastal changes, including shoreline evolution, and for computing sediment volume changes across the foreshore and the coastal dunes at different time and spatial scales. A comparison of the results obtained using these different techniques and of their accuracy will be carried out to assess the pro and cons of each surveying technique.",signatures:"Olivier Cohen and Arnaud Héquette",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71713",authors:[{id:"315557",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",surname:"Hequette",slug:"arnaud-hequette",fullName:"Arnaud Hequette"},{id:"315561",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Cohen",slug:"olivier-cohen",fullName:"Olivier Cohen"}],corrections:null},{id:"72067",title:"Spatial and Temporal Variability Regarding Forest: From Tree to the Landscape",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91701",slug:"spatial-and-temporal-variability-regarding-forest-from-tree-to-the-landscape",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spatial and temporal variability in forest has become a topic attracting great attention regarding the role of the forest ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles, climate change and biological diversity and in human society. Advances in the natural sciences have brought insights into and a better understanding about the patterns and processes at different spatial and temporal scales. At the same time, this supports a better management of the forest ecosystems and landscapes. Variability from the tree level to the landscape is addressed. Tree characteristics and functions, forest stand dynamics and ecological succession to forest landscape ecology are put together, considering their interrelations and dependencies. Managing forest stands and variability at different scales is described and discussed, including the scope of sustainability. An evaluation of forest and landscape characteristics in Portugal is performed with propositions considering these different elements.",signatures:"João Carvalho, Manuela Magalhães and Selma Pena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72067",authors:[{id:"313387",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"joao-carvalho",fullName:"Joao Carvalho"}],corrections:null},{id:"71533",title:"Ecological and Social Impacts of Aquacultural Introduction to Philippines Waters of Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91775",slug:"ecological-and-social-impacts-of-aquacultural-introduction-to-philippines-waters-of-pacific-whiteleg",totalDownloads:620,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The importation of exotic aquatic species for aquaculture has become a worldwide practice. Culturing the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, outside its natural geographic range, however, can cause many problems. We evaluated the implications of the aquacultural introduction of P. vannamei to the Philippines waters both on ecological and social aspects. Several questions were answered and discussed based on literature, scientific details, reflections on personal experience and their relevance to aquaculture of the P. vannamei in the Philippines to evaluate the ecological impacts while social impacts were discussed only based on literature. Findings revealed the escapes of P. vannamei from aquaculture production facilities of several countries including the Philippines. Consequently, the ability of P. vannamei escapees to survive the natural environment could lead to ecological concerns such as resource competition, reproduction, and the spread of disease in the wild. On the other hand, the recent expansion of shrimp culture has resulted in social conflicts with other resource users. Therefore, this review shows the negative implications on the aquacultural introduction of Pacific whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei in the Philippines both ecological and social aspect, and this heightens important management issues to ensure sustainable farming of the shrimp in the Philippines.",signatures:"Marlon S. Alejos, Augusto E. Serrano Jr., Yashier U. Jumah, Rey dela Calzada, Cyril Tom B. Ranara and Jumari C. Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71533",authors:[{id:"317094",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marlon",surname:"Alejos",slug:"marlon-alejos",fullName:"Marlon Alejos"}],corrections:null},{id:"73114",title:"High-Resolution Object-Based Building Extraction Using PCA of LiDAR nDSM and Aerial Photos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92640",slug:"high-resolution-object-based-building-extraction-using-pca-of-lidar-ndsm-and-aerial-photos",totalDownloads:588,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accurate and precise building extraction has become an essential requirement for various applications such as for impact analysis of flooding. This chapter seeks to improve the current and past methods of building extraction by using the principal components analysis (PCA) of LiDAR height (nDSM) and aerial photos (in four RGB and NIR bands) in an object-based image classification (OBIA). This approach uses a combination of aerial photos at 0.1-m spatial resolution and LiDAR nDSM at 1-m spatial resolution for precise and high-resolution building extraction. Because aerial photos provide four bands in the PCA process, this potentially means that the resolution of the image is maintained and therefore building outlines can be extracted at a high resolution of 0.1 m. A total of five experiments was conducted using a combination of different LiDAR derivatives and aerial photos bands in a PCA. The PCA of LiDAR nDSM and RGB and NIR bands combination has proved to produce the best result. The results show a completeness of 87.644%, and a correctness of 93.220% of building extraction. This chapter provides an improvement on the drawbacks of building extraction such as the extraction of small buildings and the smoothing with a well-defined building outline.",signatures:"Alfred Cal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73114",authors:[{id:"318388",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Cal",slug:"alfred-cal",fullName:"Alfred Cal"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3054",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d6576de4f4c7fc7b8db5e91cba6dc28",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"865",title:"Perspectives on Nature Conservation",subtitle:"Patterns, Pressures and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a4d39cf2a0c2a9416049331b508aa88",slug:"perspectives-on-nature-conservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9389",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"435d35b33ec04fe921640a514feb19e4",slug:"global-warming-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:"Pollution, Habitat, Ecology, and Sustainability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:"environmental-management-pollution-habitat-ecology-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5241",title:"Applications of Spatial Statistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"acc5941907640ecc7a3e350c5fe3df19",slug:"applications-of-spatial-statistics",bookSignature:"Ming-Chih Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184413",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Hung",slug:"ming-hung",fullName:"Ming Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7304",title:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e90c7cda0e7f94a6620d6ec83db808ae",slug:"geospatial-analyses-of-earth-observation-eo-data",bookSignature:"Antonio Pepe and Qing Zhao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99269",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Pepe",slug:"antonio-pepe",fullName:"Antonio Pepe"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7262",title:"Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed7c7f4193e3951e715569ca454f7077",slug:"spatial-analysis-modelling-and-planning",bookSignature:"Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9246",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f23d04613b089dae40f81342c3e7c7f4",slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",bookSignature:"Vladislav Demyanov and Jonathan Becedas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154597",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",surname:"Demyanov",slug:"vladislav-demyanov",fullName:"Vladislav Demyanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-pregnancy-and-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Pregnancy and Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79786.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79786",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79786",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79786",chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11683",leadTitle:null,title:"Emerging Issues in Environmental Epidemiology and Its Reflection",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tEnvironmental epidemiology has emerged as a critical public health problem in the twenty-first century. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has been linked to environmental variables, emphasizing the importance of environmental epidemiology. Since the Stockholm conference, there has been a significant increase in both the demand for environmental epidemiology and understanding of the linkages between environmental health and human health. As a result, environmental epidemiology has emerged as the primary scientific discipline responsible for providing data on which environmental/public health activities and choices are based. Thus, a notable public/environmental health innovation of the twenty-first century, for example, is the movement to immunize a greater population of the world against the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental epidemiology studies led to the adoption of these measures. Thus, this book hopes to increase the public's awareness of public health development, inform government and policymakers, shape government views both nationally and internationally, and avoid wasteful costs. This research will enhance knowledge exchange and learning and will be promoted and disseminated globally.
\r\n\t
Tectonic faults may rupture rapidly (seismically) to generate earthquakes or slowly (aseismically) without doing so. During the last two decades, many slow-slip events have been discovered, especially in the subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean [1, 2, 3, 4]. Some of them preceded or followed major earthquakes [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. This chapter summarizes kinematic parameters of these slow-slip events reported in the literature and compares them with creep events and shallow slow-slip events observed along the strike-slip faults in California. By such comparison, I hope to better understand not only the physical mechanisms of the different kinds of fault-slip behaviors but also the mechanisms of the related hydrological, geochemical, and geophysical changes often accompanying them [16, 17]. Such understanding, in turn, may help us to explore the possibility of short-term prediction of some earthquakes.
\nThe fact that a tectonic fault may slip slowly was first found on a surface trace of a strike-slip fault in central California [18]. Early measurements by creepmeters showed that the slow-slip motion can occur not only steadily but also episodically in small steps of several millimeters in short durations of a few days with no slip in between [19]. Subsequent measurements by widely distributed networks of creepmeters showed that the occurrence of creep events was quite common along many fault segments in central California, and elsewhere [20, 21, 22].
\nBy studying creep events recorded at neighboring sites, Nason [20] noticed that they often began at different times, suggesting that a creep event is a rupture propagation process with a velocity of about 1–10 km/day. King et al. [23] estimated the maximum slip velocity to be about 0.01–1 cm/day. By analyzing creep data recorded at many network sites (Figure 1) and by fitting the creep data to a faulting model [24], King et al. [25] found that a large creep event might have a rupture length of several kilometers, an offset of about 1 cm. They also concluded that a creep event was kinematically similar to seismic faulting, but with rates that are five or more orders of magnitude smaller. Figures 2–4 show the records of two creep events and the model fitting of the larger (Figure 2b) by King et al. [25], who found the following kinematic values: maximum slip S = 0.9 cm, duration T = 2 days, rupture length L = 6 km, rupture width W = 3 km, magnitude M = 4.7, average slip velocity VS = S/T = 0.45 cm/day, average rupture velocity VR = L/T = 3 km/d, and slip/rupture length ratio S/L = 1.5 × 10−6. The S/L ratio, which is a measure of stress drop, is an order of magnitude smaller than that of seismic faulting.
\nDistribution of creepmeters along San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward faults in central California. The long-term fault motion in this region is right-lateral strike slip, ranging from 0 to 3 cm/year (after King et al. [
Two creep events that occurred within a dense array of creepmeters on Hayward-Calaveras fault (a and b). The records are arranged properly in both time and space, except for BRT2 where the timer was out of order (after King et al. [
Fit of the observed creep curves for the 17 July 1971 event with a theoretical model with three different guiding-center depths: 0 km (open circle), 0.5 km (dot), and 1.0 km (dashed line). The model curves are significantly different only at BLS. 2u is the amount of slip (after King et al. [
Fault-plane view of a theoretical faulting model that can reasonably fit the creep data of the 17 July 1971 event (case of 0 km depth in
Subsurface slow-slip event was first observed at San Juan Bautista (SJB) in central California, by using two continuously recording borehole strainmeters [24]. The recorded slip curves showed some kinks, which are probably caused by some higher-resistance patches, for similar kinks were found in a theoretical faulting model by barriers [25]. This event reached an estimated depth of 4 km and lasted about 5 days with an estimated maximum slip of 2.5 cm, a rupture length of 8 km, and a magnitude of 4.8. The kinematic values are comparable to those of the surface creep event described above.
\nIn Parkfield area of California, Guilhem and Nadeau [26] studied 52 tremor episodes, which may be related to slow-slip events about 25 km deep. They estimated that a typical event has a duration of about 10 days, maximum slip of about 7.8 mm, rupture length of about 25 km, width of 15 km, and equivalent magnitude of 5.0–5.4. Excepting the slip value, it is larger than the surface and subsurface events described above. Similar slow-slip events have been detected along other inland faults also [7, 13].
\nSince about the beginning of the twenty-first century, with the deployment of an increasing number of geodetic instruments, many below-surface slow-slip events have been detected, especially along plate boundaries in the subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean, where megathrust earthquakes often occur [1, 4, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Most slow-slip events occurred offshore and were relatively far away from onland instruments. In areas where such events were continuously detected by dense networks of geodetic and seismic instruments, the resultant data have been analyzed to estimate their kinematic values [2, 31, 32, 33].
\nIn the Circum-Pacific subduction zones, most observed slow-slip events occur in transition areas downdip the seismogenic areas (asperities) and updip the stable-sliding areas of the plate interfaces (e.g., Figure 5). Except in New Zealand and Costa Rica, they are mostly located quite far from onland instruments, including strainmeters, tiltmeters, and GPS stations [27, 28, 34]. To delineate the kinematic parameters of a slip event, data have to be recorded continuously at multiple sites and inverted with the help of some elastic dislocation models, such as that by Okada [35]. Thus, the estimated kinematic values are rather uncertain. Some slow-slip events occurred in transition areas of plate interfaces updip the seismic asperities also. They have been detected more frequently as more instruments are deployed further offshore [9, 36].
\nA cross-sectional sketch of the Nankai subduction zone in Japan (after Obara and Kato [
Some slow-slip events were found to be accompanied by seismic tremors and low-frequency/regular earthquakes in/near the same areas of the plate interface [29, 37, 38, 39, 40]. This suggested that these tremors and earthquakes were generated at small asperities swept over by the rupture front of the slow-slip events. Since then, additional information about the slow-slip kinematics has been obtained from the distribution and migration of these events recorded by seismic instruments.
\nThe depths of the observed slow-slip events usually range from 25 to 60 km; the durations in some zones show bimodal distribution of long term (of months to years) and short term (days to weeks). Short-term events in most subduction zones occurred closer to the deeper stable-sliding zone, while long-term events closer to the shallower seismogenic zone (Figure 5) [4]. The situation is somewhat different in New Zealand and Costa Rica, however [41].
\nThe estimated kinematic parameters are given in the following order: maximum slip S, duration T, rupture length L, width W, magnitude M, average slip velocity Vs = S/T, average rupture velocity VR = L/T, maximum slip/rupture length ratio = S/L.
\nIn
In the tectonically more complicated Southwest Japan including Tokai region and Kii and Bungo Channels, where quite a few great earthquakes occurred in history, the Pacific plate in the east subducts westward beneath the Philippine Sea plate, which in turn subducts northwestward beneath the Eurasian plate along the Nankai trough and northeastward beneath the Okhotsk plate along the Sagami trough. Many “long-term” and “short-term” slow-slip events at depths of 30–40 km have been observed since 1997.
\nIn
In/near
In/near
In
In
In
In
In northwestern
In the Central
In
Table 1 gives a summary of the estimated kinematic values of slip S, duration T, rupture length L, rupture width W, and magnitude M, as well as calculated values of slip velocity VS = S/T, rupture velocity VR = L/T, and S/L, which is a measure of stress drop. In this table, a factor of 10−6 is omitted from the S/L values.
\nEvents | \nS (cm) | \nT (day) | \nL (km) | \nW (km) | \nM | \nS/T (cm/d) | \nL/T (km/d) | \nS/L | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
California surface creep | \n0.9 | \n2 | \n6 | \n3 | \n4.7 | \n0.45 | \n3 | \n1.5 | \n
SJB subsurface slow slip | \n2.5 | \n5 | \n8 | \n4 | \n4.8 | \n0.5 | \n1.6 | \n0.31 | \n
Parkfield deep slow slip | \n0.8 | \n10 | \n25 | \n15 | \n5.0–5.4 | \n0.08 | \n2.5 | \n0.03 | \n
Circum-Pacific short term | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
Northeast Japan | \n2–20 | \n7–35 | \n30–80 | \n30–50 | \n6.8–7.0 | \n0.29–0.57 | \n2.3–4.3 | \n0.67–2.50 | \n
Boso Peninsula | \n1.6–2.0 | \n2–50 | \n40–100 | \n30–50 | \n6.0–6.7 | \n0.04–0.80 | \n2–20 | \n0.20–0.40 | \n
Tokai region | \n0.7–1.8 | \n2–5 | \n20–90 | \n20–40 | \n5.6–6.2 | \n0.35–0.36 | \n10–18 | \n0.20–0.35 | \n
Kii Channel | \n1–2 | \n2–5 | \n20–90 | \n20–30 | \n5.3–6.1 | \n0.40–0.50 | \n10–18 | \n0.22–0.50 | \n
Bungo Channel | \n1–4 | \n4–10 | \n20–100 | \n20–50 | \n5.8–6.3 | \n0.25–0.40 | \n5–10 | \n0.40–0.50 | \n
Hikurangi, New Zealand | \n1.2–24 | \n5–36 | \n50–180 | \n50–90 | \n5.8–7.0 | \n0.24–0.67 | \n5–10 | \n0.24–1.33 | \n
Cascadia | \n1–8 | \n7–50 | \n25–400 | \n25–70 | \n6.1–6.9 | \n0.14–0.16 | \n3.6–8.0 | \n0.20–0.40 | \n
Mexico | \n2–10 | \n30–45 | \n200–260 | \n50–130 | \n6.3–7.2 | \n0.07–0.22 | \n5.8–6.7 | \n0.10–0.38 | \n
Northwestern Costa Rica | \n1.5–15 | \n20–180 | \n30–120 | \n20–40 | \n6.6–6.7 | \n0.07–0.08 | \n0.7–1.5 | \n0.50–1.25 | \n
Central Ecuador | \n8–40 | \n4–40 | \n30–80 | \n10–60 | \n6.0–6.8 | \n1.00–2.00 | \n2.0–7.5 | \n2.67–5.00 | \n
Chile | \n1.3–8 | \n2–15 | \n20–60 | \n20–30 | \n6.5–6.7 | \n0.53–0.65 | \n4–10 | \n0.65–1.33 | \n
Circum-Pacific long term | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
Northeast Japan | \n40 | \n3000 | \n250 | \n150 | \n7.7 | \n0.013 | \n0.08 | \n1.60 | \n
Tokai region | \n7–30 | \n2000–2500 | \n80–100 | \n60–70 | \n6.6–7.1 | \n0.004–0.012 | \n0.04 | \n0.86–3.00 | \n
Bungo Channel | \n1–50 | \n90–700 | \n40–200 | \n40–100 | \n6.0–7.3 | \n0.01–0.07 | \n0.29–0.44 | \n0.25–2.50 | \n
Hikurangi, New Zealand | \n4–56 | \n50–550 | \n60–200 | \n30–150 | \n6.5–7.2 | \n0.08–0.10 | \n0.36–1.20 | \n0.67–2.80 | \n
Alaska | \n2–40 | \n620–1600 | \n150–1000 | \n140–750 | \n6.9–7.5 | \n0.003–0.025 | \n0.24–0.63 | \n0.13–0.04 | \n
Mexico | \n9–30 | \n90–400 | \n200–500 | \n150–230 | \n6.5–7.6 | \n0.08–0.10 | \n1.25–2.22 | \n0.45–0.60 | \n
Chile | \n50–80 | \n240 | \n70–150 | \n20–30 | \n6.5–6.9 | \n0.21–0.33 | \n0.29–0.63 | \n5.33–7.14 | \n
Kinematic values.
Among the short-term slow-slip events included in Table 1, those in New Zealand and Costa Rica occurred updip the seismogenic area of the subduction interface. Yet the estimated kinematic values are comparable to those downdip the seismogenic interface areas in other subduction zones. On the other hand, the kinematic values for central Ecuador are quite different, due to the unusually large slips reported. The same is true with Chile in the case of long-term events, and the opposite is true for the Parkfield events, when compared with two other cases in California. In the following discussion, we shall exclude these three cases from further consideration.
\nIt may be seen that most short-term slow-slip events in the various Circum-Pacific subduction zones have comparable kinematic values: a slip of about 1–20 cm, duration of 2–50 days, rupture length of 20–260 km, width of 10–90 km, magnitude of 5.6–7.0, slip velocity of 0.1–0.8 cm/d, rupture velocity of 2–20 km/d, and an S/L value of 0.1–1.3. Compared with creep and shallow slow-slip events in California, they have larger values in slip, duration, rupture length/width, and magnitude, but comparable values in slip velocity, rupture velocity, and S/L ratio. This result indicates that kinematics of slow-slip events are basically similar, independent of temperature, pressure, and composition of the fault-zone materials, as long as they are mostly velocity-strengthening fault-gouge type; the larger sizes of the subduction events are probably due to their larger inertia associated with larger overburden at greater depth. Compared with normal earthquakes, the slip and rupture velocities of the slow-slip events are all smaller by many orders of magnitude, and the estimated S/L values are smaller by one or two orders of magnitude. Since S/L is proportional to stress drop, this result shows that the stress drops for the slow-slip events are one or two orders of magnitude smaller than normal earthquakes.
\nThe long-term events have large variations in their kinematic values: slip of about 1–50 cm, duration of 50–2500 days, rupture length of 40–1000 km, width of 30–750 km, magnitude of 6.0–7.7, slip velocity of 0.01–0.10 cm/d, rupture velocity of 0.1–2 km/d, and S/L of 0.2–3. Compared with the short-term events, they have larger values in slip, duration, rupture length, and magnitude, comparable values in slip/rupture length ratios (thus stress drops) and smaller values in average slip and rupture velocities. This feature arose may be because they occurred closer to the seismogenic area of the plate interface [4], which has more asperities to hinder the rupture process or even to break them into smaller events, as shown in the cases of northeast Japan and Bungo Channel. Being more remote from the instruments, they are less distinguishable, thus giving an appearance of slower propagation. This possibility is further supported by some recent analysis of long-term events [109, 110].
\nThe reason why slow-slip events and seismic tremors occur in the transition areas, both downdip and updip the seismogenic area, of a subduction interface (e.g., Figure 5) is not well known, but may possibly be understood by the following consideration of a five-stage evolution of a subducting seafloor, which consists of seamounts of different heights and strengths embedded in sediments at its surface. At the initial stage of subduction, while under the front edge of the accretionary wedge where the temperature and confining pressure are low, the effect of heterogeneity of sliding friction is small, and thus fault slip caused by crustal convergence proceeds in the form of aseismic stable sliding. When the same seafloor subducts further down and encounter larger confining pressure but still relatively low temperature, the friction at the stronger patches (seamounts) begins to show its stick-slip (velocity weakening) feature in sliding, while the sedimentary parts acts like (velocity strengthening) fault gouge. As a relatively strong asperity breaks under increasing shear stress, the rupture propagates slowly into a larger area of interface consists of weaker asperities embedded in compliant gouge materials, thus causing slow-slip events and small earthquakes in the transition zone updip the seismogenic area of the plate interface. When the same seafloor subducts further down to the seismogenic depth, where the confining pressure becomes sufficiently large while the temperature is not, the heterogeneity contrast becomes very sharp, and thus when a strong patch (asperity) breaks, it may cause a rupture to propagate rapidly into a large area of the interface, sweeping through smaller asperities embedded in compliant gouge materials and resulting in a large or even megathrust earthquake in the seismogenic area of the interface. When the seafloor subducts further down and encounter still larger confining pressure and higher temperature, the large asperities may have been worn down by now and become softened, while the surrounding fault-gouge materials further cumulated in volume and strength. When such a weaker asperity breaks, it encounters stronger resistance and thus may cause only a slowly rupturing event in the transition zone of the downdip area; as the rupture sweeps through some even smaller asperities, it may cause seismic tremors and perhaps small earthquakes. When the seafloor subducts further down and encounters still higher confining pressure and temperature at the deepest level of subduction, the asperities may have become sufficiently worn and softened and the gouge materials further cumulated; the frictional heterogeneity may finally become insignificant and thus the sliding becomes stable again.
\nWhat further directions should be pursued? Besides acquiring additional high-quality data through more continuous monitoring efforts closer to the events, it is important to analyze the data with appropriate faulting models to better understand the mechanics of slow-slip events and their role as a silent agent in stress adjustment along fault zones. Such knowledge should help us to better understand the occurrence pattern of earthquakes, such as foreshocks, main shocks, aftershocks, earthquake swarm, and earthquake migration [111], as well as crustal deformation without earthquakes [112]. It may also help us better understand the mechanisms of various earthquake-related hydrological, geochemical, and geophysical changes [16]. Together with better monitoring efforts of such changes, especially those that precede earthquakes [14, 15], it may finally be possible to predict some destructive earthquakes and aftershocks.
\nFood products are very complex mixtures constituted by a great variability of naturally occurring compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, organic acids, and volatile organic compounds, among others. Moreover, they can also contain many other substances coming from agrochemical treatments and technological processes, or even migrating from the materials employed in food packaging, which sometimes are contaminants.
\nFood manufacturers, researchers, and society in general are also becoming very interested in the quality of food products, not only from the nutritional point of view but also in relation to food safety issues or regarding the presence of bioactive substances with beneficial properties for consumers (functional foods, nutraceuticals, etc.). Aspects related to the cultivation production region of natural food products (fruits, vegetables, etc.), as well as the cultivation techniques employed, begin to be also of great interest to the final consumers, giving rise to the consideration of the protected designations of origin (PDO) of natural foodstuffs as important food quality attributes.
\nNowadays, the food supply production is worldwide distributed and consequently a globalized issue. Although international and local regulatory bodies have established important rules in the labeling of food products, in general, it is often almost impossible to know the real origin of most of the components of a given food product, especially those that have been processed. Within this context, considering the complexity of the food chain and that many players are involved between production and consumption; food manipulation and adulteration practices are raising because it is in fact much easier to conduct fraud without being easily detected. For example, Moore et al. collected information from published articles in scholarly journals and general media, organized it into a database, and reviewed and analyzed the data to identify trends within food ingredient fraud practices from 1980 to 2010 [1]. They observed that olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods.
\nFood adulteration practices have a long history and dates back to times when trading began. In general, food adulteration is carried out to increase volume, to mask the presence of inferior quality components and to replace the authentic substances for the seller’s economic gain. However, it must be considered that the deliberate adulteration of food and its misrepresentation to deceive final consumers is illegal worldwide, having not only economic consequences, but also representing important health issues when prohibited substances are added to deceive the organoleptic properties of the final food product or when the adulterant can produce allergy episodes. Thus, the development of new analytical methodologies to guarantee food integrity and authenticity is required, also considering that food adulteration has become increasingly sophisticated, often being specially designed to avoid detection through routine analysis approaches.
\nThe analysis of food products is difficult not only because of the complexity and diversity of sample matrices but also due to the great variability of compounds that can be present. In addition, food components differ in polarity, structures, as well as in concentration levels, going from components at grams per kilogram level to those found at trace level concentrations (low μg/kg, ng/kg, etc.). These are important aspects to consider when selecting the analytical approach to employ. Sample treatment and sample extraction procedures, separation and determination approaches, and identification and confirmation strategies need to be considered simultaneously when addressing the development of an analytical method in food integrity and authenticity analyses. Nowadays, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is among the most effective analytical techniques for the structural characterization and analysis of food products. The appearance of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) methodologies, either using sub-2 μm particle packed columns or porous-shell columns (with sub-3 μm superficially porous particles), opened up new possibilities to achieve high throughput chromatographic analytical separations, 5- to 10-fold faster than with conventional LC methodologies, while keeping or even improving chromatographic resolutions [2]. The use of liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and accurate mass measurements have recently gained huge popularity due to the great ability of these methodologies to provide more comprehensive information regarding the exact molecular mass, elemental composition, and detailed molecular structure of a given compound. In comparison to classical low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) techniques, HRMS allows to differentiate isobaric compounds (substances with the same nominal mass-to-charge ratio but different elemental compositions). Moreover, the high resolution attainable with HRMS favors the simplification of sample treatment and preparation procedures, leading to faster analytical methodologies with less and simple sample manipulation. HRMS allows to perform both screening and quantitation in a single run, including targeted, suspect, and non-targeted analyses. Another important advantage of HRMS, especially when data is stored in full-scan mode, is the possibility of later stage retrospective analysis, allowing the identification and determination of new unknown or suspected compounds in a previously analyzed food sample.
\nAn important aspect in food products, especially those of plant origin, is that the presence, distribution, and content of many bioactive substances is related to many food features such as the variety and species of the products, the degree of maturation in the fruits and vegetables employed, the geographical production areas, the growing and manufacturing practices used, etc. A similar consideration can be mentioned for food products of animal origin, where many substances present in the final product will be related to the animal species, the farming practices employed, the animal stress, etc. Therefore, food chemical profiling, for instance of amino acids, biogenic amines, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, acids, terpenes, polyphenols, etc., can be exploited as sample data descriptors to achieve the characterization, classification, and authentication of food products.
\nRegarding chemical profiling in food integrity and authenticity by LC-MS and LC-HRMS methodologies, two main approaches are typically employed: targeted and non-targeted analyses. Targeted approaches can be performed by both LC-MS(/MS) and LC-HRMS techniques and are based on the specific determination of a given group of known selected chemicals, or a group of chemicals belonging to the same family or with a similar structural feature. The concentrations (or peak signals) of these targeted compounds are then used as food features (markers) to address food integrity and authenticity. This approach requires, in general, a previous quantitation step using standards for each targeted component. However, when dealing with food products, which as previously commented are very complex matrices, the quantitation of some chemicals may be a difficult task, especially due to the possibility of unknown interfering compounds. In contrast, non-targeted approaches (based on metabolomic fingerprinting) are mainly employed with LC-HRMS techniques. These fingerprinting approaches are based on untargeted analysis of instrumental responses without assuming any previous knowledge of relevant or irrelevant food components. In the case of LC-HRMS, food sample fingerprinting information consists, in general, of peak intensity values recorded as a function of
Due to the complexity of food sample matrices and the variability of chemical components that can be present, the amount of chemical data that can be extracted, especially when dealing with non-targeted LC-HRMS fingerprinting approaches, is huge. As a consequence, in order to extract (bio)chemical information from the sample data sets able to characterize, classify and authenticate food products, chemometric data treatment methodologies are necessary. Multivariate methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) are among the most employed chemometric methods for exploratory and classification purposes in food integrity and authenticity [4].
\nIn the next sections, several examples dealing with targeted and non-targeted strategies based on LC-MS(/MS) and LC-HRMS methodologies, in combination with chemometrics, to guarantee food integrity and authenticity will be addressed.
\nLC-MS and LC-MS/MS are among the most common techniques used in the literature to obtain qualitative, quantitative, and structural information in the determination of low molecular weight compounds in a great variety of sample matrices, including foodstuffs. The low sensitivity typically achieved when LRMS is employed, especially with some analyzers such as triple quadrupole (QqQ) and ion trap (IT) instruments, makes them ideal to be employed when targeted approaches are intended. This strategy is based on the specific determination of a given group of compounds (i.e., some selected chemicals, a group of chemicals belonging to the same family, etc.) that can then be used as biomarkers to address food integrity and authenticity. Although this approach typically requires the quantitation of these chemicals by using adequate standards for each targeted component, in some cases targeted profiling is also possible by means of employing only the peak area signal of a given set of compounds, without the requirement of knowing the concentration values.
\nPolyphenols, aromatic secondary metabolites ubiquitously spread through the plant kingdom, are among the most common biomarkers employed to address food integrity and authenticity when targeted LC-MS(/MS) methodologies are employed in the analysis of plant-related foodstuffs [5] and some selected applications found in the literature are summarized in Table 1.
\nCompounds (sample) | \nChromatographic separation and mass spectrometry | \nData analysis | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|
Polyphenols (pomegranate) | \nAscentis Express C18 column (150 × 3.0 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 2% formic acid (B) methanol:water 90:10 (v/v) with 0.5% formic acid H-ESI (±) IT (full-scan 100–1500 | \n– | \n[6] | \n
Polyphenols ( | \nAscentis Express F5 (150 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile H-ESI (±) QqQ (MRM acquisition mode) | \n– | \n[14] | \n
Phenolic compounds (honey) | \nVENUSIL C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 3 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TRAP (MRM acquisition mode) | \n– | \n[7] | \n
Phenolic compounds ( | \nC18 amide column (250 × 3 mm, 5 μm) Gradient elution (0.5 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.05% formic acid (B) methanol ESI (−) IT (full-scan and auto-MSn mode) | \n– | \n[13] | \n
Phenolic compounds (artichoke, garlic and spinach) | \nZorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) methanol (B) water with 0.1% formic acid and 30 mM of ammonium acetate H-ESI (±) QqQ (MRM acquisition mode) | \n– | \n[8] | \n
Phenolic compounds (berries) | \nWakosil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Gradient elution (1 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (+) Quadrupole MS (full-scan mode 100–800 | \n– | \n[9] | \n
Phenolic compounds (tomato fruits) | \nBEH Shield RP18 column (150 × 1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.13 mL·min−1): (A) water:acetonitrile 95:5 (v/v) with 0.1% formic acid (B) water:acetonitrile 40:60 (v/v) with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (−) QqQ (full-scan and product ion scan mode) | \nANOVA | \n[10] | \n
Polyphenols (fruit extracts) | \nKinetex C18 (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) Gradient elution (1 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) methanol H-ESI (−) QqQ (MRM acquisition mode) | \nPCA | \n[11] | \n
Polyphenols (cranberry-based pharmaceutical preparations and natural extracts) | \nHypersil Gold C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.285 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) methanol H-ESI (−)/APCI (−)/APPI (−) QqQ (MRM acquisition mode) | \nPCA | \n[12] | \n
Selected targeted LC-MS(/MS) methods using polyphenols as biomarkers to address food integrity and authenticity.
Heated-electrospray ionization (H-ESI), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), quadrupole-ion trap (Q-TRAP), electrospray ionization (ESI), analysis of variance (ANOVA), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI).
As can be seen in the table, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), mainly employing C18 columns [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] and gradient elution with an acidified aqueous solution and methanol or acetonitrile as mobile phase components, is usually proposed. For example, Seraglio et al. [7] described the development of a reproducible and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 32 phenolic compounds in bracatinga (
Regarding the ionization of polyphenols, electrospray (ESI) in negative mode [10, 11, 12, 13], positive mode [9], or exploring both positive and negative modes [6, 7, 8, 14] is generally employed. However, other atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources have also been described in the literature for the determination of polyphenols in food characterization and authentication. For example, Parets et al. [12] compared the use of ESI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization using four organic solvents as dopants (toluene, acetone, chlorobenzene, and anisole) for the determination of 29 polyphenols in grape- and cranberry-based fruit extracts and cranberry-based pharmaceutical preparations. ESI and acetone-assisted APPI showed a good performance for the ionization step of the targeted polyphenolic compounds, providing good sensitivity for most of the analyzed polyphenols. However, when addressing the classification and authentication of the analyzed extracts, the authors described that results obtained by UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS were more satisfactory and the discrimination of the sample classes was excellent in comparison to UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, attributing this behavior to the higher robustness of APPI source in the presence of matrix effects.
\nQuadrupole MS, QqQ , and IT instruments are the most employed for the LC-MS(/MS) determination of polyphenols in food integrity and authenticity. Regarding the acquisition mode, full-scan and product-ion scan modes are typically employed with IT instruments, while MRM acquisition mode is applied with QqQ instruments due to the sensitivity improvement observed in comparison with product-ion scan in this kind of instruments. Nevertheless, some authors are also proposing the use of MRM acquisition mode with Q-TRAP instruments [7], although no special improvement in sensitivity is described. Regarding the use of MS2, several acquisition strategies can be found in the literature. For instance, Brighenti et al. [6] proposed the use of the SmartFrag function of the IT mass analyzer to ensure that every precursor ion receives the appropriate collision energy in order to obtain adequate product-ion scan spectra with the better fragmentation possible.
\nIn order to address food integrity and authenticity, the comparison of data obtained from different sample matrices is required. Therefore, chemometric methodologies, such as PCA, that allow the comparison of multiple variables play an important role in this aspect. However, several works are addressing food authenticity directly by comparison of targeted bioactive substances’ content, without the requirement of employing any chemometric strategy. This is the case, for example, of the work described by Ribas et al. [10] that showed significant differences in the phenolic content of three Spanish tomato varieties depending on the cultivar variety (“Caramba,” “Montserra,” and “Pera de Girona”).
\nEven though the concentration data of some targeted bioactive substances may allow to directly differentiate some food attributes, as previously commented, this data could also be subjected to chemometric methods to address food integrity and authenticity issues. For instance, Puigventós et al. [11] describes the use of LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of 26 polyphenolic compounds in fruit-based products and fruit-based pharmaceutical preparations. The polyphenolic content was then employed as chemical descriptors to achieve sample classification and authentication by means of PCA. As an example, Figure 1 shows the PCA plot of scores (a) and plot of loadings (b) for the analyzed samples.
\nPCA results using normalized concentrations as analytical data obtained using LC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profiles. (a) Score plot of PC1 vs. PC2 that shows the separation among grapes-based samples (green circles) and cranberry-based samples (red circles). (b) Loading plot PC1 vs. PC2 that shows the polyphenolic content of among grapes- and cranberry-based samples. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
As shown in the plot of scores (Figure 1a), grape and cranberry products appeared in different zones so that PCA was basically able to distinguish among the two fruits or origins, allowing the authentication of fruit-based extracts. In particular, grape and related samples were located to the top-left part of the graph. In contrast, cranberry samples were mainly spread out on the bottom area. Regarding the plot of loadings (Figure 1b), it was found that gallic acid and polydatin were characteristic of grape-related samples so they were present in higher levels in this class of products. In contrast, analytes located to the right part of PC1 such as sinapic, ferulic,
Therefore, the chemometric analysis of targeted bioactive substance contents in food products could give an idea of the more discriminant chemical descriptors of a given sample, allowing the proposal of future biomarkers to address food integrity and authenticity.
\nEven though LC-MS and LC-MS/MS have proved to be useful techniques in some food authenticity and integrity applications, as previously described, sometimes a more sensitive and selective technique, such as LC-HRMS, is needed mainly due to the complexity of food sample matrices and the huge variability on bioactive compounds, with different structures and physicochemical properties, that they contain [5]. HRMS and accurate mass measurements are emerging as one of the best options for the analysis of food samples in order to guarantee the unequivocal determination of the elemental composition of a target compound, which allows its distinction of other co-eluting isobaric compounds. There are mainly four types of HRMS instruments: magnetic sector, time-of-flight (TOF), Orbitrap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) instruments, being TOF and Orbitrap, as well as some of their hybrid configurations with quadrupole or IT analyzers, the most frequently employed in combination with LC techniques. In general, TOF instruments present a resolution (instrument’s ability to measure the mass of two closely related ions precisely) of approximately 10,000–40,000 FWHM (full width at half-maximum) with accuracies in the mass determination of 1–5 ppm. In contrast, the resolution of Orbitrap instruments is in the range of 10,000–140,000 FWHM (or even higher) with 1–2 ppm mass accuracy (for comparison, conventional quadrupole MS instruments show a resolution of 1000 FWHM and accuracies of 500 ppm) [5]. Recent advances in both LC-TOF-MS and LC-Orbitrap-MS methods have reduced instruments costs, make the analysis more simple, and have considerably improved accuracy, offering today bench-top instrumentation that is amenable to screening and identification of a great variety of compounds in food matrices, not only for targeted ones, but also for non-target or unknown chemicals [5].
\nIn this section, the use of targeted LC-HRMS methodologies in order to address the food integrity and authenticity issue will be discussed. Table 2 summarizes some selected applications described in the literature employing targeted LC-HRMS methodologies in food integrity and authenticity.
\nCompounds (sample) | \nChromatographic separation and mass spectrometry | \nData analysis | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|
Kaempferol derivatives (saffron) | \nAscentis Express Fused-core C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (−) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1700 | \n– | \n[15] | \n
Polyphenols (kiwifruit juice) | \nWaters XTerra MS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Gradient elution (0.8 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.5% acetic acid (B) water:acetonitrile 1:1 (v/v) with 0.5% acetic acid H-ESI (−) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1500 | \nANOVA, PCA and SLDA | \n[16] | \n
Polyphenols (berry fruit juice) | \nPhenomenex C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) methanol with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1000 | \nPCA-DA and OPLS-DA | \n[17] | \n
Polyphenols (red spice paprika) | \nSyncronis C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.25 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.01% acetic acid (B) acetonitrile H-ESI (−) LTQ-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 100–1000 | \nPCA | \n[18] | \n
Low molecular weight carbohydrates (cocoa beans) | \nBEH X-Bridge Amide column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide H-ESI (+) TOF (full-scan mode 50–1200 | \nANOVA, PCA and PLS-DA | \n[20] | \n
Polyphenols (cranberry-based extracts) | \nAscentis Express C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (−) Q-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 100–1500 | \nPCA and PLS | \n[19] | \n
Small bioactive lipids (rice) | \nAcquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.5 mL·min−1): (A) water with 10 mM ammonium hydroxide (B) acetonitrile:isopropanol 90:10 (v/v) H-ESI (−) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1200 | \nPCA and OPLS-DA | \n[21] | \n
Recent advances of targeted LC-HRMS methodologies in food integrity and authenticity.
Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA), principal component analysis-discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), partial least-squares regression (PLS).
As can be seen in Table 2, and in line with previously commented targeted LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methodologies, polyphenols are ubiquitously used as biomarkers in targeted LC-HRMS approaches [15, 16, 17, 18, 19], whether considering a specific polyphenolic class or a wider selection. However, polyphenols are not always the best choice to solve the analytical problem even when plant-related food products are addressed, and therefore some other compounds can be employed. For instance, Megías-Pérez et al. [20] used the determination of low molecular weight carbohydrates for the classification of cocoa beans from different origins and status of fermentation, whereas Zhu et al. [21] studied the presence of small bioactive lipids as markers to differentiate among diverse varieties of rice.
\nRegarding the chromatographic separation, almost all the works described in the literature propose the use of C18 stationary phase columns [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21]. In fact, Guijarro-Díez et al. [15] tested and compared a C18 and a cyano column, both having the same size and particle diameter, for the chromatographic separation of five kaempferol derivatives and geniposide in the analysis of saffron samples, obtaining a better resolution and peak efficiency when using the C18 column. Alternatively, the separation of polar compounds, such as low molecular weight carbohydrates, can be improved and optimized by using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns as it offers ample chromatographic resolution [20].
\nAs shown in Table 2, H-ESI has been established as the most common option for the ionization step whether positive mode [20], negative mode [15, 16, 18, 19, 21] or both [17] are employed. In order to ensure a good ionization of the targeted compounds (avoiding in-source fragmentation), Guijarro-Díez et al. [15] studied both positive and negative ionization modes, as well as different mobile phase compositions, looking for the highest signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in the determination of kaempferol derivatives in saffron samples. Negative ESI mode and the addition of 0.1% formic acid to the mobile phase showed to be the best option, being a general trend described in the literature for the determination of polyphenolic compounds [5].
\nAmong all the range of mass analyzers, TOF and Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer technologies are usually employed in these type of targeted studies, especially hybrid instruments such as quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) [15, 16, 17, 21], quadrupole-Orbitrap (Q-Orbitrap) [19], and linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) [18] configurations. The main advantage of these types of instruments in front of single HRMS analyzers is the possibility to make data dependent MS/MS experiments. These acquisition modes provide interesting spectral information that compared with online-databases and with the obtained accurate mass measurements can improve the tentative identification and confirmation of a given targeted compound. It should be mentioned that only when pure standards are available, the theoretical chromatographic retention time as well as the standard fragmentation pathway are also compared and an undoubtedly identification can be done. In contrast, authors who work with simple HRMS analyzers, such as TOF, normally resort to LRMS analyzers able to perform tandem experiments such as QqQ or IT instruments in order to obtain this fragmentation pathway data [20].
\nData treatment selection is strongly related to the food analytical challenge that has to be solved. In some applications, such as some adulteration food frauds, particular biomarkers are significantly discriminant between native and adulterated food samples and their determination allows the detection of that illegal practice. As an example, characteristic and endogenous glycosylated kaempferol derivatives were used as authenticity markers able to detect and quantify the adulteration in saffron samples regardless the substance used as adulterant [15]. Depending on the compound selected as biomarker, a limit of detection for the adulteration content between 0.2 and 2.5% was achieved. However, a statistical procedure like ANOVA is usually needed for the evaluation of the significance of difference for targeted compounds among different types of samples. Guo et al. [16] used this strategy to verify the capability of targeted polyphenols to classify kiwifruit juices according to their variety and geographical origin. Even though the presence of certain polyphenols was significantly different in each case, none of them was able to cluster the samples by itself. It is in these types of situations when multivariate data analysis techniques have gained relevance, as they can combine information regarding the content of a large number of compounds. As an example, an unsupervised PCA was applied in order to study the geographical and botanical origin of Serbian red spice paprika samples (Lemeška and Lakošnička varieties) by using the concentration of 25 polyphenols, obtained by a targeted LC-HRMS method, and 13 carbohydrates, quantified by high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection [18]. The scores plots for the first two PCs, which explain 52.75% of the total variance, show a good discrimination between samples of different origin. In fact, loadings plot revealed a strong influence of particular phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides in the separation of Lemeška paprika samples, while flavonoid aglycones and carbohydrates mainly affected the discrimination of the Lakošnička variety. In addition, Lakošnička samples were also classified according to their harvesting year (2012 or 2013). On the other hand, Barbosa et al. [19] also used chemometric multivariate analysis tools, but with the aim of preventing the possible adulteration of cranberry-based commercial pharmaceuticals with other ineffective and less expensive fruit-based extracts. Cranberry (
PCA score plot of PC1 vs. PC2 obtained using UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap) polyphenolic profiles for the classification and authentication of fruit-based extracts and cranberry-based pharmaceutical preparations. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
Moreover, a PLS model was developed to predict and quantify fraud levels of adulterant fruit (grape, blueberry, and raspberry) extracts in cranberry-fruit extracts, reaching calibration errors below 0.01% and prediction errors in the range of 2.71 and 5.96%, demonstrating the suitability of polyphenolic targeted LC-HRMS methods in food integrity and authenticity.
\nModern HRMS analyzers, such as TOF and Orbitrap (and their hybrid configurations), have focused the analysis of food samples from a totally different perspective as did before, mainly due to their high capacity to generate and register a large amount of information, especially when working in full-scan or in data-dependent scan acquisition modes. In fact, in the last years, there has been a trend toward non-targeted LC-HRMS metabolomic approaches, either by studying the metabolomic profiles of food, where chemometrics plays an essential role in the data treatment, or by a retrospective analysis in order to identify unknown compounds that could become new food biomarkers. Although non-targeted metabolomic approaches are potentially much more informative than targeted approaches in practice, the annotation of the features either obtained by using databases or by matching with pure standard data is frequently required. However, in many cases, metabolomic fingerprinting is enough to classify and discriminate among food samples; therefore, further metabolite identification is not needed. Moreover, it should be taken into account that when dealing with non-targeted metabolomics, the final annotated metabolites are strongly dependent on the global experimental approached employed (including sample treatment, separation and detection, as well as the specific instrumentation used). As an example, Díaz et al. [22] studied the influence of the global approach on the final annotated metabolites in non-targeted metabolomic analysis of 42 red wine samples (from three different Spanish PDO) when comparing two LC-MS interplatforms that differed in columns, mobile phases, gradients, chromatographs, mass spectrometers (Q-Orbitrap [Platform #1] and Q-TOF [Platform #2]), data processing, and marker selection protocols. Figure 3 shows a scheme of the experimental workflow described by the authors. The authors showed that despite the ability of the platforms to distinguish the wine classes at both the spectral and the annotated metabolite level, a strong divergence among the annotated metabolites involved in the discrimination was found. For example, at the annotated features level, PDO classes were separated using both experimental setups (Figure 4a and b). When annotated metabolite level was employed, a total of 9 and 8 features were identified for Platforms #1 and #2, respectively, although none of them was common. PCA models built using only these annotated features resulted in a clear separation when the Q-TOF was employed (Figure 4d), but with the Q-Orbitrap, wines from Ribera del Duero PDO and Rioja PDO were not completely separated (Figure 4c). When results obtained using both compared platforms were considered, the resulting PCA model performed including only the annotated features common for both platforms showed a high degree of similarity between them (Figure 4e and f).
\nSummary of the experimental workflow compared. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
Plots of scores obtained for the PCA analysis for Platforms #1 and #2 at the all features level (a and b), platform specific annotated metabolite level (c and d) and interplatform validated metabolites (e and f). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
This study shows the complications that may arise on the comparison of non-targeted metabolomic platforms even when metabolite focused approaches are used in the identification.
\nTable 3 summarizes a wide variety on non-targeted LC-HRMS applications in food integrity and authenticity. As previously indicated, these non-targeted methodologies can be considered as blind approaches toward the unknown metabolomic composition of a particular group of samples. For that reason, the selection and optimization of the chromatographic separation or ionization technique have to be done conscientiously as they will delimit the detected compounds according to their hydrophobicity and ionization capacity. As can be seen in the table, reversed-phase stationary columns are also usually chosen to conduct the chromatographic separation in non-targeted LC-HRMS approaches. This is because this separation mode provides a great chromatographic separation of semi-polar metabolites, which comprise a wide number of compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, or glycosylated species) that have proved to be useful and interesting for the authentication of food samples. Although C18 is generally proposed [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38], some strategies have employed other reversed-phases such as HSS T3 [39], C8 [40], and C30 [41]. For instance, Black et al. [39] used a HSS T3 column for the separation of potential biomarkers able to identify adulteration in oregano samples, while Martinez et al. [40] proposed a C8 column with the aim to separate unknown food markers for the discrimination of tomato samples obtained in organic or conventional crops.
\nSample | \nChromatographic separation and mass spectrometry | \nData analysis | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|
Oregano | \nAcquity HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) methanol with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1200 | \nPCA and OPLS-DA | \n[39] | \n
Lamb | \nZIC p-HILIC column (100 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) Gradient elution (0.25 mL·min−1): (A) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (B) water with 16mM ammonium formate ESI (±) Orbitrap (full-scan mode 55–1100 | \nFold change, t-test and PCA | \n[44] | \n
Tomato juices | \nC30 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) Gradient elution (1.3 mL·min−1): (A) methanol:methyl tert-butyl ether:water with 2% ammonium acetate 60:35:5 (v/v/v) (B) methyl tert-butyl ether:methanol:water with 2% ammonium acetate (v/v/v) APCI (+) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1700 | \nFold change and t-test | \n[41] | \n
Coffee | \nAscentis Express C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1700 | \nPCA and PLS-DA | \n[23] | \n
Tomato | \nPhenomenex Luna C8 column (100 × 2 mm, 3 μm) Gradient elution (0.35 mL·min−1): (A) water:methanol 98:2 (v/v) (B) methanol:water 98:2 (v/v) H-ESI (+) Q-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 74–1100 | \nPCA | \n[40] | \n
Beef meat | \nHypersil Gold C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water (B) methanol ESI (+) LTQ-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 50–2000 | \nPCA and PLS-DA | \n[24] | \n
Citrus fruit/fruit juices | \nAcquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 10 mM ammonium acetate (B) acetonitrile H-ESI (+) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1200 | \nPCA, PLS-DA and SIMCA | \n[31] | \n
Wild strawberry | \nXSelect CSH C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.6 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile:water 80:20 (v/v) with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) LTQ-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 200–1600 | \nPCA | \n[32] | \n
Eggs | \nPhenomenex Luna Omega C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate (B) methanol with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate H-ESI (±) Q-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 75–1000 | \nPCA | \n[33] | \n
Garlic | \nMediterranea Sea C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Gradient elution (0.7 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) methanol with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 30–1700 | \nANOVA and PCA | \n[34] | \n
Parmigiano Reggiano cheese | \nKinetex XB C18 column (100 × 3 mm, 2.6 μm) Gradient elution (0.5 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.2% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.2% formic acid H-ESI (−) Orbitrap (full-scan mode 50–900 | \nPCA Class Method | \n[35] | \n
Cheeses | \nHypersil Gold C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% acetic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% acetic acid H-ESI (±) Orbitrap (full-scan mode 65–1000 | \nPCA | \n[36] | \n
Myrtle berry | \nXSelect CSH C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid ESI (−) LTQ-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 200–1600 | \nPCA | \n[37] | \n
Saffron | \nAscentis Express C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid or 10 mM ammonium formate (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid or 10 mM ammonium formate H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1700 | \nPCA, PLS-DA and OPLS-DA | \n[38] | \n
Eggs | \nThermo Scientific Accucore C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate (B) methanol with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate H-ESI (+) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1000 | \nPCA | \n[25] | \n
Olive oil | \nAcclaim RSLC C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.2 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water:methanol 90:10 (v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate (B) methanol with 5 mM ammonium acetate H-ESI (−) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 50–1000 | \nPCA | \n[26] | \n
Saffron | \nPhenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4–0.6 mL·min−1): (A) water with 5 mM ammonium formate or acetate (B) methanol H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1200 | \nPCA and OPLS-DA | \n[27] | \n
Honey | \nHypersil Gold C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 80–1200 | \nPCA and PLS-DA | \n[28] | \n
Beer | \nHypersil Gold aQ column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.6 mL·min−1): (A) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (B) water with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) LTQ-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 50–1000 | \nPCA and PLS-DA | \n[43] | \n
Tiger nut | \nBEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) Gradient elution (0.4–0.5 mL·min−1): (A) water:methanol 95:5 (v/v) with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate (B) 2-propanol:methanol:water 65:30:5 (v/v/v) with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1200 | \nPCA and OPLS-DA | \n[29] | \n
Tea | \nHypersil Gold C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.2 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile H-ESI (±) Q-Orbitrap (full-scan mode 100–1500 | \nPCA, HCA and PLS-DA | \n[30] | \n
Chicken | \nHypersil Gold aQ column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) Gradient elution (0.3 mL·min−1): (A) water with 0.1% formic acid (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid H-ESI (±) Q-TOF (full-scan mode 100–1000 | \nPCA | \n[42] | \n
Recent advances of non-targeted LC-HRMS methodologies in food integrity and authenticity.
Soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA).
On the other hand, the enhanced bioavailability of
Accordingly to targeted approaches, H-ESI is also the most employed ionization technique in the non-targeted LC-HRMS approach. However, in this case, normally both positive and negative ionization modes are studied [23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44], since it is not intended to find determined compounds but rather to study which of them provides a solution to the food integrity and authentication challenge, even if they are not identified. In some applications, other API sources can offer an interesting ionization range as well as less matrix effect. For instance, instead of H-ESI, APCI operated in positive ionization mode was used to analyze lipophilic extracts of tomato juices detecting a total of 423 compounds among which 352 were significantly different between the two types of juices studied [41].
\nAs described in Table 3, hybrid HRMS analyzers (Q-Orbitrap, LTQ-Orbitrap and Q-TOF) are also widely employed in non-targeted LC-HRMS methodologies. The possibility to study the fragmentation of unknown molecular features allows their identification and confirmation in order to establish them as future targeted compounds for particular applications. Even though single HRMS analyzers do not provide fragmentation data of the detected ions, metabolomics data can solve authenticity problematics without the identification of any compound (fingerprinting strategy) as previously commented [35].
\nThe first step of non-targeted LC-HRMS approaches data treatment is the conversion of raw data in a matrix built by retention time,
Anyways, when the objective of the study is the identification of molecular features that could behave as a biomarker in food integrity and authenticity, the matrix needs to be reduced. Thus, measures like the elimination of those molecular features that are not detected in a minimum percentage of the samples or of those that are not observed in the quality controls, which usually consists in a mix formed by a constant volume of all the analyzed samples, are normally implemented in the non-targeted LC-HRMS workflow.
\nAs an example, Cavanna et al. [33], whose objective was the identification and selection of biomarkers responsible of the freshness of egg products, proposed a first reduction of data matrix by establishing some critical parameters values: (i) precursor ion deviation of 5 and 10 ppm for negative and positive runs, respectively, (ii) maximum peak shift of 0.3 min, (iii) a total intensity threshold of 1,000,000 AU, and (iv) a 30% of relative intensity tolerance used for isotope search. The authors removed the molecular features that showed a coefficient of variation bigger than 40% in the quality control sample, which was prepared by mixing 10 μL of each extract sample and was injected at the beginning of the sequence as well as every 10 samples analyzed. As a clear separation between fresh and non-fresh egg samples was observed when making a PCA study on positive and negative ionization modes with the reduced matrixes, the authors then applied supervised OPLS-DA. As can be seen in Figure 5, an expected increase in the discrimination was achieved.
\nESI + OPLS-DA scores plot of the fresh samples against the “1 day” samples. Left area dots (0 h), fresh samples; right area dots (1D), “1 day” samples. Reproduced from Ref. [
S-plots, which correspond to OPLS-DA loading plots, and variable importance in projection (VIP) values were used to select the most significant features in the clusterization of the samples. In order to identify those molecular features, exact mass, the isotopic pattern and MS/MS fragmentation were studied. As a result, 12 compounds were completely identified (standard injection confirm their identity) and 19 were tentatively identified by the authors.
\nThe role of LC-MS and LC-HRMS methodologies to address food integrity and authenticity have been presented and discussed by means of some selected applications published in the last years.
\nMost of the methods described in the literature opt for RPLC with mainly C18 columns, with gradient elution using acidified aqueous solutions and methanol or acetonitrile as mobile phase components, probably due to the strong capacity of this separation mode when dealing with low molecular weight chemicals with a relatively wide range of polarities. The use of other stationary phases such as C18 amide or perfluorinated columns are also proposed in some specific applications.
\nESI continues to be the ionization source of choice when dealing with LC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis of food products, although in some cases other API sources are also employed. APPI has shown to provide similar or slightly better sensitivity for some specific applications, such as in the case of the determination of polyphenols, but it resulted in a very feasible option when addressing the characterization and classification of natural extracts due to the higher robustness of APPI source in the presence of matrix effect. Therefore, although it has not been widely exploited in food integrity and authenticity issues up to now, it is strongly recommended because of the sample matrix complexity of foodstuffs.
\nRegarding the mass analyzers, QqQ and IT instruments are the chosen ones when LRMS is employed, and TOF and Orbitrap analyzers for HRMS applications. However, the selection of LC-MS or LC-HRMS methods usually depends on the targeted or non-targeted approach. When targeted strategies are proposed, some specific biochemical food components are determined as food features to address food integrity and authenticity, requiring a quantitation step using standards for each targeted component. In those cases, LC-MS(/MS) methodologies, mainly using QqQ instruments, are very appropriate due to the low sensitivity attainable with these analyzers, and their good performance for quantitative analysis. Obviously, LC-HRMS methods providing higher resolution and accurate mass measurements are also a very good option for targeted food analysis, although it is more expensive and requires a more specialized staff. In order to achieve sample characterization and authentication, the comparison of the content and distribution of the targeted chemicals is sometimes enough, but the use of chemometric methods to try to find food feature similarities between the analyzed samples is highly recommended, especially when both the number of samples and the number of targeted bioactive substances increase.
\nIn many applications, the quantitation of some chemicals may be a difficult task due to food matrix complexity, especially due to the possibility of unknown interfering compounds. In those cases, non-targeted approaches (based on metabolomic fingerprinting) using LC-HRMS have shown to be the best option to address food integrity and authenticity. As non-targeted analysis is performed, the high resolution and accurate mass measurements attainable with TOF and Orbitrap instruments are required. In non-targeted approaches, the measurement of peak intensity values as a function of
In conclusion, targeted and non-targeted LC-MS and LC-HRMS methodologies, especially in combination with multivariate chemometric methods, are powerful tools to address a hot topic nowadays such as food integrity and authenticity, and the number of publications in this field will continue to increase in the near future.
\nThis work was supported by the Agency for the Administration of University and Research Grants (Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain) under the Project 2017 SGR-310.
\nIntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22423},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33699}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135704},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo - Recent Development and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d78700ff7e6b6f86ed00e7d6fc9b308",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mustapha Asniza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"249239",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustapha",surname:"Asniza",slug:"mustapha-asniza",fullName:"Mustapha Asniza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11606",title:"Asteraceae - Characterization, Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"910ecf8411098a42bb250c87a978f1b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohamed A. El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11606.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces - Its Productive Conservation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c3ea2c2248cc3c8a2888e525c732c26",slug:null,bookSignature:"Emeritus Prof. Arnoldo González-Reyna and Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470479",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Arnoldo",surname:"González-Reyna",slug:"arnoldo-gonzalez-reyna",fullName:"Arnoldo González-Reyna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11613",title:"New Insight on Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4acd3890d8f1ef49f4b006b56d48c3b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shahzad Aslam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11613.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"220324",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Shahzad",surname:"Aslam",slug:"muhammad-shahzad-aslam",fullName:"Muhammad Shahzad Aslam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11618",title:"Seagrass - Biology and Use",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"174d974e744ab42717bb8da4add5b6b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Irem Deniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11618.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"204855",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",surname:"Deniz",slug:"irem-deniz",fullName:"Irem Deniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11642",title:"Food Preservation and Packaging - Recent Process and Technological Advancements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"00f636e3012dc12ebb8713cb51d75a1f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jaya Shankar Tumuluru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11642.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"95803",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya Shankar",surname:"Tumuluru",slug:"jaya-shankar-tumuluru",fullName:"Jaya Shankar Tumuluru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11785",title:"Ginger - Cultivation and Use",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1caa2d6d054af82de4a88ecb2b3fedfa",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11785.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311935",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"prashant-kaushik",fullName:"Prashant Kaushik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11786",title:"The Bromeliads",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abcda80d5906e738c0701f7cec025ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohamed Addi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11786.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"457029",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Addi",slug:"mohamed-addi",fullName:"Mohamed Addi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11790",title:"Apple Cultivation - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"695966d2d83bbac8cb7fdd83381f0cee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ayzin B. Küden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11790.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin B.",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-b.-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin B. Küden"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:51},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10728",title:"Blood Groups",subtitle:"More than Inheritance of Antigenic Substances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5e79b54a382651f3130c9ee5ab862b4",slug:"blood-groups-more-than-inheritance-of-antigenic-substances",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10728.jpg",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2310,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2095,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2079,editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1987,editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1528,editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:932,editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:700,editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:676,editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7215,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:602,editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"865",title:"Air Pollution",slug:"environmental-pollution-air-pollution",parent:{id:"133",title:"Environmental Pollution",slug:"environmental-pollution"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:375,numberOfWosCitations:379,numberOfCrossrefCitations:235,numberOfDimensionsCitations:564,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"865",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6975",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:"Monitoring, Quantification and Removal of Gases and Particles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba35a5093e6aa0bf13500c37a23976f6",slug:"air-pollution-monitoring-quantification-and-removal-of-gases-and-particles",bookSignature:"Jorge Del Real Olvera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166103",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Del Real Olvera",slug:"jorge-del-real-olvera",fullName:"Jorge Del Real Olvera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5356",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:"Measurement and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a7d0d06a1f8d925fcfa9d8b79858729",slug:"air-quality-measurement-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Philip Sallis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10893",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip John",middleName:null,surname:"Sallis",slug:"philip-john-sallis",fullName:"Philip John Sallis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4572",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86ac538cdf00ceeb823842ebdef2997c",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",bookSignature:"Farhad Nejadkoorki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71481",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Nejadkoorki",slug:"farhad-nejadkoorki",fullName:"Farhad Nejadkoorki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2167",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:"New Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc672efe15af006251c8646150ec78b7",slug:"air-quality-new-perspective",bookSignature:"Gustavo Lopez Badilla, Benjamin Valdez and Michael Schorr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2167.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24784",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"gustavo-lopez",fullName:"Gustavo Lopez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1322",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:"Monitoring and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b927fed40df8d0658b55110febe1028",slug:"air-quality-monitoring-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Sunil Kumar and Rakesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86581",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sunil-kumar",fullName:"Sunil Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"193",title:"Advanced Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71b747f0c89ed641765cfa126a76d73e",slug:"advanced-air-pollution",bookSignature:"Farhad Nejadkoorki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71481",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Nejadkoorki",slug:"farhad-nejadkoorki",fullName:"Farhad Nejadkoorki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"518",title:"Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a897faf45407f5b36d93c678f561bf7",slug:"air-quality-monitoring-assessment-and-management",bookSignature:"Nicolás A. Mazzeo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/518.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10567",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Mazzeo",slug:"nicolas-mazzeo",fullName:"Nicolas Mazzeo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"167",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:"Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"737e244c22eb27f5d6469b3516850c3c",slug:"air-quality-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Dragana Popovi?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/167.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59513",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Popovic",slug:"dragana-popovic",fullName:"Dragana Popovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48145",doi:"10.5772/59749",title:"Health Effects of Metals in Particulate Matter",slug:"health-effects-of-metals-in-particulate-matter",totalDownloads:2632,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"T.I. Fortoul, V. Rodriguez-Lara, A. Gonzalez-Villalva, M. Rojas-Lemus,\nL. Colin-Barenque, P. Bizarro-Nevares, I. García-Peláez, M. Ustarroz-\nCano, S. López-Zepeda, S. Cervantes-Yépez, N. López-Valdez, N.\nMeléndez-García, M. Espinosa-Zurutuza, G. Cano-Gutierrez and\nM.C. Cano-Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"38601",title:"Dr.",name:"Vianey",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Lara",slug:"vianey-rodriguez-lara",fullName:"Vianey Rodriguez-Lara"},{id:"38603",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Villalva",slug:"adriana-gonzalez-villalva",fullName:"Adriana Gonzalez-Villalva"},{id:"38609",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Lemus",slug:"marcela-rojas-lemus",fullName:"Marcela Rojas-Lemus"},{id:"63230",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"García-Peláez",slug:"isabel-garcia-pelaez",fullName:"Isabel García-Peláez"},{id:"172360",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortoul-van der Goes",slug:"teresa-fortoul-van-der-goes",fullName:"Teresa Fortoul-van der Goes"},{id:"172724",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bizarro-Nevares",slug:"patricia-bizarro-nevares",fullName:"Patricia Bizarro-Nevares"},{id:"172725",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Ustarroz-Cano",slug:"martha-ustarroz-cano",fullName:"Martha Ustarroz-Cano"},{id:"172726",title:"Ms.",name:"Sofía",middleName:null,surname:"López-Zepeda",slug:"sofia-lopez-zepeda",fullName:"Sofía López-Zepeda"},{id:"172727",title:"Ms.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Cervantes-Yépez",slug:"silvana-cervantes-yepez",fullName:"Silvana Cervantes-Yépez"},{id:"172728",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelly",middleName:null,surname:"López-Valdez",slug:"nelly-lopez-valdez",fullName:"Nelly López-Valdez"},{id:"172729",title:"Ms.",name:"Nayeli",middleName:null,surname:"Meléndez-García",slug:"nayeli-melendez-garcia",fullName:"Nayeli Meléndez-García"},{id:"172730",title:"Ms.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa-Zurutuza",slug:"maribel-espinosa-zurutuza",fullName:"Maribel Espinosa-Zurutuza"},{id:"172731",title:"Dr.",name:"Gumaro",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Gutierrez",slug:"gumaro-cano-gutierrez",fullName:"Gumaro Cano-Gutierrez"},{id:"172733",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Colín-Barenque",slug:"laura-colin-barenque",fullName:"Laura Colín-Barenque"},{id:"173263",title:"Dr.",name:"María Concepción",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Rodríguez",slug:"maria-concepcion-cano-rodriguez",fullName:"María Concepción Cano-Rodríguez"}]},{id:"17390",doi:"10.5772/17734",title:"Spatial Interpolation Methodologies in Urban Air Pollution Modeling: Application for the Greater Area of Metropolitan Athens, Greece",slug:"spatial-interpolation-methodologies-in-urban-air-pollution-modeling-application-for-the-greater-area",totalDownloads:3565,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"193",slug:"advanced-air-pollution",title:"Advanced Air Pollution",fullTitle:"Advanced Air Pollution"},signatures:"Despina Deligiorgi and Kostas Philippopoulos",authors:[{id:"29291",title:"Prof.",name:"Despina",middleName:null,surname:"Deligiorgi",slug:"despina-deligiorgi",fullName:"Despina Deligiorgi"},{id:"38634",title:"MSc.",name:"Kostas",middleName:null,surname:"Philippopoulos",slug:"kostas-philippopoulos",fullName:"Kostas Philippopoulos"}]},{id:"37983",doi:"10.5772/45874",title:"Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants and Trend Analysis Based on Various Regulatory Measures Over Megacity Delhi",slug:"emission-inventory-of-air-pollutants-and-trend-analysis-based-on-various-regulatory-measures-over-me",totalDownloads:2830,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"2167",slug:"air-quality-new-perspective",title:"Air Quality",fullTitle:"Air Quality - New Perspective"},signatures:"Manju Mohan, Shweta Bhati, Preeti Gunwani and Pallavi Marappu",authors:[{id:"148889",title:"Prof.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"manju-mohan",fullName:"Manju Mohan"}]},{id:"48086",doi:"10.5772/59793",title:"Air Pollution in Welding Processes — Assessment and Control Methods",slug:"air-pollution-in-welding-processes-assessment-and-control-methods",totalDownloads:4071,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"Farideh Golbabaei and Monireh Khadem",authors:[{id:"172279",title:"Prof.",name:"Farideh",middleName:null,surname:"Golbabaei",slug:"farideh-golbabaei",fullName:"Farideh Golbabaei"}]},{id:"16219",doi:"10.5772/16774",title:"Monitoring and Reporting VOCs in Ambient Air",slug:"monitoring-and-reporting-vocs-in-ambient-air",totalDownloads:12517,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"518",slug:"air-quality-monitoring-assessment-and-management",title:"Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management",fullTitle:"Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management"},signatures:"Anjali Srivastava and Dipanjali Mazumdar",authors:[{id:"26286",title:"Dr.",name:"Anjali",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",slug:"anjali-srivastava",fullName:"Anjali Srivastava"},{id:"26290",title:"Dr.",name:"Dipanjali",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumdar",slug:"dipanjali-mazumdar",fullName:"Dipanjali Mazumdar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52206",title:"Particulate Matter Sampling Techniques and Data Modelling Methods",slug:"particulate-matter-sampling-techniques-and-data-modelling-methods",totalDownloads:3504,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Particulate matter with 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is known to have adverse effects on human health and the environment. For countries committed to reducing PM10 emissions, it is essential to have models that accurately estimate and predict PM10 concentrations for reporting and monitoring purposes. In this chapter, a broad overview of recent empirical statistical and machine learning techniques for modelling PM10 is presented. This includes the instrumentation used to measure particulate matter, data preprocessing, the selection of explanatory variables and modelling methods. Key features of some PM10 prediction models developed in the last 10 years are described, and current work modelling and predicting PM10 trends in New Zealand—a remote country of islands in the South Pacific Ocean—are examined. In conclusion, the issues and challenges faced when modelling PM10 are discussed and suggestions for future avenues of investigation, which could improve the precision of PM10 prediction and estimation models are presented.",book:{id:"5356",slug:"air-quality-measurement-and-modeling",title:"Air Quality",fullTitle:"Air Quality - Measurement and Modeling"},signatures:"Jacqueline Whalley and Sara Zandi",authors:[{id:"188593",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Whalley",slug:"jacqueline-whalley",fullName:"Jacqueline Whalley"},{id:"188594",title:"Ms.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Zandi",slug:"sara-zandi",fullName:"Sara Zandi"}]},{id:"48090",title:"Biological Contamination of Air in Indoor Spaces",slug:"biological-contamination-of-air-in-indoor-spaces",totalDownloads:2791,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"Anca Maria Moldoveanu",authors:[{id:"25924",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Moldoveanu",slug:"anca-moldoveanu",fullName:"Anca Moldoveanu"}]},{id:"52560",title:"Economics and Air Pollution",slug:"economics-and-air-pollution",totalDownloads:3686,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter discusses the relationship between economics and air pollution: first, it presents the main characteristics of the economic growth-environmental pressure debate and introduces the concept of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC). As an example of the EKC, the estimated relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, using a cross-sectional sample of 152 countries, is reported. Second, the chapter discusses air pollution as a result of a market failure and introduces the main theoretical causes of ambient degradation, acknowledging air pollution externalities as a common problem that leads to overexploitation in the absence of well-defined property rights for the atmosphere. Third, the main instruments for pollution control, including traditional regulation based on standards and the more flexible incentive-based regulation, are presented. Finally, the chapter reviews the main features of cost and benefits related to air pollution emissions.",book:{id:"5356",slug:"air-quality-measurement-and-modeling",title:"Air Quality",fullTitle:"Air Quality - Measurement and Modeling"},signatures:"Fernando Carriazo",authors:[{id:"186900",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Carriazo",slug:"fernando-carriazo",fullName:"Fernando Carriazo"}]},{id:"48086",title:"Air Pollution in Welding Processes — Assessment and Control Methods",slug:"air-pollution-in-welding-processes-assessment-and-control-methods",totalDownloads:4070,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"4572",slug:"current-air-quality-issues",title:"Current Air Quality Issues",fullTitle:"Current Air Quality Issues"},signatures:"Farideh Golbabaei and Monireh Khadem",authors:[{id:"172279",title:"Prof.",name:"Farideh",middleName:null,surname:"Golbabaei",slug:"farideh-golbabaei",fullName:"Farideh Golbabaei"}]},{id:"17389",title:"Air Pollution, Modeling and GIS based Decision Support Systems for Air Quality Risk Assessment",slug:"air-pollution-modeling-and-gis-based-decision-support-systems-for-air-quality-risk-assessment",totalDownloads:6968,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"193",slug:"advanced-air-pollution",title:"Advanced Air Pollution",fullTitle:"Advanced Air Pollution"},signatures:"Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, Venkata Bhaskar Rao Dodla and Sudha Yerramilli",authors:[{id:"46041",title:"Dr.",name:"Yerramillia",middleName:null,surname:"Anjaneyulu",slug:"yerramillia-anjaneyulu",fullName:"Yerramillia Anjaneyulu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"865",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:755,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10794",title:"Potassium in Human Health",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",slug:"potassium-in-human-health",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jie Tang",hash:"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Potassium in Human Health",editors:[{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181267/images/system/181267.png",institutionString:"Brown University",institution:{name:"Brown University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System",subtitle:"Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-special-interest-topics",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis and Christos Nouris",hash:"48ac242dc6c5073b2590a509c44628e2",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200252/images/system/200252.png",institutionString:"Saint Paul General Hospital of Thessaloniki",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"