Comparison of different values of c with Wang [27] and Hayat et al. [30].
\r\n\tHomeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change when already in the optimal conditions, and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable to be regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Control centers include the respiratory center and the renin-angiotensin system. An effector is a target acted on to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver.
\r\n\tSome centers, such as the renin-angiotensin system, control more than one variable. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it reacts by sending action potentials to a control center. The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland. When the signal is received and acted on, negative feedback is provided to the receptor that stops the need for further signaling.
\r\n\tThe cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), located at the presynaptic neuron, is a receptor that can stop stressful neurotransmitter release to the postsynaptic neuron; it is activated by endocannabinoids (ECs) such as anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via a retrograde signaling process in which these compounds are synthesized by and released from postsynaptic neurons, and travel back to the presynaptic terminal to bind to the CB1 receptor for modulation of neurotransmitter release to obtain homeostasis.
\r\n\tThe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) and are synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate significant effects in the fine-tuning adjustment of body homeostasis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to discuss further various aspects of homeostasis, information that we hope to be useful to scientists, clinicians, and the wider public alike.
Thermal radiation, the fundamental mechanism of heat transfer is an indispensable activity in rocket propulsion, plume dynamics, solar collector performance, materials processing, combustion systems, fire propagation and other industrial and technological processes at high temperatures. With the developments in computational dynamics, increasing attention has been diverted towards thermal convection flows with the significant radiative flux. Rayleigh initiated the theory of thermal convection, by deriving critical temperature gradient (Critical Rayleigh number). Importance of such radiations is intensified with absolute temperatures at higher level. Thus a substantial interest is driven towards thermal boundary layer flows with a strong radiation. Governing equation of radiative heat transfer with its integro-differential nature makes numerical solutions of coupled radiative-convective flows even more challenging. Multiple studies were conducted employing several models to investigate heat and mass transfer in boundary layer and fully-developed laminar convection flows. As a consequence several simultaneous multi-physical effects in addition to radiative heat transfer including gravity and pressure gradient effects [1], mhd flow of nanofluids [2], buoyancy effects [3, 4], ferrofluid dynamics [5], stretching surface flow [6, 7], time-dependent, wall injection and Soret/Dufour effects [8, 9, 10, 11].
These studies have however been confined to Newtonian flows. But industries related with fabrication of polymers and plastics at high temperatures show greater importance towards radiative flows of non-Newtonian fluids. The potential of non-Newtonian flows in ducts with radiative transfer were significantly developed after the studies on novel propellants for spacecraft [12]. The developments are extant and diversified the application of non-Newtonian fluid models. Most studies in this regard have employed the Rosseland model which is generally valid for optically-thick boundary layers. Recently, Kumar et al. [13] used such model to study melting heat transfer of hyperbolic tangent fluid over a stretching sheet with suspended dust particles. Cortell [14] and Batalle [15] have shown their earlier contribution towards radiative heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluids past stretching sheet under various circumstances. Relating to the studies Khan et al. [16] developed a numerical studies correlating MHD flow of Carreau fluid over a convectively heated surface with non-linear radiation. Appending to this studies Khan et al. [17] provided his results on hydromagnetic nonlinear thermally radiative nanoliquid flow with Newtonian heat along with mass conditions. Meanwhile, Rana and Bhargava [18] provided a numerical elucidation to study of heat transfer enhancement in mixed convection flow along a vertical plate with heat source/sink utilizing nanofluids. Hayat et al. [19] investigated the mixed convection stagnation-point flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet under convective boundary conditions. Many diverse -physical simulations with and without convective and/or radiative heat transfer have been studied. Representative studies in this regard include [20, 21, 22, 23] with analogous to the property of radiation flow.
Endeavoring the complications in three dimensional flow analysis, Shehzad et al. [24] studied the effect of thermal radiation in Jeffrey nanofluid by considering the characteristics of thermophoresis and Brownian motion for a solar energy model. Hayat et al. [25] analyzed the effect non-linear thermal radiation over MHD three-dimensional flow of couple stress nanofluid in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Rudraswamy et al. [26] observations on Soret and Dufour effects in three-dimensional flow of Jeffery nanofluid in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation clearly showed that concentration and associated boundary layer thickness are enhanced by increasing Soret and Dufour numbers. Many such problems [27, 28, 29] were considered disclosing the feature of thermal radiation in three dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluids.
Inspired by the above works, we put forth the studies on the effect of non-linear thermal radiation on three dimensional flow of Carreau fluid with suspended nanoparticles. Present studies even include the phenomenon of mixed convection and convective boundary conditions. A numerical approach is provided for the above flow problem by employing Runge-Kutta-fourth-fifth order method.
A steady three-dimensional flow of an incompressible Carreau fluid with suspended nano particles induced by bidirectional stretching surface at
Extra stress tensor for Carreau fluid is.
In which
Here
The governing boundary layer equations of momentum, energy and concentration for three-dimensional flow of Carreau nanofluid can be written as,
The boundary conditions for the present flow analysis are,
where
Using the Rosseland approximation radiation heat flux
where
In view to Eq. (8), Eq. (4) reduces to.
The momentum, energy and concentration equations can be transformed into the corresponding ordinary differential equations by the following similarity variables,
where
Then, we can see that Eq. (1) is automatically satisfied, and Eqs. (2)–(7)are reduced to:
With the boundary conditions,
The local skin friction
The local skin friction, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number is given by,
where
The non-linear ordinary differential Eqs. (11)–(14) subjected to boundary conditions (15) has been solved using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order method with the help of symbolic algebraic software MAPLE. The boundary conditions for
The purpose of this section is to analyze the effects of various physical parameters on the velocities, temperature and concentration fields. Therefore, for such objective, Figures 1–11 has been plotted. Observations over these data with plotted graphs are discussed below.
Figure 1 characterizes the influence of Weissenberg number
Influence of
The developments of a magnetic field
Influence of
Figure 3 designed the velocity profiles of
Influence of
Influence of
Figure 5 portraits the consequences of Brownian motion parameter on temperature and concentration profile. The Brownian motion parameter
Influence of
The development of the thermophoresis parameter
Influence of
Figure 7 describe the influences of Biot number
Influence of
Figures 8 and 9 are sketched to analyze the effect of radiation parameter
Influence of
Influence of
The effect of the Prandtl number
Influence of
Influence of
Table 2 presents the numerical values of skin friction for various physical values in the presence and absence
Absence | Presence | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 1.2240 | 0.7261 | 1.3030 | 0.7836 | |||||
0.4 | 1.1795 | 0.7280 | 1.2642 | 0.7847 | |||||
0.6 | 1.1532 | 0.7289 | 1.2412 | 0.7854 | |||||
2 | 1.1719 | 0.7283 | 1.2575 | 0.7850 | |||||
3 | 1.1648 | 0.7285 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | |||||
4 | 1.1619 | 0.7285 | 1.2489 | 0.7851 | |||||
1 | 1.1598 | 0.7289 | 1.2466 | 0.7855 | |||||
2 | 1.1420 | 0.7301 | 1.2300 | 0.7866 | |||||
3 | 1.1220 | 0.7314 | 1.2113 | 0.7878 | |||||
0.2 | 1.0852 | 0.2066 | 1.1657 | 0.2083 | |||||
0.4 | 1.1265 | 0.4509 | 1.2096 | 0.4657 | |||||
0.6 | 1.1648 | 0.7285 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | |||||
0 | 1.3122 | 0.7242 | 1.3787 | 0.7816 | |||||
0.2 | 1.2523 | 0.7259 | 1.3143 | 0.7834 | |||||
0.4 | 1.1936 | 0.7276 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | |||||
0 | 0.9611 | 0.5965 | 1.0281 | 0.6293 | |||||
0.5 | 1.1648 | 0.7285 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | |||||
1 | 1.3441 | 0.8413 | 1.4521 | 0.9248 |
Numerical result of skin friction coefficient for different physical parameter values for present and absence non Newtonian fluid.
Table 3 also elucidates that, the wall temperature for different physical parameter for linear as well as nonlinear radiation. It reveals that, the wall temperature increases for increasing values of
Linear | Nonlinear | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 0.1060 | 0.3289 | |||||||
0.4 | 0.1356 | 0.4683 | |||||||
0.6 | 0.1479 | 0.5421 | |||||||
2 | 0.1825 | 0.5501 | |||||||
3 | 0.1428 | 0.5102 | |||||||
4 | 0.1200 | 0.4886 | |||||||
0 | 0.1440 | 0.5206 | |||||||
0.5 | 0.1428 | 0.5102 | |||||||
1 | 0.1418 | 0.5011 | |||||||
0.2 | 0.3354 | 0.8074 | |||||||
0.4 | 0.2771 | 0.6974 | |||||||
0.6 | 0.2091 | 0.5974 | |||||||
1 | 0.1768 | 0.8621 | |||||||
2 | 0.2059 | 1.5030 | |||||||
3 | 0.2150 | 2.0523 | |||||||
0 | 0.1834 | 0.5641 | |||||||
0.5 | 0.1331 | 0.4971 | |||||||
1 | 0.0913 | 0.4351 | |||||||
2 | 0.2165 | 0.4958 | |||||||
3 | 0.2059 | 0.5260 | |||||||
4 | 0.1875 | 0.5307 | |||||||
0.2 | 0.1268 | 0.4606 | |||||||
0.4 | 0.1352 | 0.4870 | |||||||
0.6 | 0.1428 | 0.5102 |
Numerical result of Nusselt number for different physical parameter values for linear and non nonlinear radiation.
Table 4 clearly shows the numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various physical parameters values. It reveals that, numerical values of wall temperature
0.2 | 1.3030 | 0.7836 | 1.4859 | 0.3289 | ||||||||||
0.4 | 1.2642 | 0.7847 | 1.4877 | 0.4683 | ||||||||||
0.6 | 1.2412 | 0.7854 | 1.4886 | 0.5421 | ||||||||||
1.8 | 1.2434 | 0.7856 | 1.4825 | 0.7398 | ||||||||||
2 | 1.2353 | 0.7860 | 1.4812 | 0.9218 | ||||||||||
2.2 | 1.2250 | 0.7865 | 1.4814 | 1.1226 | ||||||||||
2 | 1.2575 | 0.7850 | 1.1427 | 0.5501 | ||||||||||
3 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | 1.4882 | 0.5102 | ||||||||||
4 | 1.2489 | 0.7851 | 1.7744 | 0.4886 | ||||||||||
0 | 1.0281 | 0.6293 | 1.5340 | 0.5206 | ||||||||||
0.5 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | 1.4882 | 0.5102 | ||||||||||
1 | 1.4521 | 0.9248 | 1.4493 | 0.5011 | ||||||||||
0.2 | 1.3140 | 0.7831 | 1.2408 | 0.8074 | ||||||||||
0.4 | 1.2926 | 0.7837 | 1.4118 | 0.6974 | ||||||||||
0.6 | 1.2713 | 0.7844 | 1.4647 | 0.5974 | ||||||||||
1 | 1.2466 | 0.7855 | 1.4781 | 0.8621 | ||||||||||
2 | 1.2300 | 0.7866 | 1.4727 | 1.5030 | ||||||||||
3 | 1.2113 | 0.7878 | 1.4740 | 2.0523 | ||||||||||
0 | 1.2674 | 0.7845 | 1.4869 | 0.5641 | ||||||||||
0.5 | 1.2472 | 0.7853 | 1.4901 | 0.4971 | ||||||||||
1 | 1.2255 | 0.7863 | 1.5060 | 0.4351 | ||||||||||
2 | 1.2113 | 0.7878 | 1.4740 | 0.4958 | ||||||||||
3 | 1.2345 | 0.7863 | 1.4731 | 0.5260 | ||||||||||
4 | 1.2449 | 0.7857 | 1.4767 | 0.5307 | ||||||||||
0 | 1.1936 | 0.7276 | 1.4746 | 0.5070 | ||||||||||
1 | 1.2974 | 0.8329 | 1.4985 | 0.5127 | ||||||||||
2 | 1.3712 | 0.9109 | 1.5141 | 0.5164 | ||||||||||
0.2 | 1.1657 | 0.2083 | 1.2770 | 0.4606 | ||||||||||
0.4 | 1.2096 | 0.4657 | 1.3862 | 0.4870 | ||||||||||
0.6 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | 1.4882 | 0.5102 | ||||||||||
0 | 1.3787 | 0.7816 | 1.4738 | 0.5068 | ||||||||||
0.2 | 1.3143 | 0.7834 | 1.4811 | 0.5085 | ||||||||||
0.4 | 1.2514 | 0.7851 | 1.4882 | 0.5102 |
Numerical result of local skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number and Nusselt number for different physical parameter.
In the present study, influence of nonlinear radiation on three dimensional flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian Carreau nanofluid has been obtained. The obtained results are presented in tabulated and graphical form with relevant discussion and the Major findings from this study are:
The velocity profiles increase in
Concentration profile increase by increasing the values
Effects of
Magnetic parameter reduces the velocity profiles in both
Temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are decreased when the Pr and tl number increases.
Nonlinear thermal radiation should be kept low to use it as a coolant factor.
The rate of heat transfer increases with the increases in parameters
We also noticed that the velocity profile and its associated boundary layer thickness are increases by increasing the values of
All types of volcanism known until now are in the solar system. All considerations and models for volcanism in other stellar systems are built upon our knowledge from our own system. New types of volcanism still unthought of, might be a challenging research topic but may not be considered here.
The main aim of this chapter is to consider cryovolcanism powered by tidal heating and its potential in exosystems. As an introduction, for reference and to characterize the main features as a base for better comparison, a rough overview of its counterpart silicate volcanism as well as underlying types of energy sources in the solar system are given.
The most prominent objects in our solar system harboring active volcanoes are both an example of what may be named high-temperature range volcanism as rocks are molten and are apparent in the form of glowing liquid lava on Earth and on the moon Io. This is generally better known under silicious-based/silicate volcanism because silicate is the most dominating component in liquid rocks. The known temperatures rise to about 1600 K on Io in the volcanoes on the surface [1], while on Earth about 1000 K to 1550 K temperature in the lava is reached [2] depending on the composition of the rocks. The temperature of magma below the surface may have still higher temperatures.
These two objects already show us also the main energy categories on which volcanism, as we know it, relies on. For the Earth, it is mainly based on the conserved accretion/contraction energy from its formation, decay of radioactive elements pulled into the mantle and center of the planet by gravity-induced differentiation, and also on friction rising from the resulting tectonic activity [3]. For Io, it is mainly based on tidal heating from the huge tidal forces raised by the gas giant it is orbiting in its crust and upper mantle [3]. Both may gain also energy from friction that is arising from the resulting tectonic activity. Some of the following general considerations may also apply to forms of energy resources. The energy retention behavior (and so also the duration of volcanic activity) is among other factors strongly depending on surface-to-volume ratios regardless of energy source. Bigger objects with lower surface-to-volume ratios are tending to stay hotter for a longer period and are able to sustain volcanism longer. For Earth and Moon during the assumed collision of their precursor bodies Theia and Gaia, a transfer of the core of Theia into the forming core of the Earth may have increased also the amount of heavier and so radioactive elements, increasing the power for volcanism on Earth and by this decreasing it on the Moon. Also during this early phase, tidal heating may have played a much bigger role for both objects, as they have been much closer together [4].
Regarding ancient evolution steps in the solar system, it is important stressing that even much tinier impacts than Theia with Gaia were much more common and have played a stronger role in melting parts of a planet, asteroid, or moon, especially during the late heavy bombardment (LHB). As it may be perceived as an external energy source and is now of little relevance, volcanism by bombardment will not be discussed further.
Considering the long-term evolution of heating sources also leads us to inactive silicate volcanism as the bodies considered are too tiny to have been able to sustain volcanism until now, as on the Moon, Mercury [5], Venus, and Mars. They are covered with lava plains and show also volcanoes, for example, the highest of the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars. Still, for all these objects, signs for stronger or lesser still ongoing or very recent volcanic/tectonic activity have been found or are discussed (Moon: [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]; Mercury: [11, 12, 13]; Venus: [14, 15, 16, 17]; Mars: [18, 19]). On Mars also a connection to a known type of lower temperature volcanism may already be found as the melting of ice and/or its remnants under a volcano may have been found as well [20, 21, 22, 23].
In the case of Venus, a relatively young surface [24] and its own type of tectonics [25] may also indicate a presence of modifying influences on silicate volcanism that are not well known until now. If the missing of water or other solvents (on Venus probably mostly after entering into a runaway greenhouse effect) is a cause for a changed plate tectonic and so volcanism [26, 27, 28], also availability and abundance of water, NH3 or CH4 have to be considered for modifying silicate volcanism, showing again a link to material and substances beyond rock.
Also, a discussed inhomogeneous distribution of radionuclides as a cause for volcanic activities, for example, on the Moon [6] further highlights a need for deep consideration of how volcanism may be sustained and be modified in behavior.
Moving on outward in the solar system brings us into ranges of asteroids, all of them being tinier than the aforementioned planets and so obviously have cooled and are not maintaining volcanism now. Accretion and radioactive energy seem to be nowadays not important for any type of volcanism in the asteroids. Still, ancient traces of volcanism may be found. The importance of meteorite impacts for melting gets relatively bigger on tinier objects. But also a differing composition of radioactive elements seems to play a bigger role as
Entering the realm of the gas giants opens new perspectives. The rocky objects that can show volcanism are now mainly moons, tinier in size but are orbiting much larger gas giants or maybe very close double systems orbiting each other, for example, some TNOs. These conditions open the possibility for tidal heating as the main energy source for volcanoes. Accretion and radioactive energy seem to be nowadays of lesser importance for any type of volcanism in the asteroids, gas giant moons, and beyond in the solar system.
Considering Io as an exception in this range, as we also will show, we encounter two other known examples of volcanism around gas giants that are based on tidal heating, but are now in the lower temperature ranges of cryovolcanism. The moons Enceladus and also Triton have been identified as cryovolcanic worlds [31, 32]. Others show signs of active geology and tectonics, for example, on Europa [33] or Ganymede [34], and are believed to have liquid layers or even oceans of solvents, such as water or NH3, in their depths and even deeper a basic silicate volcanism.
Regarding this, it becomes easily obvious that a real stable definition of cryovolcanism is not as easy. The aim is mostly trying to focus on volatiles, for example, molten water or methane are thrown out on the surface in an environment colder than their own melting temperature, also even if in greater depths rocks might be quite hot. Earth itself is mostly not being considered as a planet harboring cryovolcanism, even though any volcano under ice known (Iceland) or assumed (Antarctica) and geysers all over the world would fulfill such definitions in winter. Also, mud volcanism (also called “cold” volcanism) being based on mud diapirs and being generally associated with (silicate) volcanism [35, 36], is normally not considered under cryovolcanism.
All these ambiguities in defining cryovolcanism may result from a bias in detecting cryovolcanism on foreign worlds in astronomy or astrophysics. Big eruptions are much easier to observe by optic sensors (on or close to Earth or even on probes) as well as by mass analyzing probes in the proximity of these objects than by constant release of volatiles by tectonics of slowly moving ice shields covering deeper-lying liquids or even silicate volcanism. Also, old remnant structures of previous volcanism may still cover deeper active processes, which is much more problematic to investigate. If we improve our detection capabilities, also our definitions will evolve. Regarding detection and research on cryovolcanic worlds, this all illustrates the strong necessity of modeling based on easier accessible observations, either to understand where we might find such objects with cryovolcanism or what kind of cryovolcanism we might expect. This leads apart from the known active volcanic and cryovolcanic worlds to a huge list of strongly assumed, mainly cryovolcanic, active as well as inactive worlds (see Figure 1 and Table 1).
Overview of types of volcanism identified or assumed on celestial bodies in the solar system (right panel) and the extrasolar planetary system TRAPPIST-1 (left panel). The horizontal axis corresponds to the mean semi-major axis of the orbits as distance to the sun (right panel) and the vertical axis corresponds to the mean semi-major axis of the orbits of moons or exoplanets as the distance from their central object (hosting planet or star TRAPPIST-1) [
Object | Primary | Type of volcanism, etc. | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mercury | Sun | At least former silicate volcanism | [12, 13] |
Venus | Sun | At least former silicate volcanism | [15, 16, 17] |
Earth | Sun | Silicate volcanism; Active volcanic eruptions | |
Moon | Earth | At least former silicate volcanism | [9, 10] |
Mars | Sun | At least former silicate volcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/domes | [18, 19] |
Ceres | Sun | At least former cryovolcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/geysers/domes | [54, 55, 56] |
Io | Jupiter | Silicate volcanism; Active volcanic eruptions | [57] |
Europa | Jupiter | Cryovolcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/geysers/domes | [33, 57, 58, 59, 60] |
Ganymede | Jupiter | Cryovolcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/geysers/domes | [34, 57, 61, 62] |
Callisto | Jupiter | Cryovolcanism | [57] |
Mimas | Saturn | Cryovolcanism/At least former cryovolcanism (debated) | [63, 64, 65] |
Enceladus | Saturn | Cryovolcanism; Active volcanic eruptions/geysers | [31, 66] |
Tethys | Saturn | At least former cryovolcanism | [67, 68, 69] |
Dione | Saturn | Cryovolcanism | [66] |
Rhea | Saturn | Cryovolcanism | [70] |
Titan | Saturn | Cryovolcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/geysers/domes | [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79] |
Iapetus | Saturn | At least former cryovolcanism | [70, 80] |
Miranda | Uranus | At least former cryovolcanism | [81, 82, 83, 84] |
Ariel | Uranus | Potential candidate for at least former cryovolcanism | [81, 82] |
Umbriel | Uranus | Potential candidate for at least former cryovolcanism | [81] |
Titania | Uranus | Cryovolcanism | [70] |
Oberon | Uranus | Cryovolcanism | [70] |
Triton | Neptune | Cryovolcanism; Active volcanic eruptions/geysers | [32, 70, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89] |
Pluto | Sun | At least former cryovolcanism; At least former volcanic eruptions/geysers/domes | [70, 90] |
Charon | Pluto | At least former cryovolcanism | [91] |
Orcus | Sun | At least former cryovolcanism | [70, 92] |
Haumea | Sun | Potential candidate for at least former cryovolcanism | [93] |
Hi’iaka | Haumea | Potential candidate for at least former cryovolcanism | [93] |
Quaoar | Sun | Potential candidate for at least former cryovolcanism | [94] |
Eris | Sun | At least former cryovolcanism | [50, 70] |
Dysnomia | Eris | At least former cryovolcanism | [50] |
Sedna | Sun | At least former cryovolcanism | [70] |
Celestial objects in the solar system on which different types of volcanism are present or strongly assumed. The last column gives the respective references. References given here were also used to categorize the types of volcanism given in Figure 1. For each object, its orbited primary and the types of known or strongly assumed volcanism and eruptions (active or extinct) are listed.
All these models are strongly based on energy resources and energy transport. Reconsidering some basic parameters in these models may illuminate some specific aspects of cryovolcanic worlds and offers an insight into basic principles to find general concepts for application in far exoplanetary systems.
The types of active and inactive volcanism in our own neighborhood are various. Figure 1 gives an overview of the different types of volcanism found or strongly assumed on celestial objects in the solar system. To classify the different types of (cryo-)volcanism found on objects in the solar system, we distinguish between the case when the respective type of volcanism is active right now and verified (e.g., by measurements of space probes) or strongly assumed due to observations, measurements or theoretical models, and the case when signs of at least former volcanic activity were identified. We also include the (at least former) presence of a liquid subsurface ocean as part of cryovolcanism.
The melting up of a subsurface ocean requires a strong energy source. This is either powered from the interior of the body hinting at the presence of silicate volcanism in its core. Another or even simultaneously occurring energy source can be the deformation by tidal forces of nearby objects, which can liquify silicates or ice and heats up potentially present silicate magma and/or a (subsurface) ocean further. This might result in icy objects in cryovolcanic activity, for example, in the form of geysers penetrating through the ice crust of Saturn’s ice-moon Enceladus [31]. By cracking up the ice crust a cryo-form of plate tectonics could be initiated, for example, on Jupiter’s ice-moon Europa [33].
In addition, we identify several objects that should be considered as potential candidates for re-evaluation of the potential of tidal-based volcanism based on recent studies. For example, the presence of crystalline water ice and/or ammonia ice on the surface hints at the presence of a mechanism that actively redeposits new material, as crystalline water ice and/or ammonia ice is not stable in the long term in these environments due to destruction by energetic particles (see, e.g., [92, 93, 94]).
Domes, which are mountains and bulges in the crust of a celestial object, could be remnants of extinct eruptive volcanoes or could be plumes that do/did not penetrate fully through the crust. We see the identification of domes on the surface of a celestial object as an indicator for at least former eruptive volcanic activity.
Moreover, we included the objects resulting from our recent study [95], which we identified as new and (in the case of the solar system) not yet elsewhere considered candidates for tidal-based volcanism.
For cryovolcanism, an indispensable prerequisite must be an energy source. In principle, energy could be gained from accretion and contraction during the formation of the planetary object. This process is among other parameters depending on the size of the object (with
This “standard” energy production process might not work in smaller objects where other heating sources are required, for instance, tidal heating, a process occurring in planetary systems with masses closely associated and thus impacting each other. The general principles for tidal heating may be considered as based on many more parameters as for accretion/radioactivity. Aspects of volume-to-surface ratios (
The tidal acceleration
Therefore, the tidal force will go with
Trying to figure out further principles for tidal heating we may approach this by considering when tidal heating may really be minimized.
A body that is tidally locked on an orbit with eccentricity
With
Apart from
The moon Io is actually tidally locked and would be on a far bigger orbit with eccentricity
But
As the energy transfer resulting in heating is not the only effect, tidal acceleration and also tidal deceleration may occur and by changes in velocity, change the orbit of the objects. For tidal acceleration this will bring objects to farther orbits, moving them out of the possible zone for tidal heating, for tidal deceleration, this will lower the orbits and so either crushing the objects when crossing the Roche limit or crashing them on the body which they are orbiting, as it is assumed for Triton [111, 112, 113]. These effects have also an impact via changes in the semi-major axis
All these aspects make it obvious how variable volcanism based on tidal heating may be. The discovery of so powered cryovolcanism on the moons Enceladus and also Triton has been quite surprising and many proofs or hints for active or inactive volcanism, of any kind, may have still not been found in the region of the asteroid belt and beyond. A general overview of both silicate volcanism and cryovolcanism is given in Figure 2. All sketches of phases given may be powered by both accretion and radioactivity or by tidal heating. Especially if objects are big or young enough, we may also consider overlap of both power types. Known objects in our own system cover only some of these sketches, but still, we do not have proof of volcanism on all objects being considered and, as discussed, some may be cryovolcanic worlds but may have yet not been even put on a list of assumed objects.
Schematic overview of general types of volcanism (1–3) and how silicate and cryovolcanism are linked (2). Remnants of both silicate and cryovolcanism as signs of inactive volcanism in (4). Earth is a known example of silicate volcanism powered by accretion and radioactivity, as well as Io is also known example of silicate volcanism powered by tidal heating, may be both sketched in (1). Both known icy moons with cryovolcanism powered by tidal heating, Enceladus, and also triton may be found in (2) or in some parts may be in (3). Inactive remnants (4) as discussed may be found on many objects, for example, Vesta or the moon.
Considering this, we may, when looking out of our own solar system, get aware of how problematic identifications of volcanic worlds may get in these faraway systems. Also, some aspects may get stronger influence. Many systems with close orbits, favoring stronger tidal forces, especially around K- and M-stars, have been found and modeled (e.g., [114, 115, 116, 117, 118]). But many parameters of these systems being necessary for modeling are barely known and may need even stronger efforts in measuring and obtaining them. First attempts in reconsidering some constraints of these models have been done (as in e.g., [95]) and first assumptions based on reduced parameter sets for the evaluation of state and kind of volcanic worlds have been made. The approach aims at assessing the potential for volcanic worlds on easier than other observable parameters and has been verified in our own system, yielding all known and many assumed volcanic objects, plus hints for further bodies harboring volcanoes. Thus, it may be considered as a pre-scan before deeper and more intensive modeling. The first application in the system of TRAPPIST-1 gave rise to a higher volcanic potential on all planets, not only by forces of the central star but also by mutual tidal influences of the orbiting bodies [95].
Regarding the phenomena of silicate and cryovolcanism, all of them may be powered by the energy sources discussed, but conditions for and evolution of these power sources are differing. Considering constraints for life as we know it, new aspects arise. Water in liquid form would be assumed as a requirement, in some alternative chemistry also ammonia or methane are discussed as possible solvents, liquid silicate/rock is less considered as being favorable for life. Also, a longer period of stability of these solvents is seen as favorable.
As accretion/radioactivity powered volcanism is high after formation and presumably gives rise to liquid silicates, it is a narrow gap of parameters depending on the size of the object and seeding of elements, which would allow a long and stable period of solvents as water. Bigger objects (starting already with radii just below 1000 km) might keep the heat over Gys too high, for example, water to rain down on the surface. Objects with sizes of several hundred kilometers and below may cool down very fast, allowing liquid water on the surface or in layers deeper in the crust for short periods of some 10 or 100 Mys [96]. Volcanism by tidal heating seems to be, if special conditions are met, more stable, as may be seen from all moons in our system with known active volcanism or tectonics, for example, Europa, Ganymede, or Enceladus. Even if becoming presumably unstable as Triton, it is after many Gys.
Considering the distribution of stable (e.g., considered from formation until now) volcanism powered by accretion/radioactivity or by tidal heating in our system, only Earth may be considered as accretion/radioactivity powered and many tens of objects powered by tidal heating confirmed or strongly assumed. If not for the power of the sun, habitable biotopes on Earth would be pretty much the same as the assumed ones on the moons discussed, that is, around vents deep in the liquid oceans below an ice crust covering (nearly) the whole surface. If we postulate such black smokers as life forging and maintaining harbors, in general, all over the universe, tidal heating may stably sustain such sources over many Gys, independent of a central stellar object even (and especially) on tiny objects. The requirements for tidal heating to power the cryovolcanism and rendering solvents liquid maybe not easily met, but considering the vast number of tiny objects (in contrast with bigger ones), the overall abundance of the self-powered systems may be seen as relatively high.
Silicate and cryovolcanism both occur in a broad spectrum considering the proofs, traces, and remnants in our own system. The constraints and challenges for detecting any volcanic activity beyond our system are huge. Some parameters maybe even far more difficult for measuring than others. Bigger objects with volcanism probably based mainly on accretion energy or radioactivity may still be easier for far distance observation, detection, and measurement. Still, an accompanying approach by modeling, for objects in our own system as well as beyond, based on measurable or other feasible attempts seems reasonable.
Considering the models and also the underlying energy sources and evolution, tidal heating as an energy source can be highly variable. It may have a broader spectrum in occurrence than heating by stored accretion energy or radioactivity. Tinier objects may get energy for significant heating from tidal heating and less from accretion and radioactivity. Objects may start in conditions for tidal heating, move out or in these conditions, and may be stabilized by accompanying partners. The real spectrum of possible sets of moons, asteroids, and planets will be probably even much broader. Considering the fact of much larger amounts of tiny objects, the implications for the probability of worlds with volcanic activity of any kind powered by tidal heating are huge.
Being aware of possible long stable periods for liquid solvents on such volcanic worlds powered by tidal heating and also considering known volcanic structures as deep ocean vents serving as harbors for genesis and maintenance of life, the relevance of tidal heating for cryovolcanism/low-temperature geological activity becomes even more prominent.
By a combination of observational systems and models, by their improvement and mutual influence, description and measurement of volcanic worlds, as well as possible biotopes for life beyond our own system, seems to be achievable.
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Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68944",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"59227",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73385",title:"Differentiating Normal Cognitive Aging from Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: A Focus on Constructive and Visuospatial Abilities",slug:"differentiating-normal-cognitive-aging-from-cognitive-impairment-no-dementia-a-focus-on-constructive",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike [1984] scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva",authors:[{id:"75907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radka Ivanova",middleName:null,surname:"Massaldjieva",slug:"radka-ivanova-massaldjieva",fullName:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva"}]},{id:"59658",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74748",title:"Ageing Better in the Netherlands",slug:"ageing-better-in-the-netherlands",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme was an initiative organized by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) between 2008 and 2016. The aim of the programme was to collect knowledge about frail elderly, to assess their needs and to provide person-centred and integrated care better suited to their needs. The budget of EUR 88 million was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Putting the needs of elderly people at the heart of the programme and ensuring their active participation were key to the programme’s success. The programme outcomes included the establishment of eight geriatric networks around the medical universities with 650 organisations and the completion of 218 projects. These projects, involving 43,000 elderly people and 8500 central caregivers, resulted in the completion of 45 PhD theses and the publication of more than 400 articles and the development of 300 practice toolkits, one database and a website, www.beteroud.nl. The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme has since developed into a movement and continues under the consortium Ageing Better, made up of eight organisations. Through the use of ambassadors, Ageing Better promotes the message that ageing is not a disease but a new phase of life.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Klaske Wynia and Anjo Geluk-Bleumink",authors:[{id:"224997",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Meyboom-De Jong",slug:"betty-meyboom-de-jong",fullName:"Betty Meyboom-De Jong"},{id:"232900",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaske",middleName:null,surname:"Wynia",slug:"klaske-wynia",fullName:"Klaske Wynia"},{id:"232901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anjo",middleName:null,surname:"Geluk-Bleumink",slug:"anjo-geluk-bleumink",fullName:"Anjo Geluk-Bleumink"}]},{id:"57952",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71904",title:"Neurocognitive Implications of Tangential Speech in Patients with Focal Brain Damage",slug:"neurocognitive-implications-of-tangential-speech-in-patients-with-focal-brain-damage",totalDownloads:1574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"There are no studies on the neurocognitive implications of tangential speech (TS). This research aims to take a step forward in the study of narrative processing, by evaluating TS in a sample that helps to detect this deficit when it is neurogenic and recently manifested. The relationship between TS, secondary to focal brain injury, and neuropsychological and neuroanatomical variables was explored. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered to 175 volunteers: 95 alert inpatients, without aphasia, without psychiatric history and without TS history, and 80 healthy participants, without TS. Results: TS (prevalence 16%) was independent of type or site of injury. An adverse effect of TS on global neuropsychological performance was observed. This effect was significantly related to attentional errors along with prolonged processing times but not to correct responses. Reliability and validity indices for the present TS screening scale were provided. Conclusion: Present results support the hypothesis that this neurogenic inability to spontaneously find, organize and communicate verbal information, beyond single words, depends on extended brain networks involving processes such as sustained attention, complex-syntax comprehension, the (implicit) interpretation and spontaneous recall of a narrative, and emotional and behavioral alterations. Early TS detection is advisable for prevention and treatment at any age.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Nora Silvana Vigliecca",authors:[{id:"202008",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:"Silvana",surname:"Vigliecca",slug:"nora-vigliecca",fullName:"Nora Vigliecca"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6884,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"56505",title:"Aesthetics of the Naked Human Body: From Pornography (Sexualised Lust Object) to Iconography (Aesthetics of Human Nobility and Wisdom) in an Anthropology of Physical Beauty",slug:"aesthetics-of-the-naked-human-body-from-pornography-sexualised-lust-object-to-iconography-aesthetics",totalDownloads:2081,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In many religious circles and philosophies of life, the human body is excluded from the realm of spirituality and meaning. Due to a dualistic approach, nudity is viewed as merely a physical and corporeal category. In social media, there is the real danger that the naked human body is exploited for commercial gain. Advertisements often leave the impression that the body, very specifically the genitals, is designed merely for physical desire and corporeal chemistry. They become easily objects for lust, excluded from the beauty of graceful existence and noble courage. It is argued that the naked human body is not designed for pornographic exploitation and promiscuous sensuality but for compassionate intimacy and nurturing care in order to instil a humane dimension in human and sexual encounters. In this regard, antiquity and the Michelangelesque perspective can contribute to a paradigm shift from abusive exploitation to the beauty of vulnerable sensitivity. In order to foster an integrative approach to theory formation in anthropology, the methodology of stereometric thinking is proposed.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Daniel J Louw",authors:[{id:"200645",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Johannes",surname:"Louw",slug:"daniel-louw",fullName:"Daniel Louw"}]},{id:"56059",title:"A Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective on Stereotyping and the Perception of Beauty",slug:"a-plastic-surgeon-s-perspective-on-stereotyping-and-the-perception-of-beauty",totalDownloads:1890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the world of plastic surgery, misconceptions may lead to irrational requests or outcomes not appreciated by patients. Those who manage aesthetics should always listen and recognize the variability of cultural identities, desires, attitudes, anxieties and uncertainties of the patient. Emerging from a diversity of cultures and its transforming trends, the scope of cosmetic surgery and its practice reflect not only the individual’s personality, but also the culture as a whole. When counseling an individual, one has to recognize that even in groups of seemingly identical social or cultural standards; there are subtle differences in expectations. To illustrate the potential for inaccuracy of ethnic profiling in the field of plastic surgery authors quote their own work on Asian subjects and facial beauty and resort to experience of others. To reaffirm their opinion and to exemplify how sometimes “fine” differences in the perception of beauty exist, an original study that evaluates the preferences among selected groups of Latina women in respect to buttock aesthetics has been included. This dissertation will focus on how cultural factors influence beauty perception; strengthen the fact that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and how variable differences exist even between small subgroups.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Johanna D’Agostino and Marek Dobke",authors:[{id:"17590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek K.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobke",slug:"marek-k.-dobke",fullName:"Marek K. Dobke"},{id:"201244",title:"Dr.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"D'Agostino",slug:"johanna-d'agostino",fullName:"Johanna D'Agostino"}]},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",slug:null,title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",fullTitle:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"235",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati"},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",abstract:"The increasing trend of life-expectancy is becoming a significant demographic, societal and economic challenge. Currently, global number of people above sixty years of age is 900 million, while United Nations expect this number to rise to over 1.4 billion in 2030 and over 2.5 billion by 2050. Concordant to this trend, numerous physiological changes are associated with aging and brain-related ones are associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The main goal of this chapter is to identify the most important neuropsychiatric diseases to assess in older patients to help to promote health and prevent diseases and complications associated with chronic illness, as these changes are progressive and require important psychological and setting-related social adjustments. Findings identify several health-aspects highly present in elderly: stroke, white matter lesions, dementia rise with age, changes in levels of neurotransmitters and hormones, depression as well as the bereavement following loss of the loved one, and the most common neurodegenerative disease—Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s. In conclusion, studying the aging process should include all developmental, circumstantial, and individual aspects of aging. This offers opportunities to improve the health of elderly by using a wide range of skills and knowledge. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate what can be done do to improve the aging process and health of elderly in the future.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Jelena Milić"},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:102,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi"},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:107,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",abstract:"Senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest process induced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. An accumulation of senescent cells in bone results in age-related disorders, and one of the common problems is osteoporosis. Deciphering the basic mechanisms contributing to the chronic ailments of aging may uncover new avenues for targeted treatment. This review focuses on the mechanisms and the most relevant research advancements in skeletal cellular senescence. To identify new options for the treatment or prevention of age-related chronic diseases, researchers have targeted hallmarks of aging, including telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations. First, this chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of bone tissue, the causes of skeletal involution, and the role of cellular senescence in bone and bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Next, this review will discuss the utilization of pharmacological interventions in aging tissues and, more specifically, highlight the role of senescent cells to identify the most effective and safe strategies.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang"},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",abstract:"hnRNP A1 is a member of the hnRNPs (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) family of proteins that play a central role in regulating genes responsible for cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and telomere biogenesis. Previous studies have shown that hnRNPA1 had reduced protein levels and increased cytoplasmic accumulation in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. The consequence of reduced protein expression and altered cellular localization may account for the alterations in gene expression observed during senescence. There is limited information for gene targets of hnRNP A1 as well as its in vivo function. In these studies, we performed RNA co-immunoprecipitation experiments using hnRNP A1 as the target protein to identify potential mRNA species in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Using this approach, we identified the human double minute 2 (HDM2) mRNA as a binding target for hnRNP A1 in young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts cells. It was also observed that alterations of hnRNP A1 expression modulate HDM2 mRNA levels in young IMR-90 cells. We also demonstrated that the levels of HDM2 mRNA increased with the downregulation of hnRNP A1 and decrease with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Although we did not observe a significant decrease in HDM2 protein level, a concomitant increase in p53 protein level was detected with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Our studies also show that hnRNP A1 directly interacts with HDM2 mRNA at a region corresponding to its 3′ UTR (untranslated region of a gene). The results from this study demonstrate that hnRNP A1 has a novel role in participating in the regulation of HDM2 gene expression.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard"},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:123,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",abstract:"Skin is the largest human organ system, and its protective function is critical to survival. The epithelial, dermal, and subcutaneous compartments are heterogeneous mixtures of cell types, yet they all display age-related skin dysfunction through the accumulation of an altered phenotypic cellular state called senescence. Cellular senescence is triggered by complex and dynamic genetic and epigenetic processes. A senescence steady state is achieved in different cell types under various and overlapping conditions of chronological age, toxic injury, oxidative stress, replicative exhaustion, DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, and chromosomal structural changes. These inputs lead to outputs of cell-cycle withdrawal and the appearance of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, both of which accumulate as tissue pathology observed clinically in aged skin. This review details the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors that converge on normal cutaneous cellular processes to create the senescent state, thereby dictating the response of the skin to the forces of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. From this work, it is clear that no single biomarker or process leads to senescence, but that it is a convergence of factors resulting in an overt aging phenotype.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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