T cell subsets differentiation and general functions in immune response.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11208",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research",title:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research discusses recent research activities in which magnesium plays a central role, in its several forms as composites, alloys, or compounds. Mg alloys/composites/compounds are widely used in the transportation industry (both air and ground) and medical industry (bone/dental implants) and are being tested for use in the energy sector as alternatives to Li-ion batteries. Chapters address such topics as the role of Mg in diverse fields, the environmental impact of Mg processing technologies, Mg as a biomaterial in aiding the growth of bone tissues, corrosion protection of Mg alloys, the wear behavior of Mg hybrid composites, and synthesis of Mg compounds for practical applications in industry.",isbn:"978-1-80355-481-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-480-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-482-2",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"current-trends-in-magnesium-mg-research",numberOfPages:160,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"21372a0c65f42d075d4519c2f891e203",bookSignature:"Sailaja S. Sunkari",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11208.jpg",numberOfDownloads:343,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 24th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 23rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 12th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"325832",title:"Dr.",name:"Sailaja S.",middleName:"S.",surname:"Sunkari",slug:"sailaja-s.-sunkari",fullName:"Sailaja S. Sunkari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/325832/images/system/325832.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sailaja S. Sunkari obtained her Ph.D. from the University of Hyderabad, India, in 2003. She was a JSPS postdoctoral fellow (2003–2005) and a JSPS Bridge Fellow (2016) at the Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Japan, and a DST-India Women Scientist (2007–2008) at Banaras Hindu University, India. In 2008, she joined Banaras Hindu University as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Women\\'s College, where she teaches inorganic chemistry to undergraduate students and is pursuing research in the field of hybrid functional materials. Her research interests include the structure-dependent physical properties (luminescence and magnetism) of supramolecular assemblies.",institutionString:"Banaras Hindu University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"}],chapters:[{id:"81980",title:"Introductory Chapter: Magnesium - A Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104912",slug:"introductory-chapter-magnesium-a-perspective",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abhineet Verma and Sailaja S. Sunkari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81980",authors:[{id:"325832",title:"Dr.",name:"Sailaja S.",surname:"Sunkari",slug:"sailaja-s.-sunkari",fullName:"Sailaja S. Sunkari"},{id:"472033",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhineet",surname:"Verma",slug:"abhineet-verma",fullName:"Abhineet Verma"}],corrections:null},{id:"81125",title:"Magnesium Alloys for Sustainable Weight-Saving Approach: A Brief Market Overview, New Trends, and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102777",slug:"magnesium-alloys-for-sustainable-weight-saving-approach-a-brief-market-overview-new-trends-and-persp",totalDownloads:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the transportation sector, weight-saving strategies emphasize greenhouse gas reductions by improving fuel efficiency. Furthermore, it is a fact that consumers appreciate less-consuming vehicles. Lighter battery electric vehicles (BEV) mean higher travel distance covered with the same battery charge. Still, the fuel range of BEV is today not a secondary issue for choosing an e-vehicle as a unique family vehicle. Weight-saving strategies are also a priority for hydrogen gas-fuelled vehicles. Until hydrogen fuel for the transport sector is not produced at affordable costs in fully renewable pathways, increased fuel efficiency is critical for the product appeal. Magnesium is an environmentally compatible and biodegradable material with a similar density to structural plastics. On the contrary, plastics are responsible for nonbiodegradable microplastics in deep-marine environments when not recycled or correctly treated at their end of life. Due to the costly usage of lightweight materials, priority is given to activities to reduce costs by developing new materials and increasing the affordability of manufacturing costs. In this chapter, magnesium is presented from much perspective point of view: we will base it on comprehension of the past, considering the present, but with some ambition to propel hearts over today’s obstacles.",signatures:"Fabrizio D’Errico, Martin Tauber and Michael Just",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81125",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81125",authors:[{id:"14266",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"D'Errico",slug:"fabrizio-d'errico",fullName:"Fabrizio D'Errico"},{id:"451959",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Martin",surname:"Tauber",slug:"martin-tauber",fullName:"Martin Tauber"},{id:"451960",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Just",slug:"michael-just",fullName:"Michael Just"}],corrections:null},{id:"80267",title:"Magnesium in Synthesis of Porous and Biofunctionalized Metallic Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102083",slug:"magnesium-in-synthesis-of-porous-and-biofunctionalized-metallic-materials",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magnesium particles are used in metallurgic routes, where it can be total or partially evaporated creating pores for ingrowth bone tissue. This book chapter contains the latest findings on the microstructural physical and mechanical properties of β-Ti alloys with Mg additions designed and obtained by the authors. As well as the main new techniques used to fabricate Ti-Mg alloys. An especial emphasis on the microstructure-properties relationship was made to assist on the guide for future efforts of the scientific community towards developing more efficient biomaterials. The β % were related to the low elastic modulus which were in the range of 31–49 GPa close to cortical bone and hardness close to commercial Ti grade 2. The compressive strength was greater than the value of cortical bone. Pore size were in the range of 5–100 μm depending on the sintering temperature, with higher wettability the samples with more porosity. These findings were promising to application of β titanium alloys containing Mg for orthopedic application.",signatures:"Mariana Correa Rossi, Liliana Romero Resendiz and Vicente Amigó Borrás",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80267",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80267",authors:[{id:"437871",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Correa Rossi",slug:"mariana-correa-rossi",fullName:"Mariana Correa Rossi"},{id:"448912",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Romero Resendiz",slug:"liliana-romero-resendiz",fullName:"Liliana Romero Resendiz"},{id:"448913",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Amigó Borrás",slug:"vicente-amigo-borras",fullName:"Vicente Amigó Borrás"}],corrections:null},{id:"80226",title:"The Role of Silane Sol-Gel Coatings on the Corrosion Protection of Magnesium Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102085",slug:"the-role-of-silane-sol-gel-coatings-on-the-corrosion-protection-of-magnesium-alloys",totalDownloads:126,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magnesium alloys, as the lightest structural metallic material with promising physical, mechanical, and biodegradable properties, have become very attractive for different technical applications, especially for industrial and biomedical fields. However, rapid corrosion is the most critical obstacle that limits its use to play a major role in large-scale applications. The simplest way to control the corrosion rate is to prevent a direct contact of the magnesium substrate with the environment by using surface modification technologies. Silica sol-gel coatings are considered a promising solution to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys because sol-gel-based coating systems form very stable chemical bonds with the metallic surface. In this chapter, an insight about the advances in silica sol-gel coatings as an alternative method to control the corrosion of Mg and its alloys will be exposed. A wide overview of the most relevant aspects and their current applications, specifically for aerospace, automobile, and biomedical applications will be described. The modification of silica sol-gel matrix by the incorporation of different types of inhibitors to achieve an active barrier property on Mg alloys has been also considered. Finally, the future perspective based on the development of new silica sol-gel coatings on Mg alloy will be presented.",signatures:"Emilia Merino, Alicia Durán and Yolanda Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80226",authors:[{id:"200767",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Castro",slug:"yolanda-castro",fullName:"Yolanda Castro"},{id:"440356",title:"Ms.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Merino",slug:"emilia-merino",fullName:"Emilia Merino"},{id:"440357",title:"Prof.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Durán",slug:"alicia-duran",fullName:"Alicia Durán"}],corrections:null},{id:"81781",title:"Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of AZ91 Magnesium Hybrid Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104703",slug:"experimental-investigation-of-mechanical-and-wear-behaviour-of-az91-magnesium-hybrid-composite-mater",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, emerging requisite for advanced materials gave a path for hybrid composites. Magnesium metal matrix composites are gaining more interest and a better substitute for heavier steel, aluminium, titanium and even for plastic based materials. At present the AZ91 magnesium alloy is most widely in transport vehicle industry. However, the application of AZ91 magnesium alloys are limited due to several negative effects such as poor creep resistance, wear resistance and inferior corrosion resistance when it is exposed to atmospheric conditions. Future to improve the strength, better corrosion resistance and wear resistance are important for their extend applications of exciting alloy AZ91. The main objective of the present investigation is to achieve above mentioned properties. The AZ91 alloy was reinforced with titanium dioxide/0.5% graphene and with titanium/0.5% graphene in varying weight percentage (1%, 2%) by stir casting technique. These combinations are called hybrid metal matrix composite of materials such as AZ91 + 1%Ti +0.5% Gr (A1), AZ91 + 2%Ti +0.5% Gr (A2), AZ91 + 1%TiO2 + 0.5% Gr (B1) and AZ91 + 2%TiO2 + 0.5% Gr (B2) alloys. The following experiments such as tensile, compressive, hardness and wear tests have been carried out to find all the properties from the newly developed hybrid metal matrix composite of materials and compared with AZ91. Wear tests have been carried out by pin on disc tribometer for both dry and wet sliding condition under 20 N,40 N,60 N, and 80 N. The results indicated the AZ91–1%TiO2–0.5%Gr having high wear resistance compared to other three combinations as well as AZ91. The present experimental investigations of hybrid metal matrix composite of materials have wear resistance in the order of B1 > A2 > A1 > B2 > AZ91 and AZ91–2%TiO2–0.5% Gr showed good tensile strength and hardness. The enhanced these properties were discussed in this paper.",signatures:"Palanivel Mathiazhagan and S. Jayabharathy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81781",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81781",authors:[{id:"338639",title:"Dr.",name:"Palanivel",surname:"Mathiazhagan",slug:"palanivel-mathiazhagan",fullName:"Palanivel Mathiazhagan"},{id:"482582",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",surname:"Jayabharathy",slug:"s.-jayabharathy",fullName:"S. Jayabharathy"}],corrections:null},{id:"81342",title:"Magnesium Borates: The Relationship between the Characteristics, Properties, and Novel Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104487",slug:"magnesium-borates-the-relationship-between-the-characteristics-properties-and-novel-technologies",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magnesium borates are compounds including mainly magnesium (Mg), boron (B) oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). Magnesium borates are traditionally famous for their strong thermoluminescence, mechanical and thermal features due to their high elasticity coefficient, corrosion, and heat resistance. Because of being beneficial, especially in the applications such as thermoluminescence and X-ray screening, and ease of synthesis, magnesium borates are produced by using different experimental procedures exhibiting different characteristics. Main traditional synthesis techniques can be classified as liquid state and solid-state synthesis methods. With the help of novelties in synthesis technology, new techniques are beginning to emerge in magnesium borate syntheses such as hybrid synthesis, ultrasound, microwave, and capping agent addition. The strengthened characteristics of the compounds would lead to new applications such as stomach cancer chemotherapy and wastewater treatment. In this chapter, it is aimed to make a comparison between the characteristics of synthesized magnesium borates and their properties. In addition, new types of magnesium borates obtained by various synthetic techniques are expected to be useful for industrial applications such as space technology, radiation dosimetry, X-ray screening, ion batteries, and hydrocarbon reaction catalysis. Such classification of properties and the synthesis techniques will enlighten the relationship between the characteristics and novel applications of magnesium borates.",signatures:"Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81342",authors:[{id:"437936",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma Tugce",surname:"Senberber Dumanli",slug:"fatma-tugce-senberber-dumanli",fullName:"Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6426",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:"Material for a Sustainable Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5626c0fe0b53330717e73094946cfd86",slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",bookSignature:"Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6426.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6282",title:"Noble and Precious Metals",subtitle:"Properties, Nanoscale Effects and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4c28d6be4fd7b5f5b787d4dabbf721b",slug:"noble-and-precious-metals-properties-nanoscale-effects-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohindar Singh Seehra and Alan D. 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to examine the Kalman Filter (KF), also known as the Kalman Bucy Filter (KBF), from the standpoint of its engineering implementation. The intended purpose of the book will be to extend the circle of users of the Kalman filter by considering it not as a means of theoretical analysis, but rather as a powerful tool for the design of a technical system. The editor accumulated experience of using suboptimal KF in various aerospace applications and would wish to share it with the pool of potential users and like-minded specialists. Instead of the formal programming of the recursive KF equations some simple and robust sub-optimal forms are proposed. For example, developed by the editor, suboptimal (KBF), with bounded grows of memory (FBGM) and its steady-state form- the time-invariant filter with constant coefficients is aimed to be considered. This allows the developer to use the KBF not only for system state estimation but for control as well. Proceeding in this way developer can be guaranteed the filter stability and robustness in many practically uncertain situations when the statistic characteristics of system disturbances and measured errors are not entirely known. A guaranteed approach with using an equivalent white noise is also aimed to be considered. Some representative examples from typical aerospace systems (the editor’s main professional field) are intended to be presented. Summarizing the above, it can be emphasized that when implementing the KF it is always useful to replace the art of programming with the experience of designing conventional robust systems having an idealistic estimate of maximum (best) of achievable performance. This would prevent the system's real-time computer from many possible situations with “empty “computations and even to the divergence of the computational process. It can also show that the filter is not a magic mill and cannot achieve the desired performance if it cannot be achieved in principle, better that it can be “promised” by the KF quadratic criterion minimum, or if some state vector components are not observable and controllable.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-576-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-575-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-577-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",keywords:"Separation Theorem, Extended Kalman Filter, Covariance Matrix, Riccati Equation, FBGM, Analytical Implementation Forms, Physical Implementation Forms, Steady State Filter, Inertial Navigation System, Global Positioning System, Controllability, Multisensory Navigation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Y.V. Kim is a Doctor of Technical Science, having a broad and wealthy international scientific, engineering, and teaching experience, obtained in the former USSR, Israel, and Canada. He has many scientific publications and implemented inventions dedicated to Aerospace GN&C.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/316140/images/system/316140.jpg",biography:"Yuri Kim\n24 Buttenut, Gatineau, QC, Canada\nTel : 1-(514)- 466-1033, e-mail: yurikim@hotmail.ca\n\nHIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATIONS:\n\nExperienced scientist, engineer and manager with internationally recognized achievements in area of Aerospace Avionics, (GN&C); Analysis, design (HW&SW), integration, testing and operation for various aerospace platforms and missions. \n\nGained a broad experience in preparation of technical documents for Joint (Industry-Customer) State Commissions for the acceptance (commissioning) of Aerospace Avionics, Navigation and Special application experimental equipment for further serial production, and operational support. Last works have been dedicated to R&D projects developing new Satellite Navigation Control Technology and customer support of Canadian satellites Control system design.\n\n\nACADEMIC DEGREES:\n\n 1991 *Doctor of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Vehicles Guidance \n Navigation and Control \n Scientific Council of State Institute of Automatic Systems, Ministry of Aviation\n Industry of USSR, Moscow\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers) \n1982 * Senior Scientific Fellow Diploma in Gyroscopes and Navigation systems \n Capital Certification Commission of Scientists, Ministry of High Education of\n USSR, Moscow.\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers)\n1974 * Candidate of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Navigation\n and Control Systems (Accredited as Ph.D by York University, Toronto.)\n Scientific Council of Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow.\n1970 * Engineer Electromechanic Diploma in Gyro and Navigation systems,\n Faculty of Flight Apparatuses Control Systems, Moscow Aviation Institute, \n Moscow (Accredited as between Masters Degree and Bachelor Degree by\n York University, Toronto).\n1965 * Radio and TV Systems Technician Certificate, Dnepropetrovsk Technical School \n of preparation of technical specialists for Soviet Army, Military Aviation and \n Navy.\n\nMILITARY EDUCATION:\n\n1970 * Engineer in ballistic rocket control system, Military Faculty of MAI, last rank senior engineer-lieutenant (in reserve)\n\n\n\nEMPLOYMENT HISTORY:\nA. GOVERNMENT\n\nAt present - Canadian Space Agency, Space Science and Technology Division, David Florida Laboratory\n\n Senior Aerospace System engineer \n\n° Performing, developing and supporting phases of design, testing, commissioning and \n operation for space vehicle orbit and attitude control systems, in particular: Tecsas, Scope, \n J2Sat, Small satellite, M3Msat, Cassiopea, Neossat, RCM, PCW\n\n° Reviewing and commenting on Attitude Control systems design documentations, related to \n all phases of system development commissioning and operation\n \n° Supporting Aerospace Industry R&D projects funding by CSA (STDP) as Scientific\n Authority, in particular: Microwheel (Dynacon), LOCOOS (NGC), PCW (Bristol)\n\n° Providing expertise on new initiatives for Space Exploration and Utilization regarding \n Attitude and Orbital Control and possible development of Canadian space launcher\n\n° Developing basic mathematical (Simulink/Matlab) simulator for developing the \n requirements and expected performance of AODCS for new space vehicles\n\n° Developing new basic technology (based on Kalman Filter) for satellite attitude\n determination and sensor calibration, developing of FF test-bed equipment and GPS \n navigation in environment of CSA laboratory, developing of methods of ACS sensors\n calibration, measuring and compensation of satellite residual magnetic moment, experimental determination of satellite inertia matrix during ACS integration tests\n\n° Interacting with Space Industry and Universities in the problems, related to development of \n new methods and systems for space vehicle attitude and orbit determination and control\n \n° Sharing with International Aerospace community CSA achievements and experience in\n development of new technologies and methods for space vehicle attitude and orbit \n determination and control through publications, presentations and participation in scientific\n conferences, meetings and symposiums as well as maintaining an awareness about new \n technological advancements\n \n° Providing professional training for students and post. Graduates in the area of Orbital and\n Attitude Dynamic and Control\n\nB. INDUSTRIAL\n\nSept. 1998 – Feb. 1999 – Olympia Engineering Ltd. (Toronto)\n\nResearch and Development Engineer\n\n•\tDevelopment of measuring instrument for measuring remote measuring of micro- deformations of machinery (milling machine) equipment\n•\tResearch and testing of differential GPS survey equipment and antennas in environment of industrial facility for developing a new remote method for the measuring of machinery micro-deformations\n\n\n\n\nFeb.1999 – Jun.2002 – Saskatoon Engineering Division of Calian Company, \n Radarsat-1 Operation Team (CSA, Montreal)\n\nAttitude Control System Analyst\n\n•\tWorking as RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control System Analyst performing day-to-day operation TLM data analysis; reporting, monitoring and solving ACS flight anomaly problems, maintaining ACS software and performance \n•\tAuthor of many reports (see attached list of publications), devoted to solving of Radarsat-1 non-benign Safe Hold Mode problem, Momentum Wheel failure problems and improvement of the performance of attitude determination method with Magnetometer and Sun Sensor (back up, ADM3 mode for the case of potential failure of Horizon Scanner).\n•\tPreparation and implementation of the solution for RADARSAT-1 operation without failed Momentum Wheels, that saved the satellite mission after the wheel failures\n(This work was prolonged after in CSA and awarded by the Canadian Government Award for the invention used by the Government)\n•\tDesign and implementation of new dynamic simulators (based on Simulink\ntoolbox) for Radarsat-1 ACS for operation support\n•\tPreparation for operation of new Canadian satellites Scisat and RADARSAT-2 \n\n\n\nJan. 1994 – Sep. 1997 – Israel Aviation Industry (IAI factories: TASHAN, LAHAV)\n\nAvionics system engineer\n\n•\tResearch and preliminary design of the Special Data Fusion System for a fighter-interceptor\n•\tIntegration of Inertial Navigation System with Global Position System into Upgraded Avionics Suit and installation in aircraft cockpit for A/C – trainer T-38\n\nNov. 1977 – Apr. 1993 – Moscow Research and Design Institute of Electromechanic and Automatic (formerly P/B: M5537, presently “Aviapribor” Corporation)\n\n \nHead of Division (R&D in Pilot-Navigation Systems)\n\n•\tLeadership of the Division, performing planning, financial and methodological duties, related to this position, reporting to the R&D deputy director of the Institute\n•\tResponsibility for Pilot-Navigation System integration, interaction, tests and transferring for serial production and operational support\n•\tInitiation and methodical leadership of innovative research and development projects\n•\tReviewing, commenting and implementation of Technical standards and Navigation norms\nas well as sharing progressive methods and results within Aerospace organizations within former USSR\n \n Head of Department (INS and Flight Management System SW Development)\n\n•\tLeadership and performing of duties of Head of Department \n•\tResponsibility for the prospective research and preliminary design of the Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Flight Management Systems (FMS)\n•\tDesign of the INS and FMS algorithms and simulation of expected performance\n•\tDevelopment of INS/FMS flight code\n•\tDevelopment of test procedures and simulators for FMS, and pilot nav.complexis for aircrafts \n•\tResponsibility for system performance analysis in the ground and flight tests\n\n Head of Sector (System Flight Test data analysis) \n\n•\tLeadership of the Sector\n•\tDevelopment of ground and flight test simulation procedures and requirements for test equipment and simulators, for flight test aircraft measuring equipment, installation and recorded data processing\n•\tDesign of Estimation and Identification algorithms for ground and flight data processing\n•\tTest data analysis, preparation of test results analysis reports and conclusions\n\n Senior Scientific Fellow\n\n•\tResearch, development and principal design of the special Suboptimal Kalman Filter for the fusion of data of various navigation sensors for aviation and space platforms\n•\tDevelopment of new Guidance and Navigation methods for aviation and space platforms\n•\tAnalysis of INS and FMS performance in ground and flight tests\n\nC. ACADEMIC \n\n1977–1993 – Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Institute of Instrument -\n Making, Aviation Industry Ministry Upgrade Qualification Institute\n(Part Time) Professor, Associate professor, Chairmen of State Diploma Commission,\n Member of Scientific Council\n•\tLecturer of the disciplines: Applied Oscillation, Theory (MIIM), Design of Instruments (MIIM), Integrated Navigation Systems (MUQI)\n•\tChairman of the State Diploma Commission -Gyro Instruments and Systems (MAI)\n•\tLeadership of postgraduates, participation in sessions of Scientific Council (MAI)\n•\tMethodical management of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation in MAI \n\n2009 McGill University, Montreal\n\nPart time lecturer for course (in English): Aircraft Performance, Stability and Control\n\n1970–1977 – Moscow Aviation Institute \n(Full Time) Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Assistant Lecturer \n•\tLecturer of the courses: Spacecraft orbital mechanics and attitude determination and control, Inertial Navigation Systems, Gyro Instruments and Systems\n•\tResearch and development of suboptimal robust estimation methods for navigation data processing\n•\tResponsibility for the navigation systems laboratory\n•\tDeputy head of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation\n\nFIELDS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGIC EXPERTISE:\n \n•\tSpace vehicle Orbit and Attitude determination and control\n•\tGyro instruments and systems\n•\tRadio navigation systems\n•\tInertial Navigation systems\n•\tAirplane Navigation and Control\n•\tAnalytical mechanics \n•\tApplied oscillation theory\n•\tAutomatic control theory\n•\tStochastic estimation theory\n\nENGINEERING EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tFlight and laboratory tests of Aerospace Avionics Equipment\n•\tDistribution of mission requirements between Aerospace vehicle subsystems, definition of functions and ICD \n•\tSpacecraft operation and performance maintenance\n•\tAvionics system (hardware and software) development and testing (autonomously and integration)\n•\tInertial navigation systems\n•\t Development of Avionics for Soviet Military aircrafts: Tu-142, Tu-95MC, An-124, An-70, A-40, Soviet Space shuttle “Buran” (responsibility for preliminary design of radio-navigation automatic landing system), \n•\tIsrael (IAI) upgrade of Avionics system for T-38 (USA Air force trainer) \n•\tOperation and modification in space Canadian Satellite RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control system\n•\tParticipation in commissioning of ACS of Canadian Satellite Scisat\n•\tDevelopment of a generic mathematical simulator for satellite AODCS analysis and simulation of expected performance for a family of Canadian new generation small satellites\n\nSCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tTheoretical and experimental investigation in the fields of S/C Orbital and Attitude Control\n•\tKalman Filter suboptimization and robust guarantee estimation theory development: authorship of new Suboptimal Kalman Filter modification, methods of INS correction and calibration, Geomagnetic Inertial Navigation System\n•\tResearch in areas of ACS and INS sensors development, their performance improvement\n•\tVarious Avionics Systems Mathematical models development and mathematical and semi-natural simulation\n•\tCoordination of research and development projects related to Aerospace equipment performed by Universities and Industries\n•\tScientific reports and articles reviewing and editorship \n•\tMembership in Scientific Counsels and Commissions\n•\tTutorship of under-graduate, graduated and post -graduate students \n\n•\tScientific reports and inventions in the field of GN&C for aircraft and spacecraft methods development \n•\tSeveral articles dedicated to the development of new methods in estimation theory: new suboptimal Kalman Filter with limited growth of the memory, observability and factor of state vector components estimation, guaranteed ellipsoidal estimation and stochastic estimation comparison \n\nLANGUAGES:\n \n•\tEnglish, Russian, Ukrainian, Hebrew, French (beginning level)\n•\tProgramming languages: Matlab/Simulinc/С",institutionString:"Canadian Space Agency",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and 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Studies suggest that up to 60% of the population is affected by the common form of the disease, termed chronic periodontitis. Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, with participation of bacterial, environmental, and host factors. The disease is characterized by an inflammatory response to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria. Due to bacterial infection, gingival tissues become inflamed, characterizing gingivitis, and if left untreated, periodontal supporting tissues can be slowly destroyed by the action of the inflammatory process, which characterizes periodontitis. In the course of periodontitis, teeth lose their ligamentous supporting structure to the alveolar bone, the alveolar bone is resorbed, and the teeth become mobile. In its severe form, it may lead to tooth loss.
\nThere are two major forms of periodontitis, chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AP). CP is a slowly progressing disease, which can be categorized as mild/early, moderate or severe based on clinical criteria, such as probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). AP occurs in 1–3% of the population and is characterized by rapid rate of disease progression in an otherwise clinically healthy patient, absence of large accumulations of plaque, and familial inheritance.
\nTraditional and fundamental procedures for diagnosis of periodontitis include visual examination, tactile sensation, PPD, CAL, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and radiographic assessment of alveolar bone loss. Periodontal bleeding reveals the ulcerated area of subgingival tissue, whereas probing depth reveals the extent of the area of tissue covered by subgingival biofilm. Although different estimates for quantification of the area of periodontal injury have been reported in the literature, the inflammatory challenge of periodontal disease usually consists of an affected area of 15–72 cm2 [1].
\nBacteria have been considered to be the initiating factors to trigger periodontitis. Especially, Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria including
Current evidence supports the importance of several factors increasing onset and progression of periodontal diseases, including smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes, and osteoporosis. Other potential interactions with periodontal disease are those involving obesity, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, psychosocial factors and socioeconomic status [5].
\nIn this way, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the role of innate and specific immune response involved in pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T and B lymphocytes and inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, those participating in inflammatory process of the ligamentous supporting structure and in resorption of alveolar bone, will be discussed.
\nThe host response during periodontitis involves the innate and adaptive immune system, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease involves a complex interplay between periodontopathogens and the host immunity, greatly influenced by genetic and environmental factors (as smoking). Dental plaque is necessary, but not sufficient for disease, where an exacerbated, poorly specific and effective inflammatory response is mounted. Failure in the inflammation resolving mechanism leads to establishment of a chronic inflammatory process, resulting in the destruction of bone and soft tissue.
\nThe host inflammatory response is mediated mainly by neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T and B lymphocytes. Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the inflammatory infiltrate. The innate response involves the recognition of microbial components by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by host cells in the infected microenvironment. When the resolution of inflammation is not achieved, antigen-presenting cells are activated by bacterial products and interact with naïve T helper cells (Th0), driving their differentiation into several subsets, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg. T lymphocytes are central to adaptive immunity and provide help for B cells to generate specific antibodies. T cell receptor recognition of peptide antigen in the context of major histocompatibility complex can result in CD4 T cells activation. Activated Th0 may differentiate into either Th1 lymphocytes expressing Interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-
The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense and is able to recognize nonself microorganisms trigging immune response to eliminate them.
\nUnlike adaptive immunity, innate immunity does not recognize every possible antigen. Instead, it recognizes a few highly conserved structures present in many different microorganisms such as LPS, peptidoglycans, bacterial DNA, double-strand RNA, N-formylmethionine found in bacterial proteins, the sugar mannose and proteases (named pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). The defense cells have pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) for these PAMPs and trigger immediate response against the microorganism. PPRs are found on inflammatory cells and on periodontal tissue resident cells, such as epithelial cells (ECs), gingival fibroblasts (GFs), periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF), dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoblasts (OBs). These receptors include TLRs, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), complement receptor-3, lectins, and scavenger receptors. PAMPs can also be recognized by a series of soluble pattern-recognition receptors in the blood that function as opsonins and initiate the complement pathways.
\nAfter bacterial challenge, the resident cells recognize PAMPS, via TLRs, and initiate an orchestrated signaling events resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The TLR4 has been shown to specifically recognize LPS from gram-negative bacteria. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, within periodontal lesions, orchestrate the cascade of destructive events that occur in the periodontal tissues. These events include the production of inflammatory enzymes and mediators (such as matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandins), and osteoclast recruitment, and differentiation through receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL)-dependent and -independent pathways resulting in irreversible hard and soft tissue damage and in chronic periodontitis.
\nThese cells involved in innate response and molecular factors involved in the local inflammatory reaction will be discussed later.
\nNeutrophils, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), are one of the first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the site of periodontal inflammation. The nucleus of neutrophils is segmented into three to five lobules, and the cytoplasm contains granules of two types: specific granules which are filled with enzymes such as lysozyme, collagenase, and elastase; and azurophilic granules which are lysosomes containing microbicidal substances as enzymes, defensins and cathelecidins. After periodontal pathogens successfully overcome epithelial barriers and invade soft tissues, signals from bacteria and gingival epithelial cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, connective fibroblast, and resident macrophages induce the production of cytokines and chemokines by the gingival epithelium. The chemoattractant molecules (such as IL-8 and IL-1β, and serum-derived plaque activated C5a) increase the expression of adhesion molecules, the permeability of gingival capillaries, and the migration of neutrophils through the junctional epithelium and into the gingival sulcus [6].
\nThe interaction between the oral microbiota and neutrophils is a key determinant of oral health status. Neutrophils form a “wall” between the junctional epithelium and the pathogen-rich dental plaque providing a robust secretory structure (reactive oxygen species [ROS] and bactericidal proteins) and a phagocytic apparatus. However, this protection is not without cost because neutrophils from periodontitis patients are hyperreactive and contribute to tissue destruction: ROS and the enzymes released by cytoplasmic granules degrade the structural elements of tissue cells and extracellular matrix and cause tissue damage [7, 8]. A recently discovered innate defense strategy of neutrophils is the release of DNA to the extracellular environment, where the web-like DNA threads trap and kill microorganisms by means of DNA-bound antimicrobial proteins and peptides. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are also known to arise in periodontal tissues and purulent pockets. NETs represent a host defense mechanism but may also cause host tissue injury [9]. On the other hand, alterations in neutrophils function result in an acute, severe, and generalized clinical phenotype of periodontitis. These alterations can involve different functions, such as adhesion capabilities, chemotaxis response, and phagocytic function [10]. Added to this, neutrophils with normal functions in individuals with alterations in the IL-8 production and/or mutations in Duffy antigen receptor chemokines (DARC) expression on erythrocytes predispose those individuals to periodontitis [11]. It occurs because adsorption of IL-8 onto erythrocytes by DARC leads to an increased recruitment of leukocytes from the blood to the tissue compared to individuals without DARC on the erythrocytes.
\nMonocytes/macrophages belong to mononuclear phagocytes system. They are also important innate immune cells at infection sites in patients with CP. These cells produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, antiinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10. These chemokines produced by these cells attract neutrophils; however, neutrophils also produce chemokines, which attract macrophages to inflamed periodontal site. Thus, a crosstalk exists between these innate cells. Macrophages are important in triggering the specific immune response serving as antigen-present cells that display antigens to and activate T lymphocytes. Added, monocytes/macrophages can differentiate into osteoclasts [12].
\nPeriodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) are the main cells of the soft connective tissue. In conjunction with infiltrating inflammatory cells, GFs take part in the inflammatory process in the periodontium and contribute to the disease persistence. After microorganisms breach the epithelial barrier, these cells produce cytokines and degradation molecules. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) became accentuated. Fibroblasts from periodontitis patients expressed higher mRNA of IL-1β, IL-6, and TIMP-3 and lower mRNA of IL-4 [13]. PDFL also produces IL-8, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL), which are regulators on inflammation and alveolar bone loss. When in cell-cell contact with osteoclast precursors, PDFL upregulated osteoclastogenesis-related genes and significantly increased the number of osteoclast-like cells [14].
\nDendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-present cells for activating naïve T cells. These cells function in both innate and adaptive immune responses and are a link between these two components of host defense. They are part of myeloid lineage and arise from the same monocyte precursor. DCs have long membrane projections and phagocytic capabilities. Similar to macrophages, they express receptors that recognize bacteria and respond by secreting cytokines. They produce IL-12 and IL-18 that consequently promote interferon-gamma (INF-γ) secretion by natural killer (NK) cells and latter by T cells. In response to activation by microorganism, conventional DCs become mobile, migrate to lymph nodes, and display antigens to T lymphocytes.
\nIn the innate immune response, the bacterial activation of resident cells culminates in a production of proinflammatory cytokines involved in periodontal immunopathogenesis. In order to eliminate the bacteria, the inflammatory process is triggered; however, the inflammation culminates in periodontal tissue lesions and alveolar bone resorption [15].
\nTLRs play an important role in the recognition of pathogens. TLRs are a family of transmembrane proteins expressed by immunologically competent cells. They recognize and bind to PAMPs derived from bacterial plaque. TLRs are evolutionarily conserved proteins with a highly conserved intracellular toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) domain involved in protein-protein interaction and signaling activation. The extracellular domain, with leucin-rich repeats (LRRs) is related to ligand recognition. LRR motifs vary among TLRs. After PAMPs recognizing, TLRs initiate the activation of several transcription factors including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAK) cascade. NF-κB is a key transcription factor complex that appears to play a critical role in the regulation of an acute inflammation. NF-κB enters the nucleus of the cell and induces expression of proinflammatory mediators including adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin), enzymes (COX-2, 5-LO, CPLA, and iNOS), cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-6, GM, and G-CSF), and chemokines (IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1, eotaxin, and MIP-1
TLR-2, 3, 4 and 9 are much expressed in gingival tissues of periodontitis patients, and TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressions are increased in severe disease states, suggesting that these receptors have an increased capacity to signal and influence downstream cytokine expression. TLR-4 is present on antigen presenting cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes of gingival epithelium. TLR4 has been shown to specifically recognize LPS from gram-negative bacteria and thus recognize PAMPs of periodontopathogens such as
CD14 is a myeloid differentiation marker found primarily on monocytes and macrophages, although low levels are also found on neutrophils and endothelial cells. CD14 is a coreceptor for LPS. The CD14 gene is located on chromosome 5q31.3 and encodes two forms of protein: one is anchored to the membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol (mCD14) and is a 55-kDa glycoprotein, and another is a soluble form (sCD14) found in body fluids. CD14 lacks the transmembrane domain and is unable to transmit LPS signaling. The major function of CD14 is to serve as an initial receptor for LPS and facilitate the binding of LPS to TLR4/MD-2 complex. In addition, CD14 also recognizes other PAMPS such as lipoteichoic acid. Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory effect of CD14 has been shown indicating dual roles in response to Gram-negative bacteria [20, 21].
\nThe matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a structural and functional family of zinc-dependent extracellular proteinases, which are responsible for the remodeling and degradation of tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, elastins, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. To date, at least 26 members of MMPs have been identified and they are grouped according to their structural properties and substrate specificity in collagenases (MMP-1, -8, -13, -14), gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9), stromelysins, matrilysins, and membrane type matrix metalloproteinases. The balance between MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs) controls the MMP activity. MMPs play an important role in tissue degradation observed in periodontitis, and elevated levels of MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, and -9 have been detected in gingival crevicular fluid, peri-implant sulcular fluid, and gingival tissue of periodontitis patients. MMP-1 is produced by periodontal resident cells and is considered as central in the physiological remodeling of extracellular matrix in wound healing. MMP-8, mainly produced by neutrophils, is associated to periodontal collagen destruction and represents the major collagenase in gingival and crevicular fluids; its levels can differentiate periodontitis from gingivitis and healthy sites. MMP-9 has been associated with collagen breakdown and periodontal inflammation. MMP-13 is little or not expressed on normal tissues, but its upregulation has been involved in periodontitis progression and bone loss. MMPs can be released or activated during periodontal disease by proinflammatory cytokines, as TNF-α and IL-1β, reactive oxygen species, and proteases; IL-18 may be related to be involved in the regulation of MMPs [22–24].
\nThe resident cells and migrating cells release cytokines during inflammatory response involving in chronic periodontitis. Endothelial cells and GF produce IL-8, a chemokine that is neutrophils chemoattractant and that increase the monocytes adhesion. Neutrophils (the migrant cells) and PDLF produce IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. GF also produces IL-6 and TNF-α. PDLF and also bacterial antigens could promote the expression of the RANKL by the osteoblasts. DC IL-12p40, IL-18, IL-6, and TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta) act as antigen-present cells to T lymphocytes. The role of this cytokines will be described later.
\nAfter this initial primary response, activation of T cells by APCs initiates the adaptive response. Subsequently, the effector mechanisms of innate immunity are improved by adaptive immunity involving an efficient loop for microbial clearance. Chronic periodontal inflammation perpetuates and amplifies itself through numerous autocrine and paracrine loops of cytokines, acting on cells within the periodontal tissue.
\nWhen the resolution of inflammation is not achieved, adaptive immune response is initiated. Therefore, APCs are activated by bacterial products and interact with naïve T helper cells (CD4 T cells, Th0: CD45RA+), driving their differentiation into several subsets (CD45RO+), such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg. Adaptive immune cells and their cytokines have important participation in pathogenesis of the chronic periodontitis, including the resolution of infection, tissue damages, and osteolytic process.
\nFor a long time, periodontitis lesions were conceptually defined based on a Th1/Th2 paradigm. Currently, Th1 and Th2 responses, added to the Th17 subset, have been related to the disease progression and bone resorption. T cell lymphocytes (CTLs) are primarily involved in the cell-mediated immunity. CTLs were named because their precursors, which arise in the bone marrow, migrate and maturate in the thymus. The two major T cell subsets are CD4 (T helper) and CD8 CTLs, which express a highly diverse and clonally distributed antigen receptor called the αβ receptor. Both effector cells usually express surface protein indicative of recent activation, such CD25, a component of the receptor for the T cell growth factor IL-2. Th cells express surface molecules as CD40 ligand (CD154) [25].
\nTh1 cells are generated under the influence of interleukin-12 and/or interferon-γ (INF-γ) signaling that leads to the activation of the transcription factor T-bet. In diseased gingival tissues, Th1 cells have been predominant. Activated Th1 cells secret INF-γ, present in high levels in human and experimental periodontal lesions. INF-γ is associated to onset and progression of lesions. Besides, INF-γ stimulates osteoclast formation and bone loss via antigen-driven T cell activation or through the chemoattraction of RANKL cells. Also, INF-γ can contribute to the migration of CD4/80+ cells, monocyte/macrophage-like phenotypes, a potential osteoclast precursor subpopulation [26, 27].
\nTh2 cells are generated under the influence of interleukin-4 and the activation of the transcription factor GATA-3. IL-4 secreted by Th2 exhibits antiinflammatory and suppressive properties related to the induction of IL-10 and suppression of Th1 response. In pathogenesis of periodontitis, it can be associated with the ability to inhibit the production of tissue degrading factors such as MMPs and the major osteoclastogenic factor RANKL. Therefore, IL-4 could attenuate the soft and mineralized tissue destruction. However, IL-4 levels were found lower in crevicular fluid from periodontitis patients.
\nAdded to this fact, Th2 cells could be related to B cell function and humoral immunity in the periodontal lesion. B cells seem to contribute to periodontal disease development since B cell deletion prevented alveolar bone loss in mice after infection with
Th17 cells are generated under the influence of IL-6/IL-21/IL-23/TGF-β and the activation of the transcription factor RORγT. After TGF-β and IL-6 driver Th17, IL-23 amplifies the phenotype. Th17 cells have been linked to the development of pathological inflammatory disorders. Cytokines secreted by Th17, such as IL-17 and IL-22 are crucial for host protection against many extracellular pathogens. Furthermore, IL-17 contributes to innate and specific immunity by recruiting inflammatory cells and immobilizing macrophages in inflamed tissue. The consequence is an abundance of other inflammatory cytokines as IL-1β and TNF-α, and RANKL. Th17 cells have been linked to several autoimmune disorders and are also linked to the development of pathological inflammatory disorders, and their presence was demonstrated in the gingival tissue from patients with periodontitis [29, 30].
\nTreg cells are generated under the influence of IL-10/TGF-β and the activation of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXp3). They also expressed as a αβ antigen receptor. Treg cells specifically regulate the activation, proliferation, and effectuating functions of activated T cells. There are two types of Treg: (i) endogenous or natural (Treg), which are derived from the thymus and control autoreactivity; (ii) adaptive or induced (aTreg or iTreg), which regulate responses upon antigenic exposure in the periphery. In noninflammatory tissues, they are in resting state. The cytokines TGF-β, IL-10, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4) are supposed to mediate the suppressive activity in peripheral tissues and attenuate periodontal diseases progression and protect the bone resorption. Treg cells are shown to attenuate RANKL expression by other activated T cells. Treg cells were identified in periodontal tissues; however, deficiency of Treg cells was observed in periodontitis [31].
\nAnother subset of Treg cells includes the Tcreg. In animal models and under noninflammatory conditions, murine osteoclasts can recruit naïve CD8 T-cells and activate these T-cells to induce CD25 and FoxP3 (Tcreg). Tcreg can potently and directly suppress bone resorption by osteoclasts. The activation of CD8 T cells by osteoclasts also induced the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon (IFN-c). Individually, these cytokines can activate or suppress osteoclast resorption [32].
\nAfter naïve cells are activated, they became larger and proliferate, and are called lymphoblasts. Some of these cells differentiate into CD8 CTLs. CD8 cells have cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins that, when released, kill the cells that the CDLs recognize. They are also called cytotoxic T cells. In an animal models, which allow investigating the stages of periodontitis, CD8 T cell knockout mice showed no significant change in bone loss after infection with
The activated T helper subsets, their produced cytokines and their general functions are summarized in Table 1.
\n\n | Stimulating cytokines | \nDifferentiated T cells subsets and respective transcriptional factors ( | \nProduced cytokines * | \nRegulatory cytokines | \nHost defense | \nGeneral roles in diseases | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-12 IL-18 INF-γ | \nINF-γ LTA RANKL | \nIL-4 IL-10, TGF-β | \nIntracellular pathogens | \nTissue damage associated with chronic infections | \n||
\n | IL-2 IL-4 \n | \nIL-4 IL-15 IL-13 | \nINF-γ TGF-β | \nExtracellular pathogens Humoral immunity | \nAllergic diseases Autoimmune diseases | \n|
\n | IL-6 TGF-β | \nIL-22 | \nTGF-β | \nExtracellular pathogens \n | \n\n | |
\n | IL-6 TGF-β IL-21 | \n\n | IL-2 IL-4 IL-27 INF-γ | \nHomeostasis at mucosal sites/ inflammation | \nOrgan-specific autoimmunity | \n
T cell subsets differentiation and general functions in immune response.
The cytokines produced by these T cells subsets determine their effector functions and roles in diseases. The cytokines also participate in development and expansion of the respective subsets.
Adaptive immune responses to most immunogens can begin only after the immunogen has been captured, processed, and presented by an APC to naïve T helper cells. The reason of this is that T cells only recognize immunogens that are bound to major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) proteins on the surfaces of other cells. There are two different classes of MHC proteins. Class I MHC proteins are expressed virtually in all somatic cell types and are used to present substances to CD8 T cells. Class II MHC proteins, on the other hand, are expressed only by macrophages, dendritic cells and a few other APCs, and are necessary for antigen presentation to T helper cells. The interaction of APC-T cells is dependent on other membrane receptors. The TCR complex confers specificity because it contains the antigen-specific receptor. The interaction is enhanced through coreceptors including CD27, CD28, CD40 ligand, or inhibited by coinhibitor receptors such as CTLA4, programmed cell death protein (PD1), and CD28 induced costimulator (ICOS) [25].
\nThe acquired immune response is known to be important for periodontal disease development. Specific microbial components activate APCs, such as DC, and both migrate to local lymph nodes. In APC, immunogen become enclosed within membrane-lined vesicles in the cytoplasm and within these vesicles, undergo a series of alterations called antigen processing and a limited number of the resulting peptides are noncovalently associated to MHC class II proteins, and transported to APC surface, where it is detected by CD4 T cells. After specific antigen recognition, activation phase is initiated by the sequences of events induced in lymphocytes. The Th0 differentiation is dependent of the local cytokine milieu. Then, the CTL proliferate, leading to expansion of the clones of antigen-specific CTL and the amplification of the response. The pattern of cytokines expressed determines subsequent polarization of a distinct antigen-specific CTL response. Next, CTL differentiates to cells that function to eliminate foreign antigens: some T cells (CD4) differentiate into cells T helper subsets, that activate phagocytes to kill intracellular antigens, or in others T cells (CD8) that directly lyses cells that are producing foreign antigens, and also B cells, which transform to plasma cells that secreted specific antibodies. The effector phase is the stage that leads to antigen elimination. In this phase, inflammatory response is amplified after recruitment of specific and nonspecific effector cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils) and their soluble products (lymphokines, monokines, complement, kinines, arachidonic acid derivates, mast cells—basophile products).
\nCharacteristic markers of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cell subsets have all been described in diseased periodontal tissues. Therefore, the exact crosstalk that occurs among Th cytokines in periodontal disease and its impact on disease outcome is still to be determined. However, it is clear that Th cells are essential for periodontal destruction because the absence of B cells does not impede LPS-induced bone resorption.
\nThere are tissue resident memory cells within the oral mucosa. When compared with primary immune response, the recall of memory is faster and shows fewer requirements for antigen presentation by MHC and costimulation. In gingival tissues, IL-15 is found in abundance and seen to be responsible for the survival and proliferation of memory cells.
\nCytokines are low molecular weight water-soluble glycoprotein secreted by hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells in response to infection, and they are important key molecules and signal mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The cytokines involved in immunopathology of periodontal disease act in a highly complex coordinated network and play role in the maintenance of specific leucocytes on periodontal tissue, in the osteoclastogenesis activation and stimulation of bone resorption. Several of the cytokines have been demonstrated to serve either as proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α) or antiinflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) mediators of the inflammatory process [34].
\nIL-1 is a potent proinflammatory mediator and bone-resorbing cytokine formerly known as the osteoclast-activating factor. The
In periodontitis, IL-1 is detected in the periodontal tissue and in the gingival crevicular fluid and is important in the metabolism of collagen, in bone destruction, and other inflammatory processes. IL-1β is secreted mainly by macrophages and resident cells. IL-1 could mediate the gingival and periodontal tissue destruction and bone resorption by different ways: (i) IL-1β and IL-1α stimulate the release of lysosomal enzymes such as metalloproteinase which degrades the extracellular matrix; (ii) IL-1β stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by fibroblasts and osteoblasts (OB). PGE2 stimulates bone resorption mediated by RANKL expression in OB; and (iii) IL-1β enhances RANKL expression on OB [38–40].
\nTNF-α is a very potent proinflammatory cytokine with a pleotropic effect on both immune and skeletal systems. It is encoded by
TNF-α was detected in higher levels in saliva and crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease and its role and contribution to inflammation, loss of connective tissue attachment, and alveolar bone resorption has been well documented [44].
\nIL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine not only exerting immunological effect but also functioning in hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and tissue regeneration. The human
This cytokine exerts an important effect in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, mainly in bone metabolism. During the development of CP, multiple biological actions could be mediated by the IL-6, including hematopoiesis, angiogenesis induction, immunocyte activation, and osteoclast differentiation. The presence of IL-6 in serum, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva suggested an altered production of IL-6 in patients with CP [46, 47].
\nThe IL-17 family contains six members: IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (or IL-25) and IL-17F, and five receptors, IL-17RA-RD and SEF. Interleukin-17A is most homologous to IL-17F and the genes encoding them are proximally located on chromosome 6p12 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3605). The IL-17F activity is similar to IL-17A, but significantly weaker, and is related to induce the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, antimicrobial peptides, and adhesion molecules by human fibroblasts, and airway epithelial cells and vein endothelial cells. IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, and IL-17F are considered proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-17E is believed to have antiinflammatory properties. IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 are involved in neutrophilia, tissue remodeling, tissue repair, and production of antimicrobial products [48].
\nMany studies have demonstrated the presence of IL-17 in periodontal tissues, crevicular gingival fluid, saliva, and plasma of patients with periodontal disease. IL-17 contributes to inflammatory bone pathology and bone resorption by different ways: (i) stimulating the production and expression of TNF-α and IL-1β by human macrophages and IL-1β by OB; (ii
IL-18 is a member of IL-1 cytokine family and is codified by
There are low evidences according IL-18 participation in periodontitis. Some studies show that IL-18 is an inhibitor of OC formation by indirect effects mediated by T cells and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF binds to preosteoclast and inhibits its proliferation and differentiation. The IL-18RC was found on T cells and OC. The concentration of IL-18 was found increased in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum of gingivitis, aggressive, and chronic periodontitis [52].
\nIL-10 is considered an antiinflammatory cytokine playing a key role in the regulation of immune mechanisms. The
IL-10 is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and T cells and plays a role in the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α. During bone loss, IL-10 was correlated to inhibition of OC formation direct and indirectly. Directly, IL-10 inhibits osteoclast progenitors by an effect associated with decreased RANK-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and expression of NFATc1, c-Fos, and c-Jun. Indirectly, by decreasing RANKL and increasing osteoprotegerin in dental folic cells. IL-10 also had protective role toward periodontal tissue destruction, inhibiting MMPs. However, it has stimulatory effect on B lymphocyte and may also stimulate the production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies may play a role in periodontitis. The high production of IL-10 by Treg was found in gingival tissue [54].
\nSkeletal homeostasis depend on a dynamic balance between the activities of the bone forming osteoblasts (OB) and bone-resorbing osteoclast (OC). The RANK/RANKL/OPG regulating system controls the bone resorption and deposition activity that occur during this bone remodeling. The receptor-activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors (monocyte/macrophage) causing them to differentiate into active cells (OC) that secrete enzymes that degrade bone. OPG (osteoprotegerin) is a soluble decoy receptor of RANKL that prevents the RANK-RANKL interaction. OPG inhibits the osteoclastogenesis and induces osteopetrosis when overexpressed [55]. In periodontitis, high levels of RANKL and low levels of OPG have been detected in gingival crevicular fluid. In response to LPS from periodontopathogens, for instances
Several cytokines can synergize with RANKL in promoting osteoclastogenesis and increasing RANKL/OPG ratio. Cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17, have the ability to stimulate bone resorption, whereas others, such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β, act as inhibitors. TNF-α and also IL-1 have been shown to play an important role in periodontal bone loss in a dependent and independent RANKL pathway: TNF-α could promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors via NFATc1 activation. TNF-α also could lead to inhibition of OB differentiation. The TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is expressed on OB after infection and induce the apoptosis of these cells. IL-17, when in high concentration, promotes osteoclastogenesis by enhanced RANKL expression on osteoblasts and CD4 T cells [57, 58].
\nThe immune cells and cytokines produced by them involved in the protective and aggressive roles during CP are summarized in Table 2.
\nImmune response | \nCells | \nCharacteristic produced cytokines* | \nProtective actions | \nDeleterious actions | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Innate immunity | \nNeutrophils | \nTNF-α IL-1 IL-6 | \nNo evidence | \nProinflammatory RANKL inducers | \n
\n | PDLFs | \nTNF-α IL-1 IL-6 | \nNo evidence | \nProinflammatory RANKL inducers RANKL+ | \n
\n | Monocyte/macrophage | \n\n | No evidence | \nProinflammatory RANKL inducers OC differentiation | \n
Adaptive immunity | \nTH1 | \nINF-γ | \nAntiosteoclastogenic | \nProinflammatory RANKL+ | \n
\n | TH2 | \nIL-4 | \nAntiosteoclastogenic | \nB cells lesions and autoimmunity B RANKL+ | \n
\n | TH17 | \nIL-17 | \nNo evidence | \nProinflammatory RANKL inducers RANKL+ | \n
\n | Tregs | \nIL-10 TGF-β | \nAntiosteoclastogenic | \nNo evidence | \n
Immune cells and their characteristic cytokines involved in tissue damage and bone resorption in chronic periodontitis.
PDLFs: periodontal ligament fibroblasts; OC: osteoclasts.
Therapeutic approaches in periodontitis attempt to eliminate the periodontal plaque, manage the inflammation and minimize the tissue damage. The conventional treatment of CP is the mechanical removal of infectious agents in gingival tissues, which resulted in bacteria resistance and disease recurrence. Considering the complexity of periodontitis, immunopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of disease, many different approaches could be considered in order to interfere during immunity response. Amongst them, blocking the cytokines activity may be a promissory intervention. The effect of TNF-α and IL-1 antagonists on periodontitis showed a significant reduction of inflammation and bone resorption when administered either systemically or locally in the gingiva. The administration of antiTNF-α or TNF-α/Fc fusion protein had demonstrated significant reduction of the clinical and radiographic signals in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal diseases [59]. IL-11 has antiinflammatory effects by induction of inhibition of TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines, thus the use of recombinant human IL-11 in the animal models showed significant reduction in the rate of clinical attachment and radiographic bone loss [60]. Similarly, the use of RANKL inhibitors in periodontitis, although limited in animal models [61] or
The development of periodontitis relies on multiple factors, and it is estimated that 50% of the expression of periodontitis could be attributed to genetic factors. The multifactorial etiology of the periodontitis and the development of sequencing technology enabled us to discuss whether the variations of host\'s immunity affect the occurrence and development of the disease. Several immune response genes have been related to the protection or predisposition to CP, such as those responsible for bacterial antigens presentation to lymphocytes, as well as soluble mediators or membrane receptors that initiate or amplify the inflammatory process and bone loss.
\nHLA comprises of high polymorphic cell-surface molecules that have a key role in antigen presentation and activation of T cells. Because of the capability to bind periodontopathogens peptides, HLA represents an important factor of risk or resistance to CP development. A metaanalysis focusing on Caucasian case-control studies demonstrated no associations between HLA and CP, although for aggressive periodontitis, HLA-A*09 and B*15 appeared to represent susceptibility factors, and HLA-A*02 and B*05 were potential protective factors [65]. However, other studies provide evidence that class I and II HLA polymorphisms are associated with chronic periodontitis [66].
\nPRRs play an important role in the recognition of periodontopathogens and genetic variations within the genes encoding them. They may have an important influence on immune response and in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases [67].
\nTLR polymorphism may alter host susceptibility to periodontitis. The main studied polymorphism was related to
The
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) polymorphisms were also associated to the severity of CP. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that periodontitis susceptibility was partly controlled by PRR polymorphisms involved in the innate immunity [71].
\nThe
Several case-control studies in both Caucasians and nonCaucasians have investigated genetic polymorphisms in the
The
Two
Several promoter polymorphisms have been described in the
Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the teeth-supporting tissues. The imbalance between periodontopathogens and host factors is responsible for the transition of gingivitis into periodontitis and is estimated that 50% of the expression of periodontitis could be attributed to genetic factors. The genetic polymorphisms may in some situations cause a change in the protein or its expression possibly resulting in alterations in innate and adaptive immunity and may thus be deterministic in disease outcome. Thus, development and regulation of the immune response influence disease progression or resolution, and each person may have an individual response to the bacterial challenge. Most individuals are resistant to the disease and will not develop CP. The disease progression depends on the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα), metalloproteinases, and prostaglandins or decreased production of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ) and inhibitors of metalloproteinases. The knowledge of the immunopathogenesis mechanisms in the chronic periodontitis could contribute to new therapeutic approaches.
\nThe authors wish to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná and the financial support by Laboratory of Immunogenetics-LIG-UEM (00639/99-DEG-UEM).
\nThe African catfish (
African catfish (
In Kenya, the African catfish, from a biological perspective, is undoubtedly the most ideal aquaculture species [3]. It is widely distributed, hardy, and thrives in diverse environments, such as lakes, rivers, and fish farms [3]. Although, catfish is the most suitable species for aquaculture in Kenya; it contributes only 18% of total farmed fish production compared to Nile tilapia, which contributes 75% of total production [4] as illustrated in Figure 2. This shows that the high potential for catfish culture had not been fully exploited and indicates certain challenges that need to be addressed.
Cultured fish species production (in MT) in Kenya from 2010 to 2019; source: [
As noted by [3], several opportunities are available in Kenya for the production of African catfish. These include high-nutritional value, availability of feeds, and ready market for the fingerlings among others. The demand for catfish fingerlings as bait fish for the Nile perch fishery in Lake Victoria has attracted a lot of interest from fish farmers [7]. In addition to the local demand, presently there is a huge demand for catfish fingerlings (both for stocking and bait fish) in the neighboring countries (Uganda and Tanzania) [8]. Therefore, farmers can also target the regional market in addition to producing for the local market,
Although catfish is suitable for aquaculture production in Kenya, there are several challenges to its quick adoption as an aquaculture candidate by farmers as noted by [3]. The scarcity of high-quality fingerlings in hatcheries remains a major impediment to the commercialization of catfish culture [2]. Fish farmers are often forced to resort to collecting fish seed from the wild or purchasing poor-quality seed from hatcheries [7]. Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) Aquaculture compact also noted that besides poor-quality fish seed, fish farmers are confronted with the following challenges in producing catfish. These include low skills of fish breeders in Best Management Practices (BMPs), high fry, and fingerling mortality associated with cannibalism, predation, poor feeding, and the lack of knowledge on fish-health management among hatcheries [2].
Therefore, this review explores the different techniques for breeding and seed production of African catfish that have been developed and can easily be adopted by fish farmers in Kenya to boost the culture and production of catfish in the country.
The scoping review methodology [9] and systematic reviews approach were adopted in the present study to generate a comprehensive literature review on the advances that have been made in seed production of African catfish in Kenya. The literature review is focused on artificial propagation, use of living, and formulated feeds for feeding and catfish grading measures in the hatchery. To meet the set objectives, a wide range of keywords (closely related to African catfish production) were searched in online database tools and scientific domains of Science Direct, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. To further narrow and refine search, Boolean operators (“OR,” “AND,” and “NOT”) were appropriately used in the various databases and search engines. The collected literature database was organized in excepts, copies, and notes according to topics. The current paper is a result of research publications that met the inclusion criteria for the review paper.
According to [10], domestication of
As noted by [11], the developments of catfish artificial-propagation techniques have allowed farmers to profitably breed and culture this species that does not naturally reproduce under captive conditions. Over the last few decades, hormonal administration techniques have been used to induce final oocyte maturation and spawning that has allowed reproduction in controlled conditions [14]. Moreover, as reported by [15] induced breeding techniques have significantly contributed a lot to the expansion and diversification of the aquaculture industry. The
One of the suitability of African catfish for aquaculture arises from its acceptance of both artificial and non-specialized feeds, and the larval period is considered critical in their life history as noted by [19]. Successful larval rearing depends mainly on the availability of suitable diets that are readily consumed, efficiently digested, and that provide the required nutrients to support good growth and health [20]. Fish larvae often depend on live food, and in general, fish species like catfish have been reared successfully in aquaculture at the larvae period with fully digestive system at starting time of feeding. As noted by [21], live foods, besides their nutritional value, are highly digestible, easily detectable, and easy to capture by the fish larvae due to their swimming movements in the water column.
As reported by [21], the most widely used live food in catfish larvae culture is the brine shrimp (
In Kenya, hatcheries have recently adopted the use of biofloc technology (BFT) to enhance the provision of live feed to the fish larvae. The BFT uses the principle of nutrient cycling through complex bio-pathways to produce natural food for fish [24]. The working machines are the bacterial flocs that convert pond bio-wastes into edible nutrients for the cultured animals, thus it reduces feed cost by about 30% and ensures higher profitability as reported by [24]. BFT is useful for mass production of live food resources, which are indispensable for successful larviculture in hatcheries since they constitute organic particles, food debris, chemoautotrophic, and heterotrophic bacteria, which are nutritious and ultimately result in improved growth performances of fish [25]. As noted in a study by [26], the biofloc increased protein utilization efficiency, lowered the Food Conversion Ratio (FCR), and enhanced the fish-growth rate of Nile tilapia fish fry. These can also be applicable in the culture of catfish larvae in the hatcheries. For instance, [27] in their study reported that, though African catfish broodstocks maintained in the biofloc systems resulted in comparable fecundity and eggs quality to those broodstocks in the control systems, it significantly improved the larval quality and embryonic development rate. Moreover, culturing the larvae in biofloc systems improved their survival and final body length [27]. Nevertheless, absolute use of live foods as the diet for catfish larval rearing can be slightly alleviated by weaning with dry formulated fish feeds.
The use of dry feeds for catfish larval and fry rearing should satisfy the nutritional requirements of the species and should be readily accepted. As reported by [20], a fundamental aquaculture species considers dietary protein essential since adequate dietary protein significantly influences growth, fish survival, and feed cost. The main source of protein in aqua feeds remains to be fishmeal, as it contains a profile of high-quality protein with balanced amino acid, and the high demand for it, along with supply fluctuation made fishmeal expensive [28]. As a result, relentless efforts have been made to substitute a fish meal with other cheaper sources of protein, such as the use of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) [29]. In Kenya as reported by [30], several protein sources of both animal and plant origins (blood meal, soybean, wheat bran, maize, and other formulated feeds) are being tested as fishmeal replacements and are in use by different aquaculture farms in the culture of catfish.
As reported by [31], cannibalism is another fundamental issue affecting the culture of catfish that can be addressed by adopting grading techniques. The
As reported by [34], size grading practices is a common procedure used during intensive fish rearing to reduce size variations and have resulted in differences in growth, production, feed conversion, and foodfish size distribution. Moreover, size grading practices have been advocated method to control large differences in the size of fish during the nursery period of many piscivorous fish species as noted by [31]. Furthermore, [35] notes that sorting enhances feeding since ration sizes and feed granulation can be customized to the fish size. In a study to determine the effects of size grading on the growth performance and cannibalism of
The government has established a system of hatchery authentication to ascertain the quality of broodstock, the seed produced, and the availability of necessary facilities and skills in order to maintain the quality of catfish seed [37]. The authentication of hatcheries is being undertaken by the State Department for Fisheries and the Blue Economy in collaboration with Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) [37]. Note that the steps followed by the system are not very far from the approach that has been followed by other major aquaculture-producing countries like China. Similarities are observed in how the government responded to seed-quality problems by encouraging investment in hatcheries by the private sector, whereby hatcheries in Kenya are mostly owned by private fish farmers (82%) and only a few (18%) are owned by the government institutions [37]; instituting seed-quality control policy measures to improve seed-quality management; including the establishment of fish-seed certification methods and standards, which were developed by KMFRI in collaboration with the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and State Department for Fisheries and the Blue Economy; and encouraging and supporting the production and distribution of quality seed [38].
These management strategies were aimed at maintaining the quality of brood fish and seed because poor management had led to deterioration in the quality of broodstock and seed over time as noted by [37]. Therefore, a training program for hatchery managers was initiated at the National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Center (NARDTC), Sagana in 2009 where all hatchery managers were trained on the necessary skills in hatchery operations. Moreover, [37] reports that, to enable fish farmers purchasing catfish seed from government-endorsed hatcheries trust the product, a seed certification and accreditation system was developed [37]. Also notes that, in Kenya, one of the requirements for a hatchery is that the manager should possess a diploma or degree certificate in aquaculture. This is an effort by the government to make hatchery management more professionalized and able to adopt technologies, innovations, and management practices (TIMPS) leading to higher production of quality catfish seed.
The potential of
The author(s) declare that they have no known competing financial or non-financial, professional, or personal conflicts that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
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\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
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\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
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\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
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\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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Their association is unclear. In this chapter, we briefly summarized the epidemiology of liver cirrhosis in stroke, reviewed the current evidence regarding the association between liver cirrhosis and stroke, and discussed the potential mechanisms for explaining such an association, such as coagulopathy, hypoperfusion, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.",book:{id:"7031",slug:"liver-pathology",title:"Liver Pathology",fullTitle:"Liver Pathology"},signatures:"Kexin Zheng, Xiaozhong Guo, Xinhong Wang and Xingshun Qi",authors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}]},{id:"70754",title:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatoblastoma: An Update",slug:"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hepatoblastoma-an-update",totalDownloads:768,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Hepatoblastoma is a rare but the most common solid tumor in children. The incidence is gradually increasing. The international collaboration among four centers in the world has greatly improved the prognosis of hepatoblastoma. They formed the Children’s Hepatic Tumor International Collaboration (CHIC) to standardize the staging system (2017 PRETEXT system) and the risk factors for tumor stratification. Multimodal therapy has become the standard for the management of hepatoblastoma, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, and so on. Surgery is the primary treatment of early stage hepatoblastoma. Three-dimensional reconstruction is helpful for preoperative evaluation of large tumors, assisting extended hepatectomy for patients in PRETEXT III or IV. Neoadjuvant therapy is useful for reducing the tumor volume and increasing the resectability. Primary liver transplantation is recommended for advanced hepatoblastoma. The lungs are the most common metastatic organ, the treatment of which is critical for the patient’s long-term survival. We reviewed the recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatoblastoma.",book:{id:"7031",slug:"liver-pathology",title:"Liver Pathology",fullTitle:"Liver Pathology"},signatures:"Chengzhan Zhu, Bingzi Dong, Xin Chen and Qian Dong",authors:[{id:"232298",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"chengzhan-zhu",fullName:"Chengzhan Zhu"},{id:"312303",title:"Dr.",name:"Bingzi",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"bingzi-dong",fullName:"Bingzi Dong"},{id:"312304",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"qian-dong",fullName:"Qian Dong"},{id:"315908",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xin-chen",fullName:"Xin Chen"}]},{id:"74467",title:"Histopathology of Wilson Disease",slug:"histopathology-of-wilson-disease",totalDownloads:591,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Wilson Disease (WD) is a genetic metabolic disease of copper metabolism. The implicated gene is ATP7B, encodes a P-type ATPase which transports copper. The resultant defective metabolism of copper results in copper accumulation in multiple tissues especially liver, eye and central nervous system. WD occurs worldwide, usually between 5 and 35 years; a wider age range is also reported. Clinical presentations are diverse and include combinations of hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic and psychiatric manifestations. Other organs or tissues may also be affected. Biochemical abnormalities such as serum ceruloplasmin and 24-h urinary copper excretion are important for the diagnosis but are not always abnormal in WD. The liver histopathology has several different patterns from mild nonspecific changes to acute fulminant hepatitis and cirrhosis. Copper histochemistry is helpful in diagnosis. Genetic testing is another diagnostic tool. It is important to diagnose WD because it is fatal when overlooked, curable when diagnosed. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/137436",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"137436"},fullPath:"/profiles/137436",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()