Academic self-efficacy, approach to learning strategy, heteronomous and autonomous academic achievement: descriptive statistics.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4492",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recycling Materials Based on Environmentally Friendly Techniques",title:"Recycling Materials Based on Environmentally Friendly Techniques",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Reducing the amount of solid wastes in landfills is one of the main targets in nowadays wastes treatment. To this direction, there is a great need in finding of smart recycling techniques which should, as is possible, to be environmentally friendly. The intention of this book is to present some recent methods for the recycling of several materials, including plastics and wood, as well as to show the importance of composting of polymers. It targets professionals, recycling companies, researchers, academics and graduate students in the fields of waste management and polymer recycling in addition to chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry and physics. This book comprises 5 chapters covering areas such as, recycling of polystyrene, polyesters, PC, WEEE and wood waste, together with compostable polymers and nanocomposites.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2142-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6379-4",doi:"10.5772/58503",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recycling-materials-based-on-environmentally-friendly-techniques",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"89046e778cd775985aa86339238eede7",bookSignature:"Dimitris S. Achilias",publishedDate:"July 15th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4492.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12242,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 8th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 8th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",middleName:null,surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95620/images/system/95620.png",biography:"Dr. Dimitris S. Achilias is Professor of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Greece. He completed his BSc and Ph.D. in the Chemical Engineering Department, AUTH, in 1985 and 1991, respectively. His research on polymer thermo-chemical recycling, synthesis of polymer nanocomposites, and polymerization/degradation kinetics has resulted in the publication of more than 170 research papers. Dr. Achilias has edited two books on recycling and is a member of the editorial board of the journal Polymers. He has participated in several research projects and holds three patents.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"780",title:"Ecological Engineering",slug:"ecological-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"47821",title:"Recycling of Expanded Polystyrene Using Natural Solvents",doi:"10.5772/59156",slug:"recycling-of-expanded-polystyrene-using-natural-solvents",totalDownloads:3541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kazuyuki Hattori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47821",authors:[{id:"171078",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kazuyuki",surname:"Hattori",slug:"kazuyuki-hattori",fullName:"Kazuyuki Hattori"}],corrections:null},{id:"47855",title:"Hydrothermal Depolymerization of Polyesters and Polycarbonate in the Presence of Ammonia and Amines",doi:"10.5772/59198",slug:"hydrothermal-depolymerization-of-polyesters-and-polycarbonate-in-the-presence-of-ammonia-and-amines",totalDownloads:2135,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshitaka Funazukuri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47855",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47855",authors:[{id:"143381",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshitaka",surname:"Funazukuri",slug:"toshitaka-funazukuri",fullName:"Toshitaka Funazukuri"}],corrections:null},{id:"48137",title:"Chemical and Thermochemical Recycling of Polymers from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment",doi:"10.5772/59960",slug:"chemical-and-thermochemical-recycling-of-polymers-from-waste-electrical-and-electronic-equipment",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dimitris S. Achilias and Eleni V. Antonakou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48137",authors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"}],corrections:null},{id:"48075",title:"Compostable Polymers and Nanocomposites — A Big Chance for Planet Earth",doi:"10.5772/59398",slug:"compostable-polymers-and-nanocomposites-a-big-chance-for-planet-earth",totalDownloads:2269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gity Mir Mohamad Sadeghi and Sayaf Mahsa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48075",authors:[{id:"88081",title:"Dr.",name:"Gity",surname:"Mir Mohamad Sadeghi",slug:"gity-mir-mohamad-sadeghi",fullName:"Gity Mir Mohamad Sadeghi"},{id:"127651",title:"MSc.",name:"Mahsa",surname:"Sayaf",slug:"mahsa-sayaf",fullName:"Mahsa Sayaf"},{id:"171072",title:"MSc.",name:"Azemat",surname:"Miri",slug:"azemat-miri",fullName:"Azemat Miri"}],corrections:null},{id:"47828",title:"Potential for Introduction of Preservative Treated Wood in Wood Waste Recycling Streams and its Prevention",doi:"10.5772/59327",slug:"potential-for-introduction-of-preservative-treated-wood-in-wood-waste-recycling-streams-and-its-prev",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jeffrey J. Morrell",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47828",authors:[{id:"171434",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Morrell",slug:"jeffrey-morrell",fullName:"Jeffrey Morrell"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1536",title:"Material Recycling",subtitle:"Trends and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfec4bb7a34ac069d4b7bcfb5d66a117",slug:"material-recycling-trends-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Dimitris S. Achilias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2190",title:"Biomass Now",subtitle:"Sustainable Growth and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8a1a12b5516a184685e6421805ff25d",slug:"biomass-now-sustainable-growth-and-use",bookSignature:"Miodrag Darko Matovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27708",title:"Dr.",name:"Miodrag Darko",surname:"Matovic",slug:"miodrag-darko-matovic",fullName:"Miodrag Darko Matovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3138",title:"Biomass Now",subtitle:"Cultivation and Utilization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14aa4b6c2eb974aad5a2839688220b04",slug:"biomass-now-cultivation-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Miodrag Darko Matovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27708",title:"Dr.",name:"Miodrag Darko",surname:"Matovic",slug:"miodrag-darko-matovic",fullName:"Miodrag Darko Matovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3540",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ee069d311f4d412f6bbf7180e3a8ea4",slug:"biodegradation-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3540.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2311",title:"Climate Change and Variability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fb02ff1e1671367663032ec44d0cb85",slug:"climate-change-and-variability",bookSignature:"Suzanne Simard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11062",title:"Prof.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"Simard",slug:"suzanne-simard",fullName:"Suzanne Simard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1327",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Emission, Measurement and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f810749db3ab5479aa80cd81c0509033",slug:"greenhouse-gases-emission-measurement-and-management",bookSignature:"Guoxiang Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92642",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoxiang",surname:"Liu",slug:"guoxiang-liu",fullName:"Guoxiang Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2117",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Capturing, Utilization and Reduction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cf4593468574b6d25cf38dea36729b5",slug:"greenhouse-gases-capturing-utilization-and-reduction",bookSignature:"Guoxiang Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92642",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoxiang",surname:"Liu",slug:"guoxiang-liu",fullName:"Guoxiang Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3570",title:"Biodegradation of Hazardous and Special Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29ce0f4a059cb02b060a2b4082ca81e0",slug:"biodegradation-of-hazardous-and-special-products",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3570.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"449",title:"Environmental Impact of Biofuels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"faa4e85fdce130eae4d51d73d23c4816",slug:"environmental-impact-of-biofuels",bookSignature:"Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6625",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Dos Santos Bernardes",slug:"marco-aurelio-dos-santos-bernardes",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73132",slug:"corrigendum-to-soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-ch",title:"Corrigendum to: Soil Erosion Influencing Factors in the Semiarid Area of Northern Shaanxi Province, China",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73132.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73132",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73132",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73132",chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10789",leadTitle:null,title:"Cervical Cancer",subtitle:"A Global Public Health Treatise",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Although it is preventable and curable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer among women worldwide. As such, the World Health Organization adopted a Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative, which aims to eliminate cervical cancer by 2030. This book discusses plans, programs, strategies, solutions, research, and revolutions necessary to achieve this goal. Chapters cover such topics as epidemiology, HPV vaccination, screening and treatment, and prevention and control.",isbn:"978-1-78985-346-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-345-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-004-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94815",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cervical-cancer-a-global-public-health-treatise",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3f7a79875d0d0ae71479de8c60276913",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10789.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1475,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 25th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 10th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Rajkumar is a consultant to the Ohio State University Medical University in Cervical Cancer Screening and an Honorary Member of the Society for Colposcopy & Cervical Pathology of Singapore (SCCPS).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",middleName:null,surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/120109/images/system/120109.png",biography:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar is a scientist at the forefront of cervical cancer and HPV prevention and control. He has an MD in Community Medicine and a Ph.D. in Cancer Epidemiology. He is a professor at Meenakshi Medical College, Kanchipuram, India, and a Ph.D. mentor at Indian medical universities. He was Principal Investigator for one of the largest cervical cancer screening programs in India with the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. Dr. Rajkumar is trained in cancer registry, cancer epidemiology, and colposcopy. He is also a consultant to The Ohio State University Medical Center in cervical cancer screening and an honorary member of the Society for Colposcopy & Cervical Pathology of Singapore.",institutionString:"Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1066",title:"Gynecologic Oncology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-gynecologic-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"78444",title:"Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2030: The “SMASH” Strategy of Raj © A Global Public Health Treatise",slug:"cervical-cancer-elimination-by-2030-the-smash-strategy-of-raj-a-global-public-health-treatise",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}]},{id:"76986",title:"Global Burden of Cervical Cancer",slug:"global-burden-of-cervical-cancer",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"347116",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Alemnju Venceslas",surname:"Tarnju",slug:"alemnju-venceslas-tarnju",fullName:"Alemnju Venceslas Tarnju"}]},{id:"76947",title:"The Role of AI in Cervical Cancer Screening",slug:"the-role-of-ai-in-cervical-cancer-screening",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"346905",title:"M.D.",name:"Bojana",surname:"Turic",slug:"bojana-turic",fullName:"Bojana Turic"},{id:"415311",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaorong",surname:"Sun",slug:"xiaorong-sun",fullName:"Xiaorong Sun"},{id:"415312",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",surname:"Wang",slug:"jian-wang",fullName:"Jian Wang"},{id:"415313",title:"Dr.",name:"Baochun",surname:"Pang",slug:"baochun-pang",fullName:"Baochun Pang"}]},{id:"77238",title:"The Presence of HPV in Dental Calculus: It’s Role in Pathogenesis of Oral and Cervical Cancer",slug:"the-presence-of-hpv-in-dental-calculus-it-s-role-in-pathogenesis-of-oral-and-cervical-cancer",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"347203",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignatius",surname:"Setiawan",slug:"ignatius-setiawan",fullName:"Ignatius Setiawan"},{id:"347234",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natallia",surname:"Pranata",slug:"natallia-pranata",fullName:"Natallia Pranata"},{id:"347640",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunardhi",surname:"Widyaputra",slug:"sunardhi-widyaputra",fullName:"Sunardhi Widyaputra"},{id:"347642",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamas Ari",surname:"Anggraini",slug:"jamas-ari-anggraini",fullName:"Jamas Ari Anggraini"}]},{id:"76966",title:"Preventing Human Papilloma Virus through Community Education and Vaccination",slug:"preventing-human-papilloma-virus-through-community-education-and-vaccination",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"347317",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Celeste",surname:"Baldwin",slug:"celeste-baldwin",fullName:"Celeste Baldwin"},{id:"347318",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",surname:"Rinke",slug:"lisa-rinke",fullName:"Lisa Rinke"}]},{id:"78361",title:"Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control",slug:"cervical-cancer-prevention-and-control",totalDownloads:263,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211130",title:null,name:"Tariku",surname:"Ersado",slug:"tariku-ersado",fullName:"Tariku Ersado"}]},{id:"77827",title:"Insights of Cisplatin Resistance in Cervical Cancer: A Decision Making for Cellular Survival",slug:"insights-of-cisplatin-resistance-in-cervical-cancer-a-decision-making-for-cellular-survival",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"172648",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhumita",surname:"Roy",slug:"madhumita-roy",fullName:"Madhumita Roy"},{id:"347470",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutapa",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"sutapa-mukherjee",fullName:"Sutapa Mukherjee"},{id:"349481",title:"Ms.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Mahapatra",slug:"elizabeth-mahapatra",fullName:"Elizabeth Mahapatra"},{id:"349482",title:"Ms.",name:"Salini",surname:"Das",slug:"salini-das",fullName:"Salini Das"},{id:"349483",title:"Mr.",name:"Souvick",surname:"Biswas",slug:"souvick-biswas",fullName:"Souvick Biswas"},{id:"349485",title:"Mr.",name:"Archismaan",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"archismaan-ghosh",fullName:"Archismaan Ghosh"},{id:"349486",title:"Dr.",name:"Debomita",surname:"Sengupta",slug:"debomita-sengupta",fullName:"Debomita Sengupta"}]},{id:"77729",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-cervical-cancer-1",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"415665",title:"M.D.",name:"Saliha",surname:"Sağnıç",slug:"saliha-sagnic",fullName:"Saliha Sağnıç"}]},{id:"78569",title:"The Importance of the Extracellular Matrix in HPV-Associated Diseases",slug:"the-importance-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-hpv-associated-diseases",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"329854",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Clara",surname:"Bicho",slug:"maria-clara-bicho",fullName:"Maria Clara Bicho"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"951",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedfb0b32d856abf87bdb68b8ce9791c",slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5256",title:"Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:"Research in a Global Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d66d3c0bc41a12be8217ca0cee52b60",slug:"human-papillomavirus-research-in-a-global-perspective",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6421",title:"Cervical Cancer",subtitle:"Screening, Treatment and Prevention - Universal Protocols for Ultimate Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33de90dc3727148b27fc60f4e46f92eb",slug:"cervical-cancer-screening-treatment-and-prevention-universal-protocols-for-ultimate-control",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6421.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5728",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4232ee2dc701c710f42172d09afdc8f",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5728.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8946",title:"Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcd959bb940ca13a13e234d6c569c06d",slug:"human-papillomavirus",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8946.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"760",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Basic Science Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48d061c2a2d650206b6407634887e116",slug:"ovarian-cancer-basic-science-perspective",bookSignature:"Samir A. Farghaly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69680",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Farghaly",slug:"samir-farghaly",fullName:"Samir Farghaly"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3449",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"A Clinical and Translational Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d86076194a3c65286c370cafd587fe7d",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",bookSignature:"Iván Díaz-Padilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2043",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"426f320d45f1f59a331fc4db2c55539d",slug:"ovarian-cancer-clinical-and-therapeutic-perspectives",bookSignature:"Samir A. Farghaly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69680",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Farghaly",slug:"samir-farghaly",fullName:"Samir Farghaly"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4652",title:"Gynecologic Cancers",subtitle:"Basic Sciences, Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b274edf1d53594508a6c5b3b7253f1b",slug:"gynecologic-cancers-basic-sciences-clinical-and-therapeutic-perspectives",bookSignature:"Samir A. Farghaly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4652.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69680",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Farghaly",slug:"samir-farghaly",fullName:"Samir Farghaly"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10342",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25a0adac7f6afa7bcd0b6daa3ef6b538",slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Gwo-Yaw Ho and Kate Webber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10342.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57513",title:"Academic Self-Efficacy, Approach to Learning and Academic Achievement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70948",slug:"academic-self-efficacy-approach-to-learning-and-academic-achievement",body:'Adolescence is an extremely important period in the development and socialisation of a person that provides an individual with many life changes and challenges. Many aspects embodied in a school environment, where an adolescent spends significant time, are of protective nature linked with experiencing and behaviour of an adolescent at later stages. School success is one of them. School success provides a basis for adolescents’ subsequent socialisation into adulthood and is an important predictor of many facets in adolescents’ life paths. Increased income, health and happiness are only some of the many rewards that await the academically high achievers [1]. The National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey [2] shows that young people (from 9th to 12th grade) who do not have signs of the health risk behaviour have received higher grades than those students in the same age who have manifested some level of the health risk behaviour. In the professional literature [3, 4, 5, 6] school success, in the broadest perspective, is perceived as meeting requirements of the society concerning the personality of a pupil/student implemented through a school. Some researches (e.g., see [6]) discuss links between school success and social as well as emotional learning and indicate the fact that in recent years all nations globally face unacceptably high levels of school violence, bullying, truancy, suicides among adolescents and other forms of negative behaviour. According to the authors [6], personal well-being and good relations in a classroom are directly linked with school success. Supporting personal well-being not only decrease the number of cases of depression in childhood, but also enhance school success of students.
Academic achievement is an outcome of the performance that indicates what level of personal and educational goals a student has achieved at school. Schools are primarily focused on cognitive goals (e.g., knowledge, critical thinking) or intellectual domain (e.g., numeracy, literacy, history and science), but academic achievement is a construct with more different domains of learning [7]. In a narrow point of view, academic achievement is the outcome of education as it indicates the extent to which the student, teacher, curricular and indeed the educational institution has achieved the predetermined educational goals [8]. Slavík [9] understood academic achievement as a process of recognising a student’s level of knowledge, working and learning activities.
School success in terms of assessment of educational achievements (acquired knowledge, skills and competences) is analysed in the literature also from the perspective of two approaches: heteronomous and autonomous (e.g., see [6, 10]). The heteronomous evaluation of academic achievements (HAA) is thus an evaluation of educational results “from the outside,” made primarily by a teacher or other actors in the educational process. A school evaluation expressed with a grade is one of methods of the heteronomous evaluation by a teacher and still remains the most common approach to learning outcomes aiming at the greatest possible objectiveness [6]. In the context of objectivity of the heteronomous evaluation as such (in its diverse forms), we would like to note that in order to evaluate a student’s performance, a teacher requires high levels of competences. As one of the most significant characteristics of the heteronomous evaluation as a predictor of school success, in accordance with studies by Lent et al. [11] and Lukášová [5], we consider the method applied to assess education at schools. Evaluation and classification are important parts of the educational process. They provide a student with a feedback and inform about the degree of task completion. A classification serves as an expression of assessment in appropriate grades. Evaluation and classification have motivational and informational components both for a pupil/student and his/her parents and teachers [12]. The heteronomous evaluation of academic achievements by a teacher is linked not only with a student’s performance in standard tests for the relevant school subject and year of study, but also with a teacher’s consideration for a student, his or her performance and qualities and thus also with assigning attributes of personality and reasoning linked with a student’s performance. Grade point averages (GPA) and standardised test scores have long been considered benchmarks for judging students’ academic achievement/success [13, 14, 15]. However, equally important are internal characteristics (e.g., self-efficacy, self-evaluation and motivation) that are highly related to academic achievement/success [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. According to Astin’s Inputs-Environments-Outcomes model (in Ref. [23]), academic successes based on outcomes are viewed as functions of three sets of elements: (1) inputs (family, demographic characteristics and social experiences of students); (2) environment (people, programs, policies, cultures and experiences of students encounter in college/campus); (3) outcomes (knowledge, skills, competencies, beliefs, attitudes, values, personality characteristics and behaviours as they exist after school). York et al. [24] also argue that the academic success is a multidimensional concept comprising the following dimensions: attainment of learning objectives, acquisition of desired skills and competencies, persistence, school satisfaction, academic achievement and career success (post-college performance).
The autonomous evaluation of academic achievement, in contrast to the heteronomous evaluation, is an expression of a comparison between achieved results and assumed objectives, values or criteria made by a student himself or herself, and thus this is an evaluation “from the inside”. The autonomous evaluation is an important factor for experiencing school satisfaction and psychological well-being of a student in school and has a significant motivational component for further acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences with the school environment. It is obvious that the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement is an internal characteristic that is highly related to academic success. College students often make informal evaluations of their own course performance and previous research has shown that the accuracy of these self-evaluations is correlated positively with an actual course achievement [25]. We can associate the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement with a concept of self-assessment. A student’s self-assessment can promote an intrinsic motivation, internally controlled effort, mastery of goal orientation and more meaningful learning. A student’s self-assessment generally involves learners making judgements about their achievements and the outcomes of their learning [26]. Self-assessment is cyclical process [26, 27] and it is formed as a combination of three sub-processes: self-monitoring, self-evaluation and identification and implementation of instructional correctives as needed [27]. Self-assessment plays a significant role in developing self-perceptions that lead to a greater motivation. It is well established that a student’s engagement depends upon student’s self-efficacy beliefs [28].
Self-efficacy is a significant element of the self-regulatory human structure. It develops based on personal experiences linked with own successes, but also with observing other people and reflections on their performance and achievements. Self-efficacy is defined as beliefs in one’s capabilities to organise and execute the courses of action required to produce a given attainment. Self-efficacy beliefs are self-perceptions of capability influencing how people think, feel, motivate themselves and act [16]. Self-efficacy seems to be crucial in both stages of the self-regulation of health behaviour [29]. High self-efficacy, in addition to higher academic achievement and greater dedication to work, fosters elimination of unwanted emotional reactions and those students with higher academic self-efficacy experience less stress in school than those students, who doubt in their efficacy and abilities [16].
Within an academic context, self-efficacy is frequently described in terms of academic self-efficacy, which defines a learner’s judgements about one’s ability to successfully attain educational goals [30]. From the perspective of existing researches, self-efficacy as a significant element of self-regulatory personality is linked with academic achievement [19, 20, 21, 31]. A total of 38 research studies found the positive relationship between the self-efficacy and the academic achievements [32].
Academic self-efficacy is a construct which motivates a student’s learning through the use of such self-regulatory processes as goal setting, self-monitoring, self-evaluation and strategy use. Past research has consistently shown that students’ beliefs about their abilities to successfully perform academic tasks (i.e., academic self-efficacy) predict their actual achievement levels in school [16, 20, 33].
Two decades of research have clearly established the validity of self-efficacy as a predictor of students’ motivation and learning [18]. Perceived self-efficacy is positively correlated with a rate at which a student solves tasks in school (arithmetic tasks in mathematics) [34]. Self-efficacy beliefs also affect the self-evaluation and autonomous evaluation standards which students use to judge the outcomes of their self-monitoring (in our research study as AAA). Self-efficacy beliefs also motivate students’ use of learning strategies [35]. Self-efficacy of students and their self-confidence associated with learning and performance are crucial for their educational achievement [18]. High academic performance is linked with increased self-confidence and presumably it enhances students to accept greater responsibility for successful completion of tasks [36]. Some authors believe that students with higher self-efficacy achieve higher levels; because they are able to deal with cognitive demands more efficiently [37], attempt to focus on master goals [38], perceive their learning as challenges/tasks that are interesting and valuable and apply reasonable learning strategies [39]. Academic self-efficacy strongly related to performance and adjustment, both directly on academic performance and indirectly through expectations and coping perceptions (challenge-threat evaluations) on classroom performance, stress, health and overall satisfaction and commitment to remain in school [19]. Academic self-efficacy and stress are negatively correlated [21] and academic self-efficacy has also been linked to important nonacademic variables, such as depression and prosocial behaviour [30].
Throughout the school year, students receive a continuous feedback from teachers concerning their school performance. Most commonly this feedback includes grades in a form of aforementioned heteronomous assessment. Having higher self-efficacy students work harder on their educational tasks; they are not afraid of difficult tasks and perceive them as challenges, generally, they are successful and consider eventual failures as accidental or temporary, they use higher cognitive processes, work on their tasks more persistently, longer and more consciously [16, 18, 39] in comparison with students, who have doubts about their abilities and competences and who attribute own successes to sheer luck and experience difficulties in achieving higher educational levels and end up with lower levels of self-efficacy [40].
Surface approach to learning is the tacit acceptance of information and memorization as isolated and unlinked facts. It leads to superficial retention of material for examinations and not promotes understanding or long-term retentions of knowledge and information. Biggs [41] argues that the motive (surface motive) that plays a key role in the surface approach is a fear of failure, a student fears that he or she will fail tests or exams, will not learn a given subject on time or will not be able to learn it at all, and thus his or her main motivation is to pass a test or an exam successfully with the minimum effort. A strategy (surface strategy) in the surface approach to learning should be understood as an orientation on an objective set, namely passing the exam. Students with the surface approach to learning are guided rather by external than internal motivations towards learning; they do not distinguish elementary and advanced parts of the curriculum. They understand the curriculum as isolated and mutually unrelated pieces of information, which they are unable to combine and reasonably analyse or synthesise [42, 43]. The problem with their learning is that they do not know how to work with deeper mental operations or choose their learning style (or define which learning style they prefer), and traditional education strengthens this learning strategy among students. As a consequence they learn only formal structures of the curriculum and soon forget even that [44]. The surface learning strategy is a survival technique: a student is simply trying to pass the course with minimal learning [45].
Marton and Säljö [46] first introduced the idea of deep learning. An important deep motive is a genuine internal interest in the curriculum, the subject, when a student searches for relations and logically considers and analyses the studied subject [41, 47]. A deep strategy is to understand the meaning of the curriculum maximally and try to acquire the most comprehensive knowledge and information. Students characterised by this learning strategy apply their knowledge in practice and generally manifest internal motivations towards learning [48]. During the process of acquiring the knowledge, such students divide pieces of information into significant, insignificant, core, additional, develop a structure of the content of the curriculum and apply deeper mental processes [42, 49, 50].
The researchers observed a significant correlation between the deep approach to learning, better academic achievement, high internal motivation, better performance in school [48], self-reflection [51] and higher levels of student self-reported intellectual and personal development [52]. The deep approach to learning has the greatest impact on academic achievement of a student and his or her general success in school. Students who express high academic expectations prefer the deep approach to learning. It seems obvious that application of the surface approach to learning does not support academic achievement of a student. Vrugt and Oort [53] tested a model of efficient self-regulated learning and concluded that using metacognition results in application of the deep approach to learning and consequently in high academic achievement of a student.
In the 3P model, factors on student’s side (prior knowledge, ability and their preferred approaches to learning), teaching context (the nature of the content being taught, methods of teaching and assessment, the institutional climate and procedures and so on), on-task approaches to learning and the learning outcomes, mutually interact, forming a dynamic system, and all of them affects learning of student [47].
In our research, we focused on identification of relation between two intrapsychic factors on a student’s side (academic self-efficacy and learning approach) and their academic achievement (heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement and the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement). We assume that the heteronomous evaluation (expressed by GPA and given by a teacher/teachers) significantly affects the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (expressed in own believes of a student about the knowledge, skills or competence he or she acquired during a school year including own values, priorities and objectives related to learning and education). We assume that academic self-efficacy and approach to learning are significant predictors of heteronomous and autonomous evaluation of academic achievement of adolescents.
The sample consisted of 457 adolescents studying at secondary schools in the Slovak Republic (268 girls, 189 boys) aged from 15 to 18 years (mean age 16.24). We provide data collected at the end of the 2nd grade in public high schools throughout the nation (end of school year 2015/2016). Students’ participation in the research was voluntary (the research battery was administrated personally in 18 high schools). Before administration of research methods, every group of students were given a complete explanation of the research study.
Academic self-efficacy was measured by The Morgan-Jinks Student Efficacy Scale [17], which was designed to acquire information about student efficacy beliefs that is related to school success. The scale consists of 30 items with 3 subscales: talent (15 items), context (9 items) and effort (6 items). All the items are designed using a four-interval scale (from 1 = really agree, 2 = kind of agree, 3 = kind of disagree and 4 = really disagree.). The score for academic self-efficacy was calculated by summing up the scores for the 30 items, after reversing the scores for 9 items (4, 6, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 and 28). Scores for general academic self-efficacy range from minimum 30 to maximum 120, scores for the talent subscale ranges from minimum 15 to maximum 60, scores for the context subscale ranges from minimum 9 to maximum 36 and scores for the effort subscale range from minimum 6 to maximum 24. The reliability of the scale was Cronbach’s alpha = 0.687. The reliability of subscales was: talent: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.720, context: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.601 and effort: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.402.
Heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (HAA) we measured by GPA in whole study subjects in the end of school year 2015/2016. In the Slovak Republic a student’s achievements in individual subjects are measured using the following grades: 1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = sufficient and 5 = poor/unsatisfactory, while the final evaluation in a given subject included in the school report at the end of each school year results from an average of many grades given regularly in relation with achieved results (a teacher can take/takes into account also attributes other than only marks given during the school year). The resulting GPA reflects an average academic achievement calculated on the basis of all end-year grades at a school report (minimum 1, maximum 5).
Autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (AAA) we measured by perceived self-evaluation of academic achievement (expressed by self-perceived quality level of knowledge and skill in whole study subjects in end of school year 2015/2016). The adolescents subjectively rated their success at school at 6-point scale: from excellent to absolutely unsatisfactory. The score for AAA ranges from minimum 1 to maximum 6. The scale was developed by the authors of research study.
Approach to learning (two main scales: deep – DA and surface – SA) we measured by The Revised Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F [47], Slovak version [43], four subscales: deep motive (DM), deep strategy (DS), surface motive (SM) and surface strategy (SS). Each of the subscales consisted of five items. The final version of the questionnaire therefore has two main scales deep approach (DA) and surface approach (SA) with four subscales. It is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never, 2 = occasionally, 3 = sometimes, 4 = usually and 5 = always). The score for the deep approach to learning ranges from minimum 10 to maximum 50, the score for the deep motive subscale ranges from minimum 5 to maximum 25, the score for the deep strategy subscale ranges from minimum 5 to maximum 25, the score for the surface approach to learning ranges from minimum 10 to maximum 50, the score for the surface motive subscale ranges from minimum 5 to maximum 25 and the score for the surface strategy subscale ranges from minimum 5 to maximum 25. The reliability of main scales was: deep approach: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.658, surface approach to learning: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.683. The reliability of subscales was: deep motive: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.616, deep strategy: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.567, surface motive: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.549 and surface strategy: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.548.
For identification of significance of the relationship between research variables, we used Pearson’s correlation coefficient. For identification of significant relationship between a dependent variable (HAA, AAA) and independent variables (predictors), we used linear regression analysis. The statistical significance criterion for our research study is 5% (p ≤ 0.05). For all data analysis, we used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0).
The basic descriptive indicators of all variables considered in our study are presented in Table 1.
N = 457 | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Med.* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic self-efficacy (ASE) | 36 | 106 | 61.23 | 7.69 | 75 |
Talent (ASE-T) | 15 | 60 | 29.50 | 5.73 | 37.50 |
Context (ASE-C) | 15 | 36 | 23.99 | 3.29 | 22.50 |
Effort (ASE-E) | 6 | 12 | 7.73 | 1.44 | 13 |
Deep approach to learning (DA) | 10 | 45 | 27.33 | 5.78 | 30 |
Deep motive (DM) | 5 | 24 | 14.13 | 3.33 | 15 |
Deep strategy (DS) | 5 | 22 | 13.20 | 3.08 | 15 |
Surface approach to learning (SA) | 13 | 47 | 30.91 | 5.49 | 30 |
Surface motive (SM) | 5 | 23 | 15.29 | 3.18 | 15 |
Surface strategy (SS) | 7 | 25 | 15.61 | 3.18 | 15 |
Heteronomous academic achievement (HAA) | 1 | 2.75 | 1.57 | 0.43 | 3 |
Autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (AAA) | 1 | 6 | 2.36 | 0.86 | 3.5 |
Academic self-efficacy, approach to learning strategy, heteronomous and autonomous academic achievement: descriptive statistics.
Median as quantile value of variable in research method.
On the basis of the identified mean of the ASE, we have found out that adolescents in our study achieved a higher academic self-efficacy than the median of this variable is (also talent and effort). In the research variable deep approach to learning is the mean value below the median (also deep motive and deep strategy); for the surface approach to learning the mean value is almost equal to median (also surface motive and surface strategy). Academic achievements evaluated by teachers (HAA) and by adolescents (AAA) are better than the median for the both variables is.
From the perspective of academic self-efficacy (ASE) and its factors (talent, context and effort), we have identified significant relations between this variable and (Table 2):
Deep approach to learning (p < 0.001), and from the perspective of individual factors combined in the deep approach to learning among adolescents (deep motive and deep strategy), both these factors significantly correlate with ASE, talent and effort. We have recorded no significant correlation with the context factor. We have identified that the higher academic self-efficacy an adolescent has, the more he or she applies the deep approach to learning.
Heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (p < 0.001), and all three factors combined in the academic self-efficacy (talent, context, effort) strongly correlate with HAA. We have observed that the higher academic self-efficacy an adolescent has, the better the results of his or her education expressed in GPA at the end of a school year are.
Autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (p < 0.001), and all three factors combined in the academic self-efficacy (talent, context and effort) strongly correlate with AAA. We thus conclude that the higher the academic self-efficacy of an adolescent is, the better the subjective evaluation of achieved academic results, based on assessment of acquired information, skills and competences in individual subject, is as well (they perceive a significantly greater set of information, skills and competences in a given school year).
N = 457 | ASE | Talent | Context | Effort | DA | DM | DS | SA | SM | SS | HAA | AAA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASE | Pearson | ||||||||||||
Sig. | — | ||||||||||||
Talent | Pearson | 0.885*** | — | ||||||||||
Sig. | 0.000 | — | |||||||||||
Context | Pearson | 0.547*** | 0.131** | — | |||||||||
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.005 | — | ||||||||||
Effort | Pearson | 0.568*** | 0.448*** | 0.110* | — | ||||||||
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | — | |||||||||
DA | Pearson | −0.285*** | −0.263*** | −0.078 | −0.300*** | — | |||||||
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.097 | 0.000 | — | ||||||||
DM | Pearson | −0.375*** | −0.368*** | −0.086 | −0.340*** | 0.910*** | — | ||||||
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | |||||||
DS | Pearson | −0.130** | −0.095* | −0.053 | −0.196*** | 0.894*** | 0.629*** | — | |||||
Sig. | 0.005 | 0.042 | 0.256 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | ||||||
SA | Pearson | 0.016 | 0.016 | −0.004 | 0.028 | −0.307*** | −0.255*** | −0.301*** | — | ||||
Sig. | 0.739 | 0.729 | 0.930 | 0.548 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | |||||
SM | Pearson | 0.042 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.104* | −0.346*** | −0.277*** | −0.350*** | 0.862*** | — | |||
Sig. | 0.368 | 0.612 | 0.805 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | ||||
SS | Pearson | −0.015 | 0.004 | −0.019 | −0.055 | −0.184*** | −0.163*** | −0.170*** | 0.863*** | 0.489*** | — | ||
Sig. | 0.746 | 0.928 | 0.691 | 0.238 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | — | |||
HAA | Pearson | 0.406*** | 0.402*** | 0.132** | 0.267*** | −0.161** | −0.176*** | −0.113* | 0.143** | 0.171*** | 0.076 | — | |
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.106 | — | ||
AAA | Pearson | 0.426*** | 0.451*** | 0.109* | 0.230*** | −0.171*** | −0.201*** | −0.103* | 0.105* | 0.097* | 0.084 | 0.671*** | — |
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.025 | 0.037 | 0.073 | 0.000 | — |
Academic self-efficacy, learning strategy and academic achievement: correlation analysis.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
When it comes to mutual relations of the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (GPA), we have found out that it significantly correlates, in addition to academic self-efficacy (and its three factors: talent, context and effort), also with other variables (the only exception is the surface strategy subscale), while the better is the assessment of a student at the end of a school year (as expressed in GPA), the more a student prefers the deep approach to learning (including both factors: deep motive and deep strategy) and the less he or she prefers the surface approach to learning (with factors only at the level of surface motive).
Within the analysis of mutual relations between heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement and autonomous evaluation of academic achievement we have identified a significant correlation (p < 0.001).
In the first step of our research we determined participants’ heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement by the academic self-efficacy (and factors of ASE), deep approach to learning (and factors of DA) and surface approach to learning (and factors of SA) as our independent variables. All independent variables are included into the presage factors in students ‘3P’ model of teaching and learning [47]. We note that these independent variables are not all “internal” factors on the side of a student which influence learning and education process, but our intention is to identify their predictive effect to heteronomous (in second step autonomous) evaluation of academic achievement of adolescents.
Findings focused on the academic self-efficacy (ASE) and factors of ASE as predictors of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement are shown in Table 3. We found out that a student’s academic self-efficacy significantly predicts the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement, variance in factors of ASE shows that only two factors: talent and effort are meaningful predictors. Academic self-efficacy explains 16.5% of the variability of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASE | 0.406 | 0.165 | 89.770*** | 0.023 | 0.406 | 9.475*** |
ASE: Talent | 0.420 | 0.177 | 32.395*** | 0.026 | 0.346 | 7.219*** |
ASE: Context | 0.010 | 0.075 | 1.738 | |||
ASE: Effort | 0.031 | 0.104 | 2.180* |
Academic self-efficacy (and factors of ASE) as predictor of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (HAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
Findings related to preferred deep approach to learning (and factors of DA: deep motive and deep strategy) as a predictor of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement are shown in Table 4. We note that preferred deep approach to learning significantly predicts the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (variance in factors of DA shows that only one factor: deep motive is a meaningful predictor). But the deep approach to learning explains only 2.6% of the variability of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 0.161 | 0.026 | 12.139*** | −0.012 | 0.003 | −3.484*** |
DM | 0.176 | 0.031 | 7.256*** | −0.022 | −0.174 | −2.928** |
DS | 0.000 | −0.003 | −0.052 |
Deep approach to learning (and factors of DA) as predictor of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (HAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
According to Table 5, we identified that the preferred surface approach to learning significantly predicts the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (variance in factors of SA shows that only one factor: surface motive is a meaningful predictor). But the surface approach to learning explains only 2.0% of the variability of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement.
In the second step of our research we determined participants’ autonomous evaluation of academic achievement by the academic self-efficacy (and factors of ASE), approach to learning (deep and surface and factors of DA and SA) and heteronomous evaluation of academic of achievement.
Findings related to academic self-efficacy and factors of ASE as predictors of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement are shown in Table 6. We found out that a student’s academic self-efficacy significantly predicts the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement. Academic self-efficacy explains 18.2% of the variability of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement. Variance in factors of ASE shows that only one factor: talent is a meaningful predictor.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASE | 0.426 | 0.182 | 100.919*** | .048 | 0.426 | 10.046*** |
ASE: Talent | 0.455 | 0.207 | 39.437*** | 0.065 | 0.431 | 9.165*** |
ASE: Context | 0.013 | 0.049 | 1.162 | |||
ASE: Effort | 0.019 | 0.032 | 0.681 |
Academic self-efficacy (and factors of ASE) as predictor of autonomous academic achievement (AAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
On the base of findings represented in Table 7, we note that preferred deep approach to learning significantly predicts the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (variance in factors of DA shows that only one factor: deep motive is a meaningful predictor). The deep approach to learning explains only 2.9% of the variability of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 0.171 | 0.029 | 13.688*** | −0.026 | −0.171 | −3.700*** |
DM | 0.203 | 0.041 | 9.793*** | −0.059 | −0.225 | −3.810*** |
DS | 0.011 | 0.038 | 0.646 |
Deep approach to learning (and factors of DA) as predictor of autonomous academic achievement (AAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
According to research findings in Table 8, we identified that preferred surface approach to learning significantly predicts the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement, but the surface approach to learning explains only 1.1% of the variability of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | 0.105 | 0.011 | 5.082* | 0.017 | 0.105 | 2.254* |
SM | 0.106 | 0.011 | 2.577 | 0.020 | 0.074 | 1.384 |
SS | 0.013 | 0.048 | 0.893 |
Surface approach to learning (and factors of SA) as predictor of autonomous academic achievement (AAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
Findings related to heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement as a predictor of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement are shown in Table 9. The heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (the average of the marks, rating by teachers, in all subjects in the end-year report: as GPA) is a strong predictor of the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement. The heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement explains 45.00% of the variability of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement. The final model tested through individual steps of impact of independent variables of our research on the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement is presented in Table 10. The academic self-efficacy of adolescents and the heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement by teachers were shown as best/strongest predictors of autonomous evaluation of academic achievement.
Heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (HAA) as predictor of autonomous academic achievement (AAA).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | ASE | 0.426 | 0.182 | 100.919*** | 0.048 | 0.426 | 10.046*** |
Step 2 | ASE | 0.438 | 0.192 | 35.812*** | 0.047 | 0.418 | 9.453*** |
DA | −0.004 | −0.024 | −0.512 | ||||
SA | 0.014 | 0.091 | 2.050* | ||||
Step 3 | ASE | 0.692 | .479 | 103.732*** | 0.020 | 0.179 | 4.642*** |
DA | −0.003 | −0.021 | −0.558 | ||||
SA | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.307 | ||||
HAA | 1.196 | 0.593 | 15.771*** |
Autonomous academic achievement (dependent variable): final model.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
In the last step of our research, we determined participants’ academic self-efficacy (and factors of ASE) by autonomous academic achievement of the academic as our independent variable.
The autonomous evaluation of academic achievement is a strong predictor of the academic self-efficacy of students in adolescence (and all factors of ASE, too, Table 11). The autonomous evaluation of academic achievement explains 18.2% of the variability of academic self-efficacy of adolescents.
Variable | R | R2 | F | B | Beta | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASE | 0.426 | 0.182 | 100.919*** | 3.782 | 0.426 | 10.046*** |
ASE: talent | 0.451 | 0.204 | 116.423*** | 2.985 | 0.451 | 10.790*** |
ASE: context | 0.109 | 0.012 | 5.486* | 0.416 | 0.109 | 2.342* |
ASE: effort | 0.230 | 0.053 | 25.427*** | 0.382 | 0.230 | 5.042*** |
Autonomous academic achievement (AAA) as predictor of academic self-efficacy (ASE, factors of ASE).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
Figure 1 presents a model of impact of academic self-efficacy and approach to learning on heteronomous or autonomous assessment of academic achievement we have developed based on results of our research. In this study, we have identified mutual relations between variables (relying on the model by Biggs et al. [47]) and impacts of selected educational factors depending on a student (namely an academic self-efficacy of a student and an approach to learning he or she prefers) on the academic achievement which, in our opinion, should be perceived from two perspectives: heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement and autonomous evaluation of academic achievement. We assumed that heteronomous evaluation expressed in grades given by a teacher/teachers as a consequence of achieved learning results significantly affects the autonomous evaluation of academic achievement (expressed in a student’s own beliefs about knowledge, skills or competences acquired during the school year taking into account own assessment, priorities and objectives associated with learning and education).
Model of impact of academic self-efficacy, approach to learning on heteronomous and autonomous evaluation of academic achievement of adolescents.
Our assumption about the correlation between all examined variables was confirmed in accordance with the model by Biggs et al. [47], and our findings also confirm conclusions of studies performed by Floyd et al. [45]. The only exception was a characterological variable of “presage students factors”: surface approach to learning, where we observed no significant correlation with the academic self-efficacy. Looking for mutual relations of the academic self-efficacy (and its subscales) and preferred approach to learning (deep and surface and their respective subscales related to motivation and strategy: except for the surface strategy subscale) with academic achievement (heteronomous and autonomous) we have reported significant correlations. We are convinced that verified relations between academic self-efficacy, approach to learning and academic achievement are important for health cognitive functions of adolescents and promote health behaviour (similarly [2, 16, 19, 29]).
In relation to the variables that constitute a group of the so-called presage students factors we have identified that both academic self-efficacy and preferred approach to learning (deep or surface) are significant predictors of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement, as evaluated from the outside: that is the output evaluation of academic achievements in learning subjects with a grade provided by teachers on a school certificate at the end of each school year. The conclusion that academic self-efficacy influences academic achievement was confirmed also by numerous other researchers [16, 20, 21].
We have recorded a significant predicative correlation of heteronomous evaluation of academic achievement (measured by GPA) on autonomous evaluation of academic achievement that serves as an expression of students’ perception of acquired knowledge, skills and competences within school subjects (their educational progress). Furthermore, we have found out that autonomous evaluation of academic achievement is a significant predictor of academic self-efficacy: and the more positively students evaluate the level of acquired knowledge, skills and competences, the higher their academic self-efficacy is. Similarly, Stankov [54] also concludes that there is a real difference between our actual ability to solve problems in a study (study subjects) and what we think our ability level in a particular domain is. People also think that they are good (self-concept) in some study subject (e.g., in English) and they are bad in other (e.g., in mathematics) and may be afraid (anxious) when solving problems in the study subject in which are bad. When shown bad study subject problems our self-efficacy is also affected to some extent by what we believe our strengths and weaknesses are and by our previous experiences with similar problems. Obviously, what we believe about ourselves does matter when we are engaged in academic pursuits and it may play an important role in, for example, the selection of the academic discipline for study and in career choice. Self-confidence is related to our self-beliefs and it is also related to cognitive performance.
The implication is that researchers and teachers should be looking for students beliefs about their educational capabilities, because they are important components of motivation and of academic achievement. Based on our research findings as well as on a previously published study [10], we conclude that when students believe in their success in a given school subject (e.g., Slovak language, English language, Mathematics or any other subject) or generally believe in their good academic achievements, they demonstrate high levels of academic self-efficacy. The self-efficacy beliefs are important as through them the learning processes, motivations, passion and selectiveness regulates the individual’s use in different areas [55]. An important factor, however, in this process is the heteronomous evaluation by a teacher that affects autonomous evaluation of academic achievement on a student’s side as a part of his or her metacognition process.
A teacher plays an important role in providing opportunities for students to be successful. Our study implies that the impact of educational factors depending on a student, particularly the factor of academic self-efficacy of a student and the selection of preferred approach to learning combined with heteronomous and autonomous evaluation contributes to the general school success. Each teacher who provides a student with heteronomous evaluation should take into account that this evaluation significantly affects both student’s autonomous evaluation and his or her self-efficacy. Therefore, a teacher should not focus on failures of a student or areas, where a student does not excel and should not stress them in his or her evaluation. Such assessment decreases self-evaluation related to academic achievement, leads to lower self-efficacy perceived by a student and thus creates a kind of vicious circle. A teacher providing heteronomous evaluation should concentrate primarily on a student’s strengths, stimulate his or her development and highlight individual and personal potential of a student followed by positive feedback, evaluation and praise. As a consequence a teacher should act with a view to increase a student’s self-efficacy and work on enhancing his or her self-confidence. A positive evaluation by a teacher stimulates also better autonomous evaluation of a student’s own achievements, which, in turn, positively influences high academic self-efficacy. Furthermore, the high academic self-efficacy results in preferences for deep approach to learning. Through this mechanism a student is more successful in school. This is, therefore, a single dynamic complex of impacts of factors that result in school success of adolescents. We believe that a positive gradation of this dynamic complex that constitutes a part of the general school success of adolescents is a foundation of a student’s deep faith in his or her own strengths. This, in turn, significantly affects student’s further professional orientation and predetermines his or her future choices.
We realise that the limit for full generalisation of research findings is that the research sample was not a random sample. The participation of the students in adolescent age in the research was voluntary. On the other side we administrated research methods in 18 high schools in all regions of Slovakia and only 3 addressed students did not participate in the research. The limit for the in-depth analysis of descriptive indicators of our research is that research methods are used experimentally in Slovakia and there are no relevant norms for the Slovak population of adolescents. On the other hand we find out good reliability of used research methods.
Rabies is the oldest known zoonotic fatal viral disease that affects only warm-blooded mammals. The rabies virus (RABV) infects the central nervous system transmitted through direct contact (such as through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with saliva or brain/nervous system tissue by an infected animal.
RABV almost exclusively infects neurons and eventually causing disease in the brain and death. The virus particle binds cell-surface receptors and follows the endosomal pathway. The virus’s life cycle then advances, and following several days or months, the virus enters the peripheral nerves (Figure 1). It is then transported to the central nervous system by retrograde flow in the axons [1].
Pathogenesis and spread of rabies virus in animals from the bite site to the central nervous system.
People usually get rabies from the bite of a rabid animal. Around 99% of human cases of rabies are due to dog bites or rarely from non-bite exposures, which include scratches, abrasions, or open wounds. RABV can infect any mammal. However, animal species reported to be involved in the transmission of rabies to domestic farm animals are dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and vampire bats (Figure 2).
Rabies virus transmission cycle in bats, terrestrial animals, and livestock.
The species of livestock and the carnivores that transmit RABV to them vary from geographical area to another. For instance, according to Kasem et al. (2019), camels, sheep and goats are the most affected species among farm animals by rabies (21.5%, 16.5%, and 16.5%, respectively) and foxes and wolves (11.4% and 2.5%, respectively) are the most common wild animals infected with rabies in Saudi Arabia (Figure 3). Table 1 show reported animal rabies cases according to the reviewed articles in some Asian, African, European, and Latin American countries.
Suspected and confirmed cases of rabies in animals in Saudi Arabia recorded between 2010 and 2017 (modified from
Country | Animal species | Reference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dog | Cattle | Goat | Sheep | Equidae | Camel | Pig | Fox | ||
10 | 1 | 1 (Horse) | Uddin et al. [2] | ||||||
384 | 290 | 355 | Islam et al. [3] | ||||||
1 | Kumar and Jindal [4] | ||||||||
3 | Preethi et al. [5] | ||||||||
6788 | 915 | 233 | 13 | Pushpakumara et al. [6] | |||||
20 | Jiang et al. [7] | ||||||||
21 | 15 | Liu et al. [8] | |||||||
36 | Zhu et al. [9] | ||||||||
374 | 442 | 122 | 60 | 14 (Horses) | 21 | Devleesschauwer et al. (2016) | |||
6 | Simani et al. [10] | ||||||||
12 | Mohammadpour et al. [11] | ||||||||
8 | Al-Rawashdeh et al. [12] | ||||||||
2 | 312* | 40 | 47 | Al-Abaidani et al. (2015) | |||||
22 | Ahmed et al. [13] | ||||||||
7114 | 8 | 1 | 1 | Putra [14] | |||||
34 | 26 | 26 | 34 | 18 | Kasem et al. [15] | ||||
15 | 6 | 4 | 1 | Omodo et al. [16] | |||||
83 | Ali et al. (2004) | ||||||||
1158 | 172 | 501 | 82 | 33(Horses), 467 (Donkeys) | 79 | Ali, et al. [17] | |||
708 | 76 | 184 | 111 | 12 (Horses), 277 (Donkeys) | 60 | Ali, et al. (2009) | |||
64 | 53 | 34 | 28 | 26 (Horses) | 11 | Baraa et al. [18], | |||
5 | Abbas and Omer [19], | ||||||||
1 | 1 | 6 | Ahmed et al. [20], | ||||||
4 | 1 | 1 | 4 (Donkeys) | Ali [21] | |||||
1951 | Nibret [22] | ||||||||
1434 | Reta, et al. [23] | ||||||||
1724 | 37 | 13 (Horses), 19 Donkey | Oyda and Megersa [24] | ||||||
28 | 12 | 5 | 3 (Horses) | Mulugeta et al. [25] | |||||
2796 | 1192 | 280 (sheep & goat) | 113 | 1 | 17 | Bitek et al. [26] | |||
2458 | 2390 | 331(sheep & goat) | 1455 (Horses) | 9 | Darkaoui et al. [27] | ||||
667 | 98 | Matter et al. (2015) | |||||||
1 | Kaltungo et al. (2018) | ||||||||
1 | Ibrahim et al. [28] | ||||||||
5 | 1 | 1 | Tekki et al. [29] | ||||||
9 | Suluku et al. [30] | ||||||||
3 | Tasiame et al. (2016) | ||||||||
644 | 592 | 131 | Hikufe et al. (2019) | ||||||
62 | 36 | 11* | 13 (Horses) | 314 | Xiaoyue et al. (2018) | ||||
2 | Pessoa et al. [31] | ||||||||
6 | Moreira et al. [32] | ||||||||
1037 | Bárcenas-Reyes et al. [33] | ||||||||
154 | Gilbert et al. [34] | ||||||||
3731 | 6740 | 4347 | Botvinkin and Kosenko [35] | ||||||
215 | 129 | 734 | Botvinkin and Kosenko [35] | ||||||
566 | 2281 | Westerling et al. [36] | |||||||
183 | 638 | 802 | Westerling et al. [36] | ||||||
131 | 81 | 566 | Westerling et al. [36] | ||||||
78 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 226 | Polupan et al. [37] |
Reported animal rabies cases according to the reviewed articles in some Asian, African, European, and Latin American countries.
Both sheep and goats.
The circulation of rabies virus among livestock has extraordinarily influenced endeavors to control the disease in humans as these animals are in regular contact with individuals. Additionally, affected livestock pose a potential risk to veterinarians and farmers, which underline the importance of applying rabies control measures to humans [15]. Rabies is a transmissible disease among animals causing economic losses directly or indirectly on the local and national economy. Due to their total reliance on livestock for their livelihoods, the losses due to rabies are relatively high for pastoral peoples in rural areas of the world due to their total dependence on livestock. Nevertheless, rabies in livestock remains underreported in developing countries because most of these countries lack adequate and efficient reporting systems and only clinical diagnosis is accessible.
Hampson et al. [38] estimated the economic costs of canine rabies to be 8.6 billion USD, mainly due to loss of productivity due to premature deaths, costs of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and income loss for seeking PEP. Costs of Livestock deaths were 512 million USD per year, especially in livestock-dependent African economies (e.g., Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania) and Asia (China, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan). In Bhutan, rabies results in loss of cattle and their production, thus causing direct economic losses to the farmers besides a cost to the government due to managing outbreaks and provision of mass rabies PEP [39]. Most rabies human deaths were in Asia and Africa. Estimated rabies human deaths worldwide annually are 55,000, about 31,000 in Asia and 24,000 in Africa. In Bangladesh, dogs bit nearly 100,000 people, with at least 2,000 rabies deaths in 2009 [40].
Besides its public health significance, the occurrence of rabies in domestic animals (cattle, sheep, and goats), which are the source of food and income to the poor rural people, had raised its economic importance. The authors reviewed a report stating that the incidence of rabies in livestock is re-emerging disease reported in rabies endemic and free countries [29].
During the eclipse phase after infection, the rabies virus replicates in non-nervous tissue such as muscle. After several days or months, the virus enters the peripheral nerves and is transported to the central nervous system and then disseminated within the CNS and the highly innervated tissues, resulting in clinical signs. Most of the virus is found in nervous tissue, salivary glands, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which should all be handled with extreme caution. As there are neither gross pathognomonic lesions nor specific and constant clinical signs for rabies, confirmatory laboratory diagnosis must be performed [41]. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies is based on the direct detection of rabies viral antigen using different histopathological and serological techniques with the dominance of fluorescent antibody test (FAT) (Figure 4). RABV infection induces the formation of cytosolic protein aggregates called Negri Bodies (NBs) detected by histopathology. However, this test is no longer recommended for diagnosis [41]. Brain samples are tested using the rapid immuno-chromatographic and direct Fluorescent Antibody assay in Nigeria [28, 29]. In China, FAT and RT/PCR are used for diagnosing rabies [8]. Real-time PCR is used as well in different laboratories [30]. Diagnosis of rabies is performed in Ethiopia by animal inoculation, cell cultures, serological tests, histological examination, molecular methods, and immunohistochemistry [42].
Direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA), brain impression smears (source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)).
In Iran, laboratory diagnosis of rabies is practiced using different techniques, antigen in saliva using mouse inoculation test (MIT), fluorescence antibody test (FAT) and rapid tissue cell inoculation test (RTCIT). Antibodies against rabies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using mouse neutralization test (MNT) [10].
It is important to remember that in developed countries, where canine rabies is eliminated, the virus may circulate in wildlife. In contrast, in most developing countries, the principal reservoir is dogs. The major rabies control strategies are vaccination of susceptible animals, mainly dogs and cats, elimination or control of stray dogs, and pre- and post-exposure vaccination of humans at risk. For rabies vaccination in animals, inactivated virus (for companion animals and livestock), live attenuated virus (for wildlife and free-roaming dogs), or recombinant vaccines (for wildlife, cats, and dogs) are used [41]. In China, local rabies vaccines have been used for emergency immunization of beef and dairy cattle and Bactrian (two-humped) camels [8]. In Ukraine, vaccination of domestic dogs and cats, besides oral vaccination of wild animals, mainly foxes, is adopted to control rabies [37]. In Latin America, due to attacks of bats, rabies is a significant problem, especially in cattle; many countries tend to vaccinate cattle but with an inadequate response from owners. In Guatemala, cattle vaccination coverage was estimated to be 11% [34]. In Latin America (e.g., Guatemala), vampire bat control activities (poisoning or culling) are used to control rabies in cattle, besides vaccination of cattle, although it is not widely used due to high cost [34]. In Morocco, free annual rabies vaccination campaigns for dogs are practiced; nevertheless, only around 6% vaccination coverage rate is achieved. Elimination of stray dogs is done by shooting or using strychnine poison [43]. In Algeria, a mean of 131 positive dog rabies cases were reported annually; this is considered extremely high compared to neighboring Tunisia and Morocco. Elimination of stray dogs and vaccination of canines are the main control measures adopted [44].
Vaccination of livestock in affected areas was implemented in 2012 in Bela Vista city, Arkansas state, USA, where a rabies outbreak was reported. More than 200 cattle were vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine to prevent the disease in bovine, equine, goat, and sheep (reviewed by [29]).
Cattle, like other warm-blooded animals, are susceptible to rabies infection. The incidence of rabies in cattle is variable according to the management system.
The incidence of rabies in cattle is continuously reported worldwide. In India and Bangladesh, cattle were found to be the most affected domestic animals with rabies [2]. Cattle were the first most likely livestock tested positive for rabies in Mongolia [45]. Rabies was considered one of the most common infectious diseases affecting cattle and is most reported in cattle in Bhutan [39]. In Sri Lanka, cattle were the second most clinically diagnosed species with rabies during 2005–2014 [6]. In China, during 2004–2018, results of a rabies survey showed that cattle were the second most (12.5%) affected species according to rabies laboratory-confirmed cases [46]. In India, rabies’ prevalence was 61.4% in cattle and buffalo [47]. In Nepal, cattle and buffalo appeared to be the most affected species even than dogs [48]. According to Bárcenas-Reyes et al. (2019), there is an increase in rabies cases in humans and cattle in Latin America and the Caribbean. Taghreed and Asmaa [49] reviewed some published rabies reports in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Algeria, Iraq, and Yemen. Dogs were the main rabies reservoir, and the disease was found in camels, foxes, cattle, sheep, and goats. Dogs, cattle, and humans are the most common hosts for rabies in Ethiopia. Cattle come second to dogs [24]. Out of 48 animal deaths of rabies, cattle (28) were more affected than other animal species [25]. The same picture was reported in Nigeria [29]. In Kenya, cattle were found to be the second most rabies-affected species.
Within samples submitted for rabies diagnosis, those of cattle, goats, sheep, and horses showed a higher percentage of positivity than dog and cat ones [26]. In Namibia, cattle rabies cases are second to dogs during 2011–2017 [50], also in Uganda during 2011–2013 [16]. In South Africa, rabies has been mainly diagnosed in dogs (52%), followed by (34%) cattle [51]. In a review about rabies in Morocco, most of the reviewed reports showed that cattle were found to be the second most affected animal after dogs [27, 52].
In Euro-Asia and Europe, until 2001, cattle were the first rabies affected species in the Russian Federation, second in Belarus [35], the first one in Lithuania, the second one in Latvia, and the third after dogs and cats in Estonia [36]. In Guatemala, 154 cattle rabies due to vampire bat bites were reported (reviewed by [34]). In the United States, Canada, and Mexico, few cases were reported in cattle [53]. The same situation showing a very few reported rabies cases in cattle in Ukraine during 2012–2016 was reported [37].
The paralytic form of rabies is the main sign in cattle, but some animals also show depression and excitation [54]. Foaming, bellowing, hitting and biting any object, hazing at humans and other cows were reported in Sierra Leone [30]. In Peru, abortive rabies cases were reported, rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 11% of cattle in areas of vampire bats, no deaths were observed in those animals within two years [55]. The observed clinical signs of rabies in cattle in two localities in India and Bangladesh were aggression, mania, profuse salivation, frenzy, and restlessness [2].
Rabies virus is transmitted mainly through bites from rabid dogs, which accounts for over 90% of confirmed rabies cases [29]. However, according to Acha [56], rabies affecting bovines is primarily a problem of the southern area of the Hemisphere where vampire bats transmit it. In Africa, domestic dogs are the essential reservoir and transmitter of rabies to humans and other domestic animals [22, 57]. However, according to Warrell [58], jackals are the reservoir species in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and bat-eared foxes in northern South Africa.
Rabies is transmitted to cattle mainly by the bite of rabid dogs in Bhutan [39]. In China, dogs are the primary transmitters, while in border areas, wild foxes are [46]; camels and wild foxes were reported to transmit rabies to cattle [8]. In Saudi Arabia, the main reservoirs of rabies are reported to be foxes and wild dogs [15].
In Europe, the increase in rabies cases in domestic animals like cattle, sheep, horses, cats, and dogs is associated with increased disease incidence in red foxes. Wild animals are reported as a cause for more than 90% of the animal rabies cases in the U.S. and Canada in 2010 [59]. Foxes are the main affected animals and the source of rabies infection in Ukraine [37]. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the main transmitter of rabies is the blood-sucking bat [33, 54]. In Colombia, the major transmitters, reservoirs, and vectors of the rabies are insectivorous, frugivorous and hematophagous bats; Vampire bat, which appeared as the main rabies reservoir from Mexico to South America [60].
Cattle can transmit rabies to humans as well as other animals. In Iran, a case of human rabies due to contact with the saliva of rabid cattle was reported [10].
In Ethiopia, of 48 animal deaths of rabies, 12 were goats which were the second more affected animal species [25]. In Sudan, a review on rabies showed that goats were the most rabies-affected species after dogs, as clear from previous reports [17, 18, 61, 62]. In Kenya, the third most rabies-affected species were sheep and goats [26]. The same situation was reported in Morocco [27] and Namibia [50]. In South Africa, rabies-diagnosed cases in goats were the third-highest figures after dogs and cattle [51]. The same situation was reported in Uganda during 2011–2013 [16].
Reported dog bite in goats was higher than in cattle in Bangladesh [3]. The reported prevalence of rabies in goats in India was 48.7% [47]. Sheep and goats showed the third-highest positivity reported for rabies diagnosis in Oman [63]. In Saudi Arabia during 2010–2017, confirmed rabies cases in goats were the third-highest number following dogs and camels [15]. In Sri Lanka, goats were the third most species that clinically rabies diagnosed during 2005–2014 [6]. In Nepal, goats were the fourth most affected species [48]. However, Uddin et al. (2015) reported that goats showed a low level of rabies prevalence (0.5%) in Bangladesh.
Compared to other species, a low number of cases were reported in goats in United States, Canada, and Mexico [53]. A very few rabies cases in goats in Ukraine were reported during 2012–2016 [37]. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 5% of goats in areas of vampire bats in Peru, seropositive animals remained healthy for further two years suggesting abortive rabies infection [55].
Rabid Saanen buck presenting depression, somnolence and abnormal standing position (source: [
Uddin et al. (2015) reported that in Bangladesh, profuse salivation and restlessness were the only observed clinical signs of rabies in goats. The authors reviewed other reports describing salivation (16%) and restlessness (3%), others reporting 100% for salivation, behavioral change, or mania, 70% for aggression or hyperesthesia. In Nigeria, Restlessness, agitation, and aggression were observed in rabies-affected goats [29]. A paralytic form of rabies was reported in goats in Brazil [54]. The same picture was reported in Brazil, where six goats bitten by bats showed apathy, isolation from the herd, sternal and lateral recumbency. Previously reported clinical signs showed that the furious form of rabies is more commonly appears in goats, aggressiveness occurs in 83%, excessive bleating in 72%, salivation in 29%, and paralysis in 17% of cases (Figure 5) [32]. In Nigeria, a case of rabies in goat was presented with nibbling on the metal fence, foamy salivation, excessive bloating, and inability to eat or drink [64].
Dogs are the primary rabies transmitter to goats; rabies reservoirs are variable in different countries. Canine rabies is dominant in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, where bats play an increasing role in the latter. In North America and Europe, canine rabies has been greatly eliminated; rabies is maintained in wildlife, as reviewed by Tilahun et al. [65]. In Bali, dogs are the primary source of rabies infection to human and domestic animals [14]. Most reported rabies cases in goats were due to dog attacks, especially in African and Asian countries [3, 16, 18, 21, 47]. Sheep and goats accounted for a meager percentage as a source of rabies infection for humans in Ethiopia [23].
In Kenya, sheep and goats were the third most rabies-affected species [26]. The same situation was reported in Morocco [27] and Namibia [50]. In South Africa, rabies diagnosed in sheep were the fourth-highest figures after dogs, cattle, and goats [51]. In Oman, sheep and goats showed the third-highest positivity reported for rabies diagnosis [63]. During 2004–2018 in China, it was noticed that sheep were the third most (9.7%) affected species [46]. Confirmed rabies in sheep was the third-highest number following dogs and camels in Saudi Arabia during 2010–2017 [15]. Within the affected species, a low number of cases was reported in sheep in United States, Canada, and Mexico [53].
In sheep, attacking people and other animals besides other abnormal behavior was seen in Nigeria [29]. In Nigeria, observed clinical signs in a rabid ewe were aggressiveness, restlessness, corneal opacity, muscular tremor, hydrophobia, and salivation [57]. In an outbreak of rabies in sheep in China, clinical signs observed were arched back, tremors, and a swimming movement of all four limbs, followed by paralysis and death [9]. A paralytic form of rabies was reported in sheep in Brazil [54]. In another study in Brazil, clinical signs observed were abnormal gait, trembling, lateral recumbency, convulsion, opisthotonos, and fever [66]. Abortive rabies cases were reported in sheep in Peru, rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 3.6% of sheep that were healthy for two years later [55].
The main transmitter of rabies to sheep is dogs. In Africa, the source of most rabies reported cases in sheep was the dog [29, 57, 62]. In China, dogs are the main rabies transmitters, while in border areas, wild foxes are [46]; wild foxes were reported to transmit rabies to sheep [8]. An increase in rabies cases in sheep is associated with a rise in the disease incidence in red foxes in Europe [59]. Rabies transmission from sheep to human was reported; three patients got rabies from direct contact with their sheep which a wolf had attacked in Iran [10].
Camelids are susceptible to rabies. However, most of the publications described clinical rabies in dromedary camels (
Reports of rabies in dromedary camels from Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Niger, Jordan, India, Israel, and Iran were reviewed by Abbas and Omer [19]. Ali et al. (2004) reviewed dromedary camel rabies in Sudan; the first confirmed rabies cases were in 1926, then laboratory-confirmed cases continued to be reported, 17 cases from 1927 to 1939, 21 from 1940 to 1970. Other cases were reported in different parts of the country, 21 in the north and 16 in the Western States. Camel population in Sudan is about 4.8 million; the reported rabies cases are very few compared to the population, which is mainly due to under-reporting. Other cases in camels were reported as well in Sudan [20].
In a review about camel diseases, many rabies cases have been reported in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Pakistan; infection is usually due to rabid dog bites [68]. In Niger, an outbreak of rabies in the camel herd due to feral dog bites was reported [69].
Rabies outbreak in camels in Iran was described [70]. An outbreak of dog rabies in the camel herd was reported in Sudan in 1998, and it resulted in the death of 19 camels [71]. Antibodies against rabies were detected in non-vaccinated camels imported for slaughtering in Nigeria, which may indicate subclinical rabies infection [72]. Very few suspected rabies cases in camels were reported in Morocco during 1991–2015 [27].
Camels with furious rabies form show restlessness, anxiety, salivation, and attacking and biting form followed by terminal paralysis, lateral recumbency (Figure 6) and a characteristic flexion of four limbs, reviewed by Abbas and Omer [19]. Mohammadpour et al. (2020) reviewed a report stating that a furious form of rabies is seen in most of cases in camels.
A case of rabies in a dromedary camel showing lateral recumbency and excessive salivation.
Rabies clinical signs observed in Bactrian camels were reduced appetite, excessive activity and agitation, cessation of rumination, lip twitching, hypersalivation, tachypnea and howling, paralysis [8]. Some reports described the occurrence of rabies dumb form more frequently. Most rabies cases (67%) in camels in Oman were of the dumb form; observed clinical signs were restlessness, salivation, head and neck rotation in all directions, paralysis, recumbency, and death [73]. Clinical signs seen in rabid camels were hyperesthesia, profuse salivation, anorexia, and paralysis [12]. In India, clinical signs of rabies in the camel described the appearance of hyperexcitability, bellowing, aimless running, salivation, convulsions, swaying of the hindquarters and recumbency, biting tendency to the owner and wooden objects [4]. Noticed rabies clinical signs in camels were unusual behavior including aggression, pica, ptyalism, and terminal paralysis [69]. During an outbreak of rabies in camels, reported clinical signs were high sensitivity, ferocity, biting faces of other camels, bloat, restlessness, limb paralysis, and yawning [70]. In a rabies outbreak, clinical signs noticed in most of the affected camels were restlessness, irritability with very harsh and loud sounds. Later excitement became noticeable. There were then rubbing incoordination (staggering gait), tenesmus, abnormal sexual behavior: (she-camels mounting each other), raising of tails, and slight salivation, terminated by paralysis of the hindquarter, recumbency, and death of 19 camels [71]. In Khartoum, two camel rabies cases in 1996, 1997 showed off food, salivation, nervous signs followed by biting fence and their forelimbs and abdomen, then recumbency, hind limbs paralysis, and death [74]. An almost similar picture was previously reported by Afzal et al. [75], which were hyper-excitability, salivation, attacking inanimate objects, biting of its forelimbs, sternal recumbency, paralysis of hind legs, and death.
Transmission of rabies to camels is mainly through dog bites, except in some countries where wild animals like foxes and wolves are involved. In China, the main rabies transmitters are dogs; meanwhile, in border areas, the wild fox is [46]; camels were reported to be rabies-infected by dogs and wild foxes [8]. In Iran, a rabid wolf was reported to transmit the infection to camels [11]. In Oman, the main animals involved in rabies transmission are foxes [63]. In another study in Oman, it was noticed that most rabid camels were bitten by foxes, which confirmed the major role of foxes in rabies transmission [13]. In Saudi Arabia, the majority (70%) of camel rabies cases were due to wild dog bite, while wild foxes accounted for about 17% of cases [73]. Almost in all reported camel rabies cases in Sudan, dogs were the source of infection [18, 62, 71, 74]. The same finding was reported in other African as well as Asian countries, Niger [69], Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Pakistan [68], China [8] Saudi Arabia [15].
Pig rabies is not commonly reported; information about rabies in pigs is scarce. Tasiame et al. (2016) described an outbreak of dog-originated pig rabies in a herd of 23 pigs in Ghana with 13% mortality. In China, the first report for rabies cases in pigs was documented [7]. In China during 2011, an outbreak of pig rabies resulted in 14 deaths was reported [76]. In the USA, DuVernoy et al. [77], was the first to describe the clinical picture of a wild animal’s originated pig rabies. During 2004–2018 in China, it was noticed that pigs were the least rabies-affected species (1.4%) compared to sheep, cattle, camels, and foxes [46]. In Brazil, Pessoa et al. (2011) reported the occurrence of pig rabies presented with neurological signs; it was attacked by a bat; there are several reports of detection of rabies virus in swine in Brazil. Preethi et al. (2020) reported the occurrence of pig rabies for the first time in South India; three pigs in a herd of 25 pigs were attacked by a stray dog. Osiyemi et al. [78] reported rabies cases in pigs in Nigeria.
Observed clinical signs in pigs are anorexia, hyperexcitation, constipation, twitching of the head, and foaming [79]. Jiang et al. (2008) described clinical signs of rabies in pigs, the furious form was seen in almost all infected pigs, and it included hyperexcitation, roaring, and attacks on other pigs. In India, clinical signs in rabid pigs were aggressiveness, inability to stand with violent grunting, paralysis, lateral recumbency, convulsions, rapid chewing, head twitching, hyperexcitation, and profuse salivation, change in vocalization. Out of 25 pigs, mortality was 12% [5]. In the USA, rabies clinical signs that appeared in pigs were fever, restlessness, salivation, aggression, anorexia, head rubbing, depression, vocalization, and progressive paralysis (DuVernoy et al., 2008). In Brazil, two pig rabies cases were reported: one with flaccid paralysis of the pelvic limbs; the other showed nervous signs, anorexia, and paresis, then pelvic limbs and tail paralysis. Generally, observed clinical signs were exclusive of the paralytic form [31].
Like other species, the transmission of rabies in pigs is mainly through dog bites and wild animals, especially in Latin America. In Brazil, Pessoa et al. (2011) reported the occurrence of bat-originated pig rabies. In the USA, DuVernoy et al. (2008) reported pig rabies caused by wild animals. In China, the first report for rabies cases in pigs was associated with dog bite [7]. In China during 2011, an outbreak of pig rabies was reported to be dog originated [76]. Tasiame et al. (2016) described an outbreak of dog-originated pig rabies in Ghana.
We are deeply indebted to Dr. Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed for nicely drawing the illustrations (Figures 1 and 2).
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"7"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12133",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19892b77680b500f259ea7a506365cdc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12133.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12134",title:"Sustainable Tourism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12138",title:"Online Advertising",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d1a7aaa841aba83e7199b564c4991cf1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12138.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11775",title:"Global Peace and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"131303f07b492463a5c4a7607fe46ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Norman Chivasa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11775.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"331566",title:"Dr.",name:"Norman",surname:"Chivasa",slug:"norman-chivasa",fullName:"Norman Chivasa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Joseph Crawford",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11774",title:"International Law - A Practical Manual",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c607e873911da868c0764770dc224313",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Underdown",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"478218",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Underdown",slug:"michael-underdown",fullName:"Michael Underdown"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Ireneusz Miciuła",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"412",title:"Cardiology",slug:"cardiology",parent:{id:"59",title:"Microbiology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:74,numberOfWosCitations:108,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"412",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5194",title:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6bf83beb57bbae5110be176ebc490f0",slug:"exploring-new-findings-on-amyloidosis",bookSignature:"Ana-Maria Fernandez-Escamilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177897",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Escamilla",slug:"ana-maria-fernandez-escamilla",fullName:"Ana Maria Fernandez-Escamilla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2134",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfa7002beaf617a62594a235a9fe5dfd",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35949",doi:"10.5772/32741",title:"Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Role for Hypoglycemic Drugs and/or Antioxidants?",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-diabetes-mellitus-is-there-a-role-for-hypoglycemic-drugs-and-or-antioxidants",totalDownloads:3800,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Omotayo O. Erejuwa",authors:[{id:"92521",title:"Dr.",name:"Omotayo",middleName:null,surname:"Erejuwa",slug:"omotayo-erejuwa",fullName:"Omotayo Erejuwa"}]},{id:"35941",doi:"10.5772/38093",title:"Oxidative Stress: Cause and Consequence of Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-as-a-cause-and-consequence-of-diseases",totalDownloads:3427,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Dmytro Gospodaryov and Volodymyr Lushchak",authors:[{id:"96151",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:"I",surname:"Lushchak",slug:"volodymyr-lushchak",fullName:"Volodymyr Lushchak"},{id:"115540",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmytro V.",middleName:null,surname:"Gospodaryov",slug:"dmytro-v.-gospodaryov",fullName:"Dmytro V. Gospodaryov"}]},{id:"35953",doi:"10.5772/32515",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-female-reproduction-and-pregnancy",totalDownloads:5043,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Levente Lázár",authors:[{id:"91791",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",slug:"levente-lazar",fullName:"Levente Lazar"}]},{id:"35961",doi:"10.5772/33251",title:"Oxidative Therapy Against Cancer",slug:"oxidative-therapy-against-cancer",totalDownloads:4264,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Manuel de Miguel and Mario D. Cordero",authors:[{id:"67123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario D.",middleName:null,surname:"Cordero",slug:"mario-d.-cordero",fullName:"Mario D. Cordero"},{id:"77269",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"De Miguel",slug:"manuel-de-miguel",fullName:"Manuel De Miguel"}]},{id:"35957",doi:"10.5772/35082",title:"The Relationship Between Thyroid States, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Damage",slug:"the-relationship-between-thyroid-states-oxidative-stress-and-cellular-damage",totalDownloads:3453,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Cano-Europa, Blas-Valdivia Vanessa, Franco-Colin Margarita and Ortiz-Butron Rocio",authors:[{id:"91909",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Europa",slug:"edgar-cano-europa",fullName:"Edgar Cano-Europa"},{id:"102920",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Butron",slug:"rocio-ortiz-butron",fullName:"Rocio Ortiz-Butron"},{id:"114461",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Blas-Valdivia",slug:"vanessa-blas-valdivia",fullName:"Vanessa Blas-Valdivia"},{id:"114462",title:"Prof.",name:"Adelaida",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-García",slug:"adelaida-hernandez-garcia",fullName:"Adelaida Hernández-García"},{id:"114464",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Colin",slug:"margarita-franco-colin",fullName:"Margarita Franco-Colin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35958",title:"Oxidative Stress in Human Autoimmune Joint Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-human-autoimmune-joint-diseases",totalDownloads:2550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Martina Škurlová",authors:[{id:"95645",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Skurlova",slug:"martina-skurlova",fullName:"Martina Skurlova"}]},{id:"51951",title:"Amyloid Nephropathy: A Practical Diagnostic Approach and Review on Pathogenesis",slug:"amyloid-nephropathy-a-practical-diagnostic-approach-and-review-on-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Amyloidosis comprises a group of protein-folding disorders in which extracellular deposits share unique Congo red staining properties and fibrillary ultrastructural appearance. These fibrillary deposits ultimately cause tissue destruction and progressive disease. Amyloidosis can be either systemic affecting multiple organs or localized. Renal involvement by amyloidosis (amyloid nephropathy) is a frequent manifestation of systemic amyloidosis. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and more recently laser microdissection and mass spectrometry (LMD/MS) are important techniques in typing of amyloid nephropathy. This in-depth review discusses practical diagnostic approach and pathogenesis of amyloid nephropathy and includes discussion of treatment and prognosis.",book:{id:"5194",slug:"exploring-new-findings-on-amyloidosis",title:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis",fullTitle:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis"},signatures:"Paisit Paueksakon",authors:[{id:"180754",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Paisit",middleName:null,surname:"Paueksakon",slug:"paisit-paueksakon",fullName:"Paisit Paueksakon"}]},{id:"51051",title:"A Nanobody‐Based Approach to Amyloid Diseases, the Gelsolin Case Study",slug:"a-nanobody-based-approach-to-amyloid-diseases-the-gelsolin-case-study",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel) is an autosomal‐dominant inherited disease caused by point mutations in the gelsolin gene. At the protein level, these mutations result in the loss of a Ca2+‐binding site, crucial for the correct folding and function. In the trans‐Golgi network, this mutant plasma gelsolin is cleaved by furin, giving rise to a 68 kDa C-terminal fragment. When secreted in the extracellular matrix, this fragment undergoes proteolysis by MT1‐MMP–like proteases, resulting in the production of 8 and 5 kDa amyloidogenic peptides. Nanobodies, the variable part of the heavy chain of heavy‐chain antibodies, have been used as molecular chaperones for mutant plasma gelsolin and the 68 kDa C‐terminal fragment in an attempt to inhibit their pathogenic proteolysis. Furthermore, these nanobodies have also been tested and applied as a 99mTc‐based imaging agent in the gelsolin amyloidosis mouse model.",book:{id:"5194",slug:"exploring-new-findings-on-amyloidosis",title:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis",fullTitle:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis"},signatures:"Adriaan Verhelle and Jan Gettemans",authors:[{id:"181057",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Gettemans",slug:"jan-gettemans",fullName:"Jan Gettemans"},{id:"186102",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriaan",middleName:null,surname:"Verhelle",slug:"adriaan-verhelle",fullName:"Adriaan Verhelle"}]},{id:"35947",title:"Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:3027,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"2134",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diseases",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Diseases"},signatures:"Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz, Mabel Buelna-Chontal, Francisco Correa and Cecilia Zazueta",authors:[{id:"102566",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Zazueta",slug:"cecilia-zazueta",fullName:"Cecilia Zazueta"},{id:"102568",title:"BSc.",name:"Sauri",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Reséndiz",slug:"sauri-hernandez-resendiz",fullName:"Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz"},{id:"102569",title:"BSc.",name:"Mabel",middleName:null,surname:"Buelna-Chontal",slug:"mabel-buelna-chontal",fullName:"Mabel Buelna-Chontal"},{id:"102570",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",slug:"francisco-correa",fullName:"Francisco Correa"}]},{id:"50968",title:"Advances in AFM Imaging Applications for Characterizing the Biophysical Properties of Amyloid Fibrils",slug:"advances-in-afm-imaging-applications-for-characterizing-the-biophysical-properties-of-amyloid-fibril",totalDownloads:2157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Although the formation mechanism of amyloid fibrils in bodies is still debated, it has recently been reported how amyloid fibrils can be formed in vitro. Accordingly, we have gained a better understanding of the self-assembly mechanism and intrinsic properties of amyloid fibrils. Because the structure of amyloid fibrils consists of nanoscaled insoluble strands (a few nanometers in diameter and micrometers long), a special tool is needed to study amyloid fibrils at length. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is supposed to be a versatile toolkit to probe such a tiny biomolecule. The physical/chemical properties of amyloid fibrils have been explored by AFM. In particular, AFM enables the visualization of amyloid fibrillation with different incubation times as well as the concentrations of the formed amyloid fibrils as affected by fibril diameters and lengths. Very recently, the minute structural changes and/or electrical properties of amyloid fibrils have been made by using advanced AFM techniques including dynamic liquid AFM, PeakForce QNM (quantitative nanomechanical mapping), and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Herein, we summarize the biophysical properties of amyloid fibrils that are newly discovered with the help of those advanced AFM techniques and suggest our perspectives and future directions for the study of amyloid fibrils.",book:{id:"5194",slug:"exploring-new-findings-on-amyloidosis",title:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis",fullTitle:"Exploring New Findings on Amyloidosis"},signatures:"Wonseok Lee, Hyungbeen Lee, Gyudo Lee and Dae Sung Yoon",authors:[{id:"180553",title:"Prof.",name:"Dae Sung",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",slug:"dae-sung-yoon",fullName:"Dae Sung Yoon"},{id:"185225",title:"Mr.",name:"Wonseok",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wonseok-lee",fullName:"Wonseok Lee"},{id:"185226",title:"Mr.",name:"Hyungbeen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"hyungbeen-lee",fullName:"Hyungbeen Lee"},{id:"185227",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyudo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"gyudo-lee",fullName:"Gyudo Lee"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"412",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11967,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11968,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11969,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:35,paginationItems:[{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:14,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/135391",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"135391"},fullPath:"/profiles/135391",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()