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1. Introduction
Considering the many positive effects of hypnosis, such as relief from chronic pain [1, 2], the ability to enhance hypnotizability has considerable clinical utility. Hypnosis can be defined as an altered state of attention, receptivity, and concentration during which the hypnotized person is immersed in a suggestion [3, 4, 5]. Hypnosis can modulate perceptual, motor, emotional, and cognitive processes by producing changes in subjective experience and in behavior, such as greater relaxation, changes in perception of the body and/or of the environment, and increased imagination [6, 7, 8]. While neurophysiological data may not completely resolve the debate around hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness (ASC) [9, 10], they do offer interesting clues regarding the role that intentionality and specific types of attention may play in hypnosis. Furthermore, the debate about hypnosis as an ASC could benefit from a reframing in light of current theories of consciousness, particularly the Sphere Model of Consciousness (SMC).
The Sphere Model of Consciousness developed by Paoletti [11, 12, 13, 14, 15] suggests that every experience of consciousness can be phenomenologically described as a movement within a spherical matrix. As will be illustrated in Section 4, the model provides that intentionality could be a means through which one can move from Narrative to Minimal Self and this, in turn, could allow deeper hypnotizability as well as other phenomena related to hypnosis, such as a reinterpretation of the nociceptive input underlying pain [16].
1.1 Movement and hypnosis
While different theories of hypnosis share the assumption that a hypnotic response is automatic and feels like it is happening by itself [17, 18], they do not necessarily agree on the level of intentionality and cognitive control processes that are involved. For instance, the response expectancy theory claims that expecting a behavior to happen can elicit that particular behavior; therefore, suggestions can be implemented without the involvement of intentional executive systems [19, 20]. However, expectations cannot fully account for the variance in hypnotic responding [21, 22], which is indicative of trait differences in both hypnotizability [23] and in hypnotic depth [24].
In parallel to intentionality and volition, there is a close connection between hypnosis and movement. Hypnosis may help patients to better achieve tasks of motor imagination and alter activity in the motor cortex [5]. In addition, while some argue that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and hypnosis are qualitatively different, the two are often used in conjunction in therapy [25, 26, 27].
But what is the exact nature of the relationship between movement and hypnosis, and what are the possible mediating electrophysiological mechanisms between inner and outer movements and hypnosis? These are the main questions that will be addressed in this chapter. Specifically, we will discuss the possible underlying neuronal mechanisms mediating both movement and hypnosis, with a specific focus on theta activity. What we term “inner movements” and their relation to theta activity will be discussed in Section 2, focusing on hypnosis, meditation, and perceptual deprivation. This will be followed by external movement practices and their relation to such “inner movement.” Consequently, we will embed our discussion within the framework of the Sphere Model of Consciousness [15] giving special attention to the Minimal Self and Narrative Self (for review see [28]). Briefly, the Minimal Self has a short temporal extension and is endowed with a sense of action, property, and first person nonconceptual content, while the Narrative Self involves personal identity and continuity through time and includes conceptual content. The SMC specifies the addition of a third state, called Overcoming of the Self, in which all sense of self disappears. Overcoming of the Self, which is parallel to consciousness without contents, has only recently been the subject of neuroscientific studies [29, 30]. It can further be compared with self-transcendence, absorption, and nondual states [31, 32].
1.2 Electrophysiological measures and hypnosis
Neural oscillations are divided into different frequency bands: both theta (4–7 Hz) and alpha (8–12 Hz) bands are associated with working memory and attention, while the gamma band (30–70 Hz) is associated with functions that include long-term memory storage and retrieval, as well as perceptual processing [33, 34, 35]. An increase in theta activity, quantified as spectral power, both frontally and globally, is a hallmark of hypnotic states [36], trance [37], meditative states [38, 39, 40], states of absorption [40], and of hypnotizability ([41]; but see [42] for an opposing view). Importantly, frontal theta activity correlates negatively with default mode network (DMN) activity [43], which is typically active during task-free resting states and is thought to represent neural processing related to mind-wandering [44, 45]. Keeping in mind that the DMN activity is automatic and is thus considered nonvoluntary, it is not surprising that electrophysiological studies based on predictive coding models1 have focused mostly on theta activity [49, 50].
In addition, while hypnosis and hypnotizability are thought to be mediated electrophysiologically by theta activity and behaviorally by relaxation [51, 52], it is still under debate whether all hypnosis is actually autohypnosis (see for a review [53]), since motivation seems to play a central role in the process. For example, being motivated to participate in a hypnotic session and having a positive attitude about it correlates with the success of the hypnotic response and the effectiveness of the hypnotic experience [54]. This suggests that the levels of intentionality and attention could be related to the levels of hypnosis and participant susceptibility. Seemingly paradoxical, there may be a voluntary “letting go” that occurs in the hypnotic process [13, 55] related to Overcoming of the Self, which will be discussed further in Section 4.
At the electrophysiological level, it has been suggested that slow wave oscillations facilitate responses to suggestion, which in turn may help to explain the known variability in hypnotic responding between individuals [56]. This has been supported by findings of significantly higher levels of baseline theta activity in highly hypnotizable participants relative to those scoring “low” on hypnotizability [36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61] and a tendency for hypnotic inductions to result in increases in theta activity, especially among highs [36, 62, 63].
Notably, an increase in both theta activity and alpha activity was reported among proficient meditators during meditation ([39], p. 191; [64]) and at rest ([39], p. 190), but not among those assessed for hypnotizability ([65]; note, however, that in their review, these authors only discuss the lack of a systematic relationship with alpha activity). However, the authors clarify that this increase in theta activity among proficient meditators was “the frontal midline theta generated by the anterior cingulate, dorsal, and medial prefrontal cortices” and not the “theta typically seen at the transition from Stage I to Stage II sleep…[which] originates from more widespread source” ([39], p. 202). Thus, some evidence suggests that the notion that a meditative state is essentially a hypnagogic state (the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep) or even sleep itself [66] should be replaced by the notion that a meditative state can be an intentionally prolonged hypnagogic state ([67], pp. 99–100; [68], p. 403; [69], p. 158); this, itself, would be considered to be a trance state [70]. Furthermore, as Holroyd ([71], p. 115) suggests, “a distinction is drawn between low range theta (4–6 Hz) which is associated with reverie and high range theta (5–7 Hz) which, in the frontal cortex area, is associated with loss of executive control.” Mitchell, McNaughton, Flanagan, and Kirk ([72], p. 179) also suggest, “The meditation data make it possible that FM [frontal-midline]-theta is a sign that attentional resources are more internally than externally focused.” Turning to change in gamma activity in the low range (25–45 Hz) in these states, there is a decrease in frontal power [73] and an increase in posterior power [38, 73] and/or a decrease in central power [40].2
It is noteworthy, then, that an increase in theta activity during hypnotic induction has been found in various studies ([36, 56, 62, 63]; for review, see [78]. From [79]). Frontal theta has been found to increase with working memory load, indicating a role of theta oscillations in working memory maintenance (for review, see [43]). Theta activity increases with increasing task demands and is related to orienting, attention, memory, and affective processing mechanisms [35, 80]. Theta activity is highest at frontal midline electrodes in the resting state, indicating that the frontal theta rhythm is also detectable during rest conditions [81].
While hypnosis has been most closely linked to power in the theta band, reports suggesting changes also in gamma activity have been considered [56]. Jensen et al. [56] proposed a link between theta oscillations and hypnosis, whereby theta oscillations facilitate hypnotic responding. They further speculated that theta-gamma phase-locked oscillations may provide a physiological explanation for hypnosis by suggesting the linking of limbic and neocortical circuits [56]. However, gamma activity is known to be at possible risk of contamination from muscular activity [82] or saccade-related spike potentials (SP) due to eye movements [83].
While acknowledging that theta is associated with a large number of cognitive activities and states (including, among others, attention, orienting, decision-making, feelings of drowsiness, and emotional arousal, as noted above), it is important to emphasize that the most commonly identified roles for theta are those concerned with declarative memory coding and retrieval (for a review, see [78]) and navigation, such as maze navigation [84, 85, 86]. In parallel to navigation in the external environment, which is electrophysiologically mediated mostly by theta activity [84, 85, 86], we will suggest that:
Hypnosis and other “internal movement” paradigms may be regarded as mental navigation.
Hypnosis can be compared with external movement and navigation in space [82].
Internal movement paradigms, such as hypnosis and meditation, are electrophysiologically mediated, among other bands, by theta activity and require greater intentionality and attention [15].
The following section will introduce several “internal movement” techniques related to both hypnosis and meditation, as well as absorption and theta activity.
2. Inner movement
2.1 Hypnosis and absorption
Trait absorption has relevance for the study of imagery, hallucinatory or pseudo-hallucinatory experiences of altered states of consciousness, and elaborate imagination [87, 88, 89]. Individuals scoring high on trait absorption will have a markedly different experiential profile compared to those scoring low on trait absorption [89, 90], and these two groups will perform differently on tasks of attentional demand [91, 92]. The overlap between high trait absorption and (1) high hypnotizability [23, 93, 94] and (2) proficiency in meditation [95] may indicate that the correlation between the two is either “significant only when both scales are administered in the same context, thus allowing the subjects to become aware that the experimenter expected to find an association between them” ([96], pp. 849–850; see also [97], but also [98], who do not find such a context effect), or the position we support that “absorbed attention may be an important prerequisite for successful long-term practice of meditation” ([69], p. 188), and that “a deeper state of absorption seems to facilitate the entrance to a deeper ASC” ([99], pp. 126–127).
The trait-state approach to hypnosis [100] suggests that the trait of absorption will interact with situational context in producing state absorption or a hypnotic state of consciousness. Consider what Kihlstrom ([101], p. 366) terms the “canonical design for hypnosis research,” which “involves administering a standard hypnotic induction, or a control procedure, to subjects classified (on the basis of the standardized scales) as low, medium, or high in hypnotizability... Such a design permits assessments of both the correlates of hypnotizability (in the absence of hypnotic induction) and the effects of the induction procedure (independent of hypnotizability). Of particular interest, of course, is the interaction of these factors—i.e., how highly hypnotizable subjects behave following a hypnotic induction, compared to some control condition.” Replace hypnotizability with absorption (the two being modestly correlated), and one can see how those scoring high on absorption behave differently from those scoring low on absorption, in much the same manner. Note further, that “Although there is acceptance that there is a general trait of hypnotic susceptibility, as measured by conventionally used standardized scales… susceptibility is also modifiable… Additionally, hypnosis in susceptibles is not a unitary state ([102], p. 62). Hence, the trait-state approach must consider a dynamic, unfolding, modifiable, interaction.
Furthermore, one can investigate concomitant electrophysiological changes in theta power in this trait-state interaction. For example, Graffin et al. [103] concluded from their study that “that the high-susceptible individuals displayed a decrease in EEG theta activity from the baseline period immediately preceding the hypnotic induction to that immediately following the induction, whereas the low-susceptible individuals showed an increase in EEG theta activity. This is consistent with the view that the high- and low-susceptible individuals are indeed in different cortical states prior to and following the hypnotic induction, that is to say, the induction procedure itself would be assumed to differentially affect high- and low-susceptible individuals.” Kihlstrom ([101], p. 367) has a different take on this. He comments: “Graffin et al. interpreted the changes in theta as indicative of heightened concentration among hypnotizable subjects, but the fact that theta activity decreased in hypnotizable subjects and increased in insusceptible subjects suggests that, following the induction of hypnosis, both groups of subjects were actually in very similar cortical states.” Either way, what is important here is the interaction of trait with condition in producing these shifts in theta activity.
Given that theta activity can be indicative of either the induction of a hypnagogic-like state of consciousness (which, in the present context, is closely affiliated with both meditation and hypnosis), or of highly concentrated attention [104], such shifts in theta power can be indicative of either of these. Schacter ([104], pp. 74–75) warns us that “It is not yet know whether the two “classes” of psychological events related to theta activity are essentially different processes, or whether they are different aspects of the same process ... This is a critical problem for future research. …we might question whether it is plausible to accept that theta activity observed during zazen concentration in experienced meditators indexes psychological processes that are similar to those observed in college-age volunteers when concentrating on a mental arithmetic problem.” Thus, even though, as White, et al. ([105], p. 98) have noted, the “correlation between baseline theta and hypnotizability has been described as a robust finding in the literature, proposed to result from attentional differences between high and low susceptibility groups,” without a close analysis of how such theta activity is related to the actual performance of those scoring low or high on absorption, we will remain with the problem underlined by Schacter [104]. What is promising is that “findings showing differences between highs and lows in both the patterns of associations between EEG-assessed bandwidth activity and subjects’ phenomenological experience of hypnosis … and in the brain areas (source locations) associated with theta and beta activity….” ([56], p. 44).
Speaking of beta, it was further found that the hypnotic depth and increased imagery and exceptionality of the hypnotic experience in highly suggestible individuals were related to fast frequencies, including beta and gamma, while the lows exhibited negative correlations between imagery on the one hand and theta and beta on the other [106].
In this context, it should also be kept in mind that beta oscillatory activity is likely to have a functional role in response selection, resembling attentional modulation of alpha activity [107]. Beta modulation was found also following “animal hypnosis,” also known as “tonic immobility” or “immobility reflex”.
The modulation depended on type of induction and session number [108, 109], supporting previous evidence that beta power has also been implicated in broader cognitive processes [107] in addition to movement and response inhibition [107].
2.2 Meditation
Meditators have been found to score higher on trait absorption than controls [95, 110]. In addition, increased theta and alpha power, reflecting activity of multifunctional neuronal networks and differentially associated with orienting, attention, memory, affective, and cognitive processing, is evident in meditators [80]. Altered theta and alpha activity has consistently been reported following meditation [111]. In fact, numerous studies conducted with Western meditators, usually having less than 10 years’ experience, have reported increased power and coherence in the alpha and theta frequency bands during meditation practice [39, 111, 112]. Increased gamma power has also been reported in studies with advanced meditative practitioners [38, 73, 113, 114].
Consistent with previous meditation research (for review see [115]), also Berman and Stevens [116] found increased delta (0–4 Hz), theta, and alpha activity during meditation. When differentiating between general meditation and nondual states (in which the participant transcends the separation between self and other), the opposite trend was observed for gamma, which was higher during the meditation sessions in entirely compared to the nondual state [116]. Similarly, Berkovich-Ohana et al. [73], who examined three levels of mindfulness expertise and controls, found that mindfulness practitioners generally exhibited reduced resting-state frontal low gamma power as compared to controls, as well as decreased resting-state gamma functional connectivity representing DMN deactivation in the long-term practitioners, suggesting a trait/long-lasting effect of reduced mind-wandering and self-related processing [73, 117]. In addition, creativity, as measured by ideational fluency and flexibility, which were higher in the long-term practitioners than short-term practitioners and control participants, was negatively correlated with gamma interhemispheric functional connectivity [118]. Thus, one should keep in mind that different mediation techniques can produce different electrophysiological results, depending among others on the depth of the experience and the experimental design [116].
2.3 OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation (OVO-WBPD)
As we will see in the current section, studies examining perceptual movement, where movement is absent and stillness is the main feature, were also found to be related mostly on delta waves. While delta has historically been associated with sleep and pathological processes, it has recently been found to be related to both autonomic and metabolic processes, suggesting that it is involved in integration of cerebral activity with homeostatic processes, as well as in motivation and reward, as delta also increases during hunger, sexual arousal, and sustained pain [119]. Delta activity is further related to attention, salience detection, and subliminal perception, consistent with meditative states and absorption [116, 119, 120], such as in the case of Yoga Nidra [121]3.
In-line with previous research linking delta waves in meditative states [125], a recent study examined the effects of the OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation (OVO-WBPD) chamber effects on absorption in experienced meditators. The OVO, an altered sensory environment, is in the form of a human-sized egg (“uovo” means egg in Italian), within which the subject cannot easily perceive spatial coordinates. Based on the Sphere Model of Consciousness, the OVO-WBPD was specifically built with the aim of facilitating an immersive experience and an increased state of presence [11]. Ben-Soussan et al. [120], who studied participants who were instructed to “rest as best as they can” in the OVO chamber, found an increased state of absorption, which was accompanied by enhanced delta and lower theta activity, as well as beta (13–20 Hz) activity, peaking in the insula. These results may suggest an enhanced effort to sensory-integrate interoceptive signals.
In addition to the insula [120], theta was further linked to another main area of the salience network, namely, the anterior cingulate [126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131]. While DMN activity is negatively correlated with both hypnosis and theta activity [129, 130, 131], the salience network is thought to support the detection of subjectively important events and the mobilization of attentional and working memory resources in the service of goal-directed behavior [132, 133, 134].
As in the case of perceptual deprivation, different meditative states have also been found to be related to decreased DMN activity [73, 135, 136, 137]. Similarly, hypnosis was found to be related to decreased DMN activity [138] and suspending habitual modes of attention and achieving refined states of meta-awareness [139]. In fact, hypnotic induction increased subjective ratings of attentional absorption and decreased ratings of mind-wandering. Moreover, these changes were associated with decreased DMN activity and increased activity in prefrontal attention networks [138].
3. External movement
As indicated above, according to Jensen et al. [78], hypnosis can be viewed as a use of suggestions for creating changes in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors when the clinician views the client as having enough theta power to be able to respond to those suggestions. Jensen indicates that “hypnotic strategies, then, could include (1) any strategy that enhances slow oscillations (using traditional hypnotic inductions, but also any technique that has been or is ultimately shown to increase slow oscillations) and/or being aware of behavioral signs indicating an increase in or adequate level of theta, coupled with (2) suggestions that enhance existing connections among neuron assemblies (e.g., those consistent with the subject experiencing of himself or herself with useful images or having a positive view of the future) or that create new ones” ([78], p. 15). It is, therefore, relevant to note that there is an increase in theta activity and a corresponding increase in either alpha activity or a global increase in spectral power (including within the alpha and theta bands) during exercise [140, 141]. Fascinatingly, there is even evidence of a higher degree of both alpha and theta activity during eyes-closed restful wakefulness in proficient athletes [142].
These converging lines of thought together with Dietrich [143, 144] support the connection between hypnosis, meditation, and acute exercise, which all result in prefrontal hypoactivation. Consequently, we now address the presence of increased theta activity following specifically structured bodily movement, focusing on several specific examples involving different degrees of diagonal movement.
3.1 Diagonal movement
It has been suggested that rhythmical bilateral diagonal body movement improves motor and cognitive functions [145, 146], such as creativity and cognitive flexibility, similar to findings for hypnosis/mediation. However, no study that we are aware of has actually examined electrophysiological changes during diagonal body movements. The diagonal axis has the role of a metaphorical rule-breaker in relation to the way of thinking, as suggested by the definition of “diagonal thinking” as a mixture of logical (i.e., vertical) and creative (i.e., lateral) thinking [147]. Diagonal movements are widely used in disciplines based on whole-body movements such as tai chi, and recent paradigms such as Quadrato Motor Training, which will be discussed below.
Shapiro [148, 149], in her original description of EMDR, proposed that its directed eye movements mimic the saccades of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), known to be electrophysiologically related to synchronous theta waves [75, 150]. In addition, Stickgold [151, 152] proposed that the repetitive redirecting of attention during EMDR induces a neurobiological state similar to that of REM sleep. Additional study findings have supported the hypothesis that EMDR promotes the transfer of episodic memory to semantic memory, which will then be consolidated during REM-like (4–6 Hz) states [153]4,5.
As mentioned above, activation of frontal areas and especially the anterior cingulate that occurs during hypnosis matches well with the behavioral changes occurring in hypnotic state, such as the intensification of focused attention (for review see [159]). Importantly, the anterior cingulate has known anatomical connections with the frontal eye field and supplementary eye field and thus plays a prominent role in regulating eye movements, such as maintenance of visual fixation and suppression of reflexive saccades [159]. For example, classical behavioral marker of hypnosis, namely, the hypnotically induced stare, is a glazed look in the eyes accompanied by a highly reduced eye blinking rate and inimitable changes in the patterns of eye movements and pupil size [159]. Pupil size was recently found to be closely related to a variety of cognitive processes, such as decision-making [160]. In turn positive correlations were only found in the high-gamma band (60–100 Hz) and were similar in both wake and sleep conditions.
Only a few recent studies have examined electrophysiological changes during diagonal movements. A rare pioneering study [161] has found increased frontal theta activity during the initiation of diagonal movement, compared to purely vertical movements, which were also studied. The increased frontal theta was possibly due to greater computational effort [86, 95, 140]. Source localization further showed that the increased frontal theta activity was generated in the middle frontal cortex. In addition, the authors found a biphasic pattern of frontoparietal alpha/beta modulations during vertical movements.
Rimbert et al. [5] reported modulation in sensorimotor beta and theta activity during real movement and motor imagery; Marson et al. [161] also found biphasic modulation of alpha activity related to the second part of vertical movements (each movement was composed of two parts, a forward and comeback period, the biphasic response in the comeback period during vertical movement). More specifically, the decreased alpha activity was observed immediately after the start of the comeback period, and, consequently, there was an increase in the same frequency band tied to the end of the movement. The decreased alpha activity observed immediately after the end of the second movement could reflect a decrease in internalized attention, as decreased alpha activity is classically related to decreased focus on internal states and amplified processing of environmental information through sensorial inputs, especially the visual system [159, 160]. Similar to Rimbert et al. [5], Marson et al. [161] further found post-movement beta rebound [162] between consecutive trials, namely, increased beta activity both in diagonal and vertical movements.
3.2 Quadrato Motor Training (QMT)
Quadrato Motor Training is a mindful movement practice based on the Sphere Model of Consciousness. Participants are asked to move within a square (quadrato, in Italian), according to a specific sequence of instructions. QMT requires a high level of attention divided between the body and the spatial coordinates incorporated in the quadrato space, as well as silent waiting for the next instruction. Previous studies showed that QMT enhances theta activity and improves cognition (for a recent review, see [163, 164]). At the behavioral level, these changes have been associated with improvements in cognitive and psycho-emotional functioning [162, 165, 166, 167], considered important aspects of health and well-being.
What appears to make QMT different from other forms of physical activity is its impact on interhemispheric functional connectivity in the theta and alpha bands. In contrast to studies of other types of physical activity that focused on local changes in activity and have usually not reported changes in long-range connectivity, studies of healthy populations engaging in QMT have demonstrated both increased EEG power [168, 169] and coherence [170, 171, 172, 173], especially in the theta and alpha bands. Indeed, both single sessions and protracted periods of QMT were found to result in increased intra- and interhemispheric functional connectivity in the theta and alpha bands [170, 171, 172, 173]. Increased theta and alpha functional connectivity is thought to reflect improved cognitive functions and higher states of consciousness, due to better integration of information and communication across brain regions [174, 175, 176]. As such, these findings provide additional evidence relating to QMT’s capacity to promote cognitive and psycho-emotional well-being.
Moreover, Ben-Soussan et al. [170] also found improved spatial cognition and reflectivity in groups who underwent a single session of QMT, in comparison to two control groups that underwent either simple motor or verbal training. The improvements were thought to stem from changes in functional connectivity, as evidenced by changes in intra- and interhemispheric coherence in theta and alpha bands [170].
Until recently, there has been a paucity of studies that investigated neural modulation during meditative movement. In a recent pilot study, De Fano et al. [163] examined five volunteers performing a single session of QMT characterized by three “blocks” which are rounds of the QMT routine. Since QMT requires executive control, which involves frontal theta activity, higher frontal theta power toward the last of the three QMT blocks, compared to the starting one, is expected. Indeed, a trend of increased theta activity was observed toward the last two blocks compared to the first one, which may reflect not only the cognitive control required by QMT performance but also the increase in cognitive effort that occurs overtime [163].
Going back to the theme of navigation and its connection to attention and salience dorsal and ventral streams discussed above, which are further related to the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi [177], 6 weeks of daily QMT was further found to increase white matter integrity as indicated by increased fractional anisotropy in the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, as well as in additional tracts related to sensorimotor and cognitive functions [165].
3.3 Tai chi and qigong
Another meditative movement paradigm, tai chi, has been more heavily studied. Several electroencephalography EEG studies have reported that tai chi can produce changes in mental state or electroencephalogram patterns associated with other alterations of cognitive or physical indices. An early study by Pan et al. [178] examined the difference in EEG theta between concentrative and non-concentrative qigong states, demonstrating that the frontal midline theta rhythm was related to the concentrative qigong state. As the theta rhythm has been suggested as one of the normal EEG patterns occurring in mental concentration, the authors concluded that the theta rhythm is an indicator of mental concentration during qigong. Notably, Field et al. [179] observed that performance on math computations significantly improved after a 20-min tai chi/yoga training course and was associated with increased frontal theta activity. Field et al. [179] further found a trend of increased theta activity and decreased self-reported anxiety, and the authors attributed this to the relaxation effects of tai chi. This increased frontal theta activity was replicated in a study of skilled female tai chi practitioners, showing a pattern typically occurring during states of relaxation and attention [180].
Additional support for the importance of external movement, in parallel to inner movement and their possible connection, related to theta activity, comes from the fact that frequent movement is preferable to one’s health over sedentary behavior, making movement therapies, when applied correctly, beneficial to chronic pain conditions, by ameliorating pain and related symptoms [181]. Moreover, the reported benefits are not only strictly related to musculoskeletal or vascular function but also with the mental dimension of well-being. For example, mindful movement practices, such as tai chi, have been found to significantly help in chronic pain management, for conditions such as osteoarthritis, low back pain, and fibromyalgia (for review, see [182]).
4. The Sphere Model of Consciousness and the position within the sphere
The Sphere Model of Consciousness [15] aims to symbolize the phenomenology of consciousness utilizing the geometrical properties of spatial coordinates within a spherical framework (see Figure 1).
Figure 1.
The Sphere Model of Consciousness (adapted from [11, 13, 15]).
Each axis of the SMC represents the deployment and polarity of an aspect of experience, with an equilibrium point in the center of the sphere and a graduated scale indicating distance from the center. The center of the sphere represents an equilibrium point, with respect to three spatial coordinates, namely: (1) a horizontal emotion axis (e.g., representing the emotional polarities of unpleasant and pleasant), (2) a vertical self-determination axis representing the dimensions of value and aspiration [15], and (3) a time axis (e.g., representing the temporal deployment of past to future). The center can be considered a state of “Overcoming the Self,” that is, a state of neutrality and detachment from the usual experiences of the Narrative and Minimal selves [15], which is crucial to hypnosis and different meditative practices [183]. Berkovich-Ohana and Glicksohn [28] suggested that experiences related to the Narrative Self are perceived as further away from the body, more abstract, and related to the future and the past. Narrative Self, Minimal Self, and Overcoming of the Self are represented in the SMC as concentric circles around the center of the sphere, with greater distance from the center signifying a more abstract experience of oneself. We shall now merge the electrophysiological and neuroanatomical findings in order to see how one can voluntarily move toward the center of the sphere.
5. The importance of attention and intentionally moving toward the center of the sphere
Movement, volition, and cognition are deeply related [188, 189] and, as seen above, are all related to theta activity. In fact, it has been suggested that the nervous system has evolved to allow active movement and provide a goal-oriented plan; as such, motivation and emotion represent facets of a common phenomenon. That commonality is the motivational-emotional system, which interacts with learning and higher-order cognition [184, 185]. In contrast to meditation practices, which are thought to involve and cultivate mindfulness (being aware of one’s current mental state; about the problems in defining mindfulness, see [186, 187]), different theories of hypnosis posit that the hypnotic response is a form of strategic self-deception in regard to one’s mental state [188]. Thus, it has been suggested that hypnotic response implies a lack of mindfulness, at least regarding particular mental states about which one is strategically deceived [188].
However, we suggest that it is also the combination of attention and intentionality (and not self-deception), which should be addressed in regard to hypnosis and other states of mind [13, 14, 15]. People often engage in meditation training because they believe it will result in a specific positive outcome, having received suggestions regarding its potential benefits [56]. Such suggestions—here in the form of self-suggestions, also known as outcome expectancies—are in-line with social cognitive views of hypnosis [10, 189] that posit that hypnosis can be viewed as a use of suggestions for creating changes in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors [56]. As such, self-suggestion implies both attention and intentionality.
Importantly, as noted earlier, frontal theta EEG activity correlates negatively with default mode network activity [43]. Recalling that high theta activity facilitates response to suggestions (e.g., [56]) and plays an important role in attention [80] and intention, such as intentional learning, and intentional movement [190, 191], we suggest that the combination of attention and intention may help to explain the known variability in hypnotic responding between individuals. This, in turn, suggests that the level of hypnotizability can be related to the participant’s baseline position within the sphere [14, 15]. Together, these may have significant implications for the success of treatments.
Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of hypnosis in various clinical conditions, such as chronic pain [192]. Pain is a conscious experience, which can be considered an interpretation of the nociceptive input and potentially influenced by many factors, such as memories, emotions, and cognitions [16]. Decreased temporal-parietal theta (as well as alpha) activity during pain is consistent with a pain-related activation of the insula [193], which is known to be involved in pain processes [16]. Decreased theta connectivity was also found between the insula and the DMN in fibromyalgia, which may reflect persistent pain encoding associated with the chronic pain state in the disorder [194]. Maladaptive rumination and the re-experience of symptoms, which occur in many chronic pain conditions [195], and are known to be related to the DMN [196, 197, 198], were further found to be related to decreased theta band networks in post trauma [199]. Thus, finding ways to voluntarily move from the maladaptive and automatic narrative, which is predominant in these conditions, may aid in ameliorating symptoms.
In fact, studies found decreased DMN activation following hypnosis [138]. Decreased DMN activation, following different therapeutic approaches, is further linked to improvements in pain-related catastrophizing, which is generally self-referential, negative, and automatic [200]. In addition, there is growing evidence that mindfulness, as a volitionally initiated cognitive act, can significantly attenuate the subjective experience of pain [201]. Thus, cultivating experiential openness and acceptance, anchored in the embodied minimal self, and not in the narrative/default self, can reduce pain unpleasantness and lead to a reduction of symptoms in chronic pain patients [202, 203].
Emphasizing the importance of intentionality and its electrophysiological markers can further aid in differentiating hypnosis from “animal hypnosis” or “tonic immobility.” “Animal hypnosis” has been found to effect electrophysiological state, such as altering beta, gamma, and alpha activities, depending on the method of induction, duration, and number of sessions [108, 109]. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that while “animal hypnosis” can be induced in different ways, ranging from restraint to visual fixation, they are all involuntary [204], while the degrees of freedom in human hypnosis, although debatable, are greater. In fact, “tonic immobility” is physiologically quite different in physiological terms (i.e., defense and anti-predation reactions) [8, 205] and is controlled by a motor inhibitory system [204]. Thus, it is not surprising that in contrast to hypnosis, tonic immobility is more related to decreased theta activity and increased delta activity [108, 109], which are both inversely related to intentionality and volition [206]. Together these emphasize the importance of the intentionality aspect in human hypnosis. Nevertheless, it has been argued that hypnotic ability in humans may have evolved at least in part to allow for the control of pain and anxiety after injury, thereby reducing the likelihood of attack by predators [207].
In conclusion, although not a systematic review of this topic, this chapter offers three primary ideas for further consideration: (1) hypnosis and other “internal movement” paradigms may be regarded as mental navigation, (2) they can be compared to external movement and navigation in space, and (3) they are electrophysiologically mediated primarily by theta activity and require greater intentionality and attention. Based on the SMC, this may be related to an intentional shift away from DMN activity, which is anticorrelated with theta activity, and toward clear goal direction, represented by the center of the sphere. Thus, combined multidisciplinary examination of the connection between consciousness and hypnosis, encompassing cognitive psychology and motor and contemplative neuroscience, would produce greater theoretical understanding and implications on consciousness and hypnosis practice. First, in order to reach our personal and social aims, one can and should train to internally move intentionally from an automatic Narrative to the Minimal self, and eventually reach the state of Overcoming the Self, in order to know and better master one’s own perceptions and mental processing. This idea is also related to the works of Charles Tart [208], who describes our ordinary everyday experience as being in a state similar to hypnotic trance, where we are not sleeping but neither are we truly awake. The solution to this state of affairs, similarly to current contemplative neuroscience results presented here, necessitates waking up to our true selves through a process of self-observation and self-remembrance [11, 12, 14, 208].
Second, the parallels between these two lines of research, namely, the similar electrophysiological modulation present in hypnosis, real movement, and motor imagery and the findings related to diagonal movement, can have a useful impact on the field; it can do so by helping to validate reliable electrophysiological effects of hypnosis and increase our understanding of the related biological mechanisms and connections to internal and external movement. If confirmed in future research, these ideas may have important implications for enhancing the response to hypnosis treatments and for customized, combined therapeutic modalities. In turn, emphasizing the importance of intentional inner and outer navigation and their electrophysiological signature can also aid in differentiating between the different techniques and their possible synergetic effects.
In summary, as we know, hypnosis has many benefits, including the relief of chronic pain. These benefits are possible due to knowledge gained related to how the mind works and thus the possibility of leading it into specific mental and neural states, as is the case with hypnosis. The investigation of the connections between hypnosis and theta activity, among others, further demonstrates an affinity between meditative practices and hypnosis, and that intentionality can play an important role in leading oneself into desired states. In these states we are able to know ourselves better and master our perceptions and the interpretation we give of them. Training ourselves in this direction can, therefore, improve our well-being and quality of life. Future studies should combine behavioral, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological measures to help in distinguishing different types of hypnotic states and practices, as well as to examine the role of the person’s detached and attentive intentionality in reaching them.
\n',keywords:"hypnosis, meditation, movement, theta, EEG, Sphere Model of Consciousness",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72464.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72464.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72464",totalDownloads:662,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:6,dateSubmitted:"February 22nd 2020",dateReviewed:"May 7th 2020",datePrePublished:"June 19th 2020",datePublished:"December 2nd 2020",dateFinished:"June 12th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"EEG theta (4–7 Hz) activity is closely related to hypnosis and hypnotic analgesia, as well as to meditation and absorption. Research further indicates that theta oscillatory power is involved in different cognitive functions, such as spatial navigation, memory, creativity, and divided attention. The current manuscript will provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the importance of theta’s different roles in relation to hypnosis and their connections to movement. Indeed, several movement paradigms, such as Quadrato Motor Training, have been found to modulate theta activity, significantly improving cognition and emotional well-being. The utility of such movement paradigms as a therapeutic vehicle closely related to hypnosis, and the underlying characteristics allowing these neuromodulations, will be discussed. Finally, the relationships between diagonal movement and other psychological phenomena, especially intentionality, attention, and the Sphere Model of Consciousness, will be highlighted.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72464",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72464",signatures:"Patrizio Paoletti, Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan and Joseph Glicksohn",book:{id:"9050",type:"book",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2020",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9050.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-765-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-764-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-766-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Movement and hypnosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Electrophysiological measures and hypnosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Inner movement",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.1 Hypnosis and absorption",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.2 Meditation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation (OVO-WBPD)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. External movement",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1 Diagonal movement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Quadrato Motor Training (QMT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3 Tai chi and qigong",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. The Sphere Model of Consciousness and the position within the sphere",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. The importance of attention and intentionally moving toward the center of the sphere",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'De Benedittis G. Hypnosis and biofeedback for the control of chronic pain. 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Llewellyn [48] argues that REM dreaming has an elaborative role for encoding during sleep, suggesting that REM dreaming constitutes prospective coding because elaborative encoding enables inferences which, in turn, generate predictions."},{id:"fn2",explanation:"It is noteworthy to remember that in many conditions, gamma power is phase-locked to theta activity and that both work in coordination of hippocampal networks during both waking and REM sleep [74, 75]. In addition to gamma, also beta activity is evident during both waking and REM sleep [76]. Gamma activity is further related to sensory perception, problem-solving, and memory and is thought to contribute to “binding” of sensory information (for review see [76]) and problem-solving with insight [77]."},{id:"fn3",explanation:"Yoga Nidra is defined as a “state in which an individual demonstrates all the symptoms of deep, non-REM sleep, including delta brain waves, while simultaneously remaining fully conscious [121]. In addition, it is important to note that while meditation spindles have similar amplitudes to those in sleep, all other parameters are significantly different, with more-experienced subjects displaying high-voltage slow waves reminiscent, but significantly different, to the slow waves of deeper stages of non-REM sleep [122]. In addition, they also differ from slow delta activity in anesthesia which is notably less rhythmic and coherent [122]. Most importantly, the main regions of interest are notably different to those in sleep [122, 123]. More specifically, the significant presence of limbic sources in meditation support the hypothesis of the effects of meditation on memory and spatial and temporal orientation, and consequently to the ventral and dorsal streams of attention and feeling- and salience-based, respectively [122]. The electrophysiological change induced by these type of training, together with the ability to remain consciously aware while producing delta waves, is believed to be associated with attaining a highly stabilized state of higher consciousness [121, 124] and the integration of transcendental experiences in both waking, dreaming, and sleeping [125]."},{id:"fn4",explanation:"More specifically, as Pagani et al. [154] detail, delta activity is related to slow wave sleep, which in turn is related to transferring edited memories from the hippocampus to the neocortex, as well as to stimulating the integration of these into neocortical neuronal networks, while theta activity is related to REM sleep. Bilateral stimulation typical of EMDR causes immediate slowing of the depolarization rate of neurons from the dominant waking state frequency of around 7 Hz to about 1.5 Hz. Interestingly, as Pagani [154] further noted, animal research has demonstrated that low-frequency (5 Hz) stimulation can cause a depotentiation of amygdala AMPA receptors involved in the retention of traumatic memory and 900 stimuli at 1–5 Hz depotentiated synapses mediating memory, suggesting that memories aroused during therapy are reactivated, replayed, and encoded into existing memory networks. Interestingly, delta activity occurs as waves during bilateral stimulation in other frequency waves (such as beta) and is related to eye movements. Lastly, Pagani et al. [154] suggested that the consolidation of emotional memory in the neocortex during an EMDR session, which often results in a sudden symptoms disappearance, is associated with periods in which slow (1.5 Hz) and faster (theta-alpha) activity are elicited by the alternation of bilateral stimulation and improved cognition."},{id:"fn5",explanation:"Similarly to EMDR, also binaural beat, which requires bilateral stimulation, by presenting two slightly different wave forms to each ear via stereophonic headphones, thus generating a third “beat” frequency, was found to be related to hypnotic susceptibility and theta activity ([154, 155, 156], yet see [42]), suggesting in turn also complex dynamic interactions between the two hemispheres [157]. For example, beat frequencies in theta and alpha range both increased interhemispheric coherence selectively at alpha frequencies [158]."}],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Patrizio Paoletti",address:null,affiliation:'
Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Fondazione Patrizio Paoletti, Italy
Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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The exact causes of the cyanoHABs are still not well defined, but eutrophication and climate change (temperature increase, light intensity variation, etc.) are the two assumed main factors that may promote the proliferation and expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. However, these premises need to be profoundly investigated as the optimal combination of all factors such as increased nutrient loading, physiological characteristics of cyanobacterial species, and climate effects which could lead to the blooming pattern will require robust modeling approaches to predict the phenomena. Negative issues associated with cyanoHABs are diverse including the toxic products (cyanotoxins) released by certain taxa which can damage the health of humans and animal habitats around the related watershed as well as generate a huge water quality problem for aquatic industries.",book:{id:"6888",slug:"limnology-some-new-aspects-of-inland-water-ecology",title:"Limnology",fullTitle:"Limnology - Some New Aspects of Inland Water Ecology"},signatures:"Naila-Yasmine Benayache, Tri Nguyen-Quang, Kateryna Hushchyna, Kayla McLellan, Fatima-Zohra Afri-Mehennaoui and Noureddine Bouaïcha",authors:[{id:"186021",title:"Dr.",name:"Noureddine",middleName:null,surname:"Bouaïcha",slug:"noureddine-bouaicha",fullName:"Noureddine Bouaïcha"},{id:"275819",title:"Dr.",name:"Naila",middleName:"Yasmine",surname:"Benayache",slug:"naila-benayache",fullName:"Naila Benayache"},{id:"275821",title:"Dr.",name:"Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen-Quang",slug:"tri-nguyen-quang",fullName:"Tri Nguyen-Quang"},{id:"275878",title:"Ms.",name:"Kateryna",middleName:null,surname:"Hushchyna",slug:"kateryna-hushchyna",fullName:"Kateryna Hushchyna"},{id:"275879",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatima-Zohra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehennaoui-Afri",slug:"fatima-zohra-mehennaoui-afri",fullName:"Fatima-Zohra Mehennaoui-Afri"}]},{id:"60120",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75734",title:"Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Groundwater: A Case Study of the South of Setif Area, East Algeria",slug:"assessment-of-heavy-metals-contamination-in-groundwater-a-case-study-of-the-south-of-setif-area-east",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Heavy metals in groundwater were analyzed and their sources and impacts were identified using multivariate statistical tools and risk assessment. Three significant factors were extracted by factor analysis (FA), explaining 75.69% of total variance. These factors were in turn described by the clusters C3, C2 and C1, respectively, resulting from the cluster analysis (CA). Factor analysis and cluster analysis revealed significant anthropogenic contributions and water-rock interaction effects of the metals in groundwater. The mean values of heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (Cdeg) indices indicated that the groundwater samples were contaminated with high degree of pollution by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The hazard quotients (via ingestion) of Cd and Pb were found to be higher than the safe limits, posing threat to the consumers. However, no risk related to the dermal contact was associated with the measured metal levels.",book:{id:"6401",slug:"achievements-and-challenges-of-integrated-river-basin-management",title:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management",fullTitle:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management"},signatures:"Lazhar Belkhiri, Ammar Tiri and Lotfi Mouni",authors:[{id:"214036",title:"Dr.",name:"Lazhar",middleName:null,surname:"Belkhiri",slug:"lazhar-belkhiri",fullName:"Lazhar Belkhiri"},{id:"214668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Tiri",slug:"ammar-tiri",fullName:"Ammar Tiri"},{id:"214669",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Mouni",slug:"lotfi-mouni",fullName:"Lotfi Mouni"}]},{id:"59624",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74700",title:"Information-Communication Technologies as an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Tool for Sustainable Development",slug:"information-communication-technologies-as-an-integrated-water-resources-management-iwrm-tool-for-sus",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Sustainability is a crucial and at the same time vital approach for satisfying future generations’ rights on natural resources. Toward this direction, global policies, supported by international organizations such as UNESCO and its international science programs, foster sustainable development as principal concept for the management of various thematic areas including the environment. The present work promotes the integration of information-communication technologies (ICTs) in the water resources management field as a state of the art concept that sets the basis for sustainable development at global scale. The research focuses on the ICTs contribution to the evolution of scientific and technological disciplines, such as satellite earth observations, real time monitoring networks, geographic information systems, and cloud-based geo information systems and their interconnection to integrated water resources management. Moreover, selected international research programs and activities of UNESCO International Hydrology Programme (IHP) are synoptically but comprehensively being presented to demonstrate the integration of the technological advances in water resources management and their role toward sustainable development.",book:{id:"6401",slug:"achievements-and-challenges-of-integrated-river-basin-management",title:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management",fullTitle:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management"},signatures:"Charalampos Skoulikaris, Youssef Filali-Meknassi, Alice Aureli, Abou\nAmani and Blanca Elena Jiménez-Cisneros",authors:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",slug:"charalampos-skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris"}]},{id:"51401",doi:"10.5772/64111",title:"Phycoremediation of Eutrophic Lakes Using Diatom Algae",slug:"phycoremediation-of-eutrophic-lakes-using-diatom-algae",totalDownloads:2302,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Eutrophication as a result of human intervention has led to severe deterioration of fresh water habitats. Due to population growth, industrialization and uncontrolled use of fertilizers led to excess nutrient runoff entering into rivers and lakes; this has caused reduction in water quality and abnormal changes in ecosystem structure and function. A solution to this cultural eutrophication is an urgent necessity since nutrient accumulation renders controlling eutrophication more difficult over time. Using algae for reduction of nutrients is a unique technology, which utilizes the enormous potential of microalgae in restoring water quality. This has a huge potential in urban lakes where there is an urgent need to use such technologies in combination with existing ones to speed up the process to reduce the formation of hypereutrophic lakes and dead zones in oceans. In this book chapter, we explore the enormous potential of diatoms as cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly remedy for complex problems related to eutrophication. We report the case studies on using diatom-based technology. This will give us a new insight into microalgae-based lake remediation strategies, which can significantly reduce the cost, manpower needed and negative environmental impacts involved in existing technologies.",book:{id:"5282",slug:"lake-sciences-and-climate-change",title:"Lake Sciences and Climate Change",fullTitle:"Lake Sciences and Climate Change"},signatures:"Marella Thomas Kiran, Mallimadugula Venkata Bhaskar and\nArchana Tiwari",authors:[{id:"182729",title:"Mr.",name:"Bhaskar",middleName:null,surname:"Mallimadugula",slug:"bhaskar-mallimadugula",fullName:"Bhaskar Mallimadugula"},{id:"182743",title:"Mr.",name:"Marella",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas Kiran",slug:"marella-thomas-kiran",fullName:"Marella Thomas Kiran"},{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}]},{id:"51407",doi:"10.5772/64265",title:"Fuzzy Logic as a Tool for the Assessment of Water Quality for Reservoirs: A Regional Perspective (Lerma River Basin, Mexico)",slug:"fuzzy-logic-as-a-tool-for-the-assessment-of-water-quality-for-reservoirs-a-regional-perspective-lerm",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The aim of this study is to propose a water quality index for reservoirs in a basin using fuzzy logic. Most of the water quality indices are designed for use in rivers and streams and based on expert opinion; however, when the water is dammed, the quality usually Is modified. Mexico is a country with many contrasts in quantity and quality of water. Management of water resources in the Lerma River is achieved with a system of artificial reservoirs where water is stored in order to meet human needs, such as public supply, industry, agriculture and recreation, among others. Monitoring of 11 reservoirs in the Río Lerma basin was performed to characterize the water quality. Using the water quality data, those indicators that do not represent redundancy were selected based on the concentration gradient that occurred in the different reservoirs. Thus, the proposed index uses eight indicators of water quality. The fuzzy inference system is composed by 633 rules with a score from 0 to 100 and seven verbal categories. The index was validated by comparison with other water quality index, and their use across the basin was tested by applying it in five additional water bodies.",book:{id:"5282",slug:"lake-sciences-and-climate-change",title:"Lake Sciences and Climate Change",fullTitle:"Lake Sciences and Climate Change"},signatures:"Jacinto Elías Sedeño-Díaz and Eugenia López-López",authors:[{id:"153660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jacinto Elías",middleName:null,surname:"Sedeño-Díaz",slug:"jacinto-elias-sedeno-diaz",fullName:"Jacinto Elías Sedeño-Díaz"},{id:"190562",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"López-López",slug:"eugenia-lopez-lopez",fullName:"Eugenia López-López"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73065",title:"Constructed Wetlands in Wastewater Treatment and Challenges of Emerging Resistant Genes Filtration and Reloading",slug:"constructed-wetlands-in-wastewater-treatment-and-challenges-of-emerging-resistant-genes-filtration-a",totalDownloads:723,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"A wetland is a unique and distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail, and the primary distinctive factor of wetlands from other landforms or water bodies is the occurrence of adaptive vegetation of aquatic plants, characteristic to the unique hydric soil. A constructed wetland is an artificial shallow basin filled with substrate, usually soil or gravel, and planted with vegetation that has tolerance to saturated conditions. As much as the use of constructed wetland has been recommended in the treatment of various forms of wastewater, the system efficiency is a factor of very many natural and artificial factors, with the emerging pollutants and contaminants such as resistant genes being the most complicated contaminants to eliminate through the system. Indeed, the emerging pollutants in forms of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have remained prevalent in aquatic environments such as wetlands that receive ARG-loaded sewage. Therefore, this chapter covers a discussion on constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment and challenges of emerging contaminants, such as resistant genes filtration and reloading mechanisms, and provides recommendation for the proper handling and removal of such pollutants from the wetlands’ functional system.",book:{id:"9660",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",title:"Inland Waters",fullTitle:"Inland Waters - Dynamics and Ecology"},signatures:"Donde Oscar Omondi and Atalitsa Caren Navalia",authors:[{id:"316539",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Donde",slug:"oscar-donde",fullName:"Oscar Donde"},{id:"320769",title:"Ms.",name:"Caren",middleName:null,surname:"Atalitsa",slug:"caren-atalitsa",fullName:"Caren Atalitsa"}]},{id:"60120",title:"Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Groundwater: A Case Study of the South of Setif Area, East Algeria",slug:"assessment-of-heavy-metals-contamination-in-groundwater-a-case-study-of-the-south-of-setif-area-east",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Heavy metals in groundwater were analyzed and their sources and impacts were identified using multivariate statistical tools and risk assessment. Three significant factors were extracted by factor analysis (FA), explaining 75.69% of total variance. These factors were in turn described by the clusters C3, C2 and C1, respectively, resulting from the cluster analysis (CA). Factor analysis and cluster analysis revealed significant anthropogenic contributions and water-rock interaction effects of the metals in groundwater. The mean values of heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (Cdeg) indices indicated that the groundwater samples were contaminated with high degree of pollution by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The hazard quotients (via ingestion) of Cd and Pb were found to be higher than the safe limits, posing threat to the consumers. However, no risk related to the dermal contact was associated with the measured metal levels.",book:{id:"6401",slug:"achievements-and-challenges-of-integrated-river-basin-management",title:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management",fullTitle:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management"},signatures:"Lazhar Belkhiri, Ammar Tiri and Lotfi Mouni",authors:[{id:"214036",title:"Dr.",name:"Lazhar",middleName:null,surname:"Belkhiri",slug:"lazhar-belkhiri",fullName:"Lazhar Belkhiri"},{id:"214668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Tiri",slug:"ammar-tiri",fullName:"Ammar Tiri"},{id:"214669",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Mouni",slug:"lotfi-mouni",fullName:"Lotfi Mouni"}]},{id:"60069",title:"Monitoring of Meteorological, Hydrological Conditions and Water Quality of the Main Tributaries of the Transboundary Amu Darya River",slug:"monitoring-of-meteorological-hydrological-conditions-and-water-quality-of-the-main-tributaries-of-th",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The results of monitoring of meteorological, hydrological parameters and hydrochemistry of the main tributaries of the transboundary Amu Darya River, the Vakhsh, Zeravshan and Pyanj rivers are presented. The influence of climate change on the meteorological characteristics of river basins has been observed. The need for coordination of Central Asian countries in the implementation of integrated water resources management is suggested. It is pointed out that the lack of a developed network of hydrometeorological observation points and a low level of information exchange among the countries of the region often leads to the emergence of scientifically unjustified scenarios and forecasts of climatic and hydrological processes in the region. The creation of a single regional center for cryosphere and hydrometeorological observations for continuous monitoring of processes occurring with water objects in the region is proposed.",book:{id:"6401",slug:"achievements-and-challenges-of-integrated-river-basin-management",title:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management",fullTitle:"Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management"},signatures:"Parviz I. Normatov and Inom Sh. Normatov",authors:[{id:"214149",title:"Prof.",name:"Inom",middleName:null,surname:"Normatov",slug:"inom-normatov",fullName:"Inom Normatov"},{id:"214152",title:"Dr.",name:"Parviz",middleName:null,surname:"Normatov",slug:"parviz-normatov",fullName:"Parviz Normatov"}]},{id:"71449",title:"Assessment of the CHIRPS-Based Satellite Precipitation Estimates",slug:"assessment-of-the-chirps-based-satellite-precipitation-estimates",totalDownloads:840,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"At present, satellite rainfall products, such as the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product, have become an alternative source of rainfall data for regions where rain gauge stations are sparse, e.g., Northeast Brazil (NEB). In this study, continuous scores (i.e., Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R; percentage bias, PBIAS; and unbiased root mean square error, ubRMSE) and categorical scores (i.e., probability of detection, POD; false alarm ratio, FAR; and threat score, TS) were used to assess the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based observations on a pixel-to-station basis, during 01 January 1981 to 30 June 2019 over NEB. Results showed that CHIRPS exhibits better performance in inland regions (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.51, −3.71%, and 9.20 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.59, 0.44, and 0.40, respectively) than near the coast (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.36, −5.66%, and 12.43 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.32, 0.42, and 0.26, respectively). It shows better performance in the wettest months (i.e., DJF) than in the driest months (i.e., JJA) and is sensitive to both the warm-top stratiform cloud systems and the sub-cloud evaporation processes. Overall, the CHIRPS rainfall data set could be used for some operational purposes in NEB.",book:{id:"9660",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",title:"Inland Waters",fullTitle:"Inland Waters - Dynamics and Ecology"},signatures:"Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Humberto Alves Barbosa, Tumuluru Venkata Lakshmi Kumar, Manoj Kumar Thakur and Catarina de Oliveira Buriti",authors:[{id:"66233",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",middleName:"Alves",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"humberto-barbosa",fullName:"Humberto Barbosa"},{id:"75701",title:"Dr.",name:"T. V. Lakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"t.-v.-lakshmi-kumar",fullName:"T. V. Lakshmi Kumar"},{id:"291246",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Thakur",slug:"manoj-kumar-thakur",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Thakur"},{id:"291318",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Paredes",slug:"franklin-paredes",fullName:"Franklin Paredes"},{id:"318058",title:"Dr.",name:"Catarina",middleName:null,surname:"Buriti",slug:"catarina-buriti",fullName:"Catarina Buriti"}]},{id:"64836",title:"Importance of Optimum Water Quality Indices in Successful Frog Culture Practices",slug:"importance-of-optimum-water-quality-indices-in-successful-frog-culture-practices",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The optimum quality of water indices is extremely important for successful frog culture. Frogs excrete their excreta and skin debris in water. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly renew the water and clean the tanks and bays of rearing systems. Such care is necessary for the prevention and prophylaxis of diseases, which may cause severe mortalities. Bullfrogs need water of good physical and chemical quality, and thus, water quality indices must be measured before starting a breeding and rearing program. Additionally, the producers should have a good knowledge about the water quality before establishing a rearing system. Aquatic ecosystems are dynamic and even in small rearing water tanks, physical and chemical parameters are interrelated. For example, any change in dissolved oxygen level depends on the water temperature and atmospheric pressure. The dissolved oxygen level is almost 9.08 mg L−1 near sea side at a temperature of 20°C, whereas its concentration rises up to 10.07 mg L−1, if the temperature drops to 15°C, indicating that dissolved oxygen and water temperature are closely interrelated. Thus, physical and chemical parameters of water should be considered and analyzed together because all of these factors have a direct impact on the culture systems.",book:{id:"6888",slug:"limnology-some-new-aspects-of-inland-water-ecology",title:"Limnology",fullTitle:"Limnology - Some New Aspects of Inland Water Ecology"},signatures:"Cleber Fernando M. Mansano, Luiz Sérgio Vanzela, Juliana Heloisa P. Américo-Pinheiro, Beatrice I. Macente, Kifayat U. Khan, João Batista K. Fernandes, Danila Fernanda R. Frias and Marta V. De Stéfani",authors:[{id:"202719",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleber",middleName:null,surname:"Mansano",slug:"cleber-mansano",fullName:"Cleber Mansano"},{id:"202722",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice I.",middleName:null,surname:"Macente",slug:"beatrice-i.-macente",fullName:"Beatrice I. Macente"},{id:"202723",title:"Dr.",name:"Kifayat U.",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"kifayat-u.-khan",fullName:"Kifayat U. 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\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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