Taxonomy of
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10343",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ocular Hypertension - The Knowns and Unknowns",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:"The Knowns and Unknowns",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides useful information to physicians for managing ocular hypertension, which is one of the more controversial ocular conditions. It examines the social aspects of the disease and the new technologies available for treating it. The information presented will help physicians better diagnose and manage this condition.",isbn:"978-1-83969-338-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-337-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-339-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91529",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ocular-hypertension-the-knowns-and-unknowns",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",publishedDate:"October 13th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1246,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 11th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"191",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"medicine-ophthalmology"}],chapters:[{id:"75503",title:"Ocular Hypertension in Blacks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96606",slug:"ocular-hypertension-in-blacks",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ocular hypertension occurs when intraocular pressure (IOP) is greater than the normal range with no evidence of vision loss or damage to the optic nerve. Individuals with ocular hypertension have an increased risk for glaucoma. The mean normal IOP is 15 mmHg and the mean IOP of untreated glaucoma is 18 mmHg. Elevated IOP commonly occurs in patients over the age of 50 and is often due to enlargement of the lens, narrowing of the angle, iridolenticular apposition, and pigment liberation that obstructs the trabecular meshwork. Cataract surgery and lensectomy can lower IOP and reduce the risk of glaucoma. The global wealth inequality of Blacks has created health inequities that have led to decreased access to surgical care contributing to higher rates of blindness from glaucoma. Greater education on the benefits of early cataract surgery and trabecular bypass for higher risk patients, as well as addressing wealth and health inequities, can help to bend the curve of blindness from glaucoma.",signatures:"Daniel Laroche and Kara Rickford",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75503",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75503",authors:[{id:"344431",title:"M.D.",name:"Daniel Laroche",surname:"Laroche",slug:"daniel-laroche-laroche",fullName:"Daniel Laroche Laroche"},{id:"346110",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Kara",surname:"Rickford",slug:"kara-rickford",fullName:"Kara Rickford"}],corrections:null},{id:"77263",title:"Retinal Vascular Implications of Ocular Hypertension",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98310",slug:"retinal-vascular-implications-of-ocular-hypertension",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we review the basics of retinal vascular anatomy and discuss the physiologic process of retinal blood flow regulation. We then aim to explore the relationship between intraocular pressure and retinal circulation, taking into account factors that affect retinal hemodynamics. Specifically, we discuss the concepts of ocular perfusion pressure, baro-damage to the endothelium and transmural pressure in relation to the intraocular pressure. Finally, we demonstrate the inter-relationships of these factors and concepts in the pathogenesis of some retinal vascular conditions; more particularly, through examples of two common clinical pathologies of diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion.",signatures:"Fidan Jmor and John C. Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77263",authors:[{id:"349068",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Chen",slug:"john-chen",fullName:"John Chen"},{id:"349086",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidan",surname:"Jmor",slug:"fidan-jmor",fullName:"Fidan Jmor"}],corrections:null},{id:"77484",title:"Progression from Ocular Hypertension into Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98886",slug:"progression-from-ocular-hypertension-into-glaucoma",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ocular hypertension (OHT) is characterized by raised intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg without any visual field (functional) or optic nerve (structural) defect featuring glaucoma. Raised IOP is a major risk factor of glaucoma and a proportion of eyes with OHT progresses into primary open angle glaucoma. Glaucoma is a debilitating disease with potential for blindness if left untreated and associated reduction in the quality of life of the affected individual. It is challenging for the clinicians to decide whether an OHT will progress into glaucoma or not based on the risk factor model of the Ocular hypertension treatment study. Moreover, the question whether only IOP or a myriad of factors like central corneal thickness, baseline IOP, visual field, family history of glaucoma, ocular biomechanics are all important in determining the progression is yet to be answered. The rate of progression is also important and needs analysis for further discussion. Summarizing the landmark studies on ocular hypertension and glaucoma to date are imperative in this regard. This chapter presents the overview of OHT and its possible etiology and pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical tests evaluating OHT eyes and elaborates on the progression of OHT to glaucoma over time in relation to the treatment.",signatures:"Sayantan Biswas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77484",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77484",authors:[{id:"296088",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sayantan",surname:"Biswas",slug:"sayantan-biswas",fullName:"Sayantan Biswas"}],corrections:null},{id:"75044",title:"Neuropathology in Hypertensive Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96034",slug:"neuropathology-in-hypertensive-glaucoma",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypertensive glaucoma is still defined as a disease where, at high intraocular pressure, retinal ganglion cell axons are impaired with excavation at the optic disc and changes in the visual field. In single cases, the study highlights the importance of knowledge of neuropathology not only at the level of the retina but the entire visual pathway, including the visual centres in the brain. It uses the issue of neurotransmission in the visual analyser and its pathology, but mainly the results of electrophysiological examinations and functional imaging of the brain using Positron Emission Tomography and Functional Magnetic Resonance. It does not overlook the imaging methods of the eye (nerve fibre layer, vessel density). On the basis of this information, therapy is recommended as well.",signatures:"Jan Lestak and Martin Fůs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75044",authors:[{id:"343607",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Lestak",slug:"jan-lestak",fullName:"Jan Lestak"},{id:"345891",title:"Mr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Fůs",slug:"martin-fus",fullName:"Martin Fůs"}],corrections:null},{id:"76382",title:"Psychosocial Aspects of Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97399",slug:"psychosocial-aspects-of-glaucoma",totalDownloads:202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glaucoma, not only leads to irreversible visual impairment, but also has a negative impact on Quality of Life of the patients. Visual disability, lifelong medical and surgical treatments and even the mere knowledge of having an irreversible potentially blinding condition tend to cause severe psychological stress in patients, leading to negative emotions such as anxiety or depression. The goal of glaucoma treatment should not be limited to preserving the vision, but also address the psychological aspects and preservation of patient wellbeing. Patient counselling, right from at the time of diagnosis, periodic psychological assessment and creating awareness in the society as a whole should be implemented as a part of holistic approach to glaucoma. Utilisation of Patient- reported quality of life tools would help clinicians in more closely understanding the problems and would, in turn, aid in providing comprehensive customised treatment option for each patient.",signatures:"Ashutosh Dayal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76382",authors:[{id:"342532",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Dayal",slug:"ashutosh-dayal",fullName:"Ashutosh Dayal"}],corrections:null},{id:"77068",title:"Physiological Bases of Electric Stimulation as a New Approach to Glaucoma IOP Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98297",slug:"physiological-bases-of-electric-stimulation-as-a-new-approach-to-glaucoma-iop-control",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This Chapter focuses in the electrophysiological bases to support Trans Palpebral Electrical Stimulation TPES as a new alternative to control Intraocular Pressure IOP. Primary open Angle Glaucoma POAG is described in our approach as a dysfunction of the membrane potential of TM cells due to the dysfunction of the Maxi potassium depended Calcium Channels BKCa2+ of the Trabecular Mesh TM. We review through the paper the main contributions about Trabecular mesh dysfunction related with Voltage dependent ionic channels. We also present in this paper new results in controlling intra ocular pressure IOP during one year of trans palpebral Electric stimulation in patients with Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).",signatures:"Luis Nino-de-Rivera, Diego Cervera and Paola Castillo-Juarez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77068",authors:[{id:"187604",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Nino-de-Rivera",slug:"luis-nino-de-rivera",fullName:"Luis Nino-de-Rivera"},{id:"348304",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Cervera",slug:"diego-cervera",fullName:"Diego Cervera"},{id:"348305",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Castillo-Juarez",slug:"paola-castillo-juarez",fullName:"Paola Castillo-Juarez"}],corrections:null},{id:"75840",title:"Glaucoma Related to Ocular and Orbital Tumors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96907",slug:"glaucoma-related-to-ocular-and-orbital-tumors",totalDownloads:294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Secondary glaucoma due to ocular and orbital tumors can be a diagnostic challenge. It is an essential differential to consider in eyes with a known tumor as well as with unilateral, atypical, asymmetrical, or refractory glaucoma. Various intraocular neoplasms including iris and ciliary body tumors (melanoma, metastasis, lymphoma), choroidal tumors (melanoma, metastasis), vitreo-retinal tumors (retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, vitreoretinal lymphoma) and orbital tumors (extra-scleral extension of choroidal melanoma or retinoblastoma, primary orbital tumors) etc. can lead to raised intraocular pressure. The mechanisms for glaucoma include direct (tumor invasion or infiltration related outflow obstruction, trabecular meshwork seeding) or indirect (angle closure from neovascularization or anterior displacement or compression of iris) or elevated episcleral venous pressure secondary to orbital tumors. These forms of glaucoma need unique diagnostic techniques and customized treatment considerations as they often pose therapeutic dilemmas. This chapter will review and discuss the mechanisms, clinical presentations and management of glaucoma related to ocular and orbital tumors.",signatures:"Sonal P. Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75840",authors:[{id:"342776",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonal P.",surname:"Yadav",slug:"sonal-p.-yadav",fullName:"Sonal P. Yadav"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7858",title:"A Practical Guide to Clinical Application of OCT in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2d479cc9258dee430f8ba4c353c468",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-clinical-application-of-oct-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8855",title:"Retinoblastoma",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1686b2f1d697de9d4bc2005a5fa9b998",slug:"retinoblastoma-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hind Manaa Alkatan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hind",surname:"Alkatan",slug:"hind-alkatan",fullName:"Hind Alkatan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6372",title:"Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy and Intervention Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46ff48bdb1bac8a69372566fff0e2f6d",slug:"early-events-in-diabetic-retinopathy-and-intervention-strategies",bookSignature:"Andrew T.C. 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Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility 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Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11756",leadTitle:null,title:"Quantum Dots - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Contemporary Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tA quantum dot is a very small structure (2 to 10 nm), e.g. a semiconductor nanocrystal embedded in another semiconductor material, which can confine electrons or other carriers in all three dimensions and with their electronic characteristics depending on their size and shape. The particles differ in colour depending on the size of different nanocrystals. Quantum dots emit light when excited, smaller dots emit higher energy light. Manufacturers can accurately control the size of a quantum dot and as a result, they are able ‘tune’ the wavelength of the emitted light to a specific colour. Quantum dots find applications in several areas such as solar cells, transistors, LEDs, medical imaging, and quantum computing, thanks to their unique electronic properties. The properties of quantum dots have caused researchers and companies to consider using them in several fields like Optical Applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics), Biological Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications), etc... The following survey of quantum dot applications introduces many of these uses. They have characteristically low energy consumption, small size, longer lifetime, and faster switching and because of that, they have a wide palette of applicability. Over the years semiconductor technology has advanced to bigger heights. The result is what we see around us in the form of smart gadgets. This book would form the basis for a better widespread understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each category of the quantum dots, and may also suggest better, cheaper, or alternative lithography technologies are considered for their applications.
\r\n\r\n\tThe area of interest and scope of the project can be described with (but are not limited to) the following keywords: The Quantum dots can be lingering further into seven major categories:
\r\n\t(i) Quantum dots of very high-quality optical applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics).
\r\n\t(ii) Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), (vii) The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications, magnetic quantum dots & graphene quantum dots), Superconducting Loop, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Fingerprints.
\r\n\r\n\t(iii) Biomedical and Environmental Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes and Bacterial Cells, Resonance Energy-Transfer Processes, Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Pollutant Control.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-594-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-593-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-595-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",keywords:"LED, Organic LEDs, Dyes & Pigments, Solar Cells, Laser Photonics, Electronic Switching Devices, Qubits, Josephson Junction, Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes, and Bacterial Cells",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 27th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. J. Thirumalai received his Ph.D. from Alagappa University, Karaikudi, He was also awarded the Post-doctoral Fellowship from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), the Republic of Korea. His research interests focus on luminescence, self-assembled nanomaterials, and thin-film optoelectronic devices. He has published more than 60 SCOPUS/ISI indexed papers and 11 book chapters, edited 4 books, and member of several national and international societies like RSC, OSA, etc. His h-index is 19.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99242/images/system/99242.png",biography:"Dr. J. Thirumalai received his Ph.D. from Alagappa University, Karaikudi in 2010. He was also awarded the Post-doctoral Fellowship from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Republic of Korea, in 2013. He worked as Assistant Professor of Physics, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India (2011 to 2016). Currently, he is working as Senior Assistant Professor of Physics, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA Deemed University, Kumbakonam (T.N.), India. His research interests focus on luminescence, self-assembled nanomaterials, and thin film opto-electronic devices. He has published more than 60 SCOPUS/ISI indexed papers and 11 book chapters, edited 4 books and member in several national and international societies like RSC, OSA, etc. Currently, he served as a principal investigator for a funded project towards the application of luminescence based thin film opto-electronic devices, funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India. As an expert in opto-electronics and nanotechnology area, he has been invited as external and internal examiners to MSc and PhD theses, invited to give talk in some forum, review papers for international and national journals.",institutionString:"SASTRA University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"17",title:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347258",firstName:"Marica",lastName:"Novakovic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"marica@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5348",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"An 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Tobacco pouch keratosis (Smokeless tobacco lesion, snuff dipper’s lesion)
Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
Speckled leukoplakia (Erythroleukoplakia)
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Neville B, Damm DD, Allen CM, and Bouquot J.
Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007 May;36(5):255-61
\nLee PN, Hamling J. Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America. BMC Med. 2009 Jul29;7:36
\nAmerican Cancer Society website (www.cancer.org)
\nBrassinolide (BL) is one of the brassinosteroids, which are steroidal plant hormones showing a wide occurrence in the plant kingdom, that have unique biological effects on growth and development [1, 2]. They are a group of naturally occurring polyhydroxy steroids initially isolated from
Much has been written about Clouse [6], for example, pointed out that:
Among plant hormones, BL are structurally the most similar to animal steroid hormones, which have well-known functions in regulating embryonic and postembryonic development and adult homeostasis. Like their animal counterparts, BL regulate the expression of numerous genes, impact the activity of complex metabolic pathways, contribute to the regulation of cell division and differentiation, and help control overall developmental programs leading to morphogenesis. They are also involved in regulating processes more specific to plant growth including flowering and cell expansion in the presence of a potentially growth-limiting cell wall (p. 1).
Fig (
In Malaysia and Indonesia, there are at least 21 known varieties of the fig tree and most of them are from Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD) varieties [9]. There is limited information on exogenous brassinolide application on these varieties.
Brassinolide (BL) or 2,3,22,23-Tetrahydroxy-β-homo-7-oxaergostan-6-one or C28H48O6 with molar mass 480.69 g mol−1 is a plant hormone [10]. The first isolated brassinosteroid (BRs), it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (
Common structural characteristics of BL (Figure 1) are A/B
Chemical structure of brassinolide [
BL for the first time was found in 1968. To produce a strong plant growth promoting effect, Marumo et al. [12] gained three extracts from an evergreen Japanese plant known as Isonuki (
Grove et al. [3] purified 40 kg of collected bee pollen of
According to Tang et al. [16], benefits of BL improves the growth of the germinating seed, improves the plant’s ability to deal with stress, such as diseases, drought, salt, and cold, promotes growth of lateral buds, produces deep green leaves, increases the number of flowers and fruit produced, increases the percentage of fruit setting by decreasing the amount of flower and fruit drop, increases sugar content and generally improves the quality of the fruit, promotes fruit enlargement, delays leaf senescence lengthening productivity, and can be used in soil, hydroponics or leaf feeding.
The genus
Rank | Scientific name |
---|---|
Kingdom | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Tracheobionta |
Division | Magnoliophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Subclass | Alismidae |
Order | Rosales |
Family | Moraceae |
Genus | |
Species | |
Generic Group |
Part of
The fig is an accumulation fruit structured by individual small drupes; known as a drupelet. In ovaries, the drupelets develop to a syconium containing amounts of unisexual flowers and pollinated by wasps via ostiole. The fig may produce multiple crops of annual fruits and need pollen from their pollinator Capri figs in any certain fig types. Breba crop is borne laterally on the growth of the previous season from buds produced in leaf axils and it is not produced in all cultivars. Another fig fruit type is main crop which is produced laterally in the axils of leaves on current season shoots. The leaves fall and the tree enters the dormancy period at the end of the growth period [20].
Figs respond well to heavy mulching with organic materials to conserve moisture, improve soil structure and reduce root knot nematode levels but intolerant in condition of poorly drained and waterlogged. To increase the main crop and maintain size control, fig also responds well to pruning and can be trained or pruned heavily in the dormant season [21]. The fig is fairly salt and drought tolerant. Soils of high lime content produce fruits of better quality suitable for drying. Fig trees can also withstand temperatures as low as −12 to −9.5°C [18].
In Malaysia and Indonesia, there are at least of 21 known fig varieties being found [9] over 700 named varieties around the world, but many of them are of no use to home gardeners [7]. In this study, researcher use two varieties of common fig, they are Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD). Each variety has different key characteristics as shown in Figure 3 and Table 2.
Cultivars of
Item | Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) | Masui Dauphine (MD) |
---|---|---|
Origin | Turkey | Japan |
Skin color | Brownish-purple | Reddish-brown |
Flesh color | Pink | Red strawberry |
Tree height | 4.5–7.5 m | 2.5–3 m |
Tree width | 3.6–4.5 m | 3–4 m |
Drought tolerance | Good | Good |
Annual pruning | Light | Light |
Breba crop | Yes | Yes |
Fruit weight | 50–60 g | 110–220 g |
Harvesting | Twice/year | Twice/year |
Leaf type | Five lobe | Three to five lobe |
Pollination | Self-pollinating (common fig) | Self-pollinating (common fig) |
Most people choose to grow fruit trees in containers for easy mobility. Another reason is easy to measure plant quality. Plant quality is divided into three broad categories of attributes including morphological, physiological, and performance.
Morphological attributes are easy to see and measure and does not change readily after plants are harvested and stored [23]. Figs are well-suited to container cultivation. For this purpose, the ideal container size is about 10–15 gallons-substantial enough to support a tree, but small enough to move easily. Container grown figs need regular watering and feeding. Figs will not grow for very long if it does not have adequate drainage. Make sure the container that we use has holes (usually in the bottom and/or sides), so that any excess water can drain, and air can access the soil. This will help us to prevent potentially fatal diseases like root rot [24].
The growth of the fig plants was affected by the brassinolide levels. Treatment of the fig plants with different concentrations of brassinolide (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) caused an increase in plant height and total dry biomass compared to control samples. Total leaf area, specific leaf area and shoot-to-root ratio increased with increasing concentrations of brassinolide up to 100 ml.L−1, followed by a decline whereas net assimilation rate fluctuated over a period of study. At the first Month After Treatment (MAT), increasing brassinolide concentration (50 and 100 ml.L−1) caused an increase in the net assimilation rate when compared to control but there was a decrease when brassinolide concentration was 200 ml.L−1. At the second MAT, by increasing the brassinolide concentration (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1), had decreased the net assimilation rate.
Application of brassinolide had some effect on plant height, total leaf area, total dry biomass, specific leaf area and net assimilation rate but it was not significant on the shoot-to-root ratio. Among the varieties, IBT showed higher growth than MD at every five-weekly observation. There was a significant interaction between the brassinolide and the cultivar for total leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot-to-root ratio and net assimilation rate parameters. Additionally, only shoot-to-root ratio parameter showed a significant effect of interaction between the brassinolide and cultivar at 1% level of significance.
The effect of exogenous brassinolide application on some growth and physicological traits on two cultivars of fig has been investigated. The main functions of brassinolide are to promote the plant growth especially for cell elongation and division [25] and has the ability to stimulate other physiological processes [26]. Wang et al. [27] had found that brassinollide appeared to cause elongation by affecting wall extensibility and increasing wall relaxation properties.
As levels of brassinolide increased (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1), plant height, leaf area, total dry biomass and net assimilation rate parameters also linearly improved at 28, 25, 6 and 66%, respectively, higher than recorded for the control treatment. Similar results were reported by other researchers for other plants, i.e., Hu et al. [28] for
Specific leaf area (SLA) is one growth parameter that characterized the thickness of the leaves. Usually plant with high SLA had the thinnest leaves. Specific leaf area was found to be lower than the control (p ≤ 0.05) under brassinolide concentrations of 50 and 100 ml.L−1. The result implies that plants have thicker leaves. The thicker leaf might have been due to increase in the mesophyll layer after receiving brassinolide [33]. The increase in leaf thickness could also have been due to higher leaf weight ratio in fourth MAT compared with first to third MAT. The leaf area was maintained at lowest SLA. That indicated that leaves of fig were thickest at brassinolide 100 ml.L−1. This indicated that increase in SLA was due to increase in leaf weight compared with increase in leaf area [34, 35].
The net assimilation rate (NAR) of plants are growth characteristics that best describe plant growth performance under specified conditions [36]. It is evident that plants under elevated BL have high NAR. Increase in plant growth grown under different planting geometries and depths in SRI has also been reported by Rajput et al. [37], who reported that increase in total biomass by 30% in rice had increased NAR by 4% compared with the control. The reduction in NAR was due to the ontogenical development of fig.
The physiological changes of fig were affected by the brassinolide levels and the cultivars. Interaction between brassinolide concentrations and fig variety was significant only at 5%. As like morphological parameters, physiological traits such as photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll have shown some differences with brassinolide application, but the differences were not consistent and most of the changes happened only in first or second month. Both the brassinolide and the cultivar treatments were effective on the physiological changes of fig except on stomatal conductance.
Varietal performance of brassinolide application was analyzed at specific period of the study and the result is presented in Figures 4 and 5. Increasing concentration of brassinolide (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) had decreased the rate of photosynthesis, transpiration and chlorophyll content in IBT than MD.
Significant growth of fig according to parameters: (A) plant height as main effect of brassinolides on the cultivars; (B) TLA at third MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolide; (C) TDB as main effect of brassinolides and cultivars; (D) SLA at first MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides; (E) S/R at fourth MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides; NAR as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides at: (F) first MAT; and (G) second MAT. Bars and curves represent means followed by the different small letters are significant at * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 1%, and ns = not significant.
Significant physiological changes of fig according to parameters: (A) A at second MAT; (B) gs at first MAT; (C) E at second MAT; and (D) CC at first MAT. Bars represent means followed by the different small letters significant at p < 0.05.
BL had profound impact on leaf photosynthesis and plant performance. BL improved leaf carbon assimilation rate, which is the light harvesting machine of plant photosynthesis. BL treatment also enhanced photosynthetic performance of cotton seedlings under NaCl stress [38, 39, 40]. For cucumber seedlings, BL treatment has also been found to promote the occurrence of new roots, the formation of lateral roots and nutrient uptake [41].
BL-treatment enhanced photosynthesis (17.06%) and chlorophyll content (18.36%). In contrast, BL-treatment decreased stomatal conductance (11.94%) and transpiration rate (17.83%). The BL-induced increase in photosynthesis could have been due to improvements in leaf-water balance as indicated by increased water potential [42] and improved chlorophyll content and higher leaf area in BL-treated plants [43].
Stomata are the windows that admit water and CO2 in and out of the plant. Chlorophyll content and transpiration rate were found to have declined. This could be attributed to the enhanced growth of seedlings under elevated BL treatment that diluted the nitrogen content in the plant tissue [44]. Figure 6A and C showed a significant positive inter-relation among chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, indicating that a decrease in chlorophyll content would associated with same degree of reduction in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance.
Correlation coefficient between CC and TDB with (A) SLA; (B) E; E and CC with (C) gs; (D) NAR; TDB and SLA with (E) NAR; (F) TLA. * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, n = 128.
Correlation analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the parameters. Figure 6 shows that a significant positive inter-correlation among parameters such as chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Increase in chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, total dry biomass, photosynthetic rate, and total dry biomass was associated with an increase in specific leaf area, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net assimilation rate and total leaf area with an r value of 14.95, 27.75, 3.97, 62.08, 36.93, 25.27 and 21.13%, respectively.
Significant negative correlation was noted between total dry biomass with specific leaf area; total dry biomass with transpiration rate; transpiration rate with net assimilation rate; chlorophyll content with net assimilation rate; and specific leaf area with net assimilation rate. Increase in total dry biomass, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content and specific leaf area was associated with a decrease in specific leaf area, transpiration rate and net assimilation rate with an r value of 24.18, 13.31, 12.75, 14.45, and 49.25%, respectively.
Brassinolide application had brought notable changes in growth and physiology among fig varieties. Though increasing BL concentration (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) caused some differences in growth and physiological changes of fig, but the differences were not consistent and most of the changes happened only in first or second month. Cultivar IBT showed higher growth and physiological changes than cultivar MD after receiving brassinolide treatment. There was significant effect of interaction between brassinolide and variety on growth and physiological changes of fig except for plant height and total dry biomass.
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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. 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Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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