\r\n\tLiterature showed the presence of ACE2 receptors on the membrane of erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC), indicating that erythrocyte (RBC) can be considered as a peripheral biomarker for SARS-C0V2 infection.
\r\n\r\n\tIncreased levels of glycolysis and fragmentation of RBC membrane proteins were observed in the SARS-C0V2 infected patients, demonstrating that not only RBC’s metabolism and proteome but its membrane lipidome could be influenced by SARS-C0V2 infection changing the homeostasis of the infected erythrocyte. This altered RBC may result in the clot and thrombus formation; the major signs of critically ill Covid-19 patients.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is going to be a succinct source of knowledge not only for the specialists, researchers, academics and the students in this area but for the general public who are concern about the present situation and are interested in knowing about simple non-invasive measures for identifying viral and bacterial infections through their red blood cells.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-121-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-120-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-122-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa5f4b6ef59e28b6e7c1a739c57c5d2f",bookSignature:"Prof. Kaneez Fatima Shad",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10494.jpg",keywords:"Spike Protein, Hemoglobin, Proteins for Oxygen Transport, Altered Protein Structures, RBC ACE Receptors, RBC ACE-2 Receptors, Carboxypeptidase, Mas Receptor, Metabolomics, Gas Transport, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Phosphoglycerate",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shad is a governing body member and mentor of Women in World Neuroscience (WWN), a division of the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO). She is also a member of IBRO-APRC Global Advocacy responsible for brain research funding distribution in this region.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31988/images/system/31988.jpg",biography:"Professor Kaneez Fatima Shad, a neuroscientist with a medical background, received Ph.D. in 1994 from the Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Australia, followed by a post-doc at the Allegheny University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA. She taught Medical and Biological Sciences in various universities in Australia, the USA, UAE, Bahrain, Pakistan, and Brunei. During this period, she was also engaged in doing research by getting local and international grants (total of over 3.3 million USD) and translating them into products such as a rapid diagnostic test for stroke and other vascular disorders. She published over 60 articles in refereed journals, edited 8 books, and wrote 7 book chapters, presented at 97 international conferences, mentored 34 postgraduate students. Set up a company Shad Diagnostics for the development of cerebrovascular handheld diagnostic tool Stroke meter into a wearable.",institutionString:"University of Technology Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Technology Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1624",title:"Patch Clamp Technique",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24164a2299d5f9b1a2ef1c2169689465",slug:"patch-clamp-technique",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad Kaneez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1359",title:"Underlying Mechanisms of Epilepsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85f9b8dac56ce4be16a9177c366e6fa1",slug:"underlying-mechanisms-of-epilepsy",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad Kaneez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5780",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6683",title:"Ion Channels in Health and Sickness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b02f45497488912833ba5b8e7cdaae8",slug:"ion-channels-in-health-and-sickness",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9489",title:"Neurological and Mental Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c29557d356441eccf59b262c0980d81",slug:"neurological-and-mental-disorders",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad and Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7842",title:"Basic and Clinical Understanding of Microcirculation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a57d5a701b51d9c8e17b1c80bc0d52e5",slug:"basic-and-clinical-understanding-of-microcirculation",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad, Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi and Nazar Luqman Bilgrami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13051",title:"Cooperative Agent Learning Model in Multi-cluster Grid",doi:"10.5772/13692",slug:"cooperative-agent-learning-model-in-multi-cluster-grid",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13051.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13051",totalDownloads:1307,totalViews:132,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 9th 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13051",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13051",book:{slug:"advances-in-reinforcement-learning"},signatures:"Qingkui Chen, Songlin Zhuang and He Jia, XiaoDong Ding",authors:[{id:"14105",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingkui",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Qingkui Chen",slug:"qingkui-chen",email:"chenqingkui@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"15643",title:"Dr.",name:"Songlin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Songlin Zhuang",slug:"songlin-zhuang",email:"Slzhuang@usst.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"15644",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"He Jia",slug:"he-jia",email:"Jiahe@usst.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"15645",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaodong",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Xiaodong Ding",slug:"xiaodong-ding",email:"Xiaodongd@usst.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"24",title:"Advances in Reinforcement Learning",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Reinforcement Learning",slug:"advances-in-reinforcement-learning",publishedDate:"January 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/24.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13050",title:"Wireless Networks Inductive Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning Paradigms",slug:"wireless-networks-inductive-routing-based-on-reinforcement-learning-paradigms",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",authors:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk"}]},{id:"13051",title:"Cooperative Agent Learning Model in Multi-cluster Grid",slug:"cooperative-agent-learning-model-in-multi-cluster-grid",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qingkui Chen, Songlin Zhuang and He Jia, XiaoDong Ding",authors:[{id:"14105",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingkui",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Qingkui Chen",slug:"qingkui-chen"},{id:"15643",title:"Dr.",name:"Songlin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Songlin Zhuang",slug:"songlin-zhuang"},{id:"15644",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"He Jia",slug:"he-jia"},{id:"15645",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaodong",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Xiaodong Ding",slug:"xiaodong-ding"}]},{id:"13052",title:"A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Intelligent Goal Coordination of Two-Level Large-Scale Control Systems",slug:"a-reinforcement-learning-approach-to-intelligent-goal-coordination-of-two-level-large-scale-control-",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nasser Sadati and Guy A. Dumont",authors:[{id:"14510",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Sadati",fullName:"Nasser Sadati",slug:"nasser-sadati"},{id:"17139",title:"Prof.",name:"Guy A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dumont",fullName:"Guy A. Dumont",slug:"guy-a.-dumont"}]},{id:"13053",title:"Reinforcement Learning of User Preferences for a Ubiquitous Personal Assistant",slug:"reinforcement-learning-of-user-preferences-for-a-ubiquitous-personal-assistant",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sofia Zaidenberg and Patrick Reignier",authors:[{id:"14374",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Reignier",fullName:"Patrick Reignier",slug:"patrick-reignier"},{id:"15721",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Zaidenberg",fullName:"Sofia Zaidenberg",slug:"sofia-zaidenberg"}]},{id:"13054",title:"Cooperative Behavior Rule Acquisition for Multi-Agent Systems by Machine Learning",slug:"cooperative-behavior-rule-acquisition-for-multi-agent-systems-by-machine-learning",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mengchun Xie",authors:[{id:"14248",title:"Prof.",name:"Mengchun",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Mengchun Xie",slug:"mengchun-xie"}]},{id:"13055",title:"Emergence of Intelligence through Reinforcement Learning with a Neural Network",slug:"emergence-of-intelligence-through-reinforcement-learning-with-a-neural-network",totalDownloads:1518,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Katsunari Shibata",authors:[{id:"14727",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsunari",middleName:null,surname:"Shibata",fullName:"Katsunari Shibata",slug:"katsunari-shibata"}]},{id:"13056",title:"Reinforcement Learning Using Kohonen Feature Map Probabilistic Associative Memory Based on Weights Distribution",slug:"reinforcement-learning-using-kohonen-feature-map-probabilistic-associative-memory-based-on-weights-d",totalDownloads:1482,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yuko Osana",authors:[{id:"15803",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Osana",fullName:"Yuko Osana",slug:"yuko-osana"}]},{id:"13057",title:"How to Recommend Preferable Solutions of a User in Interactive Reinforcement Learning?",slug:"how-to-recommend-preferable-solutions-of-a-user-in-interactive-reinforcement-learning-",totalDownloads:1536,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Takuma Nishimura and Kazuhiro Sato",authors:[{id:"14686",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaguchi",fullName:"Tomohiro Yamaguchi",slug:"tomohiro-yamaguchi"},{id:"15824",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuma",middleName:null,surname:"Nishimura",fullName:"Takuma Nishimura",slug:"takuma-nishimura"},{id:"23789",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Kazuhiro Sato",slug:"kazuhiro-sato"}]},{id:"13058",title:"Reward Prediction Error Computation in the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons",slug:"reward-prediction-error-computation-in-the-pedunculopontine-tegmental-nucleus-neurons",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasushi Kobayashi and Ken-ichi Okada",authors:[{id:"14391",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kobayashi",slug:"yasushi-kobayashi"},{id:"23732",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken-ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Okada",fullName:"Ken-ichi Okada",slug:"ken-ichi-okada"}]},{id:"13059",title:"Subgoal Identifications in Reinforcement Learning: A Survey",slug:"subgoal-identifications-in-reinforcement-learning-a-survey",totalDownloads:1897,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Chung-Cheng Chiu and Von-Wun Soo",authors:[{id:"14125",title:"Prof.",name:"Von-Wun",middleName:null,surname:"Soo",fullName:"Von-Wun Soo",slug:"von-wun-soo"},{id:"15660",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",fullName:"Chung-Cheng Chiu",slug:"chung-cheng-chiu"}]},{id:"13060",title:"A Reinforcement Learning System Embedded Agent with Neural Network-Based Adaptive Hierarchical Memory Structure",slug:"a-reinforcement-learning-system-embedded-agent-with-neural-network-based-adaptive-hierarchical-memor",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masanao Obayashi, Kenichiro Narita, Yohei Okamoto, Takashi Kuremoto, Kunikazu Kobayashi and Liangbing Feng",authors:[{id:"14090",title:"Prof.",name:"Masanao",middleName:null,surname:"Obayashi",fullName:"Masanao Obayashi",slug:"masanao-obayashi"},{id:"15894",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Narita",fullName:"Kenichiro Narita",slug:"kenichiro-narita"},{id:"15896",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Kunikazu Kobayashi",slug:"kunikazu-kobayashi"},{id:"15897",title:"Dr.",name:"Liangbing",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Liangbing Feng",slug:"liangbing-feng"},{id:"24173",title:"Mr",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto"},{id:"40668",title:"Prof.",name:"Yohei",middleName:null,surname:"Okamoto",fullName:"Yohei Okamoto",slug:"yohei-okamoto"}]},{id:"13061",title:"Characterization of Motion Forms of Mobile Robots Generated in Q-Learning Process",slug:"characterization-of-motion-forms-of-mobile-robots-generated-in-q-learning-process",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masayuki Hara, Jian Huang and Testuro Yabuta",authors:[{id:"15496",title:"Dr.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Hara",fullName:"Masayuki Hara",slug:"masayuki-hara"}]},{id:"13062",title:"A Robot Visual Homing Model that Traverses Conjugate Gradient TD to a Variable λ TD and Uses Radial Basis Features",slug:"a-robot-visual-homing-model-that-traverses-conjugate-gradient-td-to-a-variable-td-and-uses-radial-ba",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Abdulrahman Altahhan",authors:[{id:"16008",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulrahman",middleName:null,surname:"Altahhan",fullName:"Abdulrahman Altahhan",slug:"abdulrahman-altahhan"}]},{id:"13063",title:"Complex-Valued Reinforcement Learning: a Context-Based Approach for POMDPs",slug:"complex-valued-reinforcement-learning-a-context-based-approach-for-pomdps",totalDownloads:1214,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takeshi Shibuya and Tomoki Hamagami",authors:[{id:"14296",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoki",middleName:null,surname:"Hamagami",fullName:"Tomoki Hamagami",slug:"tomoki-hamagami"},{id:"15922",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shibuya",fullName:"Takeshi Shibuya",slug:"takeshi-shibuya"}]},{id:"13064",title:"Adaptive PID Control of a Nonlinear Servomechanism Using Recurrent Neural Networks",slug:"adaptive-pid-control-of-a-nonlinear-servomechanism-using-recurrent-neural-networks",totalDownloads:2758,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reza Jafari and Rached Dhaouadi",authors:[{id:"13688",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari",fullName:"Reza Jafari",slug:"reza-jafari"},{id:"13689",title:"Dr.",name:"Rached",middleName:null,surname:"Dhaouadi",fullName:"Rached Dhaouadi",slug:"rached-dhaouadi"}]},{id:"13065",title:"Robotic Assembly Replanning Agent Based on Neural Network Adjusted Vibration Parameters",slug:"robotic-assembly-replanning-agent-based-on-neural-network-adjusted-vibration-parameters",totalDownloads:1767,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lejla Banjanovic-Mehmedovic and Senad Karic",authors:[{id:"13618",title:"Dr.",name:"Lejla",middleName:null,surname:"Banjanovic-Mehmedovic",fullName:"Lejla Banjanovic-Mehmedovic",slug:"lejla-banjanovic-mehmedovic"},{id:"15868",title:"BSc.",name:"Senad",middleName:null,surname:"Karic",fullName:"Senad Karic",slug:"senad-karic"}]},{id:"13066",title:"Integral Reinforcement Learning for Finding Online the Feedback Nash Equilibrium of Nonzero-Sum Differential Games",slug:"integral-reinforcement-learning-for-finding-online-the-feedback-nash-equilibrium-of-nonzero-sum-diff",totalDownloads:2069,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Draguna Vrabie and Frank L. Lewis",authors:[{id:"13440",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Frank L. Lewis",slug:"frank-l.-lewis"},{id:"15781",title:"Dr.",name:"Draguna",middleName:null,surname:"Vrabie",fullName:"Draguna Vrabie",slug:"draguna-vrabie"}]},{id:"13067",title:"Online Gaming: Real Time Solution of Nonlinear Two-Player Zero-Sum Games Using Synchronous Policy Iteration",slug:"online-gaming-real-time-solution-of-nonlinear-two-player-zero-sum-games-using-synchronous-policy-ite",totalDownloads:1932,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis and Frank L. Lewis",authors:[{id:"13440",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Frank L. Lewis",slug:"frank-l.-lewis"},{id:"14111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyriakos G.",middleName:null,surname:"Vamvoudakis",fullName:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis",slug:"kyriakos-g.-vamvoudakis"}]},{id:"13068",title:"Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm for Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem under Uncertainty",slug:"hybrid-intelligent-algorithm-for-flexible-job-shop-scheduling-problem-under-uncertainty",totalDownloads:1759,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guojun Zhang, Haiping Zhu and Chaoyong Zhang",authors:[{id:"14074",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaoyong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chaoyong Zhang",slug:"chaoyong-zhang"},{id:"14078",title:"Prof.",name:"Guojun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Guojun Zhang",slug:"guojun-zhang"},{id:"14079",title:"Prof.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Haiping Zhu",slug:"haiping-zhu"}]},{id:"13069",title:"Adaptive Critic Designs-Based Autonomous Unmanned Vehicles Navigation: Application to Robotic Farm Vehicles",slug:"adaptive-critic-designs-based-autonomous-unmanned-vehicles-navigation-application-to-robotic-farm-ve",totalDownloads:1403,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Patino and Santiago Tosetti",authors:[{id:"13762",title:"Prof.",name:"H. Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Patino",fullName:"H. Daniel Patino",slug:"h.-daniel-patino"}]},{id:"13070",title:"DAQL-Enabled Autonomous Vehicle Navigation in Dynamically Changing Environment",slug:"daql-enabled-autonomous-vehicle-navigation-in-dynamically-changing-environment",totalDownloads:1162,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chi Kit Ngai and Nelson H. C. Yung",authors:[{id:"15763",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Kit",middleName:null,surname:"Ngai",fullName:"Chi Kit Ngai",slug:"chi-kit-ngai"},{id:"15771",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson H. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Yung",fullName:"Nelson H. C. Yung",slug:"nelson-h.-c.-yung"}]},{id:"13072",title:"Distributed Parameter Bioprocess Plant Identification and I-Term Control Using Decentralized Fuzzy-Neural Multi-Models",slug:"distributed-parameter-bioprocess-plant-identification-and-i-term-control-using-decentralized-fuzzy-n",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ieroham Baruch, Rosalba Galvan-Guerra and Sergio-Miguel Hernandez M.",authors:[{id:"13574",title:"Dr.",name:"Ieroham",middleName:"Solomon",surname:"Baruch",fullName:"Ieroham Baruch",slug:"ieroham-baruch"},{id:"23821",title:"PhD.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Galvan-Guerra",fullName:"Rosalba Galvan-Guerra",slug:"rosalba-galvan-guerra"},{id:"23822",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergio-Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez M.",fullName:"Sergio-Miguel Hernandez M.",slug:"sergio-miguel-hernandez-m."}]},{id:"13071",title:"An Intelligent Marshaling Based on Transfer Distance of Containers Using a New Reinforcement Learning for Logistics",slug:"an-intelligent-marshaling-based-on-transfer-distance-of-containers-using-a-new-reinforcement-learnin",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoichi Hirashima",authors:[{id:"14338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirashima",fullName:"Yoichi Hirashima",slug:"yoichi-hirashima"}]},{id:"13073",title:"Optimal Cardiac Pacing with Q Learning",slug:"optimal-cardiac-pacing-with-q-learning",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rami Rom and Renzo DalMolin",authors:[{id:"13819",title:"Dr.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Rom",fullName:"Rami Rom",slug:"rami-rom"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5479",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"825720118b3343505f7184cdc8eacdd4",slug:"machine_learning",bookSignature:"Abdelhamid Mellouk and Abdennacer Chebira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"6056",title:"Neural Machine Learning Approaches: Q-Learning and Complexity Estimation Based Information Processing System",slug:"neural_machine_learning_approaches__q-learning_and_complexity_estimation_based_information_processin",signatures:"Abdennasser Chebira, Abdelhamid Mellouk, Kurosh Madani and Said Hoceini",authors:[null]},{id:"6057",title:"From Automation To Autonomy",slug:"from_automation_to_autonomy",signatures:"Kentarou Kurashige, Yukiko Onoue and Toshio Fukuda",authors:[null]},{id:"6058",title:"Taking Experience to a Whole New Level",slug:"taking_experience_to_a_whole_new_level",signatures:"Luis Ignacio Lopera",authors:[null]},{id:"6059",title:"Hamiltonian Neural Networks Based Networks for Learning",slug:"hamiltonian_neural_networks_based_networks_for_learning",signatures:"Wieslaw Sienko and Wieslaw Citko",authors:[null]},{id:"6060",title:"Similarity Discriminant Analysis",slug:"similarity_discriminant_analysis",signatures:"Luca Cazzanti",authors:[null]},{id:"6061",title:"Forced Information for Information-Theoretic Competitive Learning",slug:"forced_information_for_information-theoretic_competitive_learning",signatures:"Ryotaro Kamimura",authors:[null]},{id:"6062",title:"Learning to Build a Semantic Thesaurus from Free Text Corpora without External Help",slug:"learning_to_build_a_semantic_thesaurus_from_free_text_corpora_without_external_help",signatures:"Katia Lida Kermanidis",authors:[null]},{id:"6063",title:"Machine Learning Methods for Spoken Dialogue Simulation and Optimization",slug:"machine_learning_methods_for_spoken_dialogue_simulation_and_optimization",signatures:"Olivier Pietquin",authors:[null]},{id:"6064",title:"Hardening Email Security via Bayesian Additive Regression Trees",slug:"hardening_email_security_via_bayesian_additive_regression_trees",signatures:"Saeed Abu-Nimeh, Dario Nappa, Xinlei Wang and Suku Nair",authors:[null]},{id:"6065",title:"Learning Optimal Web Service Selections in Dynamic Environments when Many Quality-of-Service Criteria Matter",slug:"learning_optimal_web_service_selections_in_dynamic_environments_when_many_quality-of-service_criteri",signatures:"Stéphane Dehousse, Stéphane Faulkner, Caroline Herssens, Ivan J. Jureta and Marcos Saerens",authors:[null]},{id:"6066",title:"Model Selection for Ranking SVM Using Regularization Path",slug:"model_selection_for_ranking_svm_using_regularization_path",signatures:"Karina Zapien, Gilles Gasso, Thomas Gärtner and Stéphane Canu",authors:[null]},{id:"6067",title:"Generation of Facial Expression Map using Supervised and Unsupervised Learning",slug:"generation_of_facial_expression_map_using_supervised_and_unsupervised_learning",signatures:"Masaki Ishii, Kazuhito Sato, Hirokazu Madokoro and Makoto Nishida",authors:[null]},{id:"6068",title:"Linear Subspace Learning for Facial Expression Analysis",slug:"linear_subspace_learning_for_facial_expression_analysis",signatures:"Caifeng Shan",authors:[null]},{id:"6069",title:"Resampling Methods for Unsupervised Learning from Sample Data",slug:"resampling_methods_for_unsupervised_learning_from_sample_data",signatures:"Ulrich Möller",authors:[null]},{id:"6070",title:"3D Shape Classification and Retrieval Using Heterogenous Features and Supervised Learning",slug:"3d_shape_classification_and_retrieval_using_heterogenous_features_and_supervised_learning",signatures:"Hamid Laga",authors:[null]},{id:"6071",title:"Performance Analysis of Hybrid Non-Supervised & Supervised Learning Techniques Applied to the Classification of Faults in Energy Transport Systems",slug:"performance_analysis_of_hybrid_non-supervised__amp__supervised_learning_techniques_applied_to_the_cl",signatures:"Jhon Albeiro Calderón, Germán Zapata Madrigal and Demetrio A. Ovalle Carranza",authors:[null]},{id:"6072",title:"Genetic Network Programming with Reinforcement Learning and Its Application to Creating Stock Trading Rules",slug:"genetic_network_programming_with_reinforcement_learning_and_its_application_to_creating_stock_tradin",signatures:"Yan Chen, Shingo Mabu and Kotaro Hirasawa",authors:[null]},{id:"6073",title:"Heuristic Dynamic Programming Nonlinear Optimal Controller",slug:"heuristic_dynamic_programming_nonlinear_optimal_controller",signatures:"Asma Al-tamimi, Murad Abu-Khalaf and Frank Lewis",authors:[null]},{id:"6074",title:"Implicit Estimation of Another's Intention Based on Modular Reinforcement Learning",slug:"implicit_estimation_of_anothers_intention_based_on_modular_reinforcement_learning",signatures:"Tadahiro Taniguchi, Kenji Ogawa and Tetsuo Sawaragi",authors:[null]},{id:"6076",title:"Machine Learning for Sequential Behavior Modeling and Prediction",slug:"machine_learning_for_sequential_behavior_modeling_and_prediction",signatures:"Xin Xu",authors:[null]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72243",title:"Role of Primary Health Care System in Response to a Major Incident: Challenges and Actions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92461",slug:"role-of-primary-health-care-system-in-response-to-a-major-incident-challenges-and-actions",body:'There is a noticeable increase in major incidents (MI) of different types affecting the world in the last three decades with increased human and financial losses. There are different types of incidents: natural, man-made, and infectious epidemics. For optimum response to those incidents, there should be multidisciplinary coordinated teams’ response [1].
Shortly after I started writing this chapter, the COVID-19 epidemic in China expanded to be a pandemic, affecting too many countries and hundreds of thousands of people and killing more than 50,000 all over the world. This has a clear effect on my chapter to concentrate on this type of major incidents.
Primary health care (PHC) system scope of service was concentrated on disease consultations and prescription of medication. This scope had been changed in 1978 by the Declaration of Alma-Ata, which considered health care as fundamental human right. Section V in the declaration stated clearly that the primary health care system is the key to achieve the targets of the declaration. This declaration leads to the change of the scope of work of the PHC from giving advice about patients’ symptoms to the comprehensive health care of the community [2]. This aim of comprehensive health care of the PHC was reviewed in WHO report in 2008 [3], which centered on taking the PHC service from hospitals and specialized centers to be nearby people in general walk-in clinics that are easily reached by community. This proved to have many benefits in:
Relief suffering
Prevention of illness and death
Improved health equity
The PHC system, with its distribution in all areas to be near to large population, can play an important role in response to any MI affecting its catchment area. The PHC staff have better knowledge in their area population and the special needs categories. Those abilities enable the PHC system to play a crucial role in response to major incidents in all their stages.
PHC is a whole-of-society approach to health that aims to ensure the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people’s needs and preferences (as individuals, families, and communities) as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care and as close as feasible to people’s everyday environment [4].
“The practice of continuing comprehensive care is the concurrent prevention and management of multiple physical and emotional health problems of a patient over a period of time in relationship to family, life events and environment” [5].
In health care system, “A major incident can be defined as any incident where the location, number, severity or type of live casualties requires extraordinary resources” [6].
Vulnerable populations include patients who are racial or ethnic minorities, children, elderly, socioeconomically disadvantaged, underinsured, or those with certain medical conditions. Members of vulnerable populations often have health conditions that are exacerbated by unnecessarily inadequate health care [7].
Work concept: Changing to comprehensive health care of the community makes the PHC responsible to prepare people to a disaster if there is time to and help them during its occurrence and in the post-incident stage.
Community based: The responsibility is for the welfare of the whole community and not for medical advice when asked only.
Easy accessibility: The presence of PHC centers in close proximity to people makes them reachable with little efforts. During a major incident, there are many things people are busy with, or some have lost helpers; the presence of a nearby health care facility will decrease patients and people suffering in attending and getting the proper health advice they need.
Dealing with all types of diseases: The PHC centers are run by family medicine physicians (FP) or general practitioners (GP), and they are trained to deal with all types of diseases and possess the ability to deal with all patients or persons asking different types of consultations in many specialties.
Filtering ability: The doctors in primary care are trained to deal with patients in all specialties. This practice gives them the ability to work in the early step of sorting cases. PHC can deal with simple cases that constitute 50 to 60% of cases and keep hospitals and specialized centers for more severe cases.
Decrease cost: FP/GP use less tools and request less investigations for their work, and this cuts the cost the patient should pay for care. This is exaggerated during major incident circumstances, which enable the health system to deal with larger number of patients in the same cost if the patients have been managed by hospitals only.
Stages of major incidents: Most of the researchers divide the major incidents into four stages:
Mitigation and prevention
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Although this has many positive implications, Quarantelli in 1980 [8] put major incident phases depending on the time factor. He put three phases as follows:
Pre-impact phase
Trans-impact phase
Post-impact phase
In the coming sections, I will discuss the role of the PHC system according to the phase and regarding the staff, space, stuff, and communication roles. The discussion will be divided into two parts as follows:
Effect of major incident on primary health care. This will be under the title “Challenges.”
Actions by the primary health care in response. This will be under the title “Actions.”
PHC system is the nearest health facility to most people and is easily accessible; therefore, it is, mostly, the first place that the patients will attend to get information and advice for their conditions and worries about any new threat or risk.
The challenges will affect PHC staff and PHC facility. The challenges will depend on the risks more suspected in the geographical area in which the health facility is present.
The PHC staff are holding double personality during major incidents; from one side they are part of families and they have responsibilities for them, and on the other side, they have commitment to work to help people and other community services.
The staff will be under pressure to have answers to the new threat and its relations to the different diseases and medications.
Dealing with major incidents is not part of day-to-day activity of the health sector; therefore, there is lack of knowledge of the major incident response plan (MIRP) to the facility and their specific roles. All staff in the PHC in all levels whether clinical or nonclinical should have specific training on the MIRP and their specific role in it, so everybody will speak the same language during the response and can harmonize work better.
Psychiatric aspect of the major incident will affect both PHC staff and people visiting the health facility. Staff should have basic training to deal with those difficult situations.
There will be an increase in visits to PHC from people for different consultations, which will lead to overcrowding in the PHC.
More medications and stuff are requested by patients to have stocks during the expected incidents. This will impose pressure on the stocks of the medications and consumable stuffs.
How to change the layout of the facility to accommodate more visitors if needed? This is depending on the blue print of the facility and whether it is manageable or not.
Is the facility in danger of the incident or not? This is more applicable in the natural disasters like earthquake, tornados, and hurricanes. What to do if it is affected and cannot provide service?
The infrastructures like electricity, water, or network may be affected by the incident. What are the substitutes or mitigation solutions for this breakdown?
The period before expected incidents is a suitable situation to do improvements in planning, training for staff, and stockpiling stuff. PHC administrators need to achieve the following aims:
Orient the local and national health system on the PHC active involvement in protecting community, and strengthen the skills of risk management in the PHC directors.
Concentrate on efforts to support communities, individuals, and health workers to better respond to major incidents. This is done by providing enough information about the disease and protective measures, vaccinations, and actions to do if any family member or oneself is affected.
Financial investment in the infrastructures of the PHC regarding water, electricity, information, communications, and supply network.
The abovementioned aims will be accomplished through the following:
PHC should work in close collaboration with local health authority and other emergency services in developing response plans.
They should look to the following issues:
Define hazards and risk factors to the area, in collaboration with other emergency services. This will help in predicting expected incidents and their effects on the health of the community they are serving. Also, it will help in preparing the type of medications and consumables.
Make lists with addresses of the vulnerable population and those using regular medications in their area. This will allow the health and other authorities to prepare shelter, medications, and other care plans during MI.
The effect of the expected MI on different diseases should be prepared with the help of the specialized sections in local, state, or federal (or ministerial) health authorities. Information should be relayed to the concerned patients along with best mitigation actions.
Setting agreements with ambulance services to transfer patients (who need hospital transfer) received in PHC during MI.
Information regarding any MI expected, its nature, the expected size, and the need to activate the MI response plan. That critical information should be verified, i.e., the source of information should be trusted and accurate.
Allocate area to be an alternative place, and make pre-arrangement for rapid conversion into PHC facility if the original building became unsuitable for work.
Staff should have training on several aspects of MI response including the needed information to help the community and individuals.
This includes the following:
Training the staff on the MI response plan set for the area. The response plan should be flexible to meet the different types and effects of different incidents. The plan should rhyme with the local and state health response plan.
Training the staff on communication with people including agitated and aggressive people. Communication training should include breaking bad news. They may have to visit families and inform them about their relatives, good or bad news.
Training on working in austere conditions in case there is damage to the infrastructure of the PHC facility and a need to work in small or large teams depending on the incident circumstances and decision of the local authority or state’s incident response leaders.
Training on more than one method of communication including radio communication protocols. Radio communication will be used if other methods are lost by the effect of the incident.
Electricity failure is one of the major failures during MI. It has serious negative effects on patients’ care. Electricity generator working on petrol should be prepared and maintained regularly to be ready anytime electricity cut occurs.
Water loss. Large water reservoir should be ready, and the water should be replaced on a daily basis. In addition, drinking water bottles should be part of stockpiling in preparation to a major incident. Potable drinking water in addition to clean water suitable for different uses in the facility and patients’ care is crucial for work in any place and especially in PHC.
Communications: It is important to have at least two ways to contact the staff. If one method failed, the other will be the backup. A third wireless radio communication should be prepared for extreme loss of any sort of communication.
Network: Failure of network can occur alone or accompanying electricity failure. Server backup should be applied to keep the important information regarding patient, administrative, pharmacy, and store documents.
During daily work, the PHC centers are stocking their expected needs of drugs and consumables for a certain period depending on the chain of supply. If there is a risk or threat of any type that needs special medications or protective equipment, the PHC centers should bring these stocks according to the population supported with the coordination of the local or national health authority.
As mentioned above, the PHC will be the first point people will reach to seek help and advice regarding injuries or information regarding an epidemic infection. This includes many challenges.
The WHO in their briefing about PHC and emergencies [9] mentioned some of the challenges as follows:
Without earlier warning system, case identification and escalation are a challenge that PHC staff face. Most epidemics usually start as patients come to seek medical advice, which is a day-to-day work in PHC. Case definition and raising the suspicion of a disease that may be an early epidemic or even pandemic (like the COVID-19) need to be reported to more central and higher authority with experts in epidemiology and infectious diseases.
Geographical accessibility:
Several types of natural disasters like earthquake, floods, etc. may affect the PHC and its surrounding area, preventing health workers, people, or supply chain from reaching it. This will render the PHC useless, and alternative methods should be placed to mitigate this challenge.
In the same context, geographical accessibility to patients and survivals will be sometimes difficult if not impossible and need special help.
People with special need will face more difficulty in major incidents in accessing the PHC. The rescuers will face more difficulty in moving people with special needs in case there is need for it.
Transferring patients and staff to an alternative place or transferring patients to hospital may be a challenge in certain circumstances.
Skillful health workers are part of the community and may be affected by the incidents either themselves or their families, and in both situations, they cannot be available to treat and help people. PHC may replace them by less skilled staff which will affect the care in this difficult situation.
Health facility infrastructure may be affected by the incident, and loss of water, electricity, and network supply, for example, will also affect the ability of PHC to offer help and services.
The incidents may affect the chain of supply, leading to a decrease in resources and limitations in the numbers and types of medications and services available.
If there is an incident that is big enough to affect large cities and states, the government will distribute the funds and resources to all areas. This mostly will make the amount given to a certain PHC center below its actual needs. This has effects on the availability of staff and supplements and decreases in the PHC center’s effective services.
Ensuring quality of care to be in acceptable level. In day-to-day work, the quality should be in the optimum; this is not applicable in most MI, but there should be an agreed acceptable level of quality during major incident, so the PHC centers do not go below it. This is extremely important to decrease the spread of infectious diseases that follow major incidents and decrease mortality and morbidity for all patients.
There are many actions needed during the response phase. Those actions are classified according to the condition of the facility.
Health facility is intact, accessible, and functioning:
Activate the major incident response plan. This is the decision taken by PHC facility leader in liaison with the local and state health authority.
Change the layout of the facility and the patients’ flow to permit faster management of patients with acceptable standards.
Call the staff who are in their off or vacation to join work in the facility to deal with the increased numbers of patients and visitors.
Stop elective visits of patients, and replace it by telephone or online consultations. If there is a need to see the patient and examine him physically, then go to him/her or call the patient to the center; examine the patient in area away from the incident management venue. This will decrease the number of patients attending to the health center and create surge capacity to examine patients related to the major incidents.
Contact local health authority and nearby hospitals to liaise about the situation and work distribution. The PHC can have an important role in dealing with the well and worried people and patients with mild symptoms to decrease the load on hospitals and minimize people’s need for transportation. The movement restriction is an important factor in controlling epidemics and makes movement of emergency services easy and fast.
Make special documentation for the incident patients and other related issues like questionnaires, asking about relatives, etc. This will help in better preparedness for future incidents.
PHC director and supervisors should observe staff for signs of PTSD. Daily debriefing session should be done by the end of the shift. The management of PTSD staff will depend on the severity of symptoms.
Mild PTSD usually is solved by the support of colleagues and the daily debriefing session.
They may change the type or place of work of the staff if they noticed moderate symptoms of PTSD.
Staff with severe symptoms of PTSD should be stopped from dealing with patients, and psychologist or psychiatrist consultation is requested.
If the primary health facility is not accessible or not functioning:
The alternative site should be activated, and directional signs to the new site, people, and authorities should be informed about the new site.
The concept of emergency medical teams applied in disaster management is well known worldwide and applied by the WHO and other bodies interested in disaster response. We can apply this concept to distribute the primary health staff into small teams and direct them (as forward teams) to different residential areas in conjunction with other emergency services. Their duty is to:
Define the special needs and vulnerable population.
Supply chronic medications to the needed.
Defining affected people and do baseline life support interventions.
Contact health authority or hospitals for patients who need to transfer to higher level of health care.
This concept, going to patients in their residency, can be used even if the facility is accessible and functioning. It is an extra service for people in catchment area aiming to bring health care very near to people and help in stopping the spread of epidemic infections.
Start thinking of recovery for the health centers during a long-lasting major incident, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic, which is affecting the whole world now. There should be regular thinking of how to resume work in the PHC to serve the patients who need regular follow-up. This can be done by telephone or network meeting (as mentioned above), and medications can be delivered to the patient at their homes through the post. Fees can be paid by electronic payment methods.
Live experience on the role of PHC in epidemic.
During the writing of this chapter, there is a COVID-19 epidemic. In the beginning of the epidemic, many people came to the emergency department asking for checkup and PCR test for COVID-19. This issue created overcrowding in emergency departments all over the country, and many people present are requesting the test. This was dangerous for spreading the infection if someone is really infected. Two days later, the PHC sets up centers for dealing with well and worried persons and provided COVID-19 PCR test. This action by the PHC did a huge decompression to emergency departments, decreased mix between well and feverish persons, and gave us opportunity to concentrate on symptomatic patients.
Recovery from the effects of the MI occurs in this phase. Sometimes, when the MI takes long time, the PHC should resume receiving patients other than MI. There is merging between trans-impact and post-impact phases. Recovery of the PHC will be better if it was part of the pre-incident plan [12].
Many times, there are epidemics after major incidents especially if the incident affected the infrastructures of basic services like potable water and electricity. This effect is aggravated if people need to migrate from their area for any reason and assemble in a new area, which is usually less suitable and overcrowded. This permits for disease transmission creating an epidemic between the migrants. Acute respiratory infections and cholera are among the most epidemics that occur in immigrants [13]. Some of these diseases are not present in the PHC area previously.
New patients may be added to the PHC from two sources:
In the first source, there is an epidemic in the area covered by the PHC after the major incident. More patients are presented to PHC for consultations.
The second source is the new people who moved to their area from other places, which rendered unsuitable for living (temporarily or permanently) by the major incident.
New diseases may occur due to loss of infrastructure and sanitation or due to earth changes, leading to bacterial, fungal, and other infectious organisms that are not common in the area. It is found in one study that there was an increase in visits for patients complaining of respiratory symptoms (mostly asthma) and diabetes [14].
In the last 40 years, all the studies showed that there is a significant increase in stress levels of both health care staffs and patients in post-major incident phase [15]. This will decrease the working staff on the one hand and increase the patients visiting the PHC on the other hand.
Delayed appointments for patients already registered in the PHC due to MI response actions. After the end of the incident, work need to be back to normal, and the patients whom appointments were postponed in the response period need to be rescheduled in addition to the regular appointments and providing appointments to the new patients.
Gathering information and statistics about the MI and its effects on the PHC in all aspects. Information regarding response to the major incidents, patients’ flow, number of patients, types of complaints, areas of crowding and delay, etc. all need to be collected, summarized, studied, and used in this phase to prepare the PHC for improved response in the next major incident.
Funding. During the trans-impact phase, the media concentrate on every activity done by all emergency services. This media coverage is a good motivation for providing funds by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and personnel. In the post-impact phase, this media coverage will decrease a lot especially if there is another major incident in other parts of the world.
This stage is an opportunity to improve the PHC and rebuild it better than before, by applying risk reduction and optimizing work protocols [16]. The actions in the post-impact phase can be divided into three stages [17]:
Early recovery stage
In this stage there is emphasis on clinical services; the PHC is trying to go back actively again. It is trying to open its services to people if the facility was closed during the incident’s response phase or increase work if it was working in limited scope during the previous phase. The following are the steps to do this objective:
Maintain the PHC building, especially if it is affected by the incident. If there was an epidemic, then there is a need to deep cleaning and sterilization before allowing entrance and providing service to usual patients.
Debriefing to staff after the trans-impact phase. This may need psychologist or psychiatrist sometimes. The PHC director should evaluate the staff during all the phases. In this phase there is time to deal with the staff who shows mild-to-moderate PTSD.
Rearrange duty roasters for staff in a way that they can work and have time to look after their families.
Education to staff regarding new diseases that occurs in the post-impact phase. This should be arranged with local health authority and hospitals. There will be many questions regarding the new disease and relations to the chronic diseases they have.
Rehabilitation stage
The aim of this stage is to reach the pre-impact stage level of work and go back to normal activity or put a new norm to help in better response in the future. Activities in this stage are the following:
Maintain used equipment and fix the damaged ones. Electricity generators, water tanks, and ultrasound machines all should be checked by specialized teams.
Refill stores with medicines and consumables. When there is MI, there is large number of patients which is more than the present resources. After the end of the trans-impact phase, stores should be rearranged to have enough supply of the previous drugs and stuff for the new emerging diseases.
Rearrange patients’ visits to decrease delay, and catch the condition before the incident.
Make appointments for the new patients added to the PHC facility after the impact. This may need recruitment of new staff to accommodate those patients in addition to the delayed patients mentioned in the previous point.
If an alternative place has been used and proven to be better than the original one, try using it permanently. All actions, official documentations, and addresses should be changed to the new place.
Development stage
This is a long-term stage, and its aim is to prepare the PHC for the next major incident. It will be mixed with the mitigation and preparedness stages in the pre-impact phase. To achieve this stage properly, there is a need to:
Collect data through statistics regarding different aspects of the incident, for example, numbers, diagnosis, age, etc.
Make plans for better facility; this may need change or an increase in facility building. Make plans to divide the facility into sectors if needed to maintain isolation for containing infections and easy sterilization of the parts of the facility. This should include the ventilation system of different areas.
Improve communication plan to the staff. All staff should have their contact addresses including the social media addresses and landlines if present.
Arrange with the local health authority to have any specific PHC plan to be part of a master plan and any PHC capabilities to add to the total state or national health abilities, and there is no need for doubling the work.
Fund raising should be started and requested from the local and state health authority to do all these changes in the facility and train the staff on different aspects of the MI response.
The primary health care system has big and important roles that can be played in response to major incidents. They are the most nearby health care facility and well known to people in each area, making it the nearest health facility that is ready to provide help when people are exposed to a sudden incident.
Their role is not limited to any stage in the incident, but it is in all phases. In some aspects of response, the primary health care staff will guide the state or national efforts to find and help vulnerable population in their catchment area.
More concentration on the primary health care system in terms of staff training, facility floor plans, and stuff stockpiling will yield a remarkable improvement in response to any major incidents.
License
\n\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
\n\n',metaTitle:"Open Access Statement",metaDescription:"Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0)",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-statement/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Formats
\\n\\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCosts
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\\n\\n\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Formats
\n\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\n\n\n\nCosts
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\n\n\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"832",title:"Agriculture Engineering",slug:"earth-science-agriculture-engineering",parent:{title:"Earth Science",slug:"earth-science"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:54,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"earth-science-agriculture-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"480",title:"Evapotranspiration",subtitle:"From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4735bbf66c0f21af0b4ac128140bd3fd",slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",bookSignature:"Giacomo Gerosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:"Al.",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"22702",doi:"10.5772/23470",title:"Greenhouse Crop Transpiration Modelling",slug:"greenhouse-crop-transpiration-modelling",totalDownloads:3760,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Nikolaos Katsoulas and Constantinos Kittas",authors:[{id:"52150",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Kittas",slug:"constantinos-kittas",fullName:"Constantinos Kittas"},{id:"54858",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Katsoulas",slug:"nikolaos-katsoulas",fullName:"Nikolaos Katsoulas"}]},{id:"22690",doi:"10.5772/18352",title:"Daily Crop Evapotranspiration, Crop Coefficient and Energy Balance Components of a Surface-Irrigated Maize Field",slug:"daily-crop-evapotranspiration-crop-coefficient-and-energy-balance-components-of-a-surface-irrigated-",totalDownloads:2766,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"José O. Payero and Suat Irmak",authors:[{id:"16997",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose O.",middleName:null,surname:"Payero",slug:"jose-o.-payero",fullName:"Jose O. Payero"},{id:"84779",title:"Dr.",name:"Suat",middleName:null,surname:"Irmak",slug:"suat-irmak",fullName:"Suat Irmak"}]},{id:"22696",doi:"10.5772/17060",title:"Evapotranspiration and Crop Water Stress Index in Mexican Husk Tomatoes (Physalis ixocarpa Brot)",slug:"evapotranspiration-and-crop-water-stress-index-in-mexican-husk-tomatoes-physalis-ixocarpa-brot-",totalDownloads:2824,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Rutilo López- López, Ramón Arteaga Ramírez, Ignacio Sánchez-Cohen, Waldo Ojeda Bustamante and Victor González-Lauck",authors:[{id:"27133",title:"Dr.",name:"Rutilo",middleName:null,surname:"López",slug:"rutilo-lopez",fullName:"Rutilo López"},{id:"29809",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Arteaga Ramírez",slug:"ramon-arteaga-ramirez",fullName:"Ramón Arteaga Ramírez"},{id:"29810",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"González Lauck",slug:"victor-gonzalez-lauck",fullName:"Victor González Lauck"},{id:"29811",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Cohen",slug:"ignacio-sanchez-cohen",fullName:"Ignacio Sánchez Cohen"},{id:"83440",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ojeda-Bustamante",slug:"waldo-ojeda-bustamante",fullName:"Waldo Ojeda-Bustamante"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"22691",title:"(Evapo)Transpiration Measurements Over Vegetated Surfaces as a Key Tool to Assess the Potential Damages of Air Gaseous Pollutant for Plants",slug:"-evapo-transpiration-measurements-over-vegetated-surfaces-as-a-key-tool-to-assess-the-potential-dama",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Giacomo Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Simone Mereu, Antonio Ballarin Denti and Riccardo Marzuoli",authors:[{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:"Al.",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa"},{id:"45008",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Mereu",slug:"simone-mereu",fullName:"Simone Mereu"},{id:"45009",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Finco",slug:"angelo-finco",fullName:"Angelo Finco"},{id:"45010",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Marzuoli",slug:"riccardo-marzuoli",fullName:"Riccardo Marzuoli"},{id:"109857",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Ballarin Denti",slug:"antonio-ballarin-denti",fullName:"Antonio Ballarin Denti"}]},{id:"22700",title:"Modelling Evapotranspiration of Container Crops for Irrigation Scheduling",slug:"modelling-evapotranspiration-of-container-crops-for-irrigation-scheduling",totalDownloads:2811,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Laura Bacci, Piero Battista, Mariateresa Cardarelli, Giulia Carmassi, Youssef Rouphael, Luca Incrocci, Fernando Malorgio, Alberto Pardossi, Bernardo Rapi and Giuseppe Colla",authors:[{id:"32277",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Bacci",slug:"laura-bacci",fullName:"Laura Bacci"},{id:"32299",title:"Dr.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Battista",slug:"piero-battista",fullName:"Piero Battista"},{id:"32300",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Carmassi",slug:"giulia-carmassi",fullName:"Giulia Carmassi"},{id:"32301",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"giuseppe-colla",fullName:"Giuseppe Colla"},{id:"32302",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Incrocci",slug:"luca-incrocci",fullName:"Luca Incrocci"},{id:"32303",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Malorgio",slug:"fernando-malorgio",fullName:"Fernando Malorgio"},{id:"32304",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pardossi",slug:"alberto-pardossi",fullName:"Alberto Pardossi"},{id:"32305",title:"Mr",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rapi",slug:"bernardo-rapi",fullName:"Bernardo Rapi"},{id:"43795",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cardarelli",slug:"maria-teresa-cardarelli",fullName:"Maria Teresa Cardarelli"},{id:"83348",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",middleName:null,surname:"Rouphael",slug:"youssef-rouphael",fullName:"Youssef Rouphael"}]},{id:"22704",title:"Evapotranspiration of Woody Landscape Plants",slug:"evapotranspiration-of-woody-landscape-plants",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Richard C. Beeson",authors:[{id:"32481",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Beeson",slug:"richard-beeson",fullName:"Richard Beeson"}]},{id:"22695",title:"Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Scheduling in Blueberry",slug:"crop-evapotranspiration-and-irrigation-scheduling-in-blueberry",totalDownloads:3475,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"David R. Bryla",authors:[{id:"31067",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Bryla",slug:"david-bryla",fullName:"David Bryla"}]},{id:"22696",title:"Evapotranspiration and Crop Water Stress Index in Mexican Husk Tomatoes (Physalis ixocarpa Brot)",slug:"evapotranspiration-and-crop-water-stress-index-in-mexican-husk-tomatoes-physalis-ixocarpa-brot-",totalDownloads:2824,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Rutilo López- López, Ramón Arteaga Ramírez, Ignacio Sánchez-Cohen, Waldo Ojeda Bustamante and Victor González-Lauck",authors:[{id:"27133",title:"Dr.",name:"Rutilo",middleName:null,surname:"López",slug:"rutilo-lopez",fullName:"Rutilo López"},{id:"29809",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Arteaga Ramírez",slug:"ramon-arteaga-ramirez",fullName:"Ramón Arteaga Ramírez"},{id:"29810",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"González Lauck",slug:"victor-gonzalez-lauck",fullName:"Victor González Lauck"},{id:"29811",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Cohen",slug:"ignacio-sanchez-cohen",fullName:"Ignacio Sánchez Cohen"},{id:"83440",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ojeda-Bustamante",slug:"waldo-ojeda-bustamante",fullName:"Waldo Ojeda-Bustamante"}]},{id:"22705",title:"The Role of the Evapotranspiration in the Aquifer Recharge Processes of Mediterranean Areas",slug:"the-role-of-the-evapotranspiration-in-the-aquifer-recharge-processes-of-mediterranean-areas",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Francesco Fiorillo",authors:[{id:"27139",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorillo",slug:"francesco-fiorillo",fullName:"Francesco Fiorillo"}]},{id:"22706",title:"The Evapotranspiration in Climate Classification",slug:"the-evapotranspiration-in-climate-classification",totalDownloads:7602,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Antonio Ribeiro da Cunha and Edgar Ricardo Schöffel",authors:[{id:"30377",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Ribeiro Da",middleName:null,surname:"Cunha",slug:"antonio-ribeiro-da-cunha",fullName:"Antonio Ribeiro Da Cunha"},{id:"46598",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Schöffel",slug:"edgar-ricardo-schoffel",fullName:"Edgar Ricardo Schöffel"}]},{id:"22697",title:"Evapotranspiration Partitioning in Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems",slug:"evapotranspiration-partitioning-in-surface-and-subsurface-drip-irrigation-systems",totalDownloads:1715,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Hossein Dehghanisanij and Hanieh Kosari",authors:[{id:"27340",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Dehghanisanij",slug:"hossein-dehghanisanij",fullName:"Hossein Dehghanisanij"},{id:"119429",title:"MSc.",name:"Hanieh",middleName:null,surname:"Kosari",slug:"hanieh-kosari",fullName:"Hanieh Kosari"}]},{id:"22692",title:"Evapotranspiration Partitioning Techniques for Improved Water Use Efficiency",slug:"evapotranspiration-partitioning-techniques-for-improved-water-use-efficiency",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Adel Zeggaf Tahiri",authors:[{id:"27245",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Zeggaf Tahiri",slug:"adel-zeggaf-tahiri",fullName:"Adel Zeggaf Tahiri"}]},{id:"22701",title:"Description of Two Functions I and J Characterizing the Interior Ground Inertia of a Traditional Greenhouse - A Theoretical Model Using the Green’s Functions Theory",slug:"description-of-two-functions-i-and-j-characterizing-the-interior-ground-inertia-of-a-traditional-gre",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications"},signatures:"Rached Ben Younes",authors:[{id:"32736",title:"Prof.",name:"Rached",middleName:null,surname:"Benyounes",slug:"rached-benyounes",fullName:"Rached Benyounes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"earth-science-agriculture-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/127507/isil-kaymaz",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"127507",slug:"isil-kaymaz"},fullPath:"/profiles/127507/isil-kaymaz",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()