Main characteristics of each considered estuary.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"740",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neck Dissection - Clinical Application and Recent Advances",title:"Neck Dissection",subtitle:"Clinical Application and Recent Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Neck Dissection - Clinical Application and Recent Advances is a leading book in neck surgery and represents the recent work and experiences of a number of top international scientists. 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Use theory and possible practical application to drive the knowledge from human involvement in workplace activities to any possible risk of health and safety hazards of the job.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-651-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-650-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-652-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"769f942393275479acca64e4f4fea958",bookSignature:"Dr. Bankole Kolawole Fasanya and Dr. Sridhar Krishnamurti",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11518.jpg",keywords:"Frequency, Sound Power, Absorption, Noise, Soundproof, Reflection, Inverse Square, Perception, Signal, Background Noise, Building, Noise Barrier",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Fasanya is an Assistant Professor at Purdue University, USA. Prior to his current position, he has worked in different capacities with different institutions: Senior research associate (Auditory Protection and Prevention - US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Adjunct Assistant Professor-NCAT, Facilities Engineer MVA, etc). Dr. Fasanya holds a Ph.D. in Industrial and systems engineering with a specialization in ergonomics and human factors.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Sridhar Krishnamurti is a Professor and Program Director of Audiology at Auburn University. Sridhar has\r\nauthored a book, journal articles, and book chapters in Audiology and Hearing Conservation. He\r\nis a recipient of several Research grant awards, including the 1999 New Investigator Research\r\nAward from the American Academy of Audiology and the 2011 Auburn University Alumni\r\nUndergraduate Teaching Excellence and 2012 Auburn University Faculty Research Awards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"214494",title:"Dr.",name:"Bankole",middleName:"Kolawole",surname:"Fasanya",slug:"bankole-fasanya",fullName:"Bankole Fasanya",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/214494/images/system/214494.jpg",biography:"Bankole K. Fasanya received a BSc in Mechanical Engineering in 1999 from The Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria, his Master’s degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering from Morgan State University, Maryland, USA and his doctorate degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering specialized in ergonomics and human factors from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. His research focuses on human and environmental safety, ergonomics and human factors, auditory prevention and protection and noise assessment and control at workplaces. Dr. Fasanya is currently an assistant professor at Purdue University Northwest in Indiana, USA. He currently serves as one of the executive members of the American Hearing Conservative Association (NHCA). He is an OSHA-Authorized general industry safety train the trainer and a certified occupational hearing conservationist (COHC).",institutionString:"Purdue University Northwest",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Purdue University Northwest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"466252",title:"Dr.",name:"Sridhar",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamurti",slug:"sridhar-krishnamurti",fullName:"Sridhar Krishnamurti",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RKaOOQA1/Profile_Picture_2022-04-08T11:15:28.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sridhar Krishnamurti is a Professor and Program Director of Audiology at Auburn University.\r\nHe has served on the research grants review panel for several agencies and journals including\r\nAlzheimer’s Association, DOD Hearing Restoration Research, Ear and Hearing, American\r\nJournal of Public Health, and Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. Sridhar\r\nKrishnamurti has served as the past-continuing education administrator for Audiology Special\r\nInterest Divisions 6-9 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Audiology. Sridhar has\r\nauthored a book, journal articles, and book chapters in Audiology and Hearing Conservation. He\r\nis a recipient of several Research grant awards, including the 1999 New Investigator Research\r\nAward from the American Academy of Audiology and the 2011 Auburn University Alumni\r\nUndergraduate Teaching Excellence and 2012 Auburn University Faculty Research Awards.\r\nSridhar is currently President of the Council of Au.D Programs and an Executive Council member\r\nfor the National Hearing Conservation Association. His research has been funded by Oak Ridge\r\nAssociated Universities (ORISE) program and CDC-NIOSH.",institutionString:"Auburn University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Auburn University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Due to the immobile nature of P in soil, increasing root foraging for P is theoretically one of the best means by which to improve the efficiency of P acquisition by plants. Research in other crops and model plants have provided indications as to what the ideal root phenotype to cope with P deficiency should look like (reviewed in [3, 6]). Overall, it is suggested that a larger root system, both in length as well as in area, is beneficial for better yield performance in low P conditions. This higher soil exploration includes a large number of roots in the top soil (soil surface until 25 cm depth), longer roots in general, with more cortical aerenchyma, smaller diameter, more and longer root hairs, more mycorrhiza, altered bacterial colonization, and higher exudation of P-solubilizing chemicals.
\nIn this chapter, we will (1) give a general literature overview of strategies for P uptake and its optimization and (2) review the proposed ideotype for rice P efficiency and present an experiment for its optimization using transgenic rice.
\nMobilization of soil-bound P via the release of P-solubilizing compounds from roots is widely proposed to be a key mechanism by which many plant species enhance P acquisition in soils. These compounds include phosphatase enzymes capable of mobilizing organic P, protons that acidify the soil to solubilize calcium (Ca)-bound P and organic compounds including phytosiderophores and carboxylates that compete with P in ligand exchange reactions [7]. The release of protons and carboxylates is a strategy that is particularly important for species from the family Proteaceae, which have often evolved in extremely P deficient soils [8]. Other species that form proteiod—or cluster—roots under P deprivation such as the model legume species
Beyond species that form cluster roots, however, the role of compounds exuded from roots is less clear. Experimental evidence that non-cluster root forming species can mobilize significant amounts of P through exudation of carboxylate is lacking [10] and the concentrations of carboxylates required to mobilize P in incubation studies are much higher than those thought to occur in the rhizosphere of most plants [11]. As an example, a recent study using near-isogenic wheat (
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are recognized for enhancing nutrient availability, notably P, to most plants [13]. AM fungi are obligate biotrophs that establish mutualistic associations with the roots of over 90% of all plant species via a complex system of intraradical and extraradical hyphae, in which the external mycelium of AM fungi acts as an extension of host plant roots, thus increasing the effective surface area to absorb nutrients and water [13, 14, 15]. The transfer of nutrients from AM fungi to plant roots is typically facilitated by highly branched fungal structures within the root cortex, known as arbuscules [15]. The transfer of nutrients from AM fungi to roots occurs in exchange for sugars generated from photosynthesis and is typically facilitated by specific transporters expressed at the interface of plant root and arbuscule [15, 16].
\nTo what extent the AM symbiosis is beneficial to crop species depends on environmental factors and varies between different crops and among varieties of the same crop. It is generally assumed that high rates of P fertilization diminish the potential benefits from AM symbiosis [17]. Further, one may assume that crops with a rather fine and dense root system would benefit less from the increase in the effective surface area provided by external hyphae compared to crops with less fine roots. Within crop species, varietal differences may be of importance and should ideally be explored in crop improvement programs. However, the multiple interactions between AM fungi, other soil microorganisms and plant roots, each potentially affected by soil properties, climatic factors, and crop management, have made a selection for a stable increase of AM-variety symbiotic efficiency a rather challenging task.
\nApplication of free-living soil bacteria and fungi to plants can increase plant growth and nutrition status. As early as 1948 it was reported that isolated soil bacteria could enhance plant P solubilized from calcium phosphate [10]. Today efforts continue toward identifying microbiota-root interactions beyond AM that enhance crop phosphorus acquisition. These are driven by commercial and regulatory pressures to supplement mined P reserves and optimize the recycling of P from soil and biomass pools [18], and by the increasingly comprehensive genome-based methods to characterize microbiomes [19] to explore to increase agricultural fertility [20].
\nBeneficial microbiota includes those contributing directly to plant or soil P fertility processes, and those indirectly contributing via control of plant host diseases, soil toxicities, and weeds that compete with crop resource uptake. P fertility mechanisms include (1) promoting greater root surface area, (2) increasing inorganic P availability in the soil solution, and (3) altering organic P pools in soil (e.g. rates of turnover). The evidence is mounting that microbiota can change molecular events within the plant (e.g. induce proton release for rhizosphere acidification, gene regulation involved in ion uptake) [21].
\nManagement of beneficial microbiota is mainly done through inoculation onto the plant (seed or shoots) of microbes that are isolated from a given environment. However, management of the naturally-associating rhizosphere microbiota through the plant (e.g. plant genetics and breeding) or soil (e.g. rotations, tillage) is also performed. Molecular characterization of the whole root and soil microbiomes will likely lead to a merging of inoculant approaches with the direct engineering of rhizosphere microbiota [22], as plant hosts are intimately connected with microbiota whose genes can be transferred with that of the host genome [23]. Although many examples report beneficial responses to bacteria or fungal strains on plants in pots in glasshouses, there are few translations to farmers’ fields with formulated, scaled production [18].
\nAerenchyma refers to plant tissue containing enlarged gas spaces, formed in roots and shoots of wetland and dryland species through cell death “lysigenous” or cell separation “schizogenous” [24, 25]. Formation of aerenchyma can be constitutive or induced by abiotic stresses such as waterlogging [26], drought, and nutrient deficiency including phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur deficiency [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Therefore, the presence of aerenchyma can differ even within root segments when heterogeneous abiotic conditions, such as those in field soils, are present [30, 33, 34].
\nSeveral reports from maize (
Root hairs are unicellular extensions of epidermal cells that constitute most of the root’s surface area [38]. Root hairs have been under investigation for more than a century [39], and it was shown decades ago that root hairs are involved in P uptake from soil. P uptake by root hairs was indirectly demonstrated for wheat and barley [40], and directly for rye (
Rice roots face highly dynamic soil conditions; possibly the most complex of all cereal grains. Soils have repeated flooding, irrigation and drying events, and tilling and compacting results in very soft soils, hardpans, and furrows, with dramatic variation in aeration, pH and nutrient conditions from the surface to depth [45]. These transitions are greatest in lowland systems, but also occur in upland systems.
\nThe rice root system consists of the first emerging embryonic seminal roots as well as post-embryonic crown roots emerging from shoot-borne nodes. In addition, all of these main root axiles can branch, forming lateral roots (LRs) of first and higher orders. A unique feature of rice is the formation of very distinct classes of these LRs—S- and L-type [46]. The most abundant LRs are the short and thin S-type LRs. L-type LRs are much longer, have a larger diameter and form branch roots, thus producing higher order LRs (Figure 1).
\nThe rice root system structure. Top soil washed off to display the root system of a field-grown rice plant ca. 50 DAS (A). Seven DAS seedlings with many seminal roots (left) or a high proportion of lateral roots (right) (B). Stereomicroscopic image demonstrating the rice root characteristics (C). Light microscopic images of rice roots grown in nutrient solution (D) or soil (E). MR: main root (seminal or crown root), LR: lateral root, L: L-type LR, S: S-type LR, 2O: second order LR, RH: root hair.
In order to analyze the natural variation of P deficiency tolerance, a large panel of diverse rice genotypes (>200 genotypes) was grown in upland fields, both in a sufficient fertilized and P deficient fields, and their root systems were analyzed and correlated to yield performance and P uptake. Interestingly, while some of the high yielding genotypes did show the estimated, large root system phenotype under P deficiency, some genotypes had a surprisingly small root system—as little as a quarter of the large root system varieties—but achieved the same yield and P uptake under P deficiency [47]. This effect has been observed in a number of field trials and recently been termed ‘
Rice plants exude a range of compounds from their roots, and the amount and composition of these exudates change in response to P deficiency [48, 49, 50]. A number of lines of enquiry suggest that increased efflux of carboxylates, particularly citrate, enhances the capacity of rice genotypes to acquire P. Ref. [48] reported an increase in citrate efflux under P deficiency in seven rice genotypes, and citrate efflux rates were correlated with the tolerance of these rice genotypes to P deficiency (defined as ratio of biomass grown with sparingly soluble P source compared to a soluble P source). Also found was increased citrate efflux from rice roots under P deficiency. Subsequent modeling studies indicated the importance of citrate efflux in P solubilization and uptake by rice growing under aerobic conditions [51]. However, as pointed out in a review of root traits associated with the efficient acquisition of soil P by rice [6], there is no direct evidence that increased efflux of citrate, or any other carboxylate, is responsible for higher P acquisition efficiency for any rice genotype.
\nProtons and phosphatase enzymes are also released into the rhizosphere from rice roots. The release of protons typically occurs due to an imbalance in cation/anion uptake by roots [52]. Genes encoding phosphatases are up-regulated in roots under P deficiency [53], but we are not aware of any published studies that have demonstrated that increased phosphatase efflux from the roots of rice is linked to enhanced P uptake, or that such a trait confers greater P uptake in any given rice genotype.
\nRice is a host for AM fungi [15, 16] and although root colonization has been observed under irrigated lowland and upland conditions, it is generally assumed that the AM symbiosis is more important in the aerobic upland rice [54]. It has been shown that P transporters exist in rice that are specifically induced in roots colonized by AM fungi and that these P transporters (
There are intense research efforts to apply rhizobacteria to rice to boost its productivity and increase environmental sustainability because of the enormous value of this crop and the resources used globally. Beneficial microbiota are tested to (1) reduce methane emissions [57]; (2) increase nitrogen uptake [58]; (3) fix atmospheric nitrogen within the root [59]; (4) reduce diseases [60], and (5) increase P nutrition, and to a lesser extent, that of Fe and other micronutrients [61]. In field experiments with farmer participation, beneficial microbiota is being combined with fertilizer applications. This mode of application and level of participation appears to be required for repeatedly validating inoculants that demonstrate high efficacy in the field [62].
\nThe types of microorganisms previously tested for improved P uptake by rice include bacteria of the genera:
Rice roots can form lysigenous (cell death) aerenchyma in both forms: constitutive, developed from the apical parts of the roots toward the base; and inducible, promoted in all parts of the roots under anaerobic conditions such as waterlogging, drought or nutrient deficiency.
\nThe advantage of aerenchyma formation for more soil exploration with fewer nutrients required may be greater in rice than maize, for example, due to its greater tendency for aerenchyma formation and enhanced root length under low nutrient treatments. For example, phosphorus deficiency causes a 20% increase in the percent cortical area converted to aerenchyma in rice [71]. Likewise, aerenchyma formation is enhanced by both nitrogen and oxygen-deficient conditions [72]. In addition to aerenchyma, rice possesses a barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) to the external environment, which promotes diffusion of O2 toward the root apex. The O2 increases the redox potential in the rhizosphere and causes the oxidation of Mn4+ and Fe2+ forming the plaque on the surface of rice roots [73] (which may reduce the uptake of phytotoxic elements into plant tissue).
\nAlthough the benefits of aerenchyma and ROL barrier formation are widely reported, the molecular mechanisms that regulate their formation are not completely understood. Since the rice genome has been fully sequenced and many tools are available, further insights into the molecular determinants of aerenchyma and other rice-specific tissues are expected, in order to improve rice cultivars by using modern breeding techniques.
\nAn often heard assumption is that root hairs are adaptations specific to limiting conditions and are not needed for growth in optimal conditions. Consequently, elite varieties adapted to high input, optimized soil conditions should produce short and few root hairs and be less responsive to stress conditions compared to landraces.
\nIn the next sections, we will review recent findings regarding natural variation in rice root hair formation in response to P deficiency, growth conditions, and in respect to the rice root system structure. Finally, we will also give an example of transgenic plant generation in the attempt of increasing rice P uptake under deficient conditions.
\nLateral roots were recently proposed to have different, specialized functions depending on their developmental type [74]. Supporting this proposal, we showed that the thinner lateral roots of rice produced shorter and fewer root hairs [75], and found a positive linear relationship between lateral root diameter and root hair length [56]. These results were reproduced in different growth conditions, with main roots (seminal and crown axile roots) consistently producing the longest and most root hairs, followed by L-type and S-type lateral roots (Figure 2) (see Section 4 for experimental details). On the other hand, all root types within a genotype had the same tendencies regarding root hair length and density, and differences between genotypes were stable per root type [56]. This indicates that the phenotypic potential per genotype is first determined by its genome and then by the environment.
\nDependence of root hair production on growth conditions. Determination of root hair density (A, B*) and length (C, D*) on main roots, L-type and S-type LRs. Shown are mean values over four genotypes of 4 (A, C) or 5 (B, D) replicates; +/− standard error determined at 7 DAS (A, C) or 35 DAS (B, D). Soil and nutrient solution represent low P conditions while vermiculite and agar did not receive any nutrients. Half-strength Yoshida solution with increasing amount of agar was used to measure Nipponbare root hair length (E). Least significant difference (LSD) values are indicated per graph. Please note *: data shown in (B, D) are a sub-set of data published in [
Very few studies have addressed the question of root hair longevity and how long root hairs contribute to plant water and nutrient uptake. In [56] a higher proportion of living rice root hair cells was found in the low P compared to a P-fertilized field, over five tested genotypes. It can be concluded that longer living root hairs might be an adaptation to low P conditions to prolong root hair contribution to P uptake. Nevertheless, in the top soil layer fewer living root hairs were found compared to the subsoil [56]. This can most likely be attributed to the presence of younger root segments including root tips in the deeper soil layer compared to the oldest root segments in the top soil. In future experiments, more emphasis should be laid on longevity not just of root hairs, but also of lateral and main axile roots as harnessing natural variation in this trait could lead to improvements in breeding for more P deficiency tolerant varieties.
\nOur recent findings highlighted the vast influence that growth medium has on root hair formation [75]. Nutrient solution led rice seedlings to produce many, long root hairs on their main roots, while the discrepancy between root types was much smaller in soil-grown plants. We were able to reproduce these results in small plastic containers (50 ml volume) already 7 days after germination (DAG) (Figure 2). In addition to soil and nutrient solution, we grew rice seedlings in an artificial soil (vermiculite) and an agar solution without nutrient addition. Vermiculite led to very similar root hair growth to the soil, while roots grown in agar formed root hairs of comparable length and density as those found in nutrient solution.
\nOne possible explanation for the observed differences among growth conditions is the absence or presence of physical restriction which can be found in soil particles, but not in a nutrient solution. To test this, another experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth medium strength on root hair length in rice seedlings. The experiment comprised six concentrations of agar with two replicate boxes per concentration. Root hair length after 3 weeks of growth significantly decreased with increasing agar concentration (Figure 2), proving that soil strength/presence of physical restrictions is one-factor influencing root hair growth. Detection of rice root hairs in undisturbed soil using a synchrotron approach also substantiated this assumption as root hairs growing in pores were found to grow to three times the length of those restricted by soil particles [75].
\nThe commonly-stated response to P deficiency of production of longer and more root hairs may depend on genotype. For example, a wide selection of genotypes of the sup-populations indica, aus, temperate japonica, aromatic, and tropical japonica were tested in buffered, diffusion-limited solid-phase solution, and genotype-dependent variable responses to the low P condition was found [71]. We recently showed that in the soil, under controlled conditions in a greenhouse as well as in the field, some genotypes even form shorter and/or fewer root hairs in low P compared to sufficiently P-fertilized soil [56]. This highlights that increased root hair production is not a general, inevitable event upon P deficiency, but a specialized adaptation of some genotypes. Similarly,
Here we present an example experiment to optimize or increase P uptake by rice roots using a transgenic approach (see Section 4 for experimental setup). Our candidate genes are based on a previous study of transcriptomes of a P deficiency intolerant and a tolerant rice genotype. Several genes putatively associated with root cell wall loosening and root hair extension were found to have higher expression in the roots of the tolerant genotype [53]. We chose one gene to study that encodes a putative cell wall modifying enzyme, a Xyloglycantransferase (Os11g33270.1), designated XTH2, and produced transgenic plants (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5).
\nThe ectopic overexpression of a dozen T2 lines was tested, and three with very high, high, and moderately increased
Phenotypic analysis of
Although so
Overall, it can be concluded that a number of responses to P deficiency exist in rice, yet none of these is a general mechanism found in every rice genotype. Also, often direct evidence for a beneficial effect is lacking for rice. To construct and test a rice genotype optimized for P uptake in P deficient conditions it will be necessary to harness superior traits from many sources and integrate them via marker-assisted breeding or transgenic approaches. For a future sustainable food production, it will also be necessary to overcome the dependence on mining rock phosphate as a major source of P fertilizer. This will include an increase in recycling of biomass and wastewater.
\nRice varieties Nerica4, DJ123, Taichung native, and Sadri Tor Misri were used for the phenotyping experiments (Sections 4.2 and 4.3), and Nerica4 and Nipponbare were used for transgenic plant generation (Section 4.5). Dormancy break, sterilization, and pre-germination were performed as described earlier [75].
\nPre-germinated seeds were subjected to different conditions in 50 ml incubation tubes. Plants were grown in low P soil (for details see [53]), vermiculite without nutrient supplementation, and water with the addition of 1% agar (Sigma Aldrich). To exclude light, all tubes were aluminum foil-wrapped and one pre-germinated seed added per tube. Five plants per genotype and condition were grown in a growth cabinet with 16 h light (30°C) and 8 h dark (25°C) for 7 days. Root hair formation was analyzed using a light microscope as described earlier [75].
\nHalf-strength Yoshida nutrient solution [77] was prepared without P. Agar (Sigma Aldrich) was added at concentrations of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5% to the nutrient solution. Preliminary experiments suggested that beyond 4% agar, lateral root as well as root hair growth becomes impaired (Rose, unpublished). The nutrient solution-agar mixture was poured into clear plastic boxes (200 mm high × 100 mm wide × 25 mm deep, wrapped with aluminum foil) with a 15-mm-diameter hole in the top. A duplicate set of boxes were cut open to determine the resistance of each agar concentration using a penetrometer.
\nTwo germinated seeds per box were sown 5 mm deep in the agar and boxes transferred to a growth cabinet set to 14 h light (27°C) and 10 h dark (22°C). From week two, the boxes were watered with deionized water to weight every 3 d until harvest after 23 d.
\nTo amplify the
Genetic transformation of rice varieties NERICA4 and Nipponbare were conducted by
Pre-germinated T2 seedlings were grown in water supplemented with iron (12 μM) and calcium (0.1 mM) for 7 days followed by an additional 7 days in 1/3 strength Yoshida solution [77]. At 16 DAS roots were harvested and used for RNA extraction, cDNA production, and qRT-PCR analysis as described earlier [56] and for vibratome sectioning. For detection of the
Selected
Soil containing three levels of P: extreme low P (80% low P soil mixed with 20% subsoil), low P soil, and P-replete soil (fertilized) were used. The soil was sieved and filled into boxes while softly compacted to simulate field conditions. Fertilizer was supplied in the equivalent amount to 30-0-30 or 30-30-30 kg ha−1 (N, P2O5, K2O, respectively).
\nFour germinated seeds (with similar size) were sown directly in soil and thinned to two plants after 1 week of germination. Water was supplied regularly to field capacity to simulate the wet/dry cycle in upland condition. Plants were grown in a greenhouse with temperature and relative humidity varying between 25 and 32°C and 30–50%. At 40 DAS plants were harvested to evaluate plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, main root length, root number, shoot and root dry matter.
\nParts of the presented research were supported by post-doctoral scholarships from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) awarded to JK (nèe Nestler) and TR.
\nThe Coastal Zone is strategically important from environmental, economic, and societal points-of-view. Coastal zones are densely populated, concentrating human settlements, leisure activities, fisheries, and other marine industries. In the last decades, the population, economic assets, and urbanizations in the coastal zones have experienced a rapid growth, and a continuous increase of population in these regions is expected for the near future [1, 2]. The intensification of anthropic activities in coastal regions can boost their vulnerability to extreme events and, consequently, augment damages, cause injuries, and even loss of lives. In the present context of climate changes, an increase in the frequency and strength of extreme events have been reported [2], with potentially severe consequences for both society and environment, affecting human health and infrastructures, and resulting in the loss of property and habitats [3, 4]. For example, a loss of 70% of the coastal wetlands by 2080 is predicted due to a combination of sea-level rise, intensification of coastal urbanization, and increase of constructions for flood defense [5, 6]. Wetlands are highly productive areas, essential not only for fisheries and nature conservation, but also as a natural protection against floods. Their loss can have high socio-economic costs. Thus, extreme events, climate change conditions, and anthropogenic activities can put at risk the Coastal Zone’s prolific flora and fauna and the ecosystem services they provide (e.g., food, fisheries, tourism, cultural services, energy, water abstraction, raw materials, water desalination/treatment, climate, and natural hazard regulation).
In this context, there is a need for scientific and technical information available to decision-makers, to support a sustainable coastal management, and avoid serious damages and higher losses for the littoral populations and coastal environments [7, 8]. This information is crucial to implement early warning systems and find solutions to reduce the negative impacts associated with extreme events (floods, droughts, storm surges, and coastal storms), climate change, and man-made interventions in the Coastal Zone. These can help to reduce exposure and vulnerability, mitigate the associated risks and promote the adaptation and the resilience of the communities to the potential adverse impacts, even though risks cannot be fully mitigated.
Effective protection of the Coastal Zone requires a comprehensive understanding of its morpho-hydrodynamic processes, as well as of the effects of these processes on the territory and the ecosystems. Coasts are land-ocean transition areas and, therefore, Coastal Zone assessment must consider land-ocean interactions, including estuaries and marine areas [9]. Meteorological, oceanographic, morphological, chemical, and biological parameters, obtained through
A complete estuarine/coastal dynamics characterization and, particularly, the assessment of future conditions, could be achieved through results obtained with numerical models [7, 11]. These models provide predictions of future trends and outcomes for different scenarios, hence supporting the implementation of sustainable action plans. Nevertheless, it should be noticed that field data is crucial for proper implementation of numerical models. Measured data are needed to define the models’ initial states, forcing conditions, and static computation of calibration parameters values, or its dynamic computation using data assimilation techniques. Field data are also required to assess the numerical models performance comparing model results to measurements. So, despite the fact that advanced numerical models are excellent tools to understand the Coastal Zone behavior, comprehensive periodic or continuous monitoring campaigns in estuarine and coastal regions are still crucial to ensure the effectiveness of model application. Moreover, some of the complex morpho-hydrodynamic processes that take place in the coastal environment are still poorly understood. The combination of numerical and field monitoring methodologies should be pursued to improve our knowledge about those processes.
Considerable effort has been made to provide the most accurate estimations for the complex estuarine/coastal circulation, using either simple box models or complex numerical model suites. With the development of high-resolution numerical modeling systems, essential decision-making support instruments became available for an effective and integrated marine and coastal management. Numerical models are essential to properly assess the effect of each forcing driver, accurately representing the dynamical processes of estuarine/coastal systems [10]. Their input can be manipulated to represent the impact of changes in initial and boundary conditions, topo-bathymetric features, and coastal structures [12]. They can help to overcome the lack of field observations and measurements, allowing a full characterization of the morpho-hydrodynamic, chemical, and biological behavior of coastal regions, and providing valuable information to promote population, services and ecosystems safety [13, 14].
The current modeling tools available for coastal and estuarine studies allow an almost complete representation of the physical conditions of these areas. There is a large variety of models and techniques. The numerical techniques can be based on several methods, such as finite element, finite difference, finite volume, boundary element, or Eulerian-Lagrangian. The time integration algorithms can be explicit, implicit, semi-implicit, or characteristic-based. The functions can be of the first, second, or higher order, and the spatial dimensions can be one-dimensional (either in the horizontal plane 1DH or in the vertical 1DV), two-dimensional depth integrated (2DH) or lateral integrated (2DV), or three-dimensional (3D) [15, 16]. It is therefore important to properly select the adequate numerical model tool for the specific problem(s) the user wants to solve. This selection should be made in each case considering a compromise between the available data for model calibration and validation, the objectives of the model simulations and the available computational resources.
The most powerful modeling suites currently available (Delft3D, open TELEMAC-MASCARET, SWASH, ROMS, MOHID, SELFE, ADCIRC, Tuflow-FV, FVCOM, Mike21, etc.) are able to simulate several physical processes and environmental actions, such as flood/ebb cycles, bathymetry dynamics, friction, river discharge, water levels dynamics, currents velocity, wind action, waves, density effects, sediment transport, or Coriolis force, among others. Normally, numerical tools to model these processes are available in different and separate modules that the user can select depending on the desired complexity of the solutions. Modeling suites can also contain additional modules that allow the characterization of biological and ecological processes that are fundamental for water quality assessment, recurring to both Lagrangian and Eulerian transport approaches, including larvae migration, ecological status, nutrients concentration, pollutant evolution, etc. But, even these biogeochemical modules are completely dependent on the results obtained by the modules that represent the hydrodynamic patterns. The hydrodynamic conditions (water levels, currents velocities, temperature, and salinity) resulting, for example, from the complex interaction between tides, waves, storm surge, wave set-up, and river discharge, will define the main transportation patterns of sediments, larvae and pollutants with a direct effect on the ecosystems.
Most of the numerical models applied to coastal and estuarine regions can be implemented in 2DH/V or 3D configurations. 2DH simulations simplify the computational requirements by solving the shallow water equations. It has been demonstrated that this kind of models can accurately reproduce current velocity, flood extent, and water levels, being useful to complement risk assessment tools and early warning systems, because less computational resources are required and the numerical solutions are much faster obtained. Several authors used 2DH models with satisfactory results [14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24], though 3D models are required to properly represent several processes, like vertical stratification, vertical current profiles, turbulent mixing processes, sediment transport, turbidity, water quality, effects of salinity, and temperature gradients on river plumes or salt-wedge estuarine configurations [25, 26, 27, 28].
Regarding the equations and their approximations, 3D models are normally based on the Navier-Stokes equations or its depth-integrated version, the shallow water equations, which are applicable when the horizontal scale is much greater than the vertical scale. The shallow water equations applied to 1DH or 2DH problems are also known as Saint-Venant equations [29]. Despite their wide applicability, shallow water equations are not able to properly represent small relative amplitude waves propagating in shallow water conditions, which is of upmost importance to simulate the superposition between waves and currents, the effects of the waves on the sediment transport, the waves interaction with the bottom, or other wave processes, as shoaling, reflection, refraction, diffraction and decomposition [16, 30]. For this purpose, more sophisticated models are needed, like the ones of Boussinesq, Korteweg de Vries, Serre, or Green-Naghdi. These models include additional terms that take into account the nonhydrostatic effects of free surface curvature. Boussinesq equations [31, 32] are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by depth-averaging them considering the pressure as nonhydrostatic [33]. Boussinesq-type equations can account nonlinear and dispersive effects considering various degrees of accuracy. The Korteweg de Vries equation, which was first introduced by Boussinesq and rediscovered by Korteweg and de Vries [32, 34] describes weakly nonlinear shallow water waves, allowing the representation of solitary wave solutions [35]. However, it must be considered that the wave dynamic becomes strongly nonlinear in the final stages of shoaling, particularly in the surf and swash zones. To properly represent this phenomenon and provide a correct description of the waves up to the breaking point, fully nonlinear equations should be considered, as the Serre or Green-Naghdi equations. Serre equations [36], also known as the Su-Gardner equations, are deduced from the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics, but taking into account the incompressibility of the fluid, the vertical uniformity of the velocity field and the conservation laws [16]. Finally, Green-Naghdi nonlinear equations [37] considers the 3D water-wave problem with a free surface and a variable bottom, and taking into account that the fluid can be rotational [38].
A comparison between the effectivity of different models and approximations is a really difficult task if the models are not implemented for the same region and considering the same initial/forcing conditions. Nevertheless, there are already some works where the capabilities of different numerical models are compared. Walstra et al. [39] applied the PISCES and the Delft3D models to coastal environments, depicting a general good overall agreement of both models, except for Delft3D under low wave conditions and for PISCES when a flow generated by the breaking of the waves on the shoal is presented. Rahman and Venugopal [25] compared 3D versions of open TELEMAC-MASCARET and Delft3D to represent the hydrodynamic conditions of the Pentland Firth and also the tidal regime energy in that area. Open TELEMAC-MASCARET seems to show the best consistency with the field data, although Delft3D also obtained good results for water level variations. The same models but in a 2DH version were selected by Iglesias et al. [14] to model floods at the Douro estuary. A small underestimation and overestimation of Delft3D and open TELEMAC-MASCARET, respectively, were observed for surface elevation for nonflood scenarios. For historical floods, the two models obtained very similar results, despite using different numerical approximations. The different numerical approximations of Mike 21 FM, Delft3D, and Delft3D FM were tested by Symonds et al. [24], confirming that despite the differences in the grids configuration, all the approaches accurately predict hydrodynamic conditions in complex estuarine regions. They also demonstrate that the unstructured models present a higher computational efficiency.
There is, hence, a wide range of numerical models that can be applied to estuarine/coastal zones to proper characterize these complex areas and gain a deep understanding of their hydrodynamic characteristics. Through the implementation of numerical algorithms, the circulation in these systems can be reproduced and different hydrodynamic processes can be represented. And knowledge about the hydrodynamic patterns influenced by bottom morphological changes may allow assessment and forecasting of the effects of hazardous and extreme events, anthropogenic intervention, or climate change. Hydrodynamic modeling has therefore been the focus of a large number of previous works in estuarine environments [11, 14, 17, 21, 22, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50].
Nowadays, the available powerful computational resources and complex numerical model suites allow the implementation of high-resolution studies with accurate results. Some examples are the works of Dias et al. [50] and Jones and Davies [46] for estuarine tides, Pinho and Vieira [44] for estuarine salt-water intrusion, Robins and Davies [21] and Sutherland et al. [43] for estuarine and coastal morpho-hydrodynamic behavior, Pinho et al. [45] and Iglesias et al. [14] for estuarine flood studies, Pinho et al. [51] for coastal waters hydrodynamics and water quality, Antunes do Carmo et al. [16] for agitation in harbors, Antunes do Carmo and Seabra-Santos [30] for coastal protection, and Monteiro et al. [22] for coastal circulation and river plumes. However, every modeling system has its own advantages and limitations, and model solutions will display uncertainties related with errors, calibration parameters, or model assumptions and forcing functions. Given the need for accurate forecasts, finding and implementing new solutions to avoid such errors is crucial. A single model can have biases, high variability, or inaccuracies related with the specification of initial conditions or the representation of physical processes in the models, causing large uncertainties in numerical prediction systems that can affect the reliability of the obtained results [52]. So, why not use several models to reduce uncertainties?
The e
Two types of
To combine the outputs of different models, several statistical techniques can be applied, considering the mean, the median, a linear regression, weighted average, or linear programming techniques, among others [52, 57, 63, 64, 65]. Computing the mean of the
The
The need for an accurate forecasting based on numerical models becomes clear when the Douro and Minho estuarine regions are analyzed. Although these estuaries, located in the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, are separated by a distance of less than 100 km (Figure 1), their dynamics and environmental conditions are completely different (Table 1). Despite presenting similar seasonal river flow regimes (Figure 2), with minimum values in summer and maximum values in the rainy winter season, flow values and patterns differ. For the Minho river, between 1970 and 2018, a maximum daily mean river flow of 4600 m3/s was measured at Frieira dam; whereas the Douro presented a maximum daily mean river flow of 10,990 m3/s at Crestuma-Lever dam between 1986 and 2018. The difference between these two systems is also evident when river flood peak discharges associated with different return periods are estimated (Table 2). The different river discharge patterns suffice to support the need for a focused and local hydrodynamic characterization of the two estuaries when trying to avoid future risks related with human interventions (dredging, ports, alterations in the estuarine banks, designing of breakwaters, etc.), extreme events such as coastal and estuarine floods or storm surges, sea-level rise and the increase in the number and/or intensity of extreme events associated with climate change predictions. However, a comparison of the main estuaries characteristics and bathymetric conditions (Table 1 and Figures 1 and 3), reinforces this necessity. For the river flood peak discharges analysis, we assumed that the probability distribution for extreme flow events follows a Gumbel law [67]. Daily mean river flow data was provided by the SNIRH-
Minho and Douro estuaries’ location and bathymetry (in metres—vertical datum MSL-mean sea level). The horizontal coordinates of the bathymetric maps are in datum PT-TM06/ETRS89.
Douro | Minho | |
---|---|---|
Hydrographic basin (km2) | 97,603 | 17,080 |
River length (km) | 927 | 300 |
Estuarine mouth | Artificial (breakwaters) | Natural (rocks) |
Estuarine limit | Artificial (dam) | Natural (limit of tide penetration) |
Estuarine extension (km) | 21 | 35 |
Estuarine river flow | Artificial (dam) | Artificial (dam) |
Mean depth (m) | −13.8 | −7.6 |
Maximum estuarine width (m) | 1,300 | 2,100 |
Minimum estuarine width (m) | 135 | 160 |
Main characteristics of each considered estuary.
Box plots representing the monthly minimum (lower whisker), lower quartile (25%, bottom box limit), median (red line), upper quartile (75%, top box limit), and maximum (upper whisker) daily mean river flow values of the Douro and Minho rivers flows, from 1986 to 2018 and from 1970 to 2018, respectively. Data source: SNIRH (
T (years) | Q Douro (m3/s) | Q Minho (m3/s) |
---|---|---|
10 | 7,655 | 3,308 |
20 | 9,215 | 3,944 |
50 | 11,235 | 4,767 |
100 | 12,748 | 5,383 |
200 | 14,256 | 5,998 |
500 | 16,246 | 6,809 |
1000 | 17,749 | 7,421 |
River flood average daily extreme discharges (Q) associated with different return periods (T).
Minho and Douro estuaries’ bathymetric profile for the estuarine central axis (in metres—vertical datum MSL-mean sea level).
The bathymetric map for the Minho estuary (Figure 1) was constructed using several topographic and bathymetric data sets: topographic data provided by the Portuguese Direção Geral do Território (DGT; http://www.dgterritorio.pt/) as a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) obtained from a nation-wide altimetric survey carried on in 2011 with a LiDAR (light detection and ranging); and bathymetric data provided by the Portuguese
The Douro River is one of the major rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. It flows from the Sierra de Urbion, in Spain, to the Atlantic Ocean, in northern Portugal, ending in an urban estuary surrounded by two major cities: Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia (Figure 1). The Douro is a highly dynamic narrow estuary with torrential regimes that produce strong currents and recurrent severe floods that cause serious damage to the riverine populations and navigation problems [68, 72]. Its dynamics is mainly forced by freshwater flows, being very dependent on highly variable natural conditions and on the hydropower production schedule of the Crestuma-Lever dam and of the other 50 national and international river basin dams. For flow rates above 800 m3/s, the river water masses rush to the sea and seawater intrusion is prevented. For flow rates below 800 m3/s, the ocean water enters the estuary, which acquires a salt-wedge configuration [73]. This has a strong effect on the freshwater residence time, which can vary from 8 h to more than 2 weeks [74]. The bathymetric configuration of the Douro estuary presents an irregular distribution with depths generally varying between 0 and 10 m (Figures 1 and 3). Depths up to 28 m can be found associated with narrower sections, outer bends, and former sites of sediments extraction [72]. At the southern margin of the estuary’s mouth lies a wetland (São Paio Bay) and an estuarine sand spit (Cabedelo) that partially obstructs the river mouth, protecting the estuary from the ocean’s storm waves. This sand spit is made up of fluvial and maritime sediments, and its morphodynamics is conditioned by natural (wind, rainfall, river flow, waves, tides and storm surges) and human (breakwaters and dams construction, sand extraction, and dredging) processes [68, 75, 76]. To prevent erosion of the sand spit or its excessive migration into the navigation channel, maintaining both navigability and bank protection, a new detached breakwater was built parallel to the head of the sandbar, and the existing northern breakwater was extended. These structures, concluded in 2008, interfere with local sedimentary and hydrodynamic patterns, significantly increasing the area and volume of the sand spit in a relatively short period (∼10 years) [68, 77]. Historical records reveal ruptures or partial destruction of the sandbar during river flood events, allowing for a rapid discharge of excess water and reducing the risk of urban flooding [68]. Now, with a stronger sandbar, its rupture is less probable and the effect of a flood is likely to be harsher, both in terms of economic losses and structural damage [14].
There are some previous works that aimed to reproduce the Douro estuary dynamics using numerical models. Silva [78] implemented a 2D depth-averaged (2DH) hydrodynamic model for the lower estuarine area, to represent the effect of several engineering works on the main currents configuration. Using the 1994 configuration, he found that relatively small alterations of the estuarine mouth conditions can produce marked changes in the currents strength and direction for normal winter conditions (river flow ∼1000 m3/s). The impact of the structures at the estuary’s mouth on hydrodynamics, salt-water intrusion, and sediment transport was also presented by Pinho et al. [79], considering several scenarios of mean river flow. Their solutions, which were obtained using two coupled models: one for hydrodynamics and another for sediment transport, revealed maximum current velocities and maximum erosion at the estuarine mouth between the breakwaters. Similar patterns were obtained by Portela [72] and Iglesias et al. [14]. Particularly, Iglesias et al. [14] implemented two different numerical models for the Douro river to depict the effect of the sand spit in the floods water levels, demonstrating that the new breakwaters configuration and the strengthening of the sand spit will probably produce an increase in high-water levels during flood conditions, with expected severe impacts on the estuary banks. River floods were also simulated by Araújo et al. [80]. However, their work was focused on numerical model meshes development rather than on the socio-economical impacts of floods. Other related research are the modeling works of Azevedo et al. [81, 82], which related the estuary’s hydrodynamic behavior with contaminant dispersion, biogeochemistry, and primary production, and the work of Mendes et al. [83], which evaluated the potential effect of sea-level rise in the Douro estuary.
The Minho River is an international river as well; it separates Spain and Portugal in its last 70 km, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean between A Guarda (Spain) and Caminha (Portugal). The Minho estuary is a very shallow water body, with a mean depth of 4 m, but regions close to 20-m depth can be found associated with a narrowing of the main channel, that increases flow velocities and, consequently, erosion (Figures 1 and 3) [84, 85]. Estuarine flows are mainly controlled by the Frieira dam, whose reservoir feeds a hydroelectric power plant located 80 km upstream from the estuary mouth. Due to the low river flow values (see Figure 2), the average water residence time in this estuary is 1.5 days [86]. The tributaries of the Minho between Frieira and the estuarine mouth can provide some additional freshwater to the estuary, but they have a minor influence given their small drainage basins.
One of the most important characteristics of the Minho estuarine region is its large diversity of habitats and its importance for the nursery and feeding of marine species and for ecosystem functioning [87, 88]. For this reason, this estuary is protected by Portuguese and Spanish conservation statutes, preserving a low level of industrialization. Despite the fact that the Minho ecosystem has been intensively studied in terms of its morpho-hydrodynamic characteristics, water quality, biodiversity, populations, and pollution, its dynamics is still essentially unknown [89, 90]. One of this estuary’s main problems is the strong siltation related with high sediment deposition and low currents velocities, which are due to flow rate smoothing by the dam, and the consequent reduction of the frequency and intensity of floods [91, 92]. Being the hydrographic zero the level of the lowest astronomical tide, which is 2 m below the local mean sea level, the area above the hydrographic zero between the river mouth, and 14 km upstream represents about 70% of the total area, indicating a high degree of sedimentation. The morphodynamic patterns generated by silting produced several bathymetric constraints to navigation, such as strangulation or intense variations of bathymetry, and various islands and sandbars that emerge during low tide [85, 93]. Also, during the low water level period of spring tides, the connection between the estuary and the sea is restricted to two shallow channels, causing serious problems for navigation. Dredging campaigns are often carried out to keep the navigation channel open, with possible implications for the morphological evolution of the estuary and adjacent coastal areas [94], and for bottom habitats.
In terms of numerical modeling, there is a lack of publications for this estuary, probably due to the scarcity of
Nevertheless, several conclusions about the morpho-hydrodynamic behavior of the Minho estuary can be inferred from previous works. The estuarine processes may be dominated by the river flow or by the tide depending on the magnitude of these two forcing parameters. Extreme river flows can change the circulation pattern within the entire estuarine and coastal region, restricting the entrance of oceanic water to the mouth of the estuary. In such cases, the tide acts as a resistance to the fluvial flow. Current velocities of the ebb are higher than the velocity during flood, which produces a higher duration of the ebb. This effect is stronger for low river flows. As expected, currents exhibit higher velocities in the narrower sections, particularly at the mouth of the estuary, but they are also stronger during spring tides than during neap tides. The described hydrodynamic patterns will have a direct effect on sediment transport, which is directly proportional to the strength of the flow and the amplitude of the tide. Similar conclusions were obtained by Iglesias et al. [96] using realistic river flow and tide scenarios. Their numerical solutions show a tide dominated estuary, with a visible tidal effect even for extreme river flows. For low river flow conditions, a large part of the estuarine region is dry, becoming exposed to the wind action. In this situation, river flow is confined to two shallow channels in the estuarine area. During high flow conditions, most of the estuary is flooded, with intense currents throughout the estuarine region, except in the widest part upstream from the river mouth, where the estuary widens and the cross-sectional area increases significantly.
The characteristics of an estuarine region depend on numerous drivers that define not only the estuarine behavior, but also its ecosystems and human settlement distribution. In this chapter, these relationships, and differences between estuaries, are highlighted, comparing two near-by but completely different estuarine regions of the northern Portuguese coast. The comparison reinforces the need to analyze each region separately, considering the specific configuration of each estuary for the definition of management protocols, to minimize any potential vulnerability and to allow mitigation of risks and hazardous effects.
The Douro estuary is an urban estuary, where effects of extreme events, anthropic activities, and climate changes will mostly generate problems in urban environments, reflected in structural damages, economic losses, and impacts on tourism and navigation activities. In the Minho estuary, the same phenomena will have different impacts, mostly affecting ecosystems and biodiversity, due to habitat loss and the migration and loss of autochthonous species. In comparison to the Douro estuary, the Minho presents a smaller concentration of population and human activities on its banks. Thus, economic impacts will mainly be caused by changes in the fishing and tourism activities.
The modeling tools that have been developed so far, and which were described above, although extremely useful, need to be further developed. In the case of the Douro estuary, a complete hydrodynamic characterization, which considers the present topo-bathymetric configuration is still needed to fully unravel the estuarine dynamics, assess evolution trends, forecast future developments, including the effects of possible future human interventions, as well as to estimate the risks of flooding and the effect of sea-level rise associated with global warming. The numerical models developed for the Minho estuary are clearly insufficient for a complete characterization of this complex region, as well as for a reliable forecast of, for instance, hazardous events effects. Numerical models, capable of representing the estuarine stratification and its links with tide, river flow, and waves, are key tools to understand the distribution of biota and the functioning of the ecosystem, and to anticipate possible future conditions considering climate change and sea-level rise conditions. In addition, numerical models capable of representing the transport of larvae, pollutant, and sediments in a realistic way are crucial to describe estuarine trends, assess effects of anthropogenic intervention, quantify water residence times and sedimentary/erosive processes, as well as anticipate the effect of extreme river flows.
Next to stressing the relevance of performing regional modeling studies, this chapter also provides a thorough characterization of different available models, techniques, and physical processes simulations, including comparisons of several models performances, underlining the importance of choosing the modeling tool that best suits the numerical problem at hand and the computational means available to the user.
All these facts highlight the relevance of research projects dedicated to improve numerical modeling tools that provide a deeper understanding of the estuarine and coastal zones and represent the dynamics of the systems over time (past and present situations). One example is the project
This research was partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2013 through national funds provided by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This contribution has also been funded by project EsCo-Ensembles (PTDC/ECI-EGC/30877/2017), co-funded by NORTE2020, Portugal 2020, and the European Union through the ERDF, and by FCT through national funds.
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Sarrico and Alberto Amaral",authors:[{id:"97785",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Amaral",slug:"alberto-amaral",fullName:"Alberto Amaral"}]},{id:"33278",doi:"10.5772/33487",title:"Improving Quality Assurance in Automation Systems Development Projects",slug:"improving-quality-assurance-in-automation-systems-development-projects",totalDownloads:3289,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"1803",slug:"quality-assurance-and-management",title:"Quality Assurance and Management",fullTitle:"Quality Assurance and Management"},signatures:"Dietmar Winkler and Stefan Biffl",authors:[{id:"95798",title:"Dr.",name:"Dietmar",middleName:null,surname:"Winkler",slug:"dietmar-winkler",fullName:"Dietmar Winkler"},{id:"135962",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Biffl",slug:"stefan-biffl",fullName:"Stefan Biffl"}]},{id:"38088",doi:"10.5772/46106",title:"Some Applicable Methods to Analyze and Optimize System Processes in Quality Management",slug:"some-applicable-methods-to-analyze-and-optimize-system-processes-in-quality-management",totalDownloads:3142,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2164",slug:"total-quality-management-and-six-sigma",title:"Total Quality Management and Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Total Quality Management and Six Sigma"},signatures:"Andrey Kostogryzov, George Nistratov and Andrey Nistratov",authors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov"},{id:"156748",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Nistratov",slug:"andrey-nistratov",fullName:"Andrey Nistratov"},{id:"156749",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Nistratov",slug:"george-nistratov",fullName:"George Nistratov"}]},{id:"37729",doi:"10.5772/51109",title:"QA: Fraud Control for Foods and Other Biomaterials by Product Fingerprinting",slug:"qa-fraud-control-for-foods-and-other-biomaterials-by-product-fingerprinting",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Edoardo Capuano and Saskia M. van Ruth",authors:[{id:"153179",title:"Dr.",name:"Saskia",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ruth",slug:"saskia-van-ruth",fullName:"Saskia Van Ruth"},{id:"153628",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Capuano",slug:"edoardo-capuano",fullName:"Edoardo Capuano"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37593",title:"Standard Operating Procedures (What Are They Good For ?)",slug:"standard-operating-procedures-what-are-they-good-for-",totalDownloads:26573,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Isin Akyar",authors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}]},{id:"65419",title:"Determination of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Why and How?",slug:"determination-of-impurities-in-pharmaceuticals-why-and-how-",totalDownloads:4464,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The presence of impurities, particularly the API-related impurities, i.e., degradation-related impurities (DRIs) and interaction-related impurities (IRIs), may affect the quality, safety, and efficacy of drug products. Since the regulatory requirements and management strategies are required to be established and complied, sources of impurities shall be carefully classified prior to take subsequent steps such as development of analytical methods and acceptance criteria. Current international regulatory requirements for the management of impurities in pharmaceuticals were reviewed. Procedures for the identification of DPIs in pharmaceuticals, i.e., ethyl cysteinate dimer, (R)-N-methyl-3-(2-bromophenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine, sestamibi, etc., using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were studied. Scheme for the establishment of analytical methods and acceptance criteria of process-related impurities (PRIs) and DRIs in accordance with the requirements of International Council for Harmonization (ICH) and algorithm to perform the identification of DPIs by using LC-MS/MS has been proposed. Practice of kinetic study to distinguish PRIs and DRIs, determination of the potential core fragments coupled with a predicted list of relevant transformations for conducting MS/MS scans, applications of stable isotope distribution patterns or natural abundances, practice of mass balance, etc., have been well demonstrated to justify the reliabilities of identification results.",book:{id:"7710",slug:"quality-management-and-quality-control-new-trends-and-developments",title:"Quality Management and Quality Control",fullTitle:"Quality Management and Quality Control - New Trends and Developments"},signatures:"Kung-Tien Liu and Chien-Hsin Chen",authors:[{id:"36122",title:"PhD.",name:"Kung-Tien",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"kung-tien-liu",fullName:"Kung-Tien Liu"},{id:"153497",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-hsin-chen",fullName:"Chien-Hsin Chen"}]},{id:"58966",title:"Quality Management Systems for Laboratories and External Quality Assurance Programs",slug:"quality-management-systems-for-laboratories-and-external-quality-assurance-programs",totalDownloads:4673,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A quality management system (QMS) plans, controls, and improves the elements that impact on the achievement of the desired results by the laboratory and on the satisfaction of the users. There are different standards that establish requirements for the implementation of a quality management system for laboratories, and a cross comparison between them is shown. Additionally, external quality assurance or assessment (EQA) programs offer multiple benefits to laboratories: method validation, comparing of results with other laboratories, testing problem identification, accreditation requirement compliance, and credibility. In order to control the quality of the procedures, these programs are a tool to keep the laboratory procedures and every variable involved in (staff, equipment, and method) well controlled. In the frame of a quality management system, benefits from external quality assurance programs are discussed, and different available designs are reviewed. On the other hand, previous benefits will be real only if reported results for each program are analyzed in detail. Because additional advantages are achieved when the EQA results are integrated in the quality management system of the laboratory, a procedure is proposed. In addition, results from external quality assurance programs corroborate the usefulness of internal controls implemented by the laboratory as part of its quality management system.",book:{id:"6325",slug:"quality-control-in-laboratory",title:"Quality Control in Laboratory",fullTitle:"Quality Control in Laboratory"},signatures:"Verónica Valdivieso-Gómez and Rocío Aguilar-Quesada",authors:[{id:"217457",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar-Quesada",slug:"rocio-aguilar-quesada",fullName:"Rocio Aguilar-Quesada"},{id:"217467",title:"Ms.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Valdivieso-Gomez",slug:"veronica-valdivieso-gomez",fullName:"Veronica Valdivieso-Gomez"}]},{id:"41063",title:"Cosmetics’ Quality Control",slug:"cosmetics-quality-control",totalDownloads:12724,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Bruna Galdorfini Chiari, Maria Gabriela José de Almeida, Marcos Antonio Corrêa and Vera Lucia Borges Isaac",authors:[{id:"35801",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Isaac",slug:"vera-isaac",fullName:"Vera Isaac"},{id:"56070",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruna",middleName:null,surname:"Chiari",slug:"bruna-chiari",fullName:"Bruna Chiari"},{id:"56072",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Corręa",slug:"marcos-antonio-correa",fullName:"Marcos Antonio Corręa"},{id:"154324",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Gabriela José De",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"maria-gabriela-jose-de-almeida",fullName:"Maria Gabriela José De Almeida"}]},{id:"58071",title:"Systematic Error Detection in Laboratory Medicine",slug:"systematic-error-detection-in-laboratory-medicine",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Measurements in laboratory medicine have a degree of uncertainty; this uncertainty is often called “error” and refers to imprecisions and inaccuracies in measurement. This measurement error refers to the difference between the true value of the measured sample and the measured value. One of the types of error is systematic error, also called bias, because these errors errors are reproducible and skew the results consistently in the same direction. A common approach to identify systematic error is to use control samples with a method comparison approach. An alternative is use of statistical methods that analyze actual patient values either as an “Average of Normals” or a “Moving Patient Averages.” Fundamental questions should be decided before a quality control method is used: how are weights assigned to the results? Is preference given to more recent samples or to the older samples? How sensitive should the model be? In this chapter, we will expand the fundamental notion of systematic error and explain why it is difficult to identify and measure and current statistical methods that are used to detect systematic error or bias.",book:{id:"6325",slug:"quality-control-in-laboratory",title:"Quality Control in Laboratory",fullTitle:"Quality Control in Laboratory"},signatures:"Amir Momeni-Boroujeni and Matthew R. Pincus",authors:[{id:"213334",title:"Prof.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Pincus",slug:"matthew-pincus",fullName:"Matthew Pincus"},{id:"213335",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Momeni",slug:"amir-momeni",fullName:"Amir Momeni"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"78",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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