Details of demographic variable.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3105",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modeling and Control Aspects of Wind Power Systems",title:"Modeling and Control Aspects of Wind Power Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book covers the recent development and progress of the wind energy conversion system. The chapters are contributed by prominent researchers in the field of wind energy and cover grid integration issues, modern control theories applied in wind energy conversion system, and dynamic and transient stability studies. Modeling and control strategies of different variable speed wind generators such as switched reluctance generator, permanent magnet synchronous generator, doubly-fed induction generator, including the suitable power electronic converter topologies for grid integration, are discussed. Real time control study of wind farm using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is also included in the book, along with Fault ride through, street light application, integrated power flow solutions, direct power control, wireless coded deadbeat power control, and other interesting topics.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1042-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6323-7",doi:"10.5772/3405",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"modeling-and-control-aspects-of-wind-power-systems",numberOfPages:214,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"0f6d3b269127d9af0bce747e25d0ad1a",bookSignature:"S. M. Muyeen, Ahmed Al-Durra and Hany M. Hasanien",publishedDate:"March 20th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3105.jpg",numberOfDownloads:25899,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:48,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 27th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 29th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/122699/images/5470_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. S. M. Muyeen received his BSc. Eng. Degree from Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Bangladesh, in 2000 and MSc. Eng. and Dr. Eng. Degrees from Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2005 and 2008, respectively, all in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. His PhD research work focused on wind farm stabilization from the viewpoint of LVRT and frequency fluctuation. After completing his PhD program he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow under the versatile banner of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) from 2008 till 2010 at the Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan. At present, he an Assistant Professor at the Electrical Engineering Department, Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi. His research interests are power system stability and control, electrical machine, FACTS, energy storage system (ESS), Renewable Energy, and HVDC system. He has published over 100 international papers and four books as an author or editor. Dr. Muyeen is a member of IEEJ and IEEE.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"252336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Durra",slug:"ahmed-al-durra",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Durra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252336/images/system/252336.jpg",biography:"Dr Ahmed Al-Durra received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Ohio State University, USA, in 2005, 2007, and 2010 respectively. He conducted his PhD research at the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. He joined the Electrical Engineering Department at the Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE, as an Assistant Professor in 2010, and obtained the PI Research & Scholarship Award for Junior Faculty in 2014. At present, he is an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.\n\nHis research interests are on the applications of control and estimation theory on power systems stability, micro and smart grids, renewable energy systems and integration, and process control. He has one US patent (No.14/828,966 February 2016), one edited book, nine book chapters, and over 130 scientific articles in top-tier journals and refereed international conference proceedings. He has successfully accomplished and worked on several research projects at international and national levels (around USD $6.5M). He has also supervised/co-supervised over 20 PhD/Master's students.\n\nAhmed is the head of the Energy Systems, Control & Optimization Lab at ADNOC Research & Innovation Center. In addition, he is a Senior Member of IEEE and Vice Chair of the IEEE Control Systems and Power Electronics Joint Societies Chapter – UAE Section. He is an Editor for IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, and an active reviewer for several top-tier IEEE Transactions and IET Journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"43142",title:"Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Wind Farm Integrated with STATCOM Using RTDS",doi:"10.5772/56024",slug:"dynamic-characteristics-analysis-of-wind-farm-integrated-with-statcom-using-rtds",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Adnan Sattar, Ahmed Al-Durra and S.M. Muyeen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43142",authors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen"}],corrections:null},{id:"43415",title:"Wireless Coded Deadbeat Power Control for Wind Energy Generation",doi:"10.5772/54687",slug:"wireless-coded-deadbeat-power-control-for-wind-energy-generation",totalDownloads:1787,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"C. E. Capovilla, A. J. Sguarezi Filho, I. R. S. Casella and E. Ruppert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43415",authors:[{id:"25305",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfeu J.",surname:"Sguarezi Filho",slug:"alfeu-j.-sguarezi-filho",fullName:"Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho"},{id:"37044",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Ruppert",slug:"ernesto-ruppert",fullName:"Ernesto Ruppert"},{id:"151811",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Capovilla",slug:"carlos-capovilla",fullName:"Carlos Capovilla"},{id:"151812",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Casella",slug:"ivan-casella",fullName:"Ivan Casella"}],corrections:null},{id:"43625",title:"Direct Power Control for Switched Reluctance Generator in Wind Energy",doi:"10.5772/54162",slug:"direct-power-control-for-switched-reluctance-generator-in-wind-energy",totalDownloads:4682,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Tárcio A. dos S. Barros, Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho and Ernesto Ruppert Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43625",authors:[{id:"25305",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfeu J.",surname:"Sguarezi Filho",slug:"alfeu-j.-sguarezi-filho",fullName:"Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho"},{id:"37044",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Ruppert",slug:"ernesto-ruppert",fullName:"Ernesto Ruppert"},{id:"151910",title:"MSc.",name:"Tárcio",surname:"Barros",slug:"tarcio-barros",fullName:"Tárcio Barros"}],corrections:null},{id:"43747",title:"Wind Turbines Reactive Current Control During Unbalanced Voltage Dips",doi:"10.5772/54095",slug:"wind-turbines-reactive-current-control-during-unbalanced-voltage-dips",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Ivan Jorge Gabe , Humberto Pinheiro and Hilton Abílio Gründling",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43747",authors:[{id:"20521",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilton Abílio",surname:"Gründling",slug:"hilton-abilio-grundling",fullName:"Hilton Abílio Gründling"},{id:"22060",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",surname:"Pinheiro",slug:"humberto-pinheiro",fullName:"Humberto Pinheiro"},{id:"25267",title:"MSc",name:"Ivan",surname:"Gabe",slug:"ivan-gabe",fullName:"Ivan Gabe"}],corrections:null},{id:"43376",title:"Wind Farms as Negative Loads and as Conventional Synchronous Generation – Modelling and Control",doi:"10.5772/54089",slug:"wind-farms-as-negative-loads-and-as-conventional-synchronous-generation-modelling-and-control",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Roberto Daniel Fernández, Pedro Eugenio Battaiotto and Ricardo Julián Mantz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43376",authors:[{id:"151679",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto Daniel",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"roberto-daniel-fernandez",fullName:"Roberto Daniel Fernandez"},{id:"152227",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Mantz",slug:"ricardo-mantz",fullName:"Ricardo Mantz"},{id:"152228",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Battaiotto",slug:"pedro-battaiotto",fullName:"Pedro Battaiotto"}],corrections:null},{id:"42641",title:"An Integrated Power Flow Solution of Flexible AC Transmission Systems Containing Wind Energy Conversion Systems",doi:"10.5772/52835",slug:"an-integrated-power-flow-solution-of-flexible-ac-transmission-systems-containing-wind-energy-convers",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"E. Barrios-Martinez, L.M. Castro, C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel and C. Angeles-Camacho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42641",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42641",authors:[{id:"42204",title:"Prof.",name:"César",surname:"Angeles-Camacho",slug:"cesar-angeles-camacho",fullName:"César Angeles-Camacho"},{id:"151706",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio Ruben",surname:"Fuerte-Esquivel",slug:"claudio-ruben-fuerte-esquivel",fullName:"Claudio Ruben Fuerte-Esquivel"},{id:"151708",title:"MSc.",name:"Esher",surname:"Barrios-Martinez",slug:"esher-barrios-martinez",fullName:"Esher Barrios-Martinez"},{id:"165797",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis M.",surname:"Castro",slug:"luis-m.-castro",fullName:"Luis M. Castro"}],corrections:null},{id:"43156",title:"Impacts of Wind Farms on Power System Stability",doi:"10.5772/55090",slug:"impacts-of-wind-farms-on-power-system-stability",totalDownloads:4916,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:18,signatures:"Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43156",authors:[{id:"25342",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abo-Khalil",slug:"ahmed-abo-khalil",fullName:"Ahmed Abo-Khalil"}],corrections:null},{id:"43159",title:"Modeling Issues of Grid-Integrated Wind Farms for Power System Stability Studies",doi:"10.5772/54612",slug:"modeling-issues-of-grid-integrated-wind-farms-for-power-system-stability-studies",totalDownloads:3755,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Tamer A. Kawady and Ahmed M. Nahhas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43159",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43159",authors:[{id:"151574",title:"PhD.",name:"Tamer",surname:"Kawady",slug:"tamer-kawady",fullName:"Tamer Kawady"},{id:"152229",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],corrections:null},{id:"43160",title:"Study for Wind Generation and CO2 Emission Reduction Applied to Street Lighting – Zacatecas, México",doi:"10.5772/54019",slug:"study-for-wind-generation-and-co2-emission-reduction-applied-to-street-lighting-zacatecas-me-xico",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Francisco Bañuelos-Ruedas, César Ángeles-Camacho, Guillermo Romo-Guzmán and Manuel Reta-Hernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43160",authors:[{id:"42204",title:"Prof.",name:"César",surname:"Angeles-Camacho",slug:"cesar-angeles-camacho",fullName:"César Angeles-Camacho"},{id:"40013",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bañuelos-Ruedas",slug:"francisco-banuelos-ruedas",fullName:"Francisco Bañuelos-Ruedas"},{id:"152438",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Romo-Guzmán",slug:"guillermo-romo-guzman",fullName:"Guillermo Romo-Guzmán"},{id:"152440",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Reta-Hernández",slug:"manuel-reta-hernandez",fullName:"Manuel Reta-Hernández"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3177",title:"Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a5f2db2003e1dfb3beb19541b2faf87",slug:"wind-power",bookSignature:"S M Muyeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3177.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3633",title:"Solar Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-energy",bookSignature:"Radu D Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4479",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Approaches and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6907a79a7d35f34d0c719d6297a2667",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1288",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Dye-Sensitized Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05a255471069664ecf5fbf8778b92076",slug:"solar-cells-dye-sensitized-devices",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"877",title:"Third Generation Photovoltaics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3bdfaebac38dab83a69c488bcda219d",slug:"third-generation-photovoltaics",bookSignature:"Vasilis Fthenakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/877.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68723",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilis",surname:"Fthenakis",slug:"vasilis-fthenakis",fullName:"Vasilis Fthenakis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1290",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Aspects and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52415367e48e5b68d47325bdfc81cdce",slug:"solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3118",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Research and Application Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5502d7fd7559d60419f2615615ae4cf5",slug:"solar-cells-research-and-application-perspectives",bookSignature:"Arturo Morales-Acevedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90486",title:"Prof.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Morales-Acevedo",slug:"arturo-morales-acevedo",fullName:"Arturo Morales-Acevedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3676",title:"Solar Collectors and Panels",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-collectors-and-panels--theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Reccab Manyala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12002",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reccab",surname:"Manyala",slug:"reccab-manyala",fullName:"Reccab Manyala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1289",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Silicon Wafer-Based Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76fb5123cd9acbf3c37678c5e9bd056a",slug:"solar-cells-silicon-wafer-based-technologies",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2154",title:"Energy Storage",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98b5e296523724495675754b80db6245",slug:"energy-storage-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ahmed Faheem Zobaa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74918",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-co",title:"Corrigendum to: A Hybrid Control Approach Based on the Combination of PID Control with LQR Optimal Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74918.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74918",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74918",chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10358",leadTitle:null,title:"Silage - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThis book aims to investigate the recent advances in the ensilage technologies through the results obtained for several forage crops used around the world as well as to bring the new perspectives for using chemical and microbial additives to making silages well preserved. It will present new additives with great potential to be used in many types of silages. Chemical and microbial additives have been widely used to control undesirable fermentation, as well as to ensure high aerobic stability. However, some new additives are being studied with great expectations. We intend to describe the different types of silos used in all conditions both in large and in small scale and how to control the losses during the fermentation process and after silos opening.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-114-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-113-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-115-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e33f63e9311af352daf51d49f0a3aef",bookSignature:"Dr. Juliana Oliveira and Dr. Edson Mauro Santos",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10358.jpg",keywords:"Corn, Legume, Sorghum, Grass, Chemical Additives, Antimicrobial, Fermentation Stimulating, Microbial Additives, Lactic Bacteria, Homofermentative, Heterofermentative, Types of Silos",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Associate professor at the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) and research productivity fellow at the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). She has been working for more than fifteen years in the use of forages in the diet of ruminant animals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Edson Santos is a researcher of the Brazilian Research National Councill – CNPq. During his research career, he has authored and co-authored more than 170 articles in peer-reviewed international journals.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180036",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"juliana-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180036/images/system/180036.png",biography:"Juliana Oliveira is graduate in Animal Science and Doctor in Animal Science by Viçosa Federal University. She is specialized in animal feed and use of forage for small ruminants in the tropics. Your researches are based in using forage conservation to improve animal performance associated with using adapted crops in semiarid regions. She is Associate Professor at Paraiba Federal University since 2008.",institutionString:"Federal University of Paraíba",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/139631/images/3204_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Santos is a professor of Forage Crops and Pastures and Beef Cattle at the Federal University of Paraiba. Dr. Santos received his PhD in Animal Science (forage crops and ruminant nutrition) from the Federal University of Vicosa, a master’s degree in Animal Science (forage crops and ruminant nutrition), and a BS degree in Animal Science from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Santos’ areas of interest include silage microbiology, cultivation and conservation of forage crops in semiarid regions, alternative feeds for ruminants, and pasture management.",institutionString:"Federal University of Paraíba",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68878",title:"Parametric Studies on Transmission Laser Welding of Acrylics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89080",slug:"parametric-studies-on-transmission-laser-welding-of-acrylics",body:'Manufacturing is a methodology that is used to transform the raw materials into useful products by performing series of operations on it [1]. Steels and its alloys are highly consuming materials by industrialists to produce a variety of structures or products through different manufacturing techniques [2]. Apart from the many advantages of the steels and its alloys, it has some major limitations such as weight, cost, complexities of production, difficulties in creating complex features, lower corrosion resistance in wet environments, etc., which limits its usage for some industrial applications. Because of the mentioned reasons, industrialists/engineers looking for another alternative material to replace the steels, found plastics as the best substitute compared to glass and composite materials. Nowadays, plastics/polymers are used to produce a wide variety of industrial products from the very simple ones to the extremely complex featured ones ranging from domestic purpose parts to advanced products such as food storage, medical, optical materials, coatings, electrical devices, electronics, automobiles, space vehicles, etc. [3, 4], due to its good strength to weight ratio, ease of fabrication of complex shapes, low cost, ease of recycling, etc. [5]. Two different types of plastics, such as thermoplastics and thermosets, are extensively used to create industrial products. Thermoplastic materials are softened by applying heat and can be molded into the required shape and size [6, 7]. Important thermoplastics are acrylic, polypropylene, polystyrene, polythene and PVC. Whereas thermosets are formed by heating process and then set its final shape like concrete. The shape of the thermosets cannot modify by reheating them. The materials namely melamine, Bakelite, polyester and epoxy resins are important examples of thermosets. Thermoplastics are the materials which found to be fast growing ones in various industrial purposes due to its excellent properties like strength-to-weight ratio, good high fracture toughness and fatigue resistance, ease of recycling, ease of fabrication of complex parts, low material and processing cost, enhanced thermal insulation and flexibility features [8, 9, 10, 11].
The production of complex feature plastics components in any near net manufacturing processes is difficult and not recommended methods regarding to economic aspects. Different types of fabrication methods like plastic adhesive joining, mechanical fastening and welding techniques have been used by various industries [12] to weld two or more plastics parts to create a complete complex plastic product. The welding techniques are more suitable to join plastics compared to other joining techniques, due its advantages like fast and easy processing, tightness of the joint, high strength, etc. [13, 14, 15]. There are several welding techniques like tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, metal inert gas (MIG) and laser welding to join plastics, which are often used by industrialists. Among other methods, laser transmission welding (LTW) is based on lasers and constitutes one of the most innovative fabrication techniques, which are used to join plastic materials into a variety of geometries [16, 17, 18] due to process flexibility and better weld quality [19]. Nowadays, the technology of laser transmission welding has been developed to weld a variety of polymers [20] including polycarbonates, acrylic, polyvinylchloride and polyamides using different types of lasers such as CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. The usage of LTW in the welding of plastics is increasing due to its advantages and performance capabilities like non-contact, flexible process, easy to control, automate, speed, localized heat, fine spot during welding, etc., compared to other joining technologies.
In LTW, a laser beam is focused on two overlapping thermoplastic materials to be joined. The first part is designed to be transparent to the laser wavelength and second part is absorbent in IR spectrum. The laser beam penetrates the top transparent part and then heat is absorbed and transformed into the underlying absorbing part. Because of the relative motion between the laser beam and the parts to be joined, the laser beam is continuously operating to irradiate the line of specific width of welding zone. This heat is transferred to the transparent part by thermal conduction between the joining parts. Subsequently, surface layers of both materials are melted and welded due to the generated heat. The principle of the laser welding is shown in Figure 1. The quality levels of weldment in LTW is depending on the welding material behavior during laser irradiation, controlling of optical properties [21] and correct choice of laser process parameters [22]. To understand the optical phenomena of welding plastic materials various experimental approaches are used to determine the effects of fillers, pigments, reinforcement, combined effect of thickness and color, etc. One of the limitations in laser welding is the energy lost due to reflection and absorption due to scattering from the laser transparent part. Polymer degradation and surface burning which affect the strength and the visual appeal of the weldment. In order to achieve a successful weld through laser transmission welding, a good understanding of the issues associated with the welding process are necessary. Due to the complexity of modeling the heating phase of laser transmission welding, experimental methods has been utilized to study welding parameters. In the present chapter, focus has been given to investigate the significances of laser process parameters on weld quality characteristics in laser transmission welding of acrylic materials.
Schematic diagram showing basic principle of laser transmission welding process, in which laser beam transferred through transparent part to absorbing part and generation of weld seam [
Acrylics are important materials of thermoplastics and its demand is increasing for many industrial applications. Acrylic materials are available in a wide range of thicknesses and colors. They can be opaque, translucent or transparent. They are available in sheet, rod, and tube for use in injection molding, extrusion and vacuum forming. Acrylics withstand all of the weather conditions and it can also be stable in sunlight as well. Transparent acrylics can be used in optical equipment such as cameras due to its finest optical glass property. Acrylics are used widely in typical applications due to their light weight, more impact-resistant than glass, rigidity, good weather resistance, etc. [23]. Various types of acrylics, which are widely used for industrial purposes, include: poly(methyl methacrylate) [24], poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) [25, 26], poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), etc. [27]. The application of acrylics includes aircraft windows, aerospace [28], electrophoretic applications in the biotechnology industry for separation purposes, identification and preparation of pure samples of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates [29], thermoforming applications such as shower or tub enclosures, outdoor signs [30], medical applications [31, 32], automobiles, house hold applications, etc. For many of the mentioned applications, two or more similar or dissimilar acrylics can be joined to create the complex shape products. Laser transmission welding (LTW) is very often used to join these acrylic materials [23, 33]. LTW of acrylics is an important area of research because of the complexity of the welding process and its associated problems during joining of acrylics [22, 32].
By means of LTW, welding of plastics is performed by transmitting a laser beam through a laser-transparent material, named as direct laser welding, and weld at interface with the laser-absorbing part, called laser transmission welding [35, 36]. By both welding methods, laser beam is utilized to weld plastic materials. Figure 2 represents the working principle of laser transmission welding process.
Schematic diagram showing laser transmission welding setup in which one can find both transparent plate and absorbing plate and focused laser beam and weld seam generation [
The selection of the laser beam type is depending on the thermo-optical properties of the beam and workpiece. Generally, plastics are transparent to laser radiation at its nature state. This property helps to weld the plastics very easily. During welding, when laser beam focused on transparent plastic sheet, some fractions of the incident light is reflected and the remaining light is transmitted through the job. The absorbing capability of the plastic part by radiation energy can be calculated by the Beer–Lambert law. Molecular diffusion can occur and with the application of clamping pressure, a contact portion of the two parts are joined and thus, a solid joint is formed. Different steps of LTW is shown in Figure 3.
Schematic diagram showing three stages of laser welding process to join plastic materials with the application of laser beam, melting and welding of plastic plates [
Very few research studies on LTW of plastics have been done. Thus, several aspects need to be extensively explored to enhance the welding performance. In the present study, transmission laser welding of thermoplastics, especially acrylics, has been analyzed with respect to varying input parameters. Some of the reported articles from the literature related to welding of acrylics using LTW are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Mandal et al. [23] maximized the weld strength of laser beam welding of transparent and opaque acrylic specimens. Researchers considered clamping pressure, scanning speed and current as process parameters. Thus, they found from their investigation that the strength of the welded joint was highly influenced by the variation of scanning speed, current flow and clamping pressure. On the other hand, Acherjee et al. [33] studied and analyzed the laser transmission welding of acrylics to determine the optimal welding parameters to attain a desired weld seam with maximum joint strength. Direct and interaction effects of process welding parameters on output responses were illustrated through overlay contour plots. The optimal parametric setting was obtained by overlay contour plots to enhance the welding performance. Acherjee et al. [34] also carried out research work on laser transmission welding process of thermoplastics (acrylics) to predict the multiple quality characteristics. They applied combined applications of gray-Taguchi methodologies to plan the experiments and optimize the multi-responses, weld strength and weld width by controlling welding parameters, like laser power, welding speed and defocal position. Analysis of variance was applied on experimental data to identify the most significant process variable for the overall output feature of the LTW operation. They stated from ANOVA results that laser power had the most dominant effect on both responses: defocal position and welding speed.
Kumar et al. [37] studied and analyzed the influences of laser process parameters to optimize weldment quality performances by through transmission laser welding (TTLW) of acrylic materials. They conducted the experiments based on orthogonal array of Taguchi method to determine the factor effects on output responses of acrylic joints by TTLW. The statistical tools like signal-to-noise ratio and analysis variance were utilized to depict the significances of laser process variables on joint strength and weld width of laser welded joint. From the analysis, researchers stated that quality characteristics of laser-welded acrylics were significantly influenced by process parameters and the Taguchi method was robust tool for analyzing and optimizing the TTLW of acrylics. Acherjee et al. [39] studied and optimized the weld quality characteristics by performing experiments on joining acrylics (poly(methyl methacrylate)) specimens by laser transmission welding by varying process parameters namely laser power, welding speed, size of the laser beam and clamp pressure. They developed the mathematical models between the input parameters and out responses to generate mathematical relationships between them. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) had been used to determine the effects of laser variables on weldment responses: lap shear strength and weld seam width. Investigators stated from the performed research that the control and the optimization of the process parameters were very important in laser transmission welding to enhance its efficiency. Acherjee et al. [40] utilized the integrated Taguchi method and desirability function approach to analyze and optimize the welded joint responses of acrylic plastic material in LTW. The authors conducted experiments as per orthogonal array of Taguchi method. ANOVA was used to find the influential process variables on weld responses. From this study, the researchers mentioned that Taguchi method and ANOVA were useful tools to study and optimize the process conditions to improve the responses of acrylic welded joints in LTW.
Acherjee et al. [41] carried out an experimental investigation to analyze the significances of process variables and control them to enhance the process efficiency of LTW of acrylic materials. Experimental runs were performed by orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The dependency of weld strength on correct selection welding parametric conditions were studied by using the analysis variance technique. The authors of this work stated from the study that laser power showed the highest influence on weld strength, followed by focal distance and welding speed. The optimal parametric setting was obtained by Taguchi method, which was conformed through the confirmatory test. Barma et al. [42] conducted experimental analysis to investigate the weld joint characteristics of acrylic components under varying input process conditions namely scanning speed, current and clamping pressure. These investigators studied the variations of weld quality responses with varying process parameters. They evaluated some parametric combinations to obtain desired weld quality. Nitesh et al. [43] carried out a research to analyze, model and optimize the laser process variables namely laser power, scanning speed and frequency to improve the quality characteristics of acrylic and polycarbonate welded joint in through transmission laser welding. Analysis of variance was utilized to determine the influential process parameters, which had detrimental effects on process performances. They stated from this study that selection of optimal parametric setting plays a critical role to obtain the desired weld joint qualities.
Kumar et al. [44] studied the effects of process parameters on the circular contour laser transmission welding of acrylic plastics. Experiments were conducted based on orthogonal array of Taguchi method by considering laser current, stand-off distance and rotational speed as input parameters. The significances of process parameters on output responses, weld width and breaking load were studied by ANOVA. They mentioned in their research that welding responses were significantly influenced by process parametric conditions. Acherjee et al. [45] made an experimental investigation on diode laser transmission welding of dissimilar thermoplastics between poly(methyl methacrylate) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene to study the effects of the laser welding parameters like laser power, welding speed, stand-off distance and clamp pressure on responses: weld strength and weld width. The ANOVA technique was applied on experimental data to identify the significant process variables, which were expected to influence the welding responses. Graphical contour plots were also drawn to study the direct and interaction effects of input variables on welding performances. Nakhaei et al. [46] utilized the applications of artificial neural network (ANN) to study and model the effects of laser power, welding speed, clamp pressure and stand-off distance on output response, weld lap-shear strength in laser transmission welding (LTW) of acrylics. They developed ANN based model to analyze and predict the complex relationships between laser parameters and weld quality response. They observed from their research analysis that weld lap-shear strength was increasing with increasing laser power and clamp pressure and decreasing with increasing welding speed and stand–off distance.
Kumar and Bandyopadhyay [47] analyzed the contour laser transmission welding (LTW) of thermoplastics by process modeling, finite element method (FEM) and response surface methodology (RSM) integrated approach. They studied the effect of process parameters on temperature field and weld bead dimension. Interaction effects of process parameters on the responses were studied using the graphical response surface plots. They observed from their investigation that responses such as weld width, depth of penetration in absorbent part and maximum temperature at weld interface decreased with increasing scanning speed, laser power and spot diameter, which were significant factors on the maximum temperature at weld interface. Seo et al. [48] used LTW to join acrylics and other thermoplastic materials. These experiments were conducted with varying specific energy and weld time. They stated that LTW was not only a useful method for welding acrylics but also cost effective in comparison with the other plastics joining methodologies. Shashi et al. [49] made a study on pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of poly(methyl methacrylate) to determine the influences of process parameters namely lamp current, pulse frequency, pulse width and cutting speed, on microchannel characteristics, microchannel width, microchannel depth, burr width and burr height. They conducted experiments based on response surface methodology (RSM). Mathematical relationships between the input parameters and output responses were made by RSM. They explored the variations of output responses with varying input parameters using ANOVA and graphical plots and stated that process parameters were most significant for enhancing the welding performance.
From the extensive literature survey made in the present chapter, it can be stated that acrylics are the one of the most important industrial material family of polymers. The usage of these materials is growing for various industrial needs as mentioned earlier [50, 51, 52, 53]. Laser transmission welding (LTW) is effective and efficient for welding of acrylics or other polymer materials [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. Parametric studies related to various aspects of joining of acrylics by LTW can make sound knowledge base, from which industrial persons may select optimal parametric settings to produce economically and predictably desired weld joint quality performances. The present chapter is one-step forward for it. Many more related studies will make the LTW of acrylics simple and easy.
The conclusions drawn from the present study of joining of acrylic materials using the laser transmission welding (LTW) process are presented as follows:
Importance and necessity of welding of plastics have been discussed.
Thermoplastic materials are extensively used in advanced industrial purposes such as automotive, aerospace, medical, etc.
The importance of joining of thermoplastics, especially acrylics, have been discussed.
Laser transmission welding is one of the most important plastic joining techniques, among others, which is used to create complex shape jobs.
Understanding the relationships between input and output responses plays a critical role in welding of acrylics by LTW.
Correct selection of laser process parameters is crucial to obtained desired weld qualities on acrylic welded joints.
Polymer degradation and surface burning are notable defects during thermoplastic welding.
The effects of laser parameters on performance characteristics of weldments needs to be properly understood to conduct LTW in an optimum manner.
Statistical tools like analysis of variance, signal-to-noise ratio are useful to study and analyze the factor effects on outcome of the LTW.
More experimental research works related to thermoplastic welding by laser transmission welding (LTW) needs to be conducted to enhance the performance of welding.
The author acknowledges to Dr. Asish Bandyopadhyay, Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, India, for encouraging me to write this chapter.
The author declaring no conflict of interest.
Women consist of half of the world population and it is an open secret that an independent and educated woman leads an educated and self-reliant family, which is further translated into a liberal, independent and an educated society. As per census of 2011, in India, the female population was 586.4 million (48% of the total population). Out of these total female population, 405.1 million (69% of the total female population) were living in rural areas [1]. Without women contribution or support, it is not possible to develop the country as a whole because half of the nation’s human resources is women. Therefore, women are playing a very important role in the socioeconomic development of the country.
\nThe constitution of India honours both men and women with equal rights. But women are not treated as equals as men [2]. Certain barriers still exist between men and women. The literacy level of the rural women population is less than that of urban women population. During 2009–10, 46.7 % of rural women population was illiterate as reported by the National Sample Survey Office [3].
\nGenerally, the rural women face problems with regard to medical facilities, health care, malnutrition, environment, etc. Besides, finance is an essential part of their life. Hence, different financial inclusion programmes were launched by the Government for the rural population at different periods. Financial literacy is an integral part of the financial inclusion programme. It was introduced to rural women for the purpose of understanding the financial concept thoroughly and guiding them to take a decision on financial aspects [4]. This programme cultivates saving habits among the rural women. Also, it helps them to understand the financial affairs and motivate them to invest the savings in a profitable avenue.
\nNow-a-days, the financial institutions are offering a variety of schemes/products to the public. A careful selection of the product is important; otherwise, it leads to loss of their hard earned money. A large number of literature reports [5] that in India, financial literacy is not well developed particularly in rural areas and they are still waiting for revolutionary push. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the learned knowledge on financial literacy by the Indian rural women population helps to invest their hard earned saving money in the profitable ventures or not?
\nA study on financial awareness among the salaried class people was carried out by Bhushan [6]; Umamaheswari and Kumar [7]. The studies reveal that certain demographic factors like general education level, gender, income level, employment etc. affect financial literacy. The financial literacy level between the salaried class persons is also varied. Vasagadekar [8] has informed that a working woman who has less knowledge in finance, finds difficulty in managing a portfolio. Hence, they should evaluate the available avenues before making investment [9].
\nSubha and Priya [10]; Agarwalla et al. [11] have reported that there are certain factors which affect financial literacy level viz. general literacy, income level, age, employment and place of work. Hence the government should take some sort of remedial measures to enhance financial attentiveness.
\nA variety of investment and saving products are available in the financial market, but people are still least aware. Therefore, a proper awareness about the products, among the public either through TV or radio is required as reported by Trivedi and Trivedi [12]; Goel [13]; Jappelli and Padula [14]; Kudva [15]. Awareness about the various investment avenues brings positive change in the lifestyle and investment pattern of people [16]. Only a few investors are aware about the industrial securities and most of the investors believe that such securities are insecure one [17].
\nA systematic analysis of the behaviour of rural and urban investors in terms of education, health care services, financial activities and priorities was carried out by Kumar and Mukhopadhyay [18]. The analysis reveals that both groups made an investment according to their requirements and rural investors’ especially rural women need certain help for making the financial decision.
\nThe awareness level of investors in a metro city is found to be higher than the investors in rural area [19]. The reason is that the metro investors are more concerned with financial gateways; news channels and finance or market related programs. In Pakistan, a study on impact of financial literacy on investment decisions was conducted. This study reveals that financial literacy has a positive trend on agreeableness, extraversion, openness and negative trend on neuroticism [20].
\nThe difference between the saver and investor was clearly mentioned by Thilakam [21]. The investment decision made by the investors is fully based upon risk bearing, yield amount and their future plan [22, 23]. If they are aware of the basic concepts of finance under present condition, it helps them to identify the best investment opportunities [24].
\nBhattacharya [25] has stressed that the financial literacy is an important requirement for resource planning. The investment behaviour of investors in India varies from time to time. Thulasipriya [26] has informed that in earlier stages, the investors invested in physical asset than financial assets. Later stage, their preference changed from physical assets to financial assets. Sharma and Pandey [27], Palanivelu and Chandrakumar [28] have expressed that Corporate bonds; post-office schemes; debentures; and bank deposits are the most promising investment avenues for the investors and more number of investors prefer these avenues. The rural people in India prefer to invest their savings in bank, insurance and post office only not in Public Provident Fund, Mutual Funds and Industrial Securities for the purpose of safety and security [29].
\nFinancial literacy is an energetic universal concern. Availability of large number of financial resources, different financial schemes and low level of financial awareness has led to financial literacy. Earlier studies have mainly concentrated on investment behaviour of women. Most of the studies concluded that investors are interested in investing their savings in banking, insurance and post office schemes. No in depth study has been carried out on impact of financial literacy on investment behaviour of rural women. Scope of this study is to develop a model for assessing the level of financial literacy and to apply the same among the rural women of Jalandhar district in the state of Punjab.
\nThe main objective of the present study is to assess the relationship between the financial literacy programme and the investment behaviour of rural women. The sub objectives of the present study are:
Identify the level of financial knowledge obtained by rural women through the financial literacy programme.
Analyse the awareness of rural women towards the available investment avenues.
Ascertain the push and pull factors for rural women with regard to savings and investment behaviour.
Develop financial literacy score.
Jalandhar district of Punjab has been selected as a sample district for this study. This district has five tehsils namely Jalandhar 1, Jalandhar 2, Nakodar, Phillour, and Sahakot. The present study attempts to evaluate the impact of financial literacy programme on investment behaviour of rural women. Hence, 2.5% of the potential rural women savers have been selected from each tehsil randomly. The total sample size is 335 rural women respondents.
\nIn respect of a wide diversity in socio-economic factors, the sample was drawn out of five tehsils in terms of rural women population across Jalandhar district. Data was collected through questionnaire. Age, occupation, education level, number of dependents, monthly income of family and the type of family were demographic traits on which data was collected. In addition to demographic attributes, the target group was required to respond on questions related to financial behaviour, financial planning and financial literacy. Details about the demographic variables of the respondents are shown in Table 1.
\nVariable | \nDetail | \nFrequency | \nPercentage | \n
---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | \n20 and less | \n0 | \n0 | \n
21–30 | \n43 | \n12.8 | \n|
31–40 | \n126 | \n37.6 | \n|
41 and over | \n166 | \n49.6 | \n|
Education level | \nNo formal education | \n43 | \n12.8 | \n
Primary school | \n109 | \n32.5 | \n|
Matriculation | \n78 | \n23.3 | \n|
Diploma | \n52 | \n15.5 | \n|
Graduate/post-graduate | \n53 | \n15.8 | \n|
Marital status | \nUnmarried | \n28 | \n8.4 | \n
Married | \n230 | \n68.7 | \n|
Widowed | \n77 | \n23 | \n|
No. of dependents | \nTwo | \n3 | \n0.9 | \n
Three | \n17 | \n5.1 | \n|
Four | \n49 | \n14.6 | \n|
Five and more | \n266 | \n79.4 | \n|
Monthly income | \n1001–3000 | \n28 | \n8.4 | \n
3001–5000 | \n56 | \n16.7 | \n|
5001–10,000 | \n232 | \n69.3 | \n|
More than 10,000 | \n19 | \n5.7 | \n|
Family type | \nNuclear family | \n188 | \n56.1 | \n
Joint family | \n147 | \n43.9 | \n
Details of demographic variable.
Source: Primary data.
The largest numbers of investment avenues are available in financial markets to serve the desires of investors. Thousands of investment schemes are available in the market. The art of rational investment decision is maximum returns with minimum of risk. Investment pattern differs from one another in terms of invested amount, risk bearing capacity and expected returns. In recent times, awareness about financial products has become an issue of discussion in financial markets. Past studies have revealed that people prefer to invest in traditional safe investment avenues. Bank, insurance and post office investment schemes were the most preferred investment avenues. There is an information gap between financial markets and a financier and due to this a majority of investor does not use modern investment products. Data collected under this section confirms that there is imbalance in- between traditional and modern investment avenues. As we can figure out easily that awareness level of respondents is fairly high in banking avenues, post office schemes, insurance schemes and other traditional avenues like gold/silver and real estate opportunities. On the other hand as evidenced in Table 2, there is lack of awareness in Chit Fund Schemes, Bonds, Debentures, Public Provident Fund, National Savings Certificate, Government Securities and Forex Market and Commodity Market. It is also stated by Mohd and Verma [29].
\nFinancial product | \nFamiliar | \nNon-familiar | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | \nIn percentage | \nFrequency | \nIn percentage | \n|
Savings account | \n334 | \n99.7 | \n1 | \n0.3 | \n
Bank fixed deposit | \n333 | \n99.4 | \n2 | \n0.6 | \n
Public Provident Fund (PPF) | \n212 | \n63.3 | \n123 | \n36.7 | \n
National Saving Certificate (NSC) | \n210 | \n62.7 | \n125 | \n37.3 | \n
Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP) | \n259 | \n77.3 | \n76 | \n22.7 | \n
Post office savings | \n330 | \n98.5 | \n5 | \n1.5 | \n
Government securities | \n206 | \n61.5 | \n129 | \n38.5 | \n
Mutual funds | \n260 | \n77.6 | \n75 | \n22.4 | \n
Life insurance | \n329 | \n98.2 | \n6 | \n1.8 | \n
Debentures | \n195 | \n58.2 | \n140 | \n41.8 | \n
Bonds | \n194 | \n57.9 | \n141 | \n42.1 | \n
Equity share market | \n248 | \n74 | \n87 | \n26 | \n
Commodity market | \n96 | \n28.7 | \n239 | \n71.3 | \n
Forex market | \n135 | \n40.3 | \n200 | \n59.7 | \n
Real estate | \n315 | \n94 | \n20 | \n6 | \n
Gold/ Silver | \n308 | \n91.9 | \n27 | \n8.1 | \n
Chit fund | \n208 | \n62.1 | \n127 | \n37.9 | \n
Awareness about investment products.
Source: Primary data.
In terms of familiarity with financial products, data collected from the respondents revealed that rural female are most familiar with savings account (99.7%), followed by fixed deposit (99.4%), post office schemes (98.5%), life insurance (98.2%), real estate (94%) and gold/silver (91.9%) trading options. Furthermore, it is reported that rural females are most familiar with bank, post office, insurance and other traditional avenues of investment. Although, data do notreveal high familiarity of rural females with Debentures (58.2%), Bonds (57.9%), Forex Market (40.3%) and Commodity Market (28.7%) in moderate risk avenues. But marginal divergence is found among respondents about few investment avenues like Mutual Funds (77.6%), Equity Share Market (74%), Public Provident Fund (63.3%), National Savings Certificate (62.7%), Chit Fund (62.1%) and Government Securities (61.5%).
\nInvestment pattern refers to the outline of savings into various financial products with the objective of risk diversification or high expected profits. The very first step for voyage investment is savings. Investor can take the benefit of large chunk of financial products only if he/she is aware about the relevance of portfolio or diversified pattern of savings. The current investment pattern of selected rural women respondents are represented in Figure 1.
\nAttitude of rural women towards various avenues. Source: Primary data.
From Figure 1, it is revealed that most of the female respondents are investing in Savings Account (96.7%), followed by Bank Fixed Deposit (84.2%) and Life Insurance (81.5%). These three are found to be the most prominent investment avenues in pattern of rural females. Post Office Savings (56.4%), Mutual Funds (57.3%) and Gold/Silver (53.1%) are found less popular in the investment pattern of rural females. On the other hand, KisanVikasPatra (2.7%), Government Securities (10.1%), Debentures (6.3%), Bonds (4.2%), Commodity Market (2.1%), National Saving Certificates (0.9%), Chit Fund (0.6%) are preferred by very few persons to diversify their portfolio.
\nThe reason for the selection of the financial instrument by the rural women is presented in Figure 2.
\nReason behind financial selection. Source: Primary data.
From Figure 2, it can be concluded that familiarity with any financial institution influences most of the times investment decisions of investors. 34% of total females have selected a financial institution because of familiarity, followed by the reason of assured returns. 23% of respondents has selected only those financial products which assure return on their investment quantum. 22% of respondents have preferred to select a number of financial products. Here, portfolio diversification is the main aim of investment. Interestingly, safe and low risk factors have the lowest preferred reason for financial selection. Only 21% of people has invested in safe and low risk investment avenues.
\nFinancial and investment behaviour of a person is a vital component in a given financial environment. Investment pattern is affected by the awareness about the financial markets and the ability to make rational decisions. Hence, the variable behaviour prior to the selection of investment policy was investigated for this research. Data related to behaviour and rationality prior to financial selection is presented in Figure 3.
\nBehaviour of rural women with reference to product choice. Source: Primary data.
\nFigure 3, illustrates the behaviour-wise allocation of responses. Among 335 households’ surveyed 36.40% of respondents have preferred different financial or investment policies from one company only. It is clear that most of the respondents trust in the investment policies of only one company. 34.30% of responses belongs to those households who never compare different investment policies of one or more companies. They prefer to invest in pre-selected avenues. Consequently, 20.60% households compare various products from more than one company and 8.70% of sample population are found to be unaware of the availability of different financial avenues in the market.
\nFinancial literacy is the ability of a layman to understand the nature of finance and earning potential of his savings. In true sense, financial literacy allows a person to take a rational financial decision in specific areas like property or real estate matters, tax planning, banking and insurance and capital markets, etc. To achieve financial goals, basic knowledge about financial matters becomes the essential part of today’s world; not only for the investors of stock market; but also for the persons having saving habits. It can be defined as the tricks used by the finance player to manage their earnings in terms of savings, budgeting, investing and insuring etc. Definition of financial literacy also declares that financially knowledgeable people are well aware about money management concepts and know in which manner financial institutions work. The financial literacy score is a platform to identify trends of financial awareness among individuals. To depict awareness trends in basic financial matters, financial literacy index of rural women was calculated. The financial literacy index is prepared on the basis of following basic financial literacy indicators:
Simple interest rate
Compound interest rate
Affordability
Financial security
Portfolio diversification
Loan ideology
Financial awareness to life circumstances
Product choice
Credit card ideology
Basic taxation ideology
In order to determine the financial literacy level, a set of question was asked and based upon the response, a rank was assigned. The rank “0” is assigned to the respondent who does not have knowledge about financial literacy. The ranks “1” and “2” are assigned for those having average and thorough knowledge on financial activities, respectively.
\nAfter assigning rank for the all the parameters, the total financial literacy score for the individual respondent is calculated as follows:
\nwhere ‘actual value’ is the sum of ranks the individual respondent scored, ‘maximum value’ is the theoretical maximum, here it is = 20, (that is 10 × 2) and ‘minimum value’ is the theoretical minimum, here ‘0’ (i.e., 10 × 0).
\nIn order to get the net score, Total of the literacy score all the respondents is divided by the total number of the respondents.
\nIf the value is 0, it indicates that the financial literacy level is zero. Between 0.1 and 0.33 it specifies that level of financial literacy is at a minimum. Between 0.34 and 0.66 the level of financial literacy is of medium level. Between 0.67 and 0.99 the level of financial literacy is high and if the value is 1, it indicates that complete financial literacy level is achieved.
\nThe calculated value of financial literacy is 0.69552. This revealed that the overall level of financial literacy is encouraging in rural parts of Jalandhar district. This indicates that efforts of government and non-government organisations are leading to a positive change. The results of financial literacy index are given in Table 3 and Figure 4.
\nRespondent | \nValue for the respondent’s response for different parameters | \nActual score for individual respondent’s (maximum value 20) | \nFinancial Literacy score for individual respondent’s | \n|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple interest rate | \nCompound interest rate | \nAffordability | \nFinancial security | \nPortfolio diversification | \nLoan ideology | \nFinancial awareness to life circumstances | \nProduct choice | \nCredit card ideology | \nBasic taxation ideology | \n|||
(A) | \n(B) | \n(C) | \n(D) | \n(E) | \n(F) | \n(G) | \n(H) | \n(I) | \n(J) | \n(H) | \n\n\n | \n|
Sum of (A to J) | \n||||||||||||
1 | \n0 | \n0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n2 | \n0 | \n0 | \n2 | \n0 | \n2 | \n9 | \n0.45 | \n
2 | \n1 | \n0 | \n2 | \n2 | \n2 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n0 | \n2 | \n12 | \n0.6 | \n
3 | \n2 | \n1 | \n2 | \n2 | \n2 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n0 | \n2 | \n14 | \n0.7 | \n
4 | \n2 | \n1 | \n1 | \n2 | \n0 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n0 | \n2 | \n11 | \n0.55 | \n
5 | \n2 | \n1 | \n2 | \n2 | \n2 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n2 | \n15 | \n0.75 | \n
335 | \n2 | \n0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n2 | \n0 | \n2 | \n1 | \n1 | \n2 | \n13 | \n0.65 | \n
\n | 233.00 | \n|||||||||||
\n | 335 | \n|||||||||||
\n | 0.69552 | \n
Financial literacy index. Source: Primary data.
From the data collected from rural women of Jalandhar district, on the basis of combination of ten questions, it is revealed that the majority of respondents are falling in high level of financial literacy group followed by 38% of our total respondents who are coming under medium level of financial literacy.
\nSome differences concerned with investment pattern and financial selection include risk and portfolio choices. Choice of the portfolio, the level of risk bearing capacity is more concerned with the financial awareness of households. It is indicated that most of the rural females are aware of the ideology and framework of taxation (91%), Affordability and Financial security (73%). 72% of respondents confidently answer the calculation of simple interest rate. While portfolio diversification (64%), product choice (63%) and loan ideology (48%) are found lacking in this context. While in some typical financial matters financial knowledge of rural women is found lacking. Those financial concepts are Compound interest rate (24%), financial knowledge to life circumstances (22%) and Credit card ideology (10%). Table 4 is dictates the financial literacy score for selected financial concepts.
\nFinancial concepts | \nCorrect | \nIncorrect | \nDon’t know | \n
---|---|---|---|
Simple interest rate | \n240 (72%) | \n69 (20%) | \n26 (8%) | \n
Compound interest rate | \n79 (24%) | \n94 (28%) | \n162 (48%) | \n
Affordability | \n252 (75%) | \n83 (25%) | \nNIL (0%) | \n
Financial security | \n244 (73%) | \n47 (14%) | \n44 (13%) | \n
Portfolio diversification | \n213 (64%) | \n61 (18%) | \n61 (18%) | \n
Loan ideology | \n160 (48%) | \n128 (38%) | \n47 (14%) | \n
Financial knowledge to life circumstances | \n166 (22%) | \n122 (16%) | \n47 (62%) | \n
Product choice | \n211 (63%) | \n124 (37%) | \nNIL (0%) | \n
Credit card ideology | \n60 (10%) | \n62 (11%) | \n213 (79%) | \n
Taxation ideology | \n304 (91%) | \n18 (5%) | \n13 (4%) | \n
Financial literacy score.
Source: Primary data.
A financier, who is not financially literate, will not be able to select a suitable investment pattern. This behaviour is strongly evident in the rural society of India. Financial literacy is important not only for rural or uneducated one but even an urban educated can get him into financial suffering if he is not aware of financial concepts. The results highlight how important financial literacy is to make sound financial decisions. Financial control, Financial planning, Understanding of financial concepts and Selection of financial product are basic concepts to measure financial awareness of a person.
\nFor the purpose of finding out the relationship between financial literacy and pattern of investment, a correlation test is applied. Results obtained by correlation are given in Table 5.
\n\n | Financial literacy | \nInvestment pattern | \n|
---|---|---|---|
Financial Literacy | \nPearson correlation | \n1 | \n0.129*\n | \n
Sig. (2-tailed) | \n\n | 0.018 | \n|
N | \n335 | \n335 | \n|
Investment pattern | \nPearson correlation | \n.129*\n | \n1 | \n
Sig. (2-tailed) | \n.018 | \n\n | |
N | \n335 | \n335 | \n
Relationship analysis through correlation.
Source: Primary data.
From Table 5, it is observed that the value of correlation is 0.129. So it is evidenced that there is weak degree of positive correlation between financial literacy and investment pattern among rural females. The significance value revealed by correlation is 0.018 which is less than 0.05% level of significance. So it is strongly evidenced that correlation is statistically significant also.
\nFinancial Literacy is a vital element to predict households’ financial attitudes in developing nations. Indeed, in Indian heterogeneous household, levels of financial awareness vary greatly. From the empirical study it is revealed that most of the investors select financial institutions because of familiarity and their portfolio selection is largely based on comparison of number of financial products issued by the same familiar financial institution. So, guaranteed return, safety and diverse portfolio selection are contributing at large to describe the investment attitude of women.
\nThe study reveals that there is a relationship between financial literacy and investment behaviour of the rural female. Through financial literacy programme, majority of the respondents (62% of total) have acquired more knowledge on financial concepts such as taxation, financial security, calculation of interest rate etc.
\nThe awareness level of rural females in Investment Avenue is fairly high in banking avenues, post office schemes, insurance schemes and other traditional avenues like gold/silver and real estate opportunities. Their awareness level in investment avenue is very low in chit fund schemes, bonds, debentures, Public provident fund, National savings certificate, Government securities and Commodity market.
\nA website as a financial literacy guide was released by the Reserve Bank of India on 31st January 2013. This website was developed as a complete financial awareness guide and banks are advised to use this website as a fundamental curriculum to communicate basic financial knowledge. This financial literacy guide provides operational guidelines to organize financial awareness camps, as an initiative towards financial literacy.
\nBesides, various measures adopted by government and non-government institutions towards financial literacy, the results of the study reveal that still the investment pattern of rural women is followed by traditional avenues of investment. This, it is suggested to financial literacy program organizers to focusing on preferences and investment attitude of micro level segment investors. Hamza and Arif [20] have also suggested that policymakers and managers need to focus on profiling investors based on their status. It is strongly suggested to the program organizers to pass information on issue of budgeting, portfolio diversification, effective credit card management and loan ideology.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10801",title:"Uric Acid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d947ab87019e69ab11aa597edbacc018",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10800",title:"Ligase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f10ff112edb1fec24379dac85ef3b5b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10837",title:"Peroxisomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0014b09d4b35bb4d7f52ca0b3641cda1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64617cf21bf1e47170bb2bcf31b1fc37",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10741",title:"Synthetic Genomics - From Natural to Synthetic Genomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb1cebd0b9c4e7e87427003ff7196f57",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Miguel Fernández-Niño and Dr. Luis H. Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10741.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158295",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Fernández-Niño",slug:"miguel-fernandez-nino",fullName:"Miguel Fernández-Niño"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10886",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a71558dd7dfd16ad140168409f887f7e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10886.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10794",title:"Potassium in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jie Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"40482",title:"Prof.",name:"Rizwan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Tutar and Dr. Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:13},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics",parent:{title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:143,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3401,numberOfWosCitations:3946,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1614,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3509,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"physics ",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9984",title:"Geophysics and Ocean Waves Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"271d086381f9ba04162b0dc7cd57755f",slug:"geophysics-and-ocean-waves-studies",bookSignature:"Khalid S. Essa, Marcello Di Risio, Daniele Celli and Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9984.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",middleName:null,surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10042",title:"Noise and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11e8fca2f0f623d87dfbc3cf2b185e0d",slug:"noise-and-environment",bookSignature:"Daniela Siano and Alice Elizabeth González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9960",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Siano",slug:"daniela-siano",fullName:"Daniela Siano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10074",title:"Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129deeec2186f6392f154ed41f64477a",slug:"recent-techniques-and-applications-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby and Basim Almayyahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8679",title:"Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a994b17ac471c6d414d63c74a7ab74de",slug:"inverse-heat-conduction-and-heat-exchangers",bookSignature:"Suvanjan Bhattacharya, Mohammad Moghimi Ardekani, Ranjib Biswas and R. C. Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233630",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvanjan",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"suvanjan-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Suvanjan Bhattacharyya"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"R. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",slug:"r.-c.-mehta",fullName:"R. C. Mehta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/56358/images/system/56358.jpeg",biography:"R. C. Mehta obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has worked as the Head of Aerodynamics\nDivision of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre/Indian Space Research\nOrganization. He has participated in the design of launch and\nreentry vehicles. He has served as a Senior Fellow in the School\nof Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the recipient of the Life Time\nAchievement Award from the Flow Physics Society of India. He is a senior member\nof AIAA. He has published over 120 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals. He has published five chapters and co-authored two books. He is a\nreviewer for many international journals. He is presently Dean in the Noorul Islam\nCentre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, India.",institutionString:"Noorul Islam University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Noorul Islam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8490",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fe936bfad77ae70ad96c46de8b7730d",slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",bookSignature:"Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9211",title:"Single Photon Manipulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"567ddcc14b68fa14e54df3bce2f51acc",slug:"single-photon-manipulation",bookSignature:"Keyu Xia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210723",title:"Prof.",name:"Keyu",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"keyu-xia",fullName:"Keyu Xia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10076",title:"Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78f2b316d6bb97464dbbf9b683164aff",slug:"quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7965",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb83772cea6200bdd685b8a1b93ee35d",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",bookSignature:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari and Irina Carlescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9276",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03a2501c6fc0ac90a8b328850b712da7",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations",bookSignature:"Guozhao Ji and Jiujiang Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10162",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8c90b653db4fa7a59132d39cca185d8",slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II, Chung-Cheng Yen and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10162.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:143,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73518,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"49652",doi:"10.5772/61720",title:"Sample Preparations for Scanning Electron Microscopy – Life Sciences",slug:"sample-preparations-for-scanning-electron-microscopy-life-sciences",totalDownloads:8115,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:54,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"176330",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogana",middleName:"Das",surname:"Murtey",slug:"mogana-murtey",fullName:"Mogana Murtey"},{id:"181159",title:"Mr.",name:"Patchamuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"patchamuthu-ramasamy",fullName:"Patchamuthu Ramasamy"}]},{id:"26791",doi:"10.5772/28067",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",totalDownloads:3952,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research"},signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71926",title:"An Overview of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals Composite Films and Their Applications",slug:"an-overview-of-polymer-dispersed-liquid-crystals-composite-films-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:561,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Anuja Katariya Jain and Rajendra R. Deshmukh",authors:[{id:"34437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendrasing",middleName:"Rajesing",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"rajendrasing-deshmukh",fullName:"Rajendrasing Deshmukh"},{id:"318245",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuja",middleName:null,surname:"Katariya-Jain",slug:"anuja-katariya-jain",fullName:"Anuja Katariya-Jain"}]},{id:"72824",title:"Applications of Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",slug:"applications-of-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",fullTitle:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model"},signatures:"Theodore V. Hromadka II and Chung-Cheng Yen",authors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}]},{id:"49537",title:"Electron Diffraction",slug:"electron-diffraction",totalDownloads:8488,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad and Mohammad Jafari Eskandari",authors:[{id:"176352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi Asadabad",slug:"mohsen-asadi-asadabad",fullName:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad"},{id:"177600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari Eskandari",slug:"mohammad-jafari-eskandari",fullName:"Mohammad Jafari Eskandari"}]},{id:"32842",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73518,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"71638",title:"Plasma Antennas",slug:"plasma-antennas",totalDownloads:300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics"},signatures:"Theodore Anderson",authors:null},{id:"50866",title:"Effects of Different Laser Pulse Regimes (Nanosecond, Picosecond and Femtosecond) on the Ablation of Materials for Production of Nanoparticles in Liquid Solution",slug:"effects-of-different-laser-pulse-regimes-nanosecond-picosecond-and-femtosecond-on-the-ablation-of-ma",totalDownloads:4902,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"high-energy-and-short-pulse-lasers",title:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers",fullTitle:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers"},signatures:"Abubaker Hassan Hamad",authors:[{id:"183494",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubaker",middleName:"Hassan",surname:"Hamad",slug:"abubaker-hamad",fullName:"Abubaker Hamad"}]},{id:"68746",title:"Optically Clear Adhesives for OLED",slug:"optically-clear-adhesives-for-oled",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"luminescence-oled-technology-and-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - OLED Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Joel T. Abrahamson, Hollis Z. Beagi, Fay Salmon and Christopher J. Campbell",authors:null},{id:"59379",title:"Graphene, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, and Perovskite Photodetectors",slug:"graphene-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-and-perovskite-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Zhi Yang, Jinjuan Dou and Minqiang Wang",authors:[{id:"225612",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"zhi-yang",fullName:"Zhi Yang"},{id:"238944",title:"MSc.",name:"Jinjuan",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"jinjuan-dou",fullName:"Jinjuan Dou"},{id:"238946",title:"Prof.",name:"Minqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"minqiang-wang",fullName:"Minqiang Wang"}]},{id:"70578",title:"Gallium-68: Radiolabeling of Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging - A Lot to Consider",slug:"gallium-68-radiolabeling-of-radiopharmaceuticals-for-pet-imaging-a-lot-to-consider",totalDownloads:717,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"medical-isotopes",title:"Medical Isotopes",fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes"},signatures:"Michael Meisenheimer, Yury Saenko and Elisabeth Eppard",authors:null},{id:"58452",title:"Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photodetectors",slug:"transition-metal-dichalcogenide-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Inturu Omkaram, Young Ki Hong and Sunkook Kim",authors:[{id:"210186",title:"Dr.",name:"Inturu",middleName:null,surname:"Omkaram",slug:"inturu-omkaram",fullName:"Inturu Omkaram"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"physics ",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76308",title:"Quarks Mixing in Chiral Symmetries",slug:"quarks-mixing-in-chiral-symmetries",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95233",book:{title:"Quantum Chromodynamic"},signatures:"Zbigniew Szadkowski"},{id:"76271",title:"Double Pole Method in QCD Sum Rules for Vector Mesons",slug:"double-pole-method-in-qcd-sum-rules-for-vector-mesons",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97421",book:{title:"Quantum Chromodynamic"},signatures:"Mikael Souto Maior de Sousa and Rômulo Rodrigues da Silva"},{id:"76259",title:"Paramagnetic Transitions Ions as Structural Modifiers in Ferroelectrics",slug:"paramagnetic-transitions-ions-as-structural-modifiers-in-ferroelectrics",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95983",book:{title:"Paramagnetism - Fundamentals, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Veronica Lucero Villegas Rueda"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:35},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/126744/jose-e-tanus-santos",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"126744",slug:"jose-e-tanus-santos"},fullPath:"/profiles/126744/jose-e-tanus-santos",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()