Common diseases of esophageal dysphagia and endoscopic management
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6584",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Probabilistic Modeling in System Engineering",title:"Probabilistic Modeling in System Engineering",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book is intended for systems analysts, designers, developers, users, experts, as well as those involved in quality, risk, safety and security management, and, of course, scientists and students. The various sets of original and traditional probabilistic models and interesting results of their applications to the research of different systems are presented. The models are understandable and applicable for solving system engineering problems: to optimize system requirements, compare different processes, rationale technical decisions, carry out tests, adjust technological parameters, and predict and analyze quality and risks. The engineering decisions, scientifically proven by the proposed models and software tools, can provide purposeful, essential improvement of quality and mitigation of risks, and reduce the expense of operating systems. Models, methods, and software tools can also be used in education for system analysis and mathematical modeling on specializations, for example "systems engineering," "operations research," "enterprise management," "project management," "risk management," "quality of systems," "safety and security," "smart systems," "system of systems," etc.',isbn:"978-1-78984-409-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-774-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-570-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71396",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"probabilistic-modeling-in-system-engineering",numberOfPages:290,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b2dfbad4b959562bf4f4239f6b34cba",bookSignature:"Andrey Kostogryzov",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6584.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11370,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:13,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:62,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 11th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 1st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 5th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 21st 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 20th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148322/images/system/148322.jpeg",biography:"Andrey Kostogryzov (1957.05.16) – Chief Researcher of the Federal Research Center 'Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia), Director and Scientific Leader of the Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Certification. \nHonored Science Worker of the Russian Federation, Dr. of Engineering Science, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Rockets and Artillery Sciences. The Winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Field of Science and Engineering. \nDeputy Chairman of the Committee \"Business Sequrity \" and Chairman of SC 'Information Technologies” of the Committee \"Industrial Safety” of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. \nDeputy Chairman of the National TC 'Information Technologies”, Chairman of SC 'System and Software Engineering”. \nThe mamber of the Commission on Technogenic Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences. \nCertified Expert of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, PJSC Gazprom. \nThe author of more than 100 mathematical models for analyzing and optimizing quality and risks and more than 210 scientific works, including 20 books",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"123",title:"System Engineering",slug:"system-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"60336",title:"Probabilistic Modelling in Solving Analytical Problems of System Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75686",slug:"probabilistic-modelling-in-solving-analytical-problems-of-system-engineering",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides some aspects to probabilistic modelling in solving analytical problems of system engineering. The historically developed system of the formation of scientific bases of engineering calculations of characteristics of strength, stability, durability, reliability, survivability and safety is considered. The features of deterministic and probabilistic problems of evaluation of the characteristics of strength, stiffness, steadiness, durability and survivability are considered. Probabilistic problems of reliability, security, safety and risk assessment of engineering systems are formulated. Theoretical bases and methods of probabilistic modelling of engineering systems are stated. The main directions of solving the problems of ensuring security and safety according to the accident risk criteria are determined. The possibilities of probabilistic modelling methods in solving the problems of strength, reliability and safety of engineering systems are shown in practical examples.",signatures:"Anatoly Lepikhin, Vladimir Moskvichev and Nikolay Machutov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60336",authors:[{id:"231405",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",surname:"Lepikhin",slug:"anatoly-lepikhin",fullName:"Anatoly Lepikhin"},{id:"231465",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Moskvichev",slug:"vladimir-moskvichev",fullName:"Vladimir Moskvichev"},{id:"231470",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Machytov",slug:"nikolay-machytov",fullName:"Nikolay Machytov"}],corrections:null},{id:"61228",title:"Probabilistic Methods and Technologies of Risk Prediction and Rationale of Preventive Measures by Using “Smart Systems”: Applications to Coal Branch for Increasing Industrial Safety of Enterprises",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75109",slug:"probabilistic-methods-and-technologies-of-risk-prediction-and-rationale-of-preventive-measures-by-us",totalDownloads:939,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Abilities of “smart systems” for processing information, adaptation to conditions of uncertainty, and performance of scientifically proven preventive actions in real time are analyzed. Basic probabilistic models and technologies for the analysis of complex systems, using “smart systems,” ways of generation of probabilistic models for prognostic researches of the new systems projected, modernized, or transformed, are proposed. The proposed methods are described to predict risks to lose integrity for complex structures on the given prognostic time and rationale of preventive measures considering admissible risk, estimate “smart system” operation quality, and predict in real time the mean residual time before the next parameter abnormalities. The methods and technologies are implemented on the level of the remote monitoring systems. The application is illustrated on the examples of the joint-stock company “Siberian Coal Energy Company.”",signatures:"Vladimir Artemyev, Jury Rudenko and George Nistratov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61228",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61228",authors:[{id:"156749",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Nistratov",slug:"george-nistratov",fullName:"George Nistratov"},{id:"240686",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudenko",surname:"Jury",slug:"rudenko-jury",fullName:"Rudenko Jury"},{id:"240687",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Artemyev",slug:"vladimir-artemyev",fullName:"Vladimir Artemyev"}],corrections:null},{id:"61439",title:"Probabilistic Modeling Processes for Oil and Gas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74963",slug:"probabilistic-modeling-processes-for-oil-and-gas",totalDownloads:1099,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Different uncertainties are researched for providing safe and effective development of hydrocarbon deposits and rational operation of oil and gas systems (OGS). The original models and methods, applicable in education and practice for solving problems of system engineering, are proposed. These models allow us to analyze natural and technogenic threats for oil and gas systems on a probabilistic level for a given prognostic time. Transformation and adaptation of models are demonstrated by examples connected with non-destructive testing. The measures of counteraction to threats for the typical manufacturing processes of gas preparation equipment on enterprise are analyzed. The risks for pipelines, pumping liquefied natural gas across the South American territory, are predicted. Results of probabilistic modeling of the sea gas and oil-producing systems from their vulnerability point of view (including various scenarios of possible terrorist influences) are analyzed and interpreted.",signatures:"Vsevolod Kershenbaum, Leonid Grigoriev, Petr Kanygin and Andrey\nNistratov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61439",authors:[{id:"156748",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Nistratov",slug:"andrey-nistratov",fullName:"Andrey Nistratov"},{id:"230578",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid",surname:"Grigoriev",slug:"leonid-grigoriev",fullName:"Leonid Grigoriev"},{id:"230582",title:"Prof.",name:"Vsevolod",surname:"Kershenbaum",slug:"vsevolod-kershenbaum",fullName:"Vsevolod Kershenbaum"},{id:"240730",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Kanygin",slug:"petr-kanygin",fullName:"Petr Kanygin"}],corrections:null},{id:"60253",title:"Probabilistic Analysis of Transportation Systems for Oil and Natural Gas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75078",slug:"probabilistic-analysis-of-transportation-systems-for-oil-and-natural-gas",totalDownloads:960,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the need of probabilistic modeling for design, construction, and operation of oil and gas pipelines is justified. Such modeling should use information and databases on deterministic and statistical dependencies related to deformation, damage accumulation, failure, fracture accidents, and catastrophes. The probabilistic design equations and their parameters for the characteristics of strength, durability, fracture toughness, risks of accidents, and manmade catastrophes are given. The economic efficiency of pipeline management based on controlling probabilistic characteristics through conducting diagnostic, repair-and-renewal operations while ensuring the acceptable levels of reliability and safety parameters is substantiated. The results of studies in the field of statistics and probabilities of emergency situations during manufacturing, construction, and operation conducted by Russian and foreign specialists are presented.",signatures:"Yuriy V. Lisin, Nikolay A. Makhutov, Vladimir A. Nadein and Dmitriy\nA. Neganov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60253",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60253",authors:[{id:"231592",title:"Mr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Nadein",slug:"vladimir-nadein",fullName:"Vladimir Nadein"},{id:"256060",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay A.",surname:"Makhutov",slug:"nikolay-a.-makhutov",fullName:"Nikolay A. Makhutov"},{id:"256061",title:null,name:"Dmitriy A.",surname:"Neganov",slug:"dmitriy-a.-neganov",fullName:"Dmitriy A. Neganov"},{id:"256456",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy V.",surname:"Lisin",slug:"yuriy-v.-lisin",fullName:"Yuriy V. Lisin"}],corrections:null},{id:"61846",title:"Decision-Making Model for Offshore Offloading Operations Based on Probabilistic Risk Assessment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75833",slug:"decision-making-model-for-offshore-offloading-operations-based-on-probabilistic-risk-assessment",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To explore offshore oil fields in deepwater, the use of a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit coupled to a shuttle tanker is economically and technically feasible. Shuttle tankers like system for oil transportation are increasingly being accepted as a preferred transportation method for remote and deepwater offshore developments. The offloading operation is considered one of the riskiest operations in offshore environment. The chapter presents a risk-based analysis method aiming at defining the risk profile associated with an offloading operation. For offloading operations, the risk profile is usually evaluated considering that the offloading operation has an approximate duration of 24 hours. The method follows three basic steps: identification of hazard, definition of failure scenarios and their probability of occurrence, and evaluation of failure consequences. The decision-making theory is used to evaluate the possibility of emergency disconnection during the operation. The method is applied to evaluate the risk profile of an offloading operation in Campos Basin, Brazil, considering a FPSO moored with Differentiated Complacent Anchoring System (DICAS). The method is used to model the risk scenario associated with shuttle tanker main engine failure as initiating event. The changes in environmental conditions have great influence in risk profile and increase the probability of disconnection.",signatures:"C. E. Patiño Rodriguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61846",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61846",authors:[{id:"232268",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Patino-Rodriguez",slug:"carmen-patino-rodriguez",fullName:"Carmen Patino-Rodriguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"61058",title:"Natural Hazards: Systematic Assessment of Their Contribution to Risk and Their Consequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76503",slug:"natural-hazards-systematic-assessment-of-their-contribution-to-risk-and-their-consequences",totalDownloads:830,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The significance of event scenarios from a variety of natural hazards —from seismotectonic over meteorological, hydrological up to biological ones — to all types of industrial facilitieshas been recognized in the near past and needs to be addressed systematically in the safety assessment. The most recent approaches for assessing the risk contribution from these hazards and their consequences start with a site-specific qualitative as well as quantitative screening of those individual hazards and event combinations with such hazards, which can be directly related, correlated, or occur independently during the mission time of another. In the second step, for those hazards and hazard combinations remaining with a non-negligible occurrence frequency, a detailed analysis of the facility-specific event scenario including interdependencies between the hazards to be considered, and the safety features and countermeasures in the facility being investigated is conducted in order to estimate the corresponding risk contribution and consequences.",signatures:"Berg Heinz-Peter and Roewekamp Marina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61058",authors:[{id:"11381",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Röwekamp",slug:"marina-rowekamp",fullName:"Marina Röwekamp"},{id:"231793",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Heinz Peter",surname:"Berg",slug:"heinz-peter-berg",fullName:"Heinz Peter Berg"}],corrections:null},{id:"60800",title:"Models for Testing Modifiable Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75126",slug:"models-for-testing-modifiable-systems",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The work describes reliability and security growth models for modifiable software systems as a result of revisions and tests performed for specified input data areas. The work shows that the known reliability growth models are of monotonically increasing type, which is not in line with current multi-version team technologies of software development that are primarily based on the open-source code. The authors suggest new non-monotonically increasing models of software reliability evaluation and planning that allow taking into account the effect of decreased reliability resulting from updates or wavefront errors. The work describes the elaborated bigeminal and generic reliability evaluation model as well as the models and test planning procedures. The work includes calculated expressions for the evaluation of the model accuracy and shows that the developed models are adequate to real data. An example is given of transition from probability models to fuzzy models in case of incomplete basic data. The work provides general recommendations for selection of software tool testing models.",signatures:"Alexey Markov, Alexander Barabanov and Valentin Tsirlov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60800",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60800",authors:[{id:"231225",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Markov",slug:"alexey-markov",fullName:"Alexey Markov"},{id:"240610",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Barabanov",slug:"alexander-barabanov",fullName:"Alexander Barabanov"},{id:"240611",title:"Dr.",name:"Valrntin",surname:"Tsirov",slug:"valrntin-tsirov",fullName:"Valrntin Tsirov"}],corrections:null},{id:"62864",title:"Probabilistic Model of Delay Propagation along the Train Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75494",slug:"probabilistic-model-of-delay-propagation-along-the-train-flow",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we propose a probabilistic model for train delay propagation. There are deduced formulas for the probability distributions of arrival headways and knock-on delays depending on distributions of the primary delay duration and the departure headways. We prove some key mathematical statements. The obtained formulas allow to predict the frequency of train arrival delays and to determine the optimal traffic adjustments. Several important special cases of initial probability distributions are considered. Results of the theoretical analysis are verified by comparison with statistical data on the train traffic at the Russian railways.",signatures:"Vladimir Chebotarev, Boris Davydov and Kseniya Kablukova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62864",authors:[{id:"231571",title:"Ms.",name:"Kseniya",surname:"Kablukova",slug:"kseniya-kablukova",fullName:"Kseniya Kablukova"},{id:"240782",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Chebotarev",slug:"vladimir-chebotarev",fullName:"Vladimir Chebotarev"},{id:"240784",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Davydov",slug:"boris-davydov",fullName:"Boris Davydov"}],corrections:null},{id:"59821",title:"The Approach of Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Rationale of Preventive Measures for Space Systems and Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74212",slug:"the-approach-of-probabilistic-risk-analysis-and-rationale-of-preventive-measures-for-space-systems-a",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is devoted to the probabilistic risk analysis of collision of satellites with space debris. The uncertainty and random space-time characteristics of dynamic space objects are researched for the rationale of preventive measures for space systems and technologies. The proposed approach is illustrated by analyzing space debris and their distribution on satellite orbits. The actuality is confirmed by many dangerous convergences of controlled satellites and fragments of the old objects that have been discarded and transformed into uncontrolled debris. The research demonstrates a possibility of probabilistic modeling allows calculating preventive measures for avoiding collisions.",signatures:"Nikolay Paramonov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59821",authors:[{id:"226716",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Paramonov",slug:"nikolay-paramonov",fullName:"Nikolay Paramonov"}],corrections:null},{id:"60048",title:"Periodic Monitoring and Recovery of Resources in Information Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75232",slug:"periodic-monitoring-and-recovery-of-resources-in-information-systems",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This section deals with the issues of business continuity and recovery after disasters. The authors analyzed standards, laws, and regulations pertaining to the parameters of periodic monitoring and recovery in information systems. This section includes mathematical models of resources and environment periodic monitoring as well as periodic backup and recovery after interruptions or disasters. The work demonstrates that the well-known deterministic periodic monitoring and backup models do not take into account stochastic peculiarities of ergatic systems to the full extent. The authors developed new stochastic models of restricted monitoring and backup that allow taking into consideration resources constrains and random factors of information systems operation. The notion of Bernoulli stream has been introduced. This section suggests the criteria for selecting deterministic or stochastic monitoring and backup models and their combinations. A solution of direct and reverse task of the calculation of control and monitoring procedures frequency is offered. This section also provides a methodology for information system stability management, considering periodic monitoring, rollback, and recovery in case of interruption.",signatures:"Alexey Markov, Alexander Barabanov and Valentin Tsirlov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60048",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60048",authors:[{id:"231225",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Markov",slug:"alexey-markov",fullName:"Alexey Markov"},{id:"240610",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Barabanov",slug:"alexander-barabanov",fullName:"Alexander Barabanov"},{id:"249499",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Tsirlov",slug:"valentin-tsirlov",fullName:"Valentin Tsirlov"}],corrections:null},{id:"59963",title:"Probabilistic Analysis of the Influence of Staff Qualification and Information-Psychological Conditions on the Level of Systems Information Security",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75079",slug:"probabilistic-analysis-of-the-influence-of-staff-qualification-and-information-psychological-conditi",totalDownloads:758,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Taking into account the criticality of the “human factor,” the probabilistic approach for analysis is proposed, including: a model for predicting and assessing the level of systems information security, considering random events, including dependent events; model of information-psychological impact on staff; methodical approach for analyzing an influence of staff qualifications and psychological conditions on the level of system information security. The effectiveness of the application is demonstrated by examples.",signatures:"Igor Goncharov, Nikita Goncharov, Pavel Parinov, Sergey\nKochedykov and Alexander Dushkin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59963",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59963",authors:[{id:"231528",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",surname:"Goncharov",slug:"igor-goncharov",fullName:"Igor Goncharov"},{id:"240727",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikita",surname:"Goncharov",slug:"nikita-goncharov",fullName:"Nikita Goncharov"},{id:"240728",title:"Mr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Parinov",slug:"pavel-parinov",fullName:"Pavel Parinov"},{id:"240729",title:"Mr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Kochedykov",slug:"sergey-kochedykov",fullName:"Sergey Kochedykov"},{id:"249097",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Dushkin",slug:"alexander-dushkin",fullName:"Alexander Dushkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"60856",title:"Analysis of Terrorist Attack Scenarios and Measures for Countering Terrorist Threats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75099",slug:"analysis-of-terrorist-attack-scenarios-and-measures-for-countering-terrorist-threats",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter will present the classification of the types of modern terrorism and describe scenarios and probabilistic models of ordinary, technological, and the so-called intelligent terrorism that are distinguished by their triggering events, propagation modes, damaging factors, probabilities, and consequences. A comparative assessment of these three types of terrorism is presented. Dynamic three-sided models allow assessing the situation from standpoints of terrorists and law enforcement agencies, the administration of the complex engineering system, and analyzing actions and counteractions of various sides involved. A new comprehensive approach to ensuring complex engineering system security is described. This approach is focused not only on the development of protection barriers and safeguards against predetermined list of design-basis scenarios of terrorist attacks but also on increasing the system’s resilience toward beyond design-basis attack scenarios.",signatures:"Dmitry O. Reznikov, Nikolay A. Makhutov and Rasim S.\nAkhmetkhanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60856",authors:[{id:"231248",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Reznikov",slug:"dmitry-reznikov",fullName:"Dmitry Reznikov"},{id:"231275",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikoaly",surname:"Makhutov",slug:"nikoaly-makhutov",fullName:"Nikoaly Makhutov"},{id:"241064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasim",surname:"Akhmetkhanov",slug:"rasim-akhmetkhanov",fullName:"Rasim Akhmetkhanov"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8656",title:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9993ec9b59bcb38d206f2e31125028b7",slug:"probability-combinatorics-and-control",bookSignature:"Andrey Kostogryzov and Victor Korolev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6086",title:"Dependability Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8fbd4b0feef5494393639fa03a0f718",slug:"dependability-engineering",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7772",title:"Systems-of-Systems Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis (MS&A), Gaming and Decision Support",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"677fbbd5fc2550e8be540f40c0969a62",slug:"systems-of-systems-perspectives-and-applications-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis-ms-a-gaming-and-decision-support",bookSignature:"Tien M. Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64729",slug:"erratum-toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to",title:"Erratum - Toward the Development of a Monitoring and Feedback System for Predicting Poor Adjustment to Grief",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64729.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64729",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64729",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64729",chapter:{id:"57127",slug:"toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to-grief",signatures:"Wan Jou She, Laurie Burke, Robert A. Neimyer, Kailey Roberts,\nWendy Lichtenthal, Jun Hu and Matthias Rauterberg",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2017",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 18th 2017",book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221149",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Jou",middleName:null,surname:"She",fullName:"Wan Jou She",slug:"wan-jou-she",email:"lave@lavendershe.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"57127",slug:"toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to-grief",signatures:"Wan Jou She, Laurie Burke, Robert A. Neimyer, Kailey Roberts,\nWendy Lichtenthal, Jun Hu and Matthias Rauterberg",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2017",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 18th 2017",book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221149",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Jou",middleName:null,surname:"She",fullName:"Wan Jou She",slug:"wan-jou-she",email:"lave@lavendershe.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7367",leadTitle:null,title:"Watermarking Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tDigital watermarking became popular in the last decades due to numerous applications, mainly concerning copyright protection. Therefore this book will be application oriented because applications have a strong influence on methods used for watermarking a given content. The first part of this book describes a specific character of carrier signals: audio, speech, still and moving pictures and their impact on watermarking methods. Next part concerns annotation watermarking, i.e. embedding a bit stream in a cover signal. The embedded data should be robust in the presence of unintentional attacks like compression of multimedia, geometrical distortions of images, noise. The main problem is to maximize the watermark bit rate while maintaining perceptual transparency. Properties of Human Auditory System and Human Visual System, as well as informed embedding algorithms, are used to solve this problem. Next part describes hiding a digital signature in a carrier signal for copyright protection, user authentication, broadcast monitoring, etc. Here, resistance to intentional and unintentional attacks is the main problem. The watermark should be secure, i.e. hard to remove or tamper. The last part concerns fingerprinting, used for copy tracking, transaction tracking, etc. Each copy of multimedia content has its distinct watermark, so the main problem is to assure the required capacity of the fingerprinting system. Resistance to collusion attacks is also a very important issue. The fingerprint may be embedded at a buyer’s side if a joint fingerprinting and encryption technique is used.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"cda8ba6256461c833e03f4335fc9cc3d",bookSignature:"Dr. Przemyslaw Dymarski",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7367.jpg",keywords:"Audio Watermarking, Image Watermarking, Human Auditory System, Annotation Watermarking, Covert Communication, Informed Embedding, Copyright Protection, Authentication, Logo Watermarking, Fingerprinting, Copy Tracking, Collusion Attacks",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 20th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 3rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 22nd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 20th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"18657",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemyslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Dymarski",slug:"przemyslaw-dymarski",fullName:"Przemyslaw Dymarski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/18657/images/system/18657.jpg",biography:"Przemyslaw Dymarski received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, in 1974 and 1983, respectively, both in electrical engineering. In 2004 he received the D.Sc. degree in Telecommunications from the Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology of the Warsaw University of Technology. Now he is employed as a professor in the Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology. His research includes various aspects of digital signal processing, particularly speech and audio compression for telecommunications and multimedia, text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition and audio watermarking.",institutionString:"Warsaw University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"70",title:"Hidden Markov Models",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1e671b0ce985e13e7759a949b660542",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Przemyslaw Dymarski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/70.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18657",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemyslaw",surname:"Dymarski",slug:"przemyslaw-dymarski",fullName:"Przemyslaw Dymarski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"48661",title:"Endoscopy for Diseases with Esophageal Dysphagia",doi:"10.5772/60909",slug:"endoscopy-for-diseases-with-esophageal-dysphagia",body:'The Standards of Practice Committee of the ASGE prepared the data to update the previous ASGE guidelines [1]. Guidelines for the appropriate use of endoscopy are based on critical reviews of the available data and the expert consensus on the guidelines when they are drafted. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is an effective tool for the diagnostic evaluation and management of patients with dysphagia. Varadarajulu reported a diagnostic yield of 54% with EGD in the initial evaluation of patients aged >40 years who presented with dysphagia and concomitant heartburn, odynophagia, and weight loss [2]. The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) previously reviewed the treatment of patients with dysphagia, which is caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus [3,4]. The most important examination for these diseases is endoscopy. Specimens of esophageal lesions obtained by biopsy and brush cytology may be used to establish a diagnosis of neoplasms or specific infections [5]. Malignant esophageal tumors are also diagnosed by biopsy on endoscopy. Endoscopic evaluation is recommended for most patients with dysphagia of the esophageal origin as an effective means of establishing or confirming a diagnosis, seeking evidence of esophagitis (excluding malignancies), and implementing therapy when appropriate.
The AGA has recommended endoscopic dilation by both bougie and balloon for the endoscopic management of diseases involving dysphagia [3,4], but more recent reports also describe therapy by endoscopic injection of corticosteroid, triamcinolone, or botulinum, or endoscopic fundoplication for GERD. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is another new endoscopic procedure used for the treatment of achalasia.
In this review we report the usefulness of endoscopy for the evaluation and management of diseases involving dysphagia.
The most common causes of esophageal dysphagia are listed in Table 1.
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | Bougie | \n\t\t\tBalloon | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Peptic stricture | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\tTransoral incisionless fundoplication | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | Radiofrequency ablation | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | Injection of corticosteroids or triamcinolone | \n\t\t|
Schatzki ring | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\tElectrocautery incision with a needle-knife papillotome | \n\t\t|
Esophageal web | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Eosinophilic esophagitis | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Caustic injury | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Anastomotic stricture | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\tBiodegradable stent | \n\t\t|
Radiation injury | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Drug-induced stricture | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
Postendoscopic therapy stricture | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t | |
Head and neck tumor | \n\t\t\tNo | \n\t\t\tSelf-expanding metal stents (SEMS) | \n\t\t|
Esophageal carcinoma (adeno and squamous cell) | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\tSelf-expanding metal stents (SEMS) | \n\t\t|
Extrinsic compression | \n\t\t\tNo | \n\t\t\tSelf-expanding metal stents (SEMS) | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t | |
Achalasia | \n\t\t\tYes | \n\t\t\tPeroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | Injection of botulinum toxin | \n\t\t|
Diffuse esophageal spasm | \n\t\t\tNo | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
Common diseases of esophageal dysphagia and endoscopic management
The acceptance of endoscopy as a gold standard for testing for mucosal disease may bias evaluations of the sensitivity of other diagnostic modalities. Given that endoscopy was used as the gold standard for mucosal disease, the sensitivity of radiology could not have exceeded that of endoscopy [3].
If the patient history, barium swallow, or both suggest achalasia, manometry to confirm the diagnosis should generally precede the endoscopic evaluation, to better prepare for endoscopic therapy.
White light endoscopy is now the standard investigation procedure for identifying esophageal injury. An experienced endoscopist who takes the time to methodically inspect the esophagus is generally expected to succeed in diagnosing reflux esophagitis. There has been evidence, however, of interindividual variability in the endoscopic diagnosis of erosive reflux esophagitis and other lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Krugmann reported detailed endoscopic findings for GERD [4]. Peptic esophageal stricture as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most frequent among benign esophageal strictures [6]. The typical case of peptic esophageal stricture is shown in Figure 1. There are multiple etiologies for benign esophageal stricture or stenosis, but the most frequent is the peptic stricture resulting from pathologic acid exposure in GERD. Dysphagia is a common symptom. When dysphagia is encountered, accurate diagnostic procedures (barium esophagogram, upper endoscopy with biopsies) have to be performed to exclude malignant causes first. Strictures can be divided into two categories anatomically: “simplex” or “complex.” The former are short, focal, nonangulated, and wide enough to allow an endoscope to easily pass through. The latter are long and angulated, with a severely narrowed diameter. The strictures are also sometimes scored based on three parameters to optimize the therapeutic decisions: the stricture diameter, stricture length, and degree of difficulty of stricture dilation [7]. After this scoring, the stricture can be classified as type I (mild), type II (moderate), or type III (severe or critical). This classification is also useful for predicting the most appropriate therapeutic option.
Peptic structure
NERD is a subcategory of GERD characterized by troublesome reflux-related symptoms in the absence of esophageal mucosal erosions or breaks on conventional endoscopy, without recent acid-suppressive therapy [8]. Most patients with typical reflux symptoms show no evidence of erosive esophagitis on endoscopy. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is required to establish a diagnosis of NERD. Further investigation is required when alarming symptoms are present. Routine random biopsy is not currently recommended for the diagnosis of NERD. Additional diagnostic information is provided by ambulatory 24-hour intraesophageal pH-metry and impedance measurement with reflux-related symptom correlation.
Narrowing of the esophagus can be due to either a benign or malignant stricture formation, webs (mucosa or submucosa alone), or rings (mucosa, submucosa, and muscle). Esophageal rings and webs are both membranous structures in which a thin fold of tissue creates at least a partial obstruction of the esophageal lumen. Esophageal webs usually measure 2–3 mm wide. The obstruction is a smooth extension of normal esophageal tissue made up of mucosa or submucosa alone. Webs can be found anywhere along the esophagus, but classically they appear in the anterior postcricoid area of the upper esophagus. A web at this site constitutes the Paterson Brown–Kelly syndrome, otherwise known as Plummer–Vinson syndrome in the USA [9].
Esophageal rings are concentric, smooth, thin extensions of normal esophageal tissue, usually 3–5 mm thick. They consist of mucosa, submucosa, and muscle. Rings are often detected incidentally at barium studies or endoscopy. There is no sex difference in the incidence of rings overall, though multiple rings are usually found in young men. Rings are classified as types A, B, and C [9]. The A ring, an uncommon type located a few centimeters proximal to the esophagogastric squamocolumnar junction, is thought to be caused by normal physiologic smooth muscle contractions. The B ring (more commonly known as Schatzki ring) is actually a web, as it involves only mucosa and submucosa and tends to appear in the distal esophagus and as the proximal part of a hiatus hernia. The B ring is nonprogressive and usually presents in patients aged over 50 who experience intermittent dysphagia to solid food over periods spanning months or years. The C ring, another rare type, is found in the most distal portion of the esophagus. On X-ray, the C ring manifests as an indentation caused by diaphragmatic crural pressure. A and C rings are both unlikely to be readily seen on upper endoscopy. Hence, the B ring (Schatzki ring) is the most common esophageal ring found on either esophagogram or endoscopy. Schatzki rings rarely cause symptoms. Overall, esophageal rings with luminal narrowing significant enough to cause symptoms (13 mm or less) are seen in only about 0.5% of all esophagograms.
A core cancer-specific symptom of head and neck tumors is difficulty in swallowing [10]. Most patients with tumors of the head and neck or esophagus present for medical attention because of dysphagia.
Among the many symptoms of esophageal cancer, dysphagia may have an especially adverse effect on quality of life (QOL) [11]. Dysphagia is the predominant symptom in more than 70% of patients with esophageal cancer. The optimum management of dysphagia caused by advanced primary EC has not yet been established, although continued progress toward this goal has been achieved in recent years.
Apart from the weight loss that may result, an inability to swallow comfortably or a tendency to regurgitate food may spoil meals shared with families and friends or induce patients to withdraw from social situations.
Granular cell tumors and solitary fibrous tumors of the cervical esophagus also cause dysphagia [12, 13].
The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is registering an increase in adults. An allergic reaction to food is now established to play an important role in its etiology, and dietary interventions and biologic agents to block the inflammatory cascade are thought to hold promise as novel fields of clinical research. Biopsies should be obtained from the proximal and distal esophagus to evaluate for eosinophilic esophagitis in patients who present with dysphagia together with endoscopic findings suggestive or not suggestive of EoE, and also in patients without esophageal mechanical obstruction. Patients usually present with dysphagia, food impaction, and/or reflux-like symptoms, and biopsy of the esophagus typically shows more than 15 eosinophils per high-power field [14]. The dysphagia predominantly seen in EoE has been attributed to both organic and nonorganic (i.e., motility) disorders. Endoscopically, a normal-appearing esophagus is usually incompatible with a diagnosis of EE, although the findings can be subtle. EGD findings implicative of EoE include an attenuation of the subepithelial vascular pattern, linear furrowing (possibly extending along the whole length of the esophagus), surface exudates composed of eosinophils, or abscesses or strictures [15,16].
Endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract remains a cornerstone of diagnosis, especially in patients with advanced immunodeficiency who are at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs) [17]. Infectious esophagitis may be caused by fungal, viral, bacterial, or even parasitic agents [18]. Acute onset of symptoms such as dysphagia and odynophagia is typical of this condition. Candida esophagitis most commonly appears in patients with hematologic malignancies or AIDS, or who use steroids for the treatment of disorders. Candida esophagitis is usually diagnosed when white mucosal plaque-like lesions are seen on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. HSV esophagitis occurs most frequently in solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients.
The diagnosis of herpes simplex virus esophagitis is usually based on endoscopic findings confirmed by histopathological examination. Well-circumscribed ulcerous lesions with a "volcano-like" appearance may appear in the mucosa of the distal esophagus, typically with diameters of less than 2 cm. Diffuse erosive esophagitis may also be present.
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis is observed in patients who have undergone transplantation, are on long-term dialysis, are infected with HIV, or are receiving chronic steroid therapy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy usually reveals large solitary ulcers or erosions in the distal esophagus.
A patient with a usual history of caustic substance ingestion and prolonged hospitalization for severe caustic damage was hospitalized again because of an increase in dysphagia and odynophagia [19]. The gold standard of safely assessing the depth, extent of caustic ingestion injury, and appropriate therapeutic regimen is EGD. The patients underwent EGD within 24 hours of admission and mucosal damage was graded using Zagar\'s modified endoscopic classification scheme [19].
Radiation therapy (RT), the primary modality for patients with tumors of the upper aero-digestive tract, allows larynx preservation [20]. Proximal esophageal strictures occur in 2–16% of patients after radiation therapy for cancers of the lung or head and neck. RT-induced laryngeal edema (due to inflammation and lymphatic disruption) is a common and expected side effect. Progressive edema and associated fibrosis detected by endoscope or barium swallowing can lead to long-term problems with phonation and swallowing. Aspiration pneumonia associated with dysphagia after intensive chemo radiation therapy has recently been reported at a growing frequency.
Drug-induced esophagitis mainly presents as chest pain, odynophagia, and dysphagia. In the agents known to induce esophagitis, antibiotics are the most common culprit. Other causative agents include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensive drugs, acetaminophen, oral hypoglycemic agents (glimepiride), bisphosphonates (alendronate, ibandronate), ascorbic acid, and warfarin [21]. The most frequent endoscopic site of drug-induced esophagitis is the middle third of the esophagus. On endoscopy, drug-induced esophagitis manifests as ulcers of various forms such as kissing ulcers, erosions, or ulcers with bleeding, as patchy sections coated with drug materials or impacted pill fragments, or sometimes as strictures.
Achalasia is regarded as a disease exclusively involving the smooth muscle. About 70–80% of patients have absent or incomplete lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation with wet swallows, while the remainder have complete but shortened relaxation [22]. The typical endoscopic findings are shown in Figure 2A,B. Patients with esophageal stasis are often unaware of this condition. Heartburn, though not infrequent, bears little relationship to the esophageal acid exposure in achalasia, regardless of whether heartburn is elicited by GER or esophageal stasis. Endoscopic examination can readily differentiate these disorders in most cases, although manometry may sometimes be required to make the distinction in equivocal cases. Readers may find interest in the AGA’s recent technical review of the clinical uses of esophageal manometry and detailed descriptions of the procedure. Esophageal manometry is the gold standard test for esophageal motility disorders [23]. Esophageal manometry has been shown to be especially useful for definitively diagnosing achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm and for detecting esophageal motor abnormalities associated with collagen-vascular disease.
Achalasia
Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) is an uncommon disorder characterized by an impairment of ganglionic inhibition in the distal esophagus. Upper endoscopy should be performed as an initial evaluation of esophageal symptoms consistent with spastic disorders [24]. No specific endoscopic abnormality appears in most cases, but the endoscopist may notice disordered esophageal contractions. DES is defined by the presence of simultaneous contractions on conventional manometry. In higher resolution recordings by HRM with EPT, however, the propagation velocity varies greatly along the length of the esophagus and often progresses rapidly in some regions. Esophageal manometry, the putative gold standard in the diagnosis of achalasia, classically shows aperistalsis and failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
A general approach to the treatment of adult patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus is outlined in the “Medical Position Statement on Treatment of Patients with Dysphagia Caused by Benign Disorders of the Distal Esophagus” from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) [3]. The review describes the management of dysphagia, peptic stricture, lower esophageal mucosal rings, and achalasia. More recently, the Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) updated its previous guideline. In sections covering the role of endoscopy in evaluation and management, the uses of endoscopy evaluating dysphagia and dilation techniques for various dysphagic diseases are discribed [1.3]. The endoscopic management of esophageal dysphagia is summarized in Table 1.
Patients who have esophageal stasis because of underlying achalasia, diverticula, or tight strictures may require a prolonged nasogastric tube placement to minimize the risk of aspiration and are instructed to refrain from intake of solids for 6 hours and clear liquids for 2 hours before the procedure in the outpatient setting. The esophageal dilation procedure carries a high risk of adverse bleeding events. In patients considered low risk for thromboembolic events, oral anticoagulation with warfarin should be withheld for 5–7 days before the procedure. Bridging therapy with heparin before restarting warfarin is often recommended for patients at high risk for thromboembolic events. Thienopyridines (e.g., clopidogrel) are usually withheld for 7–10 days before the procedure.
Bougie dilators exert both radial and axial forces along the entire length of the stricture. In the technique of wire-guided bougie dilation, a guidewire is passed through the esophagus and its tip is positioned in the antrum.
Balloon dilators exert only a radial force along the length of the stricture. This circumferential pressure, called hoop stress, is a product of the diameter and pressure within the balloon.
Various methods for endoscopic management of peptic stricture were reported [25]. The AGA recommend progressive dilatation to 40–60 F using polyvinyl bougies or balloons for both simple (diameter<10 mm, not tortuous) and complicated (diameter >10 mm, tortuous) strictures, and mercury bougies for only simple strictures [3]. The ASGE reported that patients with peptic strictures may be treated with Maloney, push-type dilators and balloon dilators with similar efficacy. The degree of dilation in a session should be based on the severity of the stricture [1]. The first dilator that causes resistance to passage is counted as 1. The “rule of three” states that only two additional dilators of sequential size should be passed (three dilators in total). The “rule of three” for bougie dilation has been accepted but not formally studied for safety. The initial dilator is selected based on the stricture diameter. This is estimated to be about the same size as the lumen of the stricture, or not more than 1–2 mm larger than the lumen. Sequential dilation is then performed.
The AGA described the endoscopic therapy for GERD and concluded that radiofrequency ablation is generally effective for the treatment of GERD [26].
Endoscopic fundoplication is also successfully performed in many institutes [27]. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) with the EsophyX TM device is effective for creating a continent gastroesophageal valve and obtaining good functional results, as measured by pH impedance in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). TIF significantly improved both atypical and typical symptoms in patients: the corresponding GERD health-related quality of life (HRQL) and reflux symptom index (RSI) score was reduced by 50% or more compared to baseline on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).
Several reports confirmed the beneficial effect of intralesionally administered corticosteroids or triamcinolone in benign esophageal strictures of different etiologies [6].
Large-bore endoscopic dilation or bougienage (15 mm/45 Fr or larger) is the mainstay therapy for both upper and lower esophageal lesions. The AGA recommends progressive dilatation to 45–60 F using mercury or polyvinyl bougies or balloons [3]. This procedure is frequently performed with either Savary or Maloney dilators, though balloon dilation has also been reported. The ASGE pointed out that dilation with a single large (16–20 mm) dilator leads to rupture of the Schatzki ring and symptomatic relief in almost all patients. Electrocautery incision with a needle-knife papillotome and four-quadrant biopsies of the ring has been performed together with dilation as adjunctive methods.
Bougie dilation and balloon dilation are both unavailable for malignant tumors of the esophagus and head and neck, as dilation is considered a high-risk procedure for adverse bleeding and perforation events. Endoscopic dilation is performed temporarily for nutritional support in patients who are to undergo tumor resections. Figure 3A,B showed the typical esophageal advanced cancer and endoscopic balloon dilation for its stricture.
Endoscopic balloon dilation for esophageal cancer
Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are a well-established palliation modality for dysphagia in patients with tumors of the esophagus and head and neck [28]. Stenting is also temporarily effective for extrinsic compression. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is becoming a major issue in the evaluation of any therapeutic or palliative intervention.
Pharmacological, endoscopic, and dietary interventions are used as treatment modalities for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), either singly or in combination.
For endoscopic dilatation, the balloon is positioned across the gastro-esophageal junction and inflated to the smallest diameter. The endoscopist grasps the catheter to assess the tension during pull through and then slowly withdraws the endoscope to the proximal esophagus. The procedure is repeated using a sequentially larger diameter balloon until adequate dilation is achieved [3,14].
Several sessions of bougie dilation may be necessary for adequate treatment for radiation-induced strictures because most strictures are complex. The ASGE report summarizes a combined antegrade–retrograde rendezvous approach described in case reports and case series for the management of severe radiation-induced strictures with complete occlusion of the proximal esophagus. After dilation, the endoscopist performing this technique passes a standard endoscope or small-caliber endoscope through the stomach into the esophagus via an existing gastrostromy tract.
Esophageal dilation for achalasia involves forceful disruption of the lower esophageal sphincter. This is usually accomplished with 30- to 40-mm-diameter pneumatic balloon dilators. Dilation is generally performed over a wire under fluoroscopic guidance, although nonfluoroscopically guided dilation using endoscopic visualization alone has been reported.
POEM is a new endoscopic procedure used for the treatment of achalasia [29]. This novel endoscopic esophagomyotomy method was first reported by Pasricha et al. in porcine models and then by Inoue et al. in humans. POEM is performed by dissection and division of the inner circular muscle layer of the esophagus through a submucosal tunnel created endoscopically by a small proximal opening of the esophageal mucosa. A study evaluating the role of POEM reported a significant improvement in dysphagia scores.
A further option is endoscopic botulinum toxin injection into the lower esophageal sphincter. This technique offers good short-term results.
Ham et al. identified the currently available biodegradable stents for benign esophageal strictures [30]. This technique will also be available for the treatment of achalasia.
Anastomotic strictures have been reported in 9–48% of patients after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. The strictures are diagnosed in patients with dysphagia in whom a standard flexible esophagoscope cannot be passed across the anastomosis. Both bougie and balloon dilation have been used for the treatment of anastomotic strictures with success rates of up to 93%. In Figure 4A,B showed the typical anastomotic stricture and endoscopic balloon dilation for it. There is a high recurrence rate, however, and patients often require frequent sessions.
Endoscopic balloon dilation for Anastomotic stricture
This chapter is based on the ASGE guidelines and recommendations by AGA. Endoscopy is more sensitive than radiology for identifying subtle mucosal lesions of the esophagus such as mild esophagitis caused by gastroesophageal reflux or infection. A cost analysis also showed that EGD with therapeutic intent is more cost effective than an initial diagnostic approach with barium swallow in patients with histories suggestive of benign or malignant esophageal obstruction.
Various endoscopic treatments are useful for diseases with dysphagia and minimally invasive compared to surgical procedures.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama and Dr. Ichiro Akagi for their clinical support.
Power sectors today are facing stiff challenges in terms of its growing roles in contributions towards socioeconomic development. Electrical energy is one major components of the contributors that drives economic activities with stiff increases in its demand. On other hand there is pressure of climate friendly adoption through the adoption of the principles of green economy whereby the need for greenhouse gas emissions needs to be reduced [1].
But power sectors have been facing immense pressure of its dependency for fossil fuels usage for the electric power generations. With the threat of climate change and the commitment to combat climate change there is considerable move to harness electrical energy from renewable energy which is a clean source of energy. Amongst the renewable sources, hydropower holds considerable shares of electrical power generation due to its stable high power generation capabilities.
The initiative for renewable energy sources has been considerably gaining momentum in recent decades. Prime reasons for this are due to its positive impacts of being environment friendly as well as its inexhaustible properties. Statistics maintained by IRENA shows that globally there was addition renewable energy capacity by 260 GW in 2020 despite a year hard hit by COVID-19 pandemic. Major reflection of this growth attributes due to fall in global fossil fuel additions [2].
The (Figure 1) below clearly highlighted the growth of renewable energy where major shares are of hydropower followed by wind, solar, bioenergy and geothermal. Just in 2019 there seems a considerable growth in solar power followed by wind, and other sources for electricity generations [3].
Growth in renewable electric generation [
The share of installed capacity of hydropower in 2018 is at 1292 GW and there is a growth seen in the sectors of renewable energy (Figure 2). Such growth is due to be higher reliability of this source for renewable power generation along with its limited adverse impacts to the environment. As a result, there are indications that hydropower is gaining its potential across globe and the countries that can have feasibility of generating electric power from hydro. The trust based on its reliability assurance along with it being the source of renewable energy, penetration of hydropower in power sectors are substantial as well as growing.
The installed capacity of hydropower worldwide [
Hydropower happens to be one of the major sources of electrical energy as it is clean, renewable and environment friendly as compared with fossil fuels or even the nuclear power [5]. Some of the major advantages of hydropower are:
Renewable source of energy with water as its primary source of energy (i.e. fuel),
Available capacity in abundance throughout globe with considerable potentials in developing countries,
Its potential avenue for flood control, contribution for networking to irrigation, aquatics farming and water parks,
Constant capacity and its enhancement during raining seasons.
World today hold considerable shares of electrical energy that are generated from renewable sources which is growing fast.
It is evident from the (Figure 3) below that hydropower hold 50% shares with 1,172 GW as compared with other renewable energy sources for electricity generation in 2018 where renewable energy accounts for the capacity of 2,351 GW. The share of hydropower in 2019 has increased to 1308 GW showing a significant increase in hydropower [6] despite the rising increases in solar and wind power generation capacities. Furthermore, IRENA statistic 2021 shows that of more than 80% install capacity which are from renewable energy in 2020 and the global renewable energy generation capacity reaches to 2799 GW in the end of same.
The share of renewable energy generation sources [
Though hydropower happens to be the major contributors for electricity generations, it has come into growing concern and threats. Water is the primary source of energy used which has been impacted due to climate changes. There are evidences of water bodies in rivers and streams drying up, prevailing situations of drought and glaciers meltdown. The actions to retain water bodies in this era of climate change needs to be device through collective initiatives ranging from policies, regulations, supports and mitigations measures.
The concept of sustainable development has emerged in later parts of 1960s and in the earlier part of 1970s when the focuses on green movements was taking the momentum [7]. Environment concern has thus been the topic of discussion and that is to assure the sustainability (Figure 4).
Left, typical representation of sustainability as three intersecting circles. Right, alternative depictions: Literal ‘pillars’ and a concentric circles approach [
There on the developmental activities are seen as an agent of environmental impacts and the focuses was shifted towards sustainable development. Sustainable development focuses more on the efficient measures of economic developmental activities that can be more in equitable manner and subsequently have limited impacts created to the environment (Figure 5).
Three visual representations of sustainable development: Pillars, circles, interlocking circles (IUCN, 2006) [
Also, the dimensions of sustainability are well addressed in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) where the SDGs are measures devised to build the future that are sustainable, prosperous as well as equitable. The noble initiatives of SDGs are to provide a framework for addressing the needs of sustainable future through the initiatives and measures that works in broader aspects of activities that are planned for economic growth as well as living standards. This demand for strategic management which basically is ‘understanding an organization’s strategic position, making strategic decisions for the future, and managing [that] strategy in action’ that can address the three phases of development as reflected below (Figure 6).
A generalized strategic management process [
Hydropower has to fit in the sustainability development models as discussed in earlier section where it needs to take account of economic, social and environment dimension starting from its planning phase till operations. Though these three factors are mostly in a nexus form when we are talking about sustainability.
The hydropower dams are main components of hydropower where it need to be constructed in water abundant regions. On the other hand, due to climate change the risk of drought and serviceability of the dams in meeting the needful impacts are in rise (Figure 7) [11].
The projected change in occurrence of draughts and risk to hydropower dams [
The (Figure 7) further clearly highlighted the rising risk of draught which also reported that around 31% of the dams that are ‘planned/will be planned’ will face the consequences of draught. Such threats will have serious implications on those countries which has major reliance in its power requirements from hydropower.
Other equal risk associated as a contribution of rising climate change are due to the floods that will be of risks to the dams associated with hydropower (Figure 8).
The projected changes in occurrence of floods and risk to hydropower dams [
The figure and the resources clearly highlighted the growing risk that are poised to hydropower dams now and for future dams making it more venerable and may result into catastrophic consequences if the dams fail resulting in the devastating impacts. Though hydropower is clean source of energy, the functional loss of a hydropower reservoir’s capabilities as a result of sedimentation or siltation could have both economic and environmental consequences [12].
Hydropower development is costly affairs and it can further be worsened with unforeseen complex challenges pertaining to geology as well as technical. Such situations can also stimulate the unexpected increases of the project duration in construction phase and subsequent threats during the operations demanding more attention [13].
Researchers has pointed out the needs for sustainability assessment tools. The integrated model of hydropower sustainability assessment has been also proposed where ‘conceptual framework’, and appropriate ‘indicators selection’ has been identified where the former is quite simple and practical tool and later is more of selecting indicators taking stock of environment, economic as well as social aspects into consideration. The model proposed are as shown in Figure 9 [14]:
Conceptual framework of the integrated hydropower sustainability assessment [
The above study further concluded that especially while considering the impacts associated with sustainability in case of integrated framework need to consider threats like very tight fiscal allocations and economic downturns that could further reduce sustainability.
Furthermore, there are series of risks as well as uncertainty associated with hydropower project. Some pertaining risks includes environmental, social, economic, policies and regulations, technological and financial, natural and many more which needs to be managed else threatening the availability along with sustainability of hydropower. This calls for effective risk managements in hydropower for ascertaining the sustainability [15]. On top of this one should clearly understand the internal and external risks which has direct impacts on hydropower sustainability. Internal risks are more associated with planning, accusation and execution measures including cost whereas the external factors mostly would be associated with weather, natural calamities and political measures.
Using expert judgment and a multi-criteria scoring technique, assess the potential risks of a hydro energy project. This risk assessment tool examines technical, economic, environmental, social, and regulatory threats. Researchers has presented some of the pertaining risks, its impacts and the mitigation measures as proposed are as shown in Figure 10.
The risks, impacts and mitigation approaches [
The same figure also has shown how risks, impacts and mitigation can be looked in case of hydropower that need to be looked from the view of achieving the sustainability as well as ensuring the safe operation. Impacts level needs to be critically viewed and measures that need to be devised. Such risks, impacts and mitigation will be varied based on the location and capacity of the hydropower along with prevailing geographical as well as political issues.
This study found out that site geology and environmental issues are two external risks for hydropower projects. Hence risk assessment tools will prove handier in cost cutting as well as enhance deeper understanding of risks associated (Figure 11).
The phase wise risk assessment (
The appropriate planning and implementation are crucial as this will identify the actual size of hydro power plant, exact location of dam and other infrastructures, the right size and type of dam, right rating of turbine its capacity and types. Such system level approaches need to be materialized through proper research and evidences during the design phase whereas proper executions for quality assurance during the construction phases. Furthermore, the conditional aspects during its operation will hold equal importance in assurance sustainability issues pertaining to hydropower plant as well as power system networks as a whole.
The Low Impact Certification for the certification of hydropower with major focuses on ecological impacts by the Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI) was initiated in 2000. Subsequent to it the Green Hydro Power certification was initiated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) which is more to safeguard the ecological integrity of river system. The inconsistency in sustainability assessment of hydropower have been highlighted by researchers and the development of hydropower sustainability assessment protocol (HSAP) by International Hydropower Association (IHA) which was launched in 2008 which aims in providing the more enhanced assessment tool for hydropower sustainability. This HSPA protocol has been extensively used for the development of multiple hydropower of large-scales including the ‘Three Gorges Hydropower’ in China. This protocol was endorsed by World Bank in 2014 recognizing it as a tool for developing hydropower [17].
Researchers pointed out that more of methodologies and models were incorporated for sustainable hydropower development but those were more of theoretical frameworks and there is a need for quantitively evaluate the sustainability aspects of the hydropower. One method to address this as proposed by researchers are information entropy and dissipative structure theory which are combined together so as to provide an appropriate method for evaluation research in terms of sustainable hydropower development capacity [18].
There is need to understand the environmental as well as social effects of the hydropower as these two factors are most significant indicators which are highlighted in case of sustainable hydropower. Hence the use of ‘Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and ‘Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) are implemented too. These ESIA and SEA are two tools that are used for addressing the impacts from various sectors (i.e. infrastructure, energy and mining as major sectors and processing and manufacturing sectors as minor sources). ESIA and SEA are internationally practiced, often legally enshrined, tools for assessing the consequences of policies, plans, programs, and projects from an integrated SDG perspective [19].
The innovative solutions in context of hydropower development especially the dams and other major infrastructures needs to be explored so as to achieve hydropower sustainability as there is tremendous potentials and benefits from hydropower. In the meantime, to address sustainability the incorporation of climate change needs to be incorporated especially in building the dams associated with large scales hydropower [20].
This chapter highlighted the need of hydropower thinking from the perspective of sustainability. As hydropower projects happen to be one of the main contributors in power sector and that too a promising renewable source, there are serious questions in relation to sustainability. As the sustainability aspects of hydropower has to be address from planning, construction as well as operation stages of hydropower, it requires validated tools and protocols that have been tested and verified. This is essential so address the risk associated with hydropower from internal (those that are pertaining due to types, capacities, expected working environments etc. for hydropower which need to be taken care during planning and design stage) as well as the external factors. Usually, the external risks are major sources of impacts to sustainability of hydropower a clear insight and needful intervention where possible is needed in timely manner. The two vital external risks of concern covering major impacts are ecological and social risks factors which has to be quantitively analyzed and address so as to ascertain the sustainability of the hydropower project and making it as a promising investment option for meeting growing demand of electric power from renewable energy sources.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25 FILLER ads"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11878",title:"Advances in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a664ad52eded5aa2ca06403e76bab30a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos and Dr. Andrea Ciorba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11878.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1806716f60b9be14fc05682c4a912b41",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11873",title:"Arthroplasty - Advanced Techniques and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ced605018c59717c3e55f59474339ca9",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11873.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11586",title:"Schizophrenia - Recent Advances and Patient-Centered Treatment Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ba14221aca01660b2547004d9b5c2d9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jane Yip",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11586.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"156214",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",surname:"Yip",slug:"jane-yip",fullName:"Jane Yip"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11600",title:"Recent Update on Multiple Myeloma\ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8e2b12df4fc2d313aced448fe08a63e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11600.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11691",title:"Orthognathic Surgery and Dentofacial Deformities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"413b0d1441beac767fe0fbf7c0e98622",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. H. Brian Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11691.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"184302",title:"Dr.",name:"H. Brian",surname:"Sun",slug:"h.-brian-sun",fullName:"H. Brian Sun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11597",title:"Glioblastoma - Current Evidences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"da69711754eb5ed95bdea15fcfab0b2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11597.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11655",title:"Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a0ecc730df6b37a0e1cb00968a5be34d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ozgur Karcioglu and Associate Prof. Funda Karbek Akarca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Prof.",name:"Ozgur",surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11595",title:"Recent Understanding of Colorectal Cancer Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c5db5892553734d258782d03d4384bb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Keun-Yeong Jeong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11595.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258919",title:"Dr.",name:"Keun-Yeong",surname:"Jeong",slug:"keun-yeong-jeong",fullName:"Keun-Yeong Jeong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11660",title:"Supportive and Palliative Care for Cancer Patients",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8be27d28bfeb3b3719120ac4c3e5a647",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",surname:"Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11728",title:"Antibody Engineering - Perspectives on Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"540fbc86b75458af5588f6dbb2eb9c07",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kalimuthu Karuppanan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11728.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"444087",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalimuthu",surname:"Karuppanan",slug:"kalimuthu-karuppanan",fullName:"Kalimuthu Karuppanan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"1127",title:"Alternative Medicine",slug:"alternative-medicine",parent:{id:"199",title:"TCM and Alternative Medicine",slug:"tcm-and-alternative-medicine"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:168,numberOfWosCitations:60,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitations:110,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1127",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9445",title:"Alternative Medicine",subtitle:"Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b5a02b419c5277facf2b2e0905bdb64",slug:"alternative-medicine-update",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9445.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215436",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Akram",slug:"muhammad-akram",fullName:"Muhammad Akram"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7910",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Resolving Old Controversies and Pointing New Pathways",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ee244050594f166365bb63ec51a447a",slug:"acupuncture-resolving-old-controversies-and-pointing-new-pathways",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3304",title:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6d3a937281325154720c678283daff0",slug:"acupuncture-in-modern-medicine",bookSignature:"Lucy L. Chen and Tsung O. Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49147",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy L",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"lucy-l-chen",fullName:"Lucy L Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3369",title:"Alternative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5a330fdcaea1dbe6b571b1f2ee93b56",slug:"alternative-medicine",bookSignature:"Hiroshi Sakagami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82603",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakagami",slug:"hiroshi-sakagami",fullName:"Hiroshi Sakagami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"386",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Concepts and Physiology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1b327d1a93e8dfd07289ab0a701aa39",slug:"acupuncture-concepts-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1316",title:"Acupuncture",subtitle:"Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60c42faaae3504a330936fc3ff4456ee",slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41698",doi:"10.5772/54003",title:"Propolis: Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Oral Microbial Diseases",slug:"antifungal-activity-of-propolis-oral-clinical-studies-in-humans",totalDownloads:5388,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3369",slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos",authors:[{id:"79610",title:"Dr.",name:"Vagner Rodrigues",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Santos",slug:"vagner-rodrigues-santos",fullName:"Vagner Rodrigues Santos"}]},{id:"41492",doi:"10.5772/53333",title:"Application of Saponin-Containing Plants in Foods and Cosmetics",slug:"application-of-saponin-containing-plants-in-foods-and-cosmetics",totalDownloads:6861,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"3369",slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Yukiyoshi Tamura, Masazumi Miyakoshi and Masaji Yamamoto",authors:[{id:"97471",title:"Mr.",name:"Masaji",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"masaji-yamamoto",fullName:"Masaji Yamamoto"}]},{id:"41526",doi:"10.5772/53868",title:"Network Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine",slug:"network-pharmacology-and-traditional-chinese-medicine",totalDownloads:2966,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3369",slug:"alternative-medicine",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine"},signatures:"Qihe Xu, Fan Qu and Olavi Pelkonen",authors:[{id:"23803",title:"Prof.",name:"Olavi",middleName:null,surname:"Pelkonen",slug:"olavi-pelkonen",fullName:"Olavi Pelkonen"},{id:"67044",title:"Dr.",name:"Qihe",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"qihe-xu",fullName:"Qihe Xu"},{id:"162445",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"fan-qu",fullName:"Fan Qu"}]},{id:"18902",doi:"10.5772/22921",title:"Acupuncture for Disorders of Consciousness - A Case Series and Review",slug:"acupuncture-for-disorders-of-consciousness-a-case-series-and-review",totalDownloads:6657,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1316",slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues"},signatures:"Wen-Long Hu, Yu-Chiang Hung and Chih-Hao Chang",authors:[{id:"49804",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",slug:"yu-chiang-hung",fullName:"Yu-Chiang Hung"},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu"},{id:"59888",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"chih-hao-chang",fullName:"Chih-Hao Chang"}]},{id:"43315",doi:"10.5772/55092",title:"Explore Laser Acupuncture’s Role",slug:"explore-laser-acupuncture-s-role",totalDownloads:4073,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3304",slug:"acupuncture-in-modern-medicine",title:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Wen-Long Hu, Yu-Chiang Hung and I-Ling Hung",authors:[{id:"49804",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",slug:"yu-chiang-hung",fullName:"Yu-Chiang Hung"},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu"},{id:"166738",title:"Dr.",name:"I-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",slug:"i-ling-hung",fullName:"I-Ling Hung"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18907",title:"Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Effectiveness and Clinical Applications",slug:"yamamoto-new-scalp-acupuncture-ynsa-development-principles-safety-effectiveness-and-clinical-applica",totalDownloads:21201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1316",slug:"acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-special-issues",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues"},signatures:"Thomas Schockert",authors:[{id:"51993",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Schockert",slug:"thomas-schockert",fullName:"Thomas Schockert"}]},{id:"43328",title:"New Technology: Femtosecond Laser May be Used for Future Acupuncture Therapy",slug:"new-technology-femtosecond-laser-may-be-used-for-future-acupuncture-therapy",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3304",slug:"acupuncture-in-modern-medicine",title:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Acupuncture in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Yutaka Takaoka, Mika Ohta, Aki Sugano, Akihiko Ito and Yoichiroh Hosokawa",authors:[{id:"52084",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Takaoka",slug:"yutaka-takaoka",fullName:"Yutaka Takaoka"},{id:"60776",title:"Dr.",name:"Mika",middleName:null,surname:"Ohta",slug:"mika-ohta",fullName:"Mika Ohta"},{id:"60777",title:"Dr.",name:"Aki",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"aki-sugano",fullName:"Aki Sugano"},{id:"75298",title:"Prof.",name:"Akihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",slug:"akihiko-ito",fullName:"Akihiko Ito"},{id:"157119",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoichiroh",middleName:null,surname:"Hosokawa",slug:"yoichiroh-hosokawa",fullName:"Yoichiroh Hosokawa"}]},{id:"73786",title:"Some Igbo Indigenous Plants with Anti-COVID-19 Properties",slug:"some-igbo-indigenous-plants-with-anti-covid-19-properties",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) has shaken the world not minding the strength of the global health system leading to over 824, 000 deaths amidst the search of a cure and total prevention. The Igbo states in Nigeria has the average prevalence of 711 cases of COVID-19 with the highest 1096 (Enugu) and least 207 (Anambra) as at 26th August, 2020. This chapter studied some Igbo indigenous plants in use since the outbreak and presents Bitter kola, Garlic, Giloy, Ginger, Lime, and Turmeric which are having anti-COVID-19 properties. The authors suggest that these plants have the properties that alter the PH on the interface between the virus spike proteins and the human respiratory surfaces causing a brake on the interaction with human ACE-2 and where interaction has taken place, the replication and translation stages are disrupted. The plants thus are potential modifiers of this milieu and inhibitor of the main protease and endoribonuclease via epigenetics and homeostasis. These plants consumption should be encouraged as prophylactic or curative measures pending the discovery of a definitive cure. The chapter recommends that the search for COVID-19 cure should not be limited to conventional medicines, rather should be extended to some indigenous plants in Igbo land.",book:{id:"9445",slug:"alternative-medicine-update",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine - Update"},signatures:"Obeta M. Uchejeso, Ikeagwulonu R. Chinaza, Ohanube A.K. Goodluck and Jwanse I. Rinpan",authors:[{id:"329113",title:"Dr.",name:"Obeta",middleName:"Mark",surname:"M. Uchejeso",slug:"obeta-m.-uchejeso",fullName:"Obeta M. Uchejeso"},{id:"331227",title:"MSc.",name:"Ohanube",middleName:null,surname:"A.K. Goodluck",slug:"ohanube-a.k.-goodluck",fullName:"Ohanube A.K. Goodluck"},{id:"331228",title:"MSc.",name:"Ikeagwulonu",middleName:null,surname:"R. Chinaza",slug:"ikeagwulonu-r.-chinaza",fullName:"Ikeagwulonu R. Chinaza"},{id:"331230",title:"MSc.",name:"Jwanse",middleName:null,surname:"I. Rinpan",slug:"jwanse-i.-rinpan",fullName:"Jwanse I. Rinpan"}]},{id:"21305",title:"Is Acupuncture Meridians a Novel System for Superoxide Disposition",slug:"is-acupuncture-meridians-a-novel-system-for-superoxide-disposition",totalDownloads:2823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"386",slug:"acupuncture-concepts-and-physiology",title:"Acupuncture",fullTitle:"Acupuncture - Concepts and Physiology"},signatures:"Jingke Guo and Pingfan Rao",authors:[{id:"58124",title:"Prof.",name:"Pingfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"pingfan-rao",fullName:"Pingfan Rao"},{id:"61129",title:"Mr",name:"Jingke",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",slug:"jingke-guo",fullName:"Jingke Guo"}]},{id:"73945",title:"Impact of Shodhana on Semecarpus anacardium Nuts",slug:"impact-of-shodhana-on-em-semecarpus-anacardium-em-nuts",totalDownloads:365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Semecarpus anacardium is classified in Ayurveda under the category of toxic plants. However, this toxic plant is reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity, anti-arthritic effect, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, anti- carcinogenic activity, hypoglycemic activity, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and hypolipidemic activity etc. All these activities are attributed to its various constituents like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, etc. In Ayurveda, a series of pharmaceutical procedures which converts a poisonous drug into a safe and therapeutically effective medicine is termed as Shodhana. Shodhana improves the yield, decreases the phenolic and flavonoid content; and converts toxic urushiol into nontoxic anacardol derivative thereby reducing toxicity of nuts of Semecarpus anacardium. There are reports of alteration in pharmacology and phytochemistry of nuts of Semecarpus anacardium due to Shodhana.",book:{id:"9445",slug:"alternative-medicine-update",title:"Alternative Medicine",fullTitle:"Alternative Medicine - Update"},signatures:"Pratap Kumar Sahu and Prashant Tiwari",authors:[{id:"287499",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratap Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",slug:"pratap-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Pratap Kumar Sahu"},{id:"326333",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Prashant",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"prashant-tiwari",fullName:"Prashant Tiwari"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1127",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:[],overviewPagePublishedBooks:[],openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/126170",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"126170"},fullPath:"/profiles/126170",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()