Main components of nanofiltration pilot plant.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9158",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sports Science and Human Health - Different Approaches",title:"Sports Science and Human Health",subtitle:"Different Approaches",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this era of sedentary lifestyles and disruption, sports science can propose solutions to human health matters. There is no doubt about the positive impact of sports on the physical as well as mental health of an individual, by extrapolation to the society at large. But with the advent of the latest technologies in the sports domain, the body of knowledge about sports science and human health is reaching new heights. The “Sports Science and Human Health - Different Approaches” book aims to expose worldwide research and development works in an explicit manner. Readers will appreciate the diversity of the topics, ranging from the use of machine learning in sports science to the psychological impact of sports and sports for peace initiatives. A large section is dedicated to wearable devices like biomechanical devices to gauge motor skills, and other smart devices to assess player performance. Beyond awareness, the multidisciplinary nature of this book is a source of inspiration for the scientific community.",isbn:"978-1-83880-392-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-391-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-509-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83154",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sports-science-and-human-health-different-approaches",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2e9d3cc22773ce656e50633f8f1721f4",bookSignature:"Daniel Almeida Marinho, Henrique P. Neiva, Christopher P. Johnson and Nawaz Mohamudally",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9158.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5254,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 12th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 11th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 29th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"177359",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A.",middleName:"Almeida",surname:"Marinho",slug:"daniel-a.-marinho",fullName:"Daniel A. Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177359/images/system/177359.jpeg",biography:"Daniel Almeida Marinho received his Habilitation in Sport Sciences – Biomechanics (2013) from the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, where he became an Associate Professor at the Department of Sport Sciences in December 2014. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Biomechanics (2009) from the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal. He received his BSc in Sports and Physical Education from the Faculty of Sports of the University of Porto in 2004. His main research interests are biomechanics, performance, training, and swimming. He is an Editorial Member of several international journals and Vice-Director of the Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD, Portugal). He has published more than 75 journal peer-reviewed papers, more than 50 conference proceedings, and 5 books.",institutionString:"University of Beira Interior",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",biography:"Henrique Pereira Neiva holds a Ph.D. in Sport Sciences from the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, in 2015. He received his BSc in Sports and Physical Education from the Faculty of Sports of the University of Porto (Portugal) in 2008. Recently he became a member of the Research Center of Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD). His main areas of research are training, performance, strength, sports physiology and biomechanics and recently he has been developing post-doctoral studies on wearable devices and technology in the sport context. He is the author of more than 50 documents, including books, book chapters, papers in peer-reviewed journals, and conference proceedings.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"289721",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher P.",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"christopher-p.-johnson",fullName:"Christopher P. Johnson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289721/images/system/289721.jpg",biography:"Christopher Paul Johnson received his Doctor of Education in Sports Management – Sports Leadership/Sports, Fitness, & Health (2018) from the United States Sports Academy. He received his M.S. in Management/Marketing and his B.S. Sports Science/Business from Lasell University where he lectures in their School of Business. Chris is the co-owner of Boston Strength and Conditioning where he coaches athletes around the world from a range of sports. He is also a consultant for start-ups in the fields of medical technology, technology, health & fitness. His main research interests are human performance, leadership, and gamification. He is the co-editor chief of the Journal of Marketing Communications for Higher Education and a Medical Services Officer in the U.S. Army National Guard.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/119486/images/system/119486.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Nawaz Mohamudally graduated in telecommunications from the University of Science and Technology of Lille I in France. He is presently an Associate Professor at the University of Technology, Mauritius, where he has occupied the posts of Head of School of Business Informatics and Software Engineering and recently the Chairman of the Research Degrees Committee. He was formerly the Chairman of the Internet Management Committee at the national level and a member of the Mauritius Academy of Science and Technology. He is an academic researcher and practitioner in the fields of pervasive computing and data science. His latest ongoing research and development work with the industry is on customers behaviors insights. He is the recipient of the Outstanding Contribution in Education award from Stars of The Industry-Indo-African Forum and Best Professor in Industrial Systems Engineering from Africa Leadership Awards.",institutionString:"University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Technology, Mauritius",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mauritius"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1015",title:"Healthcare Informatics",slug:"healthcare-informatics"}],chapters:[{id:"74013",title:"Introductory Chapter: Rising Interests in Sports Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94837",slug:"introductory-chapter-rising-interests-in-sports-sciences",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel Almeida Marinho and Henrique Pereira Neiva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74013",authors:[{id:"177359",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A.",surname:"Marinho",slug:"daniel-a.-marinho",fullName:"Daniel A. Marinho"},{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva"}],corrections:null},{id:"71234",title:"Sports as a Mechanism for Reaching Your Potential: The Relationship between Positive Psychology and Sports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91417",slug:"sports-as-a-mechanism-for-reaching-your-potential-the-relationship-between-positive-psychology-and-s",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"People have been searching for the good life or personal well-being since the ancient Greeks. During this same period, people have been expressing themselves through sport, participating in games of athleticism as a means of discovering who they are and reaching their potential. This chapter examines the relationship between sports and a flourishing life. By examining sports as a mechanism of achieving specific traits of positive psychology associated with flourishing, the researcher is able to determine that sports are a matrix in which human potential can be nourished.",signatures:"Christopher Johnson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71234",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71234",authors:[{id:"289721",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher P.",surname:"Johnson",slug:"christopher-p.-johnson",fullName:"Christopher P. Johnson"}],corrections:null},{id:"69149",title:"Sport for Development and Peace: Current Perspectives of Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89192",slug:"sport-for-development-and-peace-current-perspectives-of-research",totalDownloads:1191,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) is an international movement that began in the 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) and is currently continuing around the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030, driven by international organizations such as UNESCO. Often located in an international development context, organizations and associations use sport as a vehicle to reach several social and humanitarian missions (e.g., education, social cohesion, health, reintegration, diplomacy, and peace). This chapter presents the origins and objectives of the SDP, but it also looks at current research in the field. Since 2010, studies have significantly increased in the field around four main areas (macrosociological, field explorations, program management and evaluation, and literature reviews). This chapter also provides illustrations of SDP research projects, axis of tensions between practice and theory, and perspectives for future research in the field.",signatures:"Tegwen Gadais",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69149",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69149",authors:[{id:"308043",title:"Prof.",name:"Tegwen",surname:"Gadais",slug:"tegwen-gadais",fullName:"Tegwen Gadais"}],corrections:null},{id:"71225",title:"Challenges and Future of Wearable Technology in Human Motor-Skill Learning and Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91356",slug:"challenges-and-future-of-wearable-technology-in-human-motor-skill-learning-and-optimization",totalDownloads:666,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Learning how to move is a challenging task. Even the most basic motor skill of walking requires years to develop and can quickly deteriorate due to aging and sedentary lifestyles. More specialized skills such as ballet and acrobatic kicks in soccer require “talent” and years of extensive practice to fully master. These practices can easily cause injuries if conducted improperly. 3D motion capture technologies are currently the best way to acquire human motor skill in biomechanical feedback training. Owing to their tremendous promise for a plethora of applications, wearable technologies have garnered great interest in biofeedback training. Using wearable technology, some physical activity parameters can be tracked in real time and a noninvasive way to indicate the physical progress of a trainee. Yet, the application of biomechanical wearables in human motor-skill learning, training, and optimization is still in its infant phase due to the absence of a reliable method. This chapter elaborates challenges faced by developing wearable biomechanical feedback devices and forecasts potential breakthroughs in this area. The overarching goal is to foster interdisciplinary studies on wearable technology to improve how we move.",signatures:"Gongbing Shan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71225",authors:[{id:"70691",title:"Prof.",name:"Gongbing",surname:"Shan",slug:"gongbing-shan",fullName:"Gongbing Shan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69421",title:"Smart Wearables for Tennis Game Performance Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89544",slug:"smart-wearables-for-tennis-game-performance-analysis",totalDownloads:734,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"For monitoring the progress of athletes in various sports and disciplines, several different approaches are nowadays available. Recently, miniature wearables have gained popularity for this task due to being lightweight and typically cheaper than other approaches. They can be positioned on the athlete’s body, or in some cases, the devices are incorporated into sports requisites, like tennis racquet handles, balls, baseball bats, gloves, etc. Their purpose is to monitor the performance of an athlete by gathering essential information during match or training. In this chapter, the focus will be on the different possibilities of tennis game monitoring analysis. A miniature wearable device, which is worn on a player’s wrist during the activity, is going to be presented and described. The smart wearable device monitors athletes’ arm movements with sampling the output of the 6 DOF IMU. Parallel to that, it also gathers biometric information like pulse rate and skin temperature. All the collected information is stored locally on the device during the sports activity. Later, it can be downloaded to a PC and transferred to a cloud-based service, where visualization of the recorded data and more detailed game/training statistics can be performed.",signatures:"Marko Kos and Iztok Kramberger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69421",authors:[{id:"306398",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Kos",slug:"marko-kos",fullName:"Marko Kos"},{id:"309519",title:"Dr.",name:"Iztok",surname:"Kramberger",slug:"iztok-kramberger",fullName:"Iztok Kramberger"}],corrections:null},{id:"72859",title:"Machine Learning in Wearable Biomedical Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93228",slug:"machine-learning-in-wearable-biomedical-systems",totalDownloads:716,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wearable technology has added a whole new dimension in the healthcare system by real-time continuous monitoring of human body physiology. They are used in daily activities and fitness monitoring and have even penetrated in monitoring the health condition of patients suffering from chronic illnesses. There are a lot of research and development activities being pursued to develop more innovative and reliable wearable. This chapter will cover discussions on the design and implementation of wearable devices for different applications such as real-time detection of heart attack, abnormal heart sound, blood pressure monitoring, gait analysis for diabetic foot monitoring. This chapter will also cover how the signals acquired from these prototypes can be used for training machine learning (ML) algorithm to diagnose the condition of the person wearing the device. This chapter discusses the steps involved in (i) hardware design including sensors selection, characterization, signal acquisition, and communication to decision-making subsystem and (ii) the ML algorithm design including feature extraction, feature reduction, training, and testing. This chapter will use the case study of the design of smart insole for diabetic foot monitoring, wearable real-time heart attack detection, and smart-digital stethoscope system to show the steps involved in the development of wearable biomedical systems.",signatures:"Muhammad E.H. Chowdhury, Amith Khandakar, Yazan Qiblawey, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, Mohammad Tariqul Islam and Farid Touati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72859",authors:[{id:"129681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamun Bin Ibne",surname:"Reaz",slug:"mamun-bin-ibne-reaz",fullName:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz"},{id:"244639",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad E.H.",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"muhammad-e.h.-chowdhury",fullName:"Muhammad E.H. Chowdhury"},{id:"245398",title:"MSc.",name:"Amith M. A.",surname:"Khandakar",slug:"amith-m.-a.-khandakar",fullName:"Amith M. A. Khandakar"},{id:"279345",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Tariqul",surname:"Islam",slug:"mohammad-tariqul-islam",fullName:"Mohammad Tariqul Islam"},{id:"312319",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",surname:"Touati",slug:"farid-touati",fullName:"Farid Touati"},{id:"321692",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yazan",surname:"Qiblawey",slug:"yazan-qiblawey",fullName:"Yazan Qiblawey"}],corrections:null},{id:"74086",title:"Application of Basketball Game Models through Sports Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88432",slug:"application-of-basketball-game-models-through-sports-technology",totalDownloads:406,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to present the application of basketball game models through sports technology. The chapter contains introduction, terminology, sports technology practices, basketball models through technology, compilation of basketball models in sports technology, and references. In this chapter, there will be other sub-chapters that will be considered in case of depth exploration of the chapter, writing, processing, and modification of data from other authors. We will present realistically the most renowned thinkers and theorists of the field of models and sports technology from which to draw the most practical model of evolution of basketball.",signatures:"Artan R. Kryeziu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74086",authors:[{id:"297734",title:"Dr.",name:"Artan",surname:"Kryeziu",slug:"artan-kryeziu",fullName:"Artan Kryeziu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69168",title:"Sports and Health as Cornerstones of Tourism Development: Case Study of Montenegro",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89386",slug:"sports-and-health-as-cornerstones-of-tourism-development-case-study-of-montenegro",totalDownloads:550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The modern phenomenon of tourism is more focused on specific forms of tourism in which sports and health tourism play a very important role. That fact is not surprising having in mind that they represent interconnected activities that complement each other and give each other completely new dimension. On one side, sports and health represent very important content of tourist offer because of the fact they enable tourists to become active participants in various activities, and on the other side, they represent important driving force for visiting particular destination. The idea of this chapter is to provide a theoretical and practical framework of this issue with a special focus on case study of Montenegro. According to the results of the research that was carried out, the general conclusion is that Montenegro has extremely valuable natural resources and potentials for the development of sports and health tourism, but there are still a lot of challenges that should be faced in the future in order to improve the quality of tourist offer and the level of tourists’ satisfaction as well as to create completely new image of the destination and position it as high-quality sports and health tourist destination on international market.",signatures:"Anđela Jakšić-Stojanović and Neven Šerić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69168",authors:[{id:"306003",title:"Prof.",name:"Andjela",surname:"Jaksic-Stojanovic",slug:"andjela-jaksic-stojanovic",fullName:"Andjela Jaksic-Stojanovic"},{id:"310367",title:"Prof.",name:"Neven",surname:"Šerić",slug:"neven-seric",fullName:"Neven Šerić"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6826",title:"The Use of Technology in Sport",subtitle:"Emerging Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f17a3f9401ebfd1c9957c1b8f21c245b",slug:"the-use-of-technology-in-sport-emerging-challenges",bookSignature:"Daniel Almeida Marinho and Henrique Pereira Neiva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6826.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177359",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A.",surname:"Marinho",slug:"daniel-a.-marinho",fullName:"Daniel A. 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He finished his bachelor and master degrees from the University of Indonesia. Dr. Parikesit accepted a DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) fellowship to conduct his doctorate research with the Bioinformatics Group at the University of Leipzig, Germany.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",biography:"Dr. rer. nat. Arli Aditya Parikesit is the Vice Rector of Research and Innovation at Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (I3L). He finished both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia. In order to pursue a degree in Bioinformatics, he accepted an offer from DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) to conduct doctorate research at the Bioinformatics Group, Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Leipzig, Germany. His doctoral research is focused on the utilization of modern protein domain annotation techniques to the three domains of life. In addition, Dr. Arli is also an expert on immunoinformatics, bioinformatics algorithm, structural bioinformatics, in silico drug design, and in silico transcriptomics. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60545",title:"Effects of High Concentrations of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in Waste Water and Drinking Water on Nanofiltration Membrane Behavior",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74249",slug:"effects-of-high-concentrations-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants-in-waste-water-and-drinking-water",body:'Nanofiltration (NF) is a widely used type of membrane process in the world for undesirable constituents’ removal from various types of water due to its characteristic pore size that is between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis pore size. Besides, NF membranes operate with no phase change and typically have high rejections of multivalent inorganic salts and small organic molecules at modest applied pressures [1]. This chapter is dedicated to better understanding of nanofiltration membrane process in order to further resolve waste water treatment problems, especially waste water form nanofiltration plants. The aim of this investigation was to examine the behavior of nanofiltration membranes when exposed to high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) and arsenic originated from waste water. Additionally, nanofiltration process was monitored in the presence and absence of complexing agent in the environment of elevated iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium ion concentrations originated from well water. The highlight of this work can be presented in the way that no model solution was used and that nanofiltration membranes were tested in situ allowing precise deduction and report of complex removal mechanisms that undergo in nanofiltration process. Natural drinking water resources are continuously reducing, and with regard to increasing demand for clean drinking water, it presents a great problem for the society. Large amounts of waste water are produced during drinking water production using membrane processes. The goal of waste concentrate treatment using membrane processes is firstly protection of natural drinking water resources. Nanofiltration concentrate discharge presents great problem in the means of quantity and quality. Even though NF membrane’s characteristics such as materials, resistance, and efficiency are quickly improving [2, 3, 4], the question of NF concentrate discharge into the environment is still present. NOM and arsenic found in water present great problem all around the world. Elevated concentrations of NOM expressed as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be found in natural water in concentrations of 2.3 up to 11.90 mg DOC/L [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. DOC-elevated content can also be found in waste water originated from technological processes for organic matter removal from aquatic influents [10] or in municipal waste water with up to 51 mg/L of total organic carbon (TOC) [11]. Arsenic is usually found in natural water in concentrations of 1–2 μg/L [12]; however, several countries such as Bangladesh [13, 14], China, the USA, and Taiwan [15] can be excluded from this statistics because arsenic content in these countries in great deal exceeds maximum tolerable value determined by the World Health Organization in drinking water of 10 μg/L where Argentina is the country with largest reported arsenic content in groundwater with up to 7550 μg/L [16]. Nanofiltration is especially suitable for arsenic and NOM removal from different types of natural water in the process of drinking water preparation [17, 18]. Survey of previous investigations has shown that nanofiltration [19, 20] can successfully be used for arsenic removal under normal or higher pressures [21]. Besides, addition of lime to nanofiltration of NF and reverse osmosis concentrates secured arsenic concentration of less than 10 μgAs/L in the permeate [22]. Also, it has been reported that arsenic removal efficiency is higher in the presence of humic acid [23]. Nanofiltration can be used for arsenite and arsenate removal with size exclusion [24] in molar mass range of 200–2000 Da. Electrically charged particles, especially anions, with the process of electrostatic repulsion is typical for NF membranes [25]. Pentavalent arsenic removal is significantly larger than As3+, 95% and 20–50%, respectively [26, 27]. Arsenic in organic form can be removed from water with greater efficiency than nonorganic arsenic. It is found that arsenic in natural organic matter-rich environment has the ability to form complex chemical compounds with NOM anions as ligands [28]. Natural water NOM has significant influence on arsenic compound reduction and complexing [29]. Examinations of ionic force and NOM concentration influence on As(V) removal using four types of NF membranes under different transmembrane pressures (TMP) were conducted [30]. Results have shown that TMP, NOM, and several other ions’ presence has an influence on arsenic removal efficiency. The degree of arsenic removal depends on organic matter concentration because the permeate flux is smaller when humic matter content is greater [30]. Secondary NF treatment of concentrate from nanofiltration plant for groundwater filtration from the city of Kikinda and Zrenjanin region has shown that large concentrations of NOM and arsenic can be removed with high efficiency [31]. It is reported in many studies that iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium can be found in natural and waste water around the globe. Iron can be found in groundwater in concentrations smaller than 1 mg/L as well as >1 mg/L, and those are called “macro” concentrations [32]. Extremely high iron and manganese content found in the literature was in Vietnam (48 mg/L) [33] and in Cambodia (3.1 mg/L) [34], respectively. Water hardness may cause many problems in the means of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitation, especially in hot water systems [35, 36, 37]. Water hardness can be removed with traditional methods like ion exchange resins and lime softeners and membrane processes like electrically charged NF membranes [38, 39].
It is known that metal chelates can be successfully removed from aquatic medium using membrane processes. Membrane process technologies are proven suitable for metal separation from corresponding chelate ligands from waste water treatment-originated compounds [40]. In addition, gadolinium (III) and lanthanum (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complexes were successfully concentrated using nanofiltration [41].
Investigations of manganese and humic acid removal with nanofiltration have shown manganese retention from 45 to 96% with regard to pH value and HA removal efficiency of 80%. Manganese removal efficiency is the best in pH value range of 10–12. Complexation model has shown that when pH value is larger than 7, complexes of Mn and humic matter are created [42]. A group of authors has investigated combined UF-NF process for dissolved organic pollutant removal from River Huangpu in China. Turbidity, iron, manganese, and large molar mass NOM were removed using ultrafiltration, while NF process was used for smaller molar mass NOM and inorganic salt removal. Manganese and iron ion concentration in river water were up to 0.72 mg/L and up to 5.5 mg/L, respectively, while UF and NF effluents contained 0.01–0.1 mg Mn/L and 0.001–0.07 mg Mn/L, as well as 0.01–0.12 and 0.01–0.03 mg Fe/L, respectively [43]. Investigations have shown that spring water containing low iron (0.09–0.26 mg/L) and manganese (0.05–0.1 mg/L) content in the presence of NOM (2–34 mg TOC/L) can be successfully treated with nanofiltration [44]. Oxidation, coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation can be used as UF and NF pretreatments for water that contains iron and manganese [45]. NF is also proven as a promising technique for removal of large manganese quantities from mine waste water. Dissolved manganese concentration of 115 mg/L in waste water was reduced in the permeate for 98% [46].
Investigations of NF membrane behavior when exposed to large quantities of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solution were conducted on a self-made semi-industrial pilot plant (PNF). NOM, arsenic, and ammonium ion originated from industrial NF plant waste water concentrate and removal possibilities of stated pollutants were examined in NFCP experiments. NFWP experimental series was conducted for membrane behavior investigations when exposed to high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, total iron (Fet), and manganese originated from natural groundwater. Main components of the PNF are presented in Table 1. All presented components of industrial pilot plant were identical for both experiments. Only difference was chemical dosing device (DP) installed for NFWP experimental series. Schematic of the PNF used in the experiment series NFCP and NFWP is given in Figure 1A and B, respectively.
Pilot plant schematic diagram used in NFCP experiment series (A) and NFWP experimental series (B).
Nanofiltration membranes retain substances with molar masses higher than ~300 g/mol (300 Da) and multivalent ions [47]. Retention characteristics depend on the membrane type and the amount of free volume in the membranes that is most commonly influenced by flux. As the flux increases, retention of the membrane is decreased. Membrane surface can obtain surface charge via different mechanisms such as surface functioning group ionization, ion adsorption from the solution and polyelectrolyte, ion surface matters, and charged molecule adsorption [48]. Aromatic composite thin-film membranes that are used in this paper can contain carboxyl and amino functional groups [49]. Membrane surface can be positively charged in the low pH environment, as well as transformed to negatively charged with pH value rise [48]. For the purpose of examination of membrane behavior, commercial spiral-wound membranes, manufacturer Toray Chemical Korea Inc., type CSM-NE 4040-70 (NE70), and CSM-NE 4040-90 (NE90) were chosen. Membrane type CSM-NE 4040-70 removes approximately 70% and modules CSM-NE 4040-90 ~ 90% of all inorganic dissolved substances from water solution. Data obtained by the manufacturer show that membranes NE70 and NE90 possess different pore sizes and substance removal capabilities (molecular weight cutoff, MWCO). NE70 membrane type can remove substances with molar mass larger than 250 [50], i.e., 350 Da [47], while NE90 membranes remove molecules with molar mass larger than 200 Da [51]. Membrane MWCO represents molecular molar mass that can be removed using distinct type of membrane in the percentage of 90% [52]. MWCO concept is based on the constatation that molecule size grows with molar mass increase [53], and MWCO shows membrane retention characteristic prediction through separation mechanisms by size [54]. PNF was designed as two-stage membrane filtration, and different, theoretically possible, combinations of NE70 and NE90 membranes were used in the NFWP experiment (Table 2). MWCO value for the first membrane configuration was calculated from NE 4040-70 and NE 4040-90 membrane data sheets. Pilot plant contained three membranes, two in the first stage and one membrane in the second stage. Three NE90 membranes were used for NFCP concentrate filtration experiments.
Component | Characteristics | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Microfilter for inlet water pretreatment | Polypropylene filter cartridge of 5 μm with housing | “Atlas” |
Booster pump | Centrifugal multistage pump CR1-23; Q = 1.8 m3/h; H = 104 m | “Grundfos” |
Nanofiltration modules | NF membranes Φ = 0.102 m; L = 1.02 m | “Torey-Korea Inc” |
Instantaneous inlet water, permeate and concentrate flow meter | Polysulfone rotameter F1 300–3.000 L/h F2 and F3 200–2.000 L/h F4 100–1.000 L/h | “IBG-Praher” |
Water pressure meter | Pressure gauge 0–10 bar (M1, M2 and M5) 0–20 bar (M3 and M4) | “Wika” |
Solenoid valve | EV220A NC; ¾” | “Danfoss” |
Dosing pump for chemicals dosage | Dosing pump DDC 6-10 | “Grundfos” |
Electric control unit | Programmable logic controller (PLC) | “Omron” |
Main components of nanofiltration pilot plant.
Experiment name | First stage | Second stage | MWCO (Da) |
---|---|---|---|
NF90-70-90 | NE90 and NE70 | NE90 | ~217 |
NF3-90 | NE90 and NE90 | NE90 | 200 |
NF3-70 | NE70 and NE70 | NE70 | 250 |
Membrane configurations used in the NFWP experimental series.
NFCP experiment series were conducted on two locations:
Public pool complex, J.P. “Sportski objekti,” Zrenjanin (BZR)
Public pool complex, S.R.C. “Jezero,” Kikinda (BKI)
An industrial nanofiltration plant type ET-NF-12000/A (INF1) is installed on BZR premises with permeate production capacity of 12,000 L/h, while industrial nanofiltration plant (INF2), type ET-NF-10000/A, that produces 10,000 L/h of permeate is functioning in BKI. Produced permeate is used as hygienically clean water for drinking, pool filling, and refilling on both locations. Waste water nanofiltration concentrates from both INF1 (NFC1-ZR) and INF2 (NFC2-KI) are discharged into local sewage systems. The goal of NFCP investigations was to explore nanofiltration removal efficiency when exposed to high organic and inorganic containing NF concentrates. Physicochemical composition of investigated NFC1-ZR and NFC1-KI concentrates is shown in Table 3 with presentation of national maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC). INF1 and INF2 industrial plants have secured enough amount of concentrate for normal PNF operation. Both NFC1-ZR and NFC1-KI were transported to PNF’s buster pump (BP) under the pressure they obtained on INF1 and INF2 and then to NF membrane pilot plant. Part of newly produced concentrate from INF2-NFC2-KI was recirculated to PNF inlet in order to increase recovery and to reduce the amount of waste water. Flow of the recirculated concentrate was kept constant during the experiments. Newly produced concentrate from INF1, NFC2-ZR, in the BZR experiment series, was not recirculated due to the enormous pressure increase.
Parameter | Unit | MAC | NFC1-ZR | NFC1-KI |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | / | 6.8–8.5 | 8.42 | 8.64 |
Electrical conductivity (EC) | μS/cm | 1,000 | 3.380 | 4.650 |
Permanganate consumption (COD) | mg/L | 8 | 224.40 | 43.10 |
Total organic carbon (TOC) | mg/L | / | 60.98 | 19.50 |
Ammonium ion, NH4+-N | mg/L | 0.1 | 1.54 | 2.70 |
Arsenic—total | μg/L | 10 | 451.26 | 45 |
Sodium, Na+ | mg/L | 150 | 652.94 | 387.80 |
Bicarbonates, HCO3− | mg/L | / | 3621.14 | 1,171.57 |
Selected physicochemical parameters of nanofiltration concentrates.
Investigations were conducted in a way that concentrate flow rates were changed which had an effect on permeate flow rate and consequently permeate flux, thus providing experimental points. Obtained results present average value of three experimental cycle repetitions for every measuring point.
NFWP experimental series were conducted on the “Envirotech” d.o.o. company premises, located in the city of Kikinda, province Vojvodina, Serbia. This location is equipped with groundwater well “Sterija” drilled in the second aquifer layer on the depth of 52 m. Physicochemical composition of investigated groundwater is presented in Table 4.
Parameter | Unit | MAC | Well water |
---|---|---|---|
pH | / | 6.8–8.5 | 7.39 |
Electrical conductivity | μS/cm | 1,000 | 780 |
TOC | mg/L | / | 7.22 |
Ammonium ion, NH4+-N | mg/L | 0.1 | 3.24 |
Sodium, Na+ | mg/L | 150 | 80.67 |
Iron, total | mg/L | 0.3 | 1.79 |
Manganese, Mn2+ | μg/L | 50 | 332 |
Total hardness | odH | / | 19.77 |
Calcium, Ca2+ | mg/L | 200 | 80.08 |
Magnesium, Mg2+ | mg/L | 50 | 37.11 |
Selected physicochemical parameters of groundwater from “Sterija” well in the city of Kikinda.
Well water was distributed to BP under the submersible well pump pressure and subsequently to the NF pilot plant. At the place where well water is inserted into microfilter MF5, a dosing system DP was used for chemical dosage (Figure 1B). This was done with the purpose of calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese ion complexation. Experimental procedure regarding recirculation flow, permeate flux, and pressures was identical to one described in Section 2.2 of this paper for NFCP experiment series.
Citric acid (CA) and Na4EDTA solutions, both added with dosing speed of 240, 480, and 720 mL/h, were introduced to the inlet well water during the NFWP investigations, and initial CA and Na4EDTA concentrations, determined on the basis of self-made preliminary experimental data, were 0.4164 mol/L (80 g/L) and 25 mg/L, respectively. Grundfos DDC 6–10 dosing pump was used for precise dosage regulation and adjustment of solution quantity with accuracy of 1% where desired solution concentration could be monitored via dosing pump LCD display. NFWP experiments were repeated three times for every membrane configuration (Table 2) and every concentration of both complexing chemicals. Obtained results present average value of three experimental cycle repetitions for every measuring point. Names of the experiments in the NFWP series with regard to membrane configurations and CA and Na4EDTA dosage quantity are presented in Table 5.
Experiment name | Membrane configuration | Dosage quantity (moL/h) | Substance |
---|---|---|---|
EX3-1 | NF90-70-90 | / | / |
EX3-2 | NF90-70-90 | 0.1 | CA |
EX3-3 | NF90-70-90 | 0.2 | CA |
EX3-4 | NF90-70-90 | 0.3 | CA |
EX3-5 | NF90-70-90 | 0.016 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-6 | NF90-70-90 | 0.032 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-7 | NF90-70-90 | 0.047 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-8 | NF3-90 | / | / |
EX3-9 | NF3-90 | 0.1 | CA |
EX3-10 | NF3-90 | 0.2 | CA |
EX3-11 | NF3-90 | 0.3 | CA |
EX3-12 | NF3-90 | 0.016 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-13 | NF3-90 | 0.032 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-14 | NF3-90 | 0.047 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-15 | NF3-70 | / | / |
EX3-16 | NF3-70 | 0.1 | CA |
EX3-17 | NF3-70 | 0.2 | CA |
EX3-18 | NF3-70 | 0.3 | CA |
EX3-19 | NF3-70 | 0.016 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-20 | NF3-70 | 0.032 | Na4EDTA |
EX3-21 | NF3-70 | 0.047 | Na4EDTA |
NFWP experiments with regard to membrane configurations and CA and Na4EDTA dosage quantity.
Preliminary physicochemical analysis of groundwater that presented inlet to PNF, as well as permeates and concentrates produced during NFCP and NFWP experiments, was conducted in “Envirotech” laboratory. Selected parameters were determined with the use of standard methods as follows: pH (pH-meter Hanna Instruments HI 98,150), electrical conductivity (conductometer Hanna Instruments HI 9811-5), and ammonium ion and total dissolved iron and manganese (spectrophotometer Hanna C200). Obtained results were used for instantaneous nanofiltration process monitoring.
Selected parameters of inlet water, permeates, and concentrates produced during the experiments were analyzed by accredited body “Institute for work safety,” Novi Sad. Samples were tested for following parameters: pH (WTW InoLab, Germany); electrical conductivity (Crison Instruments Basic 30 conductometer); total arsenic, iron, and manganese (atomic absorption spectrophotometry Shimadzu Japan, type AA-7000 with GFA); TOC (Analytik Jena/Multi N/C 2100 Instrument); ammonia, sodium, calcium, and magnesium (Ion chromatograph, DIONEX, USA, type IC/ICS 3000); and COD and HCO3− using standard analytical methods [55].
Hydraulic parameters such as permeate flux and pressures were monitored during the experiments that lead to transmembrane pressure [56] and membrane efficiency [57] calculation.
Transmembrane pressure influence on COD, TOC, arsenic, bicarbonate, ammonia, and sodium removal efficiency is presented in Figure 2. Removal of easily oxidizable matter expressed via COD was more efficient during EX1 (Figure 2A), while total dissolved organic matter showed better removal rate in EX2 experiment. COD and TOC values decreased in average 190 and 57 times, respectively, with regard to inlet water concentration in EX1, and 37 and 18 times, respectively, in EX2. Dissolved organic matter concentration in all the experiments was below MAC [58]. Total organic carbon separation was very efficient in both EX1 and EX2 from 96.74 to 99.10% and 97.88 to 99.70%, respectively. Removal of organic matter expressed via COD was very efficient as well with ξ values of 99.33 to 99.60% in EX1 and 96.49–99.00% in EX2 (Figure 2A). The largest portion (> 98%) of dissolved organic matter has MWCO larger than 200 Da, and this is the reason for NOM excellent separation on NF membranes (Figure 2A). NOM is removed by NF membranes on two principles, size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion, considering the fact that membranes are in most cases negatively charged [59]. During EX1 investigations arsenic was removed with 98.86–99.38% efficiency, while in EX2 this number was a little lower and valued 94.63–98.75% (Figure 2A) where arsenic concentration decreased in average ~115 and ~17 times with regard to inlet concentrations. Obtained total arsenic values were below MAC in all produced permeates [58]. Significantly higher and better arsenic ion retention, with regard to permeate flux, was observed in organic matter-rich environment (EX1). Due to the high organic content, arsenic ions were probably bonded with NOM functional group complex compounds, which could be referred as organoarsenic compounds. These findings of extremely good organoarsenic removal in organic-rich environment confirm previous results [60, 61]. Sodium ion retention was reported with lower efficiency than organic matter and total arsenic in both experiments (Figure 2B), with ξ values of 92.25–93.93% in EX1 and 90.44 to 94.51% in EX2. Investigated NF membranes were surrounded with influent that contained dissolved salts where dynamic equilibrium occurred. Concentration of positively charged sodium ions as opposed to negatively charged membrane was greater as long as the concentration of ions of the same charge, like membranes, was less in membrane phase than on the membrane surface. Created Donnan potential prevents equally charged ion diffusion from membrane phase to membrane surface as well as diffusion of oppositely charged ions from membrane surface to membrane phase [62]. Experimentally obtained data for sodium ion rejections can lead to the conclusion that ions were probably rejected from the filtration membrane layer by Donnan effect.
Transmembrane pressure influence on (A) COD, TOC, and total As and (B) bicarbonate ion, ammonium ion, and sodium ion removal efficiency.
Bicarbonate ions are separated to the concentrate steam with great percentage, in average ~96% in EX1 and ~97% in EX2. Separation of bicarbonate ions on membranes is followed by their decomposition to CO2 and water via carbonic acid as intermediate compound. Bicarbonate decomposition is generated by electrostatic phenomenon and steric effects under elevated pressure in membrane pores. Complete bicarbonate buffer system is present in NF system. Reaction equilibrium is preferentially shifted to the right side in concentrate phase, where bicarbonate and hydronium ions dominate, while opposite occurs in permeate phase where reaction equilibrium is shifted left where weak carbonic acid and carbon (IV)-oxide and water are present. Ammonium ion separation from water solution was the least efficient of all observed parameters (Figure 2B). Ammonium ion was most successfully removed in EX1 with average permeate value of 0.2 mg/L, where this value presents reduction of inlet concentration ~9 times. TMP increase had positive effect on ammonium ion removal with significant increase in removal efficiency. Low ammonium ion removal rate is typical for nanofiltration membranes due to the ammonium MWCO of ~18 Da that is value similar to one that water molecule possesses. At the influent pH > 8.40, most of NOM carboxyl groups are deprotonated, while amino groups, i.e., ammonium ions, are protonated [63]. This phenomenon has an effect on weak electrostatic attraction occurrence and ammonium ions binding on carboxyl groups which, as a constitutive part of heterogenic humic and fulvic acid solution, are rejected to the concentrate. In this way, small ammonia ions are assimilated into NOM macromolecules with average MWCO values of 500–1500 Da [64], which are building elements of supramolecular structures. Detected ammonium ion concentration in both experiments was above MAC [58], with exception in EX1 where these concentrations were in accordance with EU recommendations for quality of water intended for human consumption [65].
NFWP experimental series included simultaneous comparison of observed metal ion separation efficiency with regard to applied NF membrane configuration and complexing chemical compound dosing concentrations. Fet ion, Mn(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II) removal efficiency was calculated and presented in Figures 3–6 in the dependence of transmembrane pressure. Observed permeability changes of different membranes and their different position arrangement in the system were especially discussed with regard to atomic radius dimension (AR), presented in Å, of investigated metal ion hydrates [66], molecular topological polar surface area (TPSA) in Å2 [67], their complexes with CA and Na4EDTA and maximal projection area (MPA) in Å2, of metal ions. Metal ions in aquatic solution are through ion-dipole bonds of mainly electrostatic character bound with water molecules [68]. Certain ion hydration process depends on electrostatic attraction of water molecule and that ion. Considering that attraction of water molecules in the ion environment depends on ion charge density, smaller ions, i.e., ions with larger ionic potential, attract bigger number of water molecules [69]. Radii of hydrated iron, manganese, calcium, and magnesium ions equal 6, 6, 6, and 8 Å, respectively, and MPA of the same ions equals 12.57, 12.57, 15.74, and 15.74 Å2, respectively. If organic substances like citric acid or EDTA are added to aquatic solution, substitution of one or more water molecules from hydrated metal ion environment with chelate groups occurs, thus producing coordinative compounds, i.e., complex ions.
Influence of transmembrane pressure on iron removal from groundwater water (EX3-1, EX3-8, and EX3-15) and from groundwater with addition of CA solution (A) and Na4EDTA (B) with regard to NF membrane configuration.
TMP influence on manganese removal from well water (EX3-1, EX3-8, and EX3-15) and well water with addition of CA solution (A) and Na4EDTA solution (B) in all experimental membrane configurations.
Influence of NF configuration on calcium ion removal efficiency from raw water (EX3-1, EX3-8, and EX3-15) and from raw water with addition of CA solution (A) and Na4EDTA (B) in the dependence of TMP.
Transmembrane pressure influence on magnesium ξ changes with regard to NF membrane configuration. Experiment with well water: EX3-1, EX3-8, and EX3-15. Experiments with well water + CA solution (A). Experiments with well water + Na4EDTA (B).
Total iron ions are removed with excellent efficiency with 99.77% regardless of applied pressure (Figure 3A) in EX-8 experiment without dosage and in EX3-9 to EX3-11 with the dosage of CA solution. NF90-70-90 membrane configuration in EX3-1 and EX3-2 reduces Fet concentration from ~85 to ~93%. Addition of larger amounts of CA influences the increase of ξ in EX3-3 and EX3-4 to ~97%. ξFet exhibits decrease with TMP increase only in EX3-15 and EX3-18, while simultaneously in EX3-16 and EX3-17 increases to ~5 bar and then decreases again. The lowest removal rate is observed in experiments with NF3-70 membrane configuration. The size of probably created iron and citrate complexes, such as iron (III) citrate (Mi = 244.94 g/mol, TPSA = 141 Å2) and iron(II) citrate (Mi = 245.95 g/mol, TPSA = 138 Å2), suggests the possibility of steric and electrostatic competitions in molecule transport through the limited space of curvaceous channels in membrane material. This is especially pronounced in NF3-70 configuration in Figure 3A where the largest difference in coordinative iron and citrate compound retention was observed. Iron ions are removed with great efficiency (Figure 3B), while this percentage is significantly lower in investigations with three NF 4040-70 membranes. Removal efficiency is decreasing with TMP increase in Na4EDTA dosage experiments where NF3-90 configuration was used. Increase in Na4EDTA dosage concentration in EX3-5 to EX3-7 influences increase in iron removal efficiency by ~10% in regard to EX3-1. Competition during retention on membranes is also observable, especially in NF3-70 in complexes iron(III)-EDTA (Mi = 366.98 g/mol, TPSA = 167 Å2) and iron(II)-EDTA (Mi = 346.0 g/mol, TPSA = 167 Å2). The highest Mn(II) removal of average 97.36%, regardless of CA dosage, was done by membranes with MWCO of 200 Da (Figure 4A). Manganese ion separation process in other two series is more efficient with the addition of CA complexing agent. Manganese removal efficiency was increased for ~15% with membrane configuration NF90-70-90 with the addition of CA. The lowest Mn2+ removal rate of ~70% was observed in experiments EX-16 to EX3-18. Manganese(II) citrate molar mass (Mi = 244.94 g/mol) and TPSA of 138 Å2 follow, to a high degree, separation by size with regard to MWCO of investigated membranes (Figure 4A).
The best manganese removal with the addition of Na4EDTA solution was reported in experiments with NF3-90 membrane configuration with average efficiency of 97.36% (Figure 4B). Other two membrane configurations showed excellent ability for ξMn(II) increase proportional to Na4EDTA dosage concentration. Average increase in removal efficiency to 85.34% was observed in membrane system with 217 Da MWCO with the highest concentration of chelate agent, while MWCO of 250 Da membrane configuration has, proportionally to Na4EDTA concentration increase, enabled ξMn(II) increase from 66 to 96.65%. In EDTA, manganese(II) complex (Mi = 345.01 g/mol, TPSA = 167 Å2) retention on the membranes was significantly increased with regard to citrate manganese complexes, even in the membrane configuration with the highest MWCO. This can be contributed to electrostatic forces and Donnan potential difference that obviously were preferential over separation by size.
Fet and Mn(II) ions’ AR and MPA values are identical, but retention of these ions is significantly altered with addition of complexing ligands into the influent, except in 200 Da MWCO membrane configuration. Increase in TMP values has affected the most ξCa(II) increase in NF3-70 membrane configuration (Figure 5A) where this value was increased from ~40 to ~70% in the range of investigated pressures. It is evident that increase in CA dosage influenced removal efficiency value rise to TMP of ~5 bar. Obtained values for removal efficiency were in the range of ~75 to ~90%, where better values were obtained with CA dosage in membrane configuration with MWCO of 217 Da. NF3-90 membranes have removed Ca(II) ions with the highest removal efficiency, regardless of TMP values and CA dosage concentration. Average ξCa(II) for membranes with MWCO of 200 Da equaled 97.26% (Figure 5A). Ca(II) ion rejection was 40 to 50% more pronounced than the results observed in previous investigations [70] in experiments with NF90-70-90 and NF3-90 membrane configurations. Dimensions of probably formed tricalcium dicitrate of Mi = 467.89 g/mol and TPSA = 281 Å2 were convenient for separation by size for all three MWCO dimensions. Lower ξCa(II) is evident from EX3-19 to EX3-21 investigations comparing to Ca(II) removal efficiency from well water (Figure 5B), while Na4EDTA dosage did not have any effect on calcium ion retention with NF90-70-90 membrane configuration. Average removal efficiency calculated in NF3-90 experiments with addition of Na4EDTA was 97.54%. The greatest ξCa(II) value increase with TMP rise was recorded in the NF3-90 investigations and the least in NF3-70 experiments. Even though Ca(II)-EDTA complex is smaller (Mi = 330.04 g/mol, TPSA = 161 Å2) than citrate calcium ion complex, their retention on the membranes is reduced probably due to the electrostatic repulsion, especially in NF3-70 experiments with regard to EX3-15. AR and MPA values for calcium ions are identical to corresponding values for Fet and Mn(II) ions. Calcium ion retention is, however, quite different from iron and manganese removal efficiency changes.
CA dosage did not have any significant effect on removal of magnesium ions with regard to removal efficiency with no dosage (experiments EX3-15 to EX3-18). Observed oscillations in ξ values with TMP changes are recorded in experiments with NF90-70-90, especially in EX3-2 where lower values of removal efficiency were calculated with regard to well water filtration with no complexing agent addition. The tightest NF membranes removed magnesium ions with approximately equal ξ, and TMP or CA had negligible effect on these values that were ~95%. Tangential filtration of complex trimagnesium dicitrate molecule (Mi = 449.96 g/mol, TPSA = 281 Å2) with MWCO of 200 and 217 Da affected significant dispersion of retention experimental results in the dependence of CA dosage concentration. Influence of membrane charge and steric effects on the attraction of these complex molecules is evident.
Less values of Mg(II) ion removal efficiency were observed in experiments EX3-19 to EX3-21 with Na4EDTA addition with regard to EX3-15 with well water. Similar to results from Figure 6A, the highest ξMg(II) values were obtained in the experiments with NF3-90 configuration (Figure 6B). With the highest Na4EDTA concentration, magnesium ion removal was the lowest in EX3-7 experiments. Magnesium(II)-EDTA complex (Mi = 358.02 g/mol, TPSA = 167 Å2) is significantly smaller than magnesium citrate complex ion. Retention results are coherent and almost identical to results obtained in membrane configurations with MWCO of 200 and 217 Da with regard to Mg(II) citrate complex, where Mg(II)-EDTA complexes are removed with lower efficiency with 250 Da MWCO membranes. Magnesium(II) ion’s AR is larger and MPA is equal to one of Ca(II) ions. Mg(II) ion retention is characterized by significant dispersion of ξMg(II) values in the experiments with organic ligand dosage with regard to experiments with well water, except when MF3-70 configuration was used (Figure 6).
Semi-industrial investigations of high concentration of dissolved organic matter, total arsenic ions, ammonium ions, Na+(aq), and bicarbonate separation presented in NFCP experiment series showed nanofiltration ability for good removal efficiency of stated parameters from waste water. Arsenic ions were chemically bonded with NOM anions into organoarsenic complexes. Applied membranes with 200 Da MWCO removed with greater efficiency higher NOM and total arsenic ion concentrations providing permeates that contained arsenic and NOM in concentrations below maximum tolerable concentrations. It was found that organic matter concentration can be of essence when designing arsenic removal drinking water and waste water plant.
Metal ion separation by different types of nanofiltration membranes and their different configurations with and without addition of citric acid and Na4EDTA as complexing agent provided several conclusions on membrane behavior. NF3-90 membrane configuration has proved extremely suitable for iron and manganese ion separation regardless of CA and Na4EDTA solution dosage. Removal of Fe using membrane configuration with higher MWCO (NF90-70-90) showed more intensive separation in addition of complexing agents, while using NF3-70 membrane combination, total iron ion retention was very poor. Probably, coordinative iron and manganese compound separation mechanism to concentrate is a complex one and is not based entirely on size exclusion, but electrostatic forces play a significant role too.
Calcium(II) separation, both with and without organic compound dosage, was very efficient at MWCO of 200 Da and exclusively depends of particle sizes. Retention of magnesium(II) ions shows particle size separation only at MWCO of 250 Da. Significant effect of CA dosage was not recorded, but addition of Na4EDTA had negative influence on Mg(II) ion separation. Electrostatic effects are dominant in membrane separation of Mg(II) at MWCO of 217 Da.
Obtained results in semi-industrial scale are practically applicable on the large-scale plants for drinking water preparation from deep wells, as well as from shallow aquifers.
The coronavirus pandemic 2019 (COVID-19) and the 2021 delay of cargo ships along the California coastline illustrated recent challenges facing the supply industry and governments across the globe. Evidence shows that supply and demand challenges in the last years resulted from improper collaboration. The global supply industry saw nearly half a million containers of goods stuck off the coast of Southern California as state seaports operated below optimal capacity due to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The delay of containers disrupted services and delivery of goods in the United States and globally pre-2021 holiday season. Cargo ships could not return to their ports of origin to drop off or pick up more goods while customers canceled orders impacting business bottom lines. Meanwhile, much of the global supply chain difficulties anticipating to anticipate COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdowns and closures, which reduced the ability of firms to satisfy global market demands.
At the pick of COVID-19 and the Los Angeles seaport congestion, many firms satisfied consumer demands by utilizing a series of innovative digital technologies which include the Internet of Things, big data to machine learning (ML). COVID-19 pandemic and the California seaport crisis demonstrate the challenges facing firms that applied 20th century supply chain models to 21st-century problems. Today, evidence suggests that companies that employed a blend of new technologies during recent crises registered efficiency and productivity by addressing customer or industry needs in real-time (Imran Ali). The concoction of new technologies gave many firms opportunities to increase productivity and efficiency through big data, intelligent software, Internet of Things (IoT), and hardware. The 4IR is setting to disrupt orthodox supply chain knowledge by offering groundbreaking ways to meet and satisfy customer needs amid crises [1].
Meanwhile, many countries and firms still lack the basic infrastructure desirable to reap the benefits of the 4IR despite the usefulness and potential for the supply industry. The succeeding sections provide a background, methodology, results and discussion introducing the concept of the Supply Web and its tenets.
History shows technological innovation has always been at the center of business productivity and social emancipation. It brought individuals and firms to mass-produce by moving from manual and small-scale trade activities to mechanization and large-scale engineering productions. Material and services that evolved from the revolutionary innovations impacted every aspect of economic activities [2]. Makers of goods and service providers from agriculture to factories practiced primitive forms of trades to address the challenges and conditions of their respective eras. Previous industrial transformation exacerbated economic activities and created processes and concepts suitable to describe and resolve enduring challenges.
Business concepts relating to earlier supply chain activities, procedures, and actions did not develop until later. The academia, industry, and governments described the activities associated with the phenomenon after they had already happened [3]. However, identifying and describing developing innovative technologies and related processes offered the supply industry concepts and procedures to structure and shape future business activities.
Figure 1 illustrates the typical model of the supply chain showing the association between firms from raw material to end-use. While the linear nature of the supply chain models was suitable to satisfy earlier business practices, it is no longer practical to address problems facing value chains in the 21st Century.
Supply chain architype.
For instance, as figure one illustrates, end-users lack the capability or option to collaborate with material (A), Transformation (B), and so forth if they were a desire to do so. The absence of these options in the linear supply chain model reduces the potential of firms to collaborate within a broader supply chain at the national or global scale.
To understand the urgency to shift supply paradigms, one must grasp the current business environment. The global population doubled since the 1980s when only a handful of companies utilized computers for business. Many companies used computer technologies for small tasks, ranging from storing essential inventory data to chart display. At the time, most firms only performed business activities without computers due to the affordability of the technology. Nevertheless, the business industry and its concepts still evolved along with the adoption of computer technology. For instance, the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology helped the retailer industry and governments describe policies and procedures associated with tracking and tracing consumer products. Hence, though RFID technology did not exist earlier, most producers and retailers could still manage data and track and trace goods through traditional bookkeeping.
Meanwhile, as consumer demand evolved, so did the supply industry by adopting technologies such as RFID in various applications, including product recalls [4]. Referring to the linear supply chain (Figure 1), RFID sensors in most retail products often connect trade and distribution, removing end-users from collaboration despite the ability of the technology to do so. However, the linear supply chain paradigm does not envisage a collaborative transaction between the consumer and the manufacturer.
As civilizations progress, the global supply industry and governments must adopt emerging technologies and concepts to address current challenges. Industry 4.0 not only gives governments and the global supply industry the necessary tools and ideas to manage challenges, but it equally provides consumers the prospect to be a part of the solution. The current supply chain models have not successfully predicted and evaded supply chain-related predicaments. The failure is arguably in how the concept of the supply chain itself.
Today, while most supply chain firms employ computer technologies, many still lack the essential technology to collaborate successfully with partners. While many firms remain indifferent in linking their pieces of machinery with others, the speed of technology advancement equally makes it difficult to address security shortfalls as they occur. Nonetheless, a partner’s lack of understanding and awareness of existing technological innovation will lead firms not to take advantage of the innovative technologies despite the rationality. In one instance, a farmer revealed during an interview to have never heard of blockchain or cloud computing [5], which many have come to consider as the cornerstone of business security and operations. Since a lack of coordination and collaboration could result in the absence of visibility and synchronized strategy between partners, firms not adopting the industry 4.0 technologies would become the gateways to substandard products and services [6]. The inability of a farmer or supply partner to successfully and securely collaborate with others at various ends of the supply spectrum could only negatively impact the resiliency of the chain.
Linear supply chain models do not provide the necessary collaboration needed to connect valued chains at various levels of the industry. The current consumer and business data necessitate supply firms connect not only with businesses but also with consumers; hence, the necessity for multidimensional collaboration. As Figure 2 shows, Industry 4.0 allows firms to exercise cooperation in terms of vertical, diagonal, and horizontal dimensions. When supply firms implement the 4IR technological tools, they enhance their ability to exchange business data internally, externally, and between partners beyond primary products (PBPP).
Three-dimensional collaboration.
The global supply industry no longer relies on the next mile or the input from the value chain to remain resilient and anticipate the next medical shortage or cargo ships bottleneck crisis. As COVID-19 pandemic and the Los Angeles cargo crises proved, the global supply industry needs better tools and concepts to anticipate an evolving global turmoil. As opposed to employing linear supply chain models, supply firms desiring competitive advantage at the international stage should implement supply web models that integrate horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dimensional business models.
This chapter intends to explain how Industry 4.0 innovative technologies impact the supply industry and introduce the tenets of the next generation of the supply chain. A qualitative exploratory design method helped to gather Industry 4.0 technologies and related concepts with impact on the supply industry to find patterns in data [7]. The mining of associated technologies and ideas was achieved utilizing codes and developing terms, which helped analyze and describe emerging themes [8]. The data used in the analysis originated from government, non-government, business, and peer-review texts.
The Supply web is the next generation of a supply chain that integrates valued chains horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dimensions through collaboration. Through Industry 4.0, supply web management (SWM) would allow firms to perform a hundred times better at fractions of the price similar firms achieved nearly fifty years ago. For instance, an iPhone device can store terabytes of data and process hundreds of business transactions in fractions of the time it would have taken a hundred 1980-era computers housed in a large building. In so far, not only the device holds a storage capacity of over a hundred earlier computers, but it is also capable of executing thousands of transactions in a record time. Modern technology has enabled businesses, individuals, and governments to conduct virtual meetings miles away, real-time monitoring of product manufacturing and delivery using automation. The current technology innovation has changed societies and demonstrates a ‘creative destruction’ currently trending to extinguish old industries [9]. Experts believe that Industry 4.0 is comparably helping developing countries as mobile phones did with personal communication. The use of trucks and drones to deliver goods in secluded and urban areas across the globe showed efficiency in developing countries [10]. Industry 4.0 enabled real-time vendor and subcontractors monitoring to manage rapid change and inventory [11] and reduce supply–demand misalignment [5]. Evidence suggests 4IR technologies or Industry 4.0 enhance visibility, interoperability, modularity, decentralization, virtualization, and service orientation [12].
Nonetheless, despite the potential of 4IR in the global supply industry, challenges remain without a deeper understanding of barriers and drivers. While a business’ lack of collaboration, awareness, and organizational inertia bare, among others, its ability to execute supply web, a firm likewise needs to master and adopt processes and tools that add value to the supply web. For instance, a firm’s plan to adopt strategies that address the reduction of supply–demand misalignment, fast-changing consumer needs, threats of legal penalties, and cost optimization could enhance its Implementation [5].
By addressing the barriers and implementing the drivers to Industry 4.0, the global supply industry would benefit of the 4IR [11]. In the interim, the adoption of Industry 4.0 necessitates investment. In contrast to small firms during the first industrial revolutions, today’s small enterprises can reap the benefits of evolving technologies at affordable costs [12]. For instance, a small firm could subcontract its operations or services to large and specialized corporations. Businesses source several activities to lower operating costs, increase market access, enhance scalability, and diminish risks [11, 13].
The Supply web is the next generation of a supply chain that integrates valued chains horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dimensions through collaboration. Through Industry 4.0, supply web management (SWM).
Which Industry 4.0 strategy supports the tenets of the next generation of the supply chain into a supply web? The answer cannot fundamentally be linear, as the strategy would be dependent on the industry. Nonetheless, firms would want strategies that can integrate basic tenets of the supply web. In so doing, firms would need to employ a blend of technologies into their business operation. While not inclusive, such technology could range from cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), commodity sensors, robotics to automation. For the clarity and organization of concepts into the figure, the collaborative dimensions are categorized into levels: One, Two, and Three.
Figure 3 illustrates how the supply web incorporates the three-dimensional (vertical, diagonal, and horizontal) collaborations into a framework. The vertical Dimension or Level one (L1) represents internal business activities between firms that impact the main production effort. The level 1 collaborative dimension concerns firms within the same product line as A-A, B-B, and C-C.
Unit of supply web.
The main production effort is the final service product can a single, or multiple firms produce conjointly. Meanwhile, a horizontal collaborative dimension or Level Two (L2) outside the primary production when as in A-B, C-D, A-E…. For instance, a transportation firm that delivers parts or final products participates in the collaboration under this category. Finally, firms maintain a diagonal collaborative dimension or Level Three (L3) collaboration when they have business transactions that impact the main production effort’s internal and external activities. Level 3: A-A-B-B-C-C… The preponderance of Industry 4.0 elements that enable SW within and outside the main production effort would occur at this level. Firms that provide innovative technologies services from cloud computing, Big Data, ML, AI, RFID, IoT, and others add value to the supply web by enabling collaborative Dimension.
The tenets that enable tenets supply web include among others:
Throughout humankind, societies implemented innovative technologies to fix the crisis of their time. The massive backlog of cargo ships in Los Angeles ports and across the globe in October 2021 illustrates some of the issues of the state of the early supply chain models. During an interview on CNN, the Executive Director of Port of Los Angeles noted that the orchestra of players needs to get on the same schedule. COVID-19 pandemic reaffirmed that efficient inventory management continued to be a common business challenge for many firms [12]. COVID-19 induced lockdowns disrupted medical and other supply chains creating impacting commodities supply chain [6]. There is evidence that there is a need for greater collaboration between industries and governments to minimize supply disruption at the national and global scales. Firms that collaborate with multiple stakeholders have better business strategies [6].
This chapter provides a synopsis of 4IR innovative technologies and related concepts for the next generation of the supply chain. Industry 4.0 is setting the next generation of the supply chain by making it more agile and efficient than the traditional supply chain [17]. The next generation of supply chain management ought to integrate processes that share data among partners through collaborative efforts and automation enabled by the Internet of Things, machine learning to artificial intelligence.
The current global environment enables businesses to expand and connect internal processes with customers and suppliers [18]. The expansion and connections require collaboration, flexibility, redundancy, and integration impact supply chain resilience [19]. The collaboration empowers customized configuration processes and is an essential element in tracking products from suppliers to customers with customized configuration [20] I4.0 offers a set of tools to support decision making through collaboration [21].
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent supply chain crises offered the supply industry compelling arguments for implementing4.0 [22]. The adoption of I4.0 has grown in the manufacturing and supply chain sector [23].
Several barriers and drivers exist to Industry 4.0 implementation in the supply chain, including economic, technological, social, organizational, environmental, and inter-relationships [24]. A study found the reduction in supply–demand misalignment, changing consumer needs, legal penalties, and cost optimization as drivers of I4.0. At the same time, a lack of collaboration, organizational inertia, and lack of awareness are designated as barriers [5, 25]. Despite its advantages, firms still face challenges in implementing the I4.0 and in sustaining the security requirements. The cyber community continues to register attacks on secure systems that include attacks in web applications using TLS to secure HTTP communications [17, 26].
Not enough knowledge exists on the implementation strategies of Industry 4.0 concepts for small and medium-sized enterprises [27]. Additionally, no evidence of a conceptual SCM integrates the fundamentals of Industry 4.0, henceforth suggesting the development of business models that tolerate integrative and collaborative connectivity [28].
The next generation of supply chain management needs to integrate automation of processes from manufacturing, distribution, retailing to customers through Industry 4.0. The capability gives the supply industry compelling arguments to shift from traditional supply chain models to a supply web for enhanced collaboration and efficiency. The supply web paradigm offers the supply industry to generate and transfer business data internally, externally, and between PBPP. The chapter presented and defined
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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/126068",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"126068"},fullPath:"/profiles/126068",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()