GA Parameters
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9239",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Digital Imaging",title:"Digital Imaging",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Digital imaging is used widely in various real-life applications today. There are a number of potential digital imaging applications that include different areas such as television, photography, robotics, remote sensing, medical diagnosis, reconnaissance, architectural and engineering design, art, crime prevention, geographical information systems, communication, intellectual property, retail catalogs, nudity detection, face finding, industrial, and others. This book is specifically dedicated to digital imaging research, applications, techniques, tools, and algorithms that originate from different fields such as image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, signal processing, artificial intelligence, intelligent systems, and soft computing. In general, this comprehensive book contains state-of-the-art chapters focusing on the latest developments using theories, methods, approaches, algorithms, analyses, display of images, visual information, and videos.",isbn:"978-1-78985-600-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-599-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-389-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83239",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"digital-imaging",numberOfPages:104,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"656ebe9652b39a1f5dc33d004170a1c4",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9239.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4272,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 3rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 2nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 21st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 20th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"601",title:"Digital Image Processing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-digital-image-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"71817",title:"Introductory Chapter: On Digital Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92060",slug:"introductory-chapter-on-digital-image-processing",totalDownloads:1056,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Muhammad Sarfraz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71817",authors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],corrections:null},{id:"67657",title:"Fast Motion Estimation’s Configuration Using Diamond Pattern and ECU, CFM, and ESD Modes for Reducing HEVC Computational Complexity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86792",slug:"fast-motion-estimation-s-configuration-using-diamond-pattern-and-ecu-cfm-and-esd-modes-for-reducing-",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high performance of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) video standard makes it more suitable for high-definition resolutions. Nevertheless, this encoding performance is coupled with a tremendous encoding complexity compared to the earlier H264 video codec. The HEVC complexity is mainly a return to the motion estimation (ME) module that represents the important part of encoding time which makes several researches turn around the optimization of this module. Some works are interested in hardware solutions exploiting the parallel processing of FPGA, GPU, or other multicore architectures, and other works are focused on software optimizations by inducing fast mode decision algorithms. In this context, this article proposes a fast HEVC encoder configuration to speed up the encoding process. The fast configuration uses different options such as the early skip detection (ESD), the early CU termination (ECU), and the coded block flag (CBF) fast method (CFM) modes. Regarding the algorithm of ME, the diamond search (DS) is used in the encoding process through several video resolutions. A time saving around 46.75% is obtained with an acceptable distortion in terms of video quality and bitrate compared to the reference test model HM.16.2. Our contribution is compared to other works for better evaluation.",signatures:"Randa Khemiri, Nejmeddine Bahri, Fatma Belghith, Soulef Bouaafia, Fatma Elzahra Sayadi, Mohamed Atri and Nouri Masmoudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67657",authors:[{id:"298629",title:"Dr.",name:"Randa",surname:"Khemiri",slug:"randa-khemiri",fullName:"Randa Khemiri"},{id:"304368",title:"Dr.",name:"Nejmeddine",surname:"Bahri",slug:"nejmeddine-bahri",fullName:"Nejmeddine Bahri"},{id:"304387",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Atri",slug:"mohamed-atri",fullName:"Mohamed Atri"},{id:"304388",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",surname:"Belghith",slug:"fatma-belghith",fullName:"Fatma Belghith"},{id:"304390",title:"Dr.",name:"Soulef",surname:"Bouaafia",slug:"soulef-bouaafia",fullName:"Soulef Bouaafia"},{id:"304391",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Ezahra",surname:"Sayadi",slug:"fatma-ezahra-sayadi",fullName:"Fatma Ezahra Sayadi"},{id:"304392",title:"Prof.",name:"Nouri",surname:"Masmoudi",slug:"nouri-masmoudi",fullName:"Nouri Masmoudi"}],corrections:null},{id:"68748",title:"Digital Image Processing Applied to Optical Measurements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88704",slug:"digital-image-processing-applied-to-optical-measurements",totalDownloads:602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Digital image processing is a useful tool that improves pictorial information for human interpretation and is mainly used for storage, transmission, and representation of different data. In this chapter, we want to introduce an optical technique which couples physical analysis with image processing for a measurement system. Optical methods were used to obtain the stress-strain relation by different invasive and noninvasive methods. This chapter talks about a novel noninvasive methodology to measure stress-strain evolution; this technique is based upon a single laser beam reflected on the cross section of ductile materials (steel and aluminum) while they are under a compression load. The way we measure one laser beam is by using the Gaussian beam propagation equations; we propose that the reflection area of the laser is going to change as the material surface area is compressed and we analyze these differences by using digital image processing. With this technique we are able to construct a stress-strain diagram.",signatures:"Alonso Saldaña-Heredia, Pedro Antonio Márquez-Aguilar, Álvaro Zamudio Lara and Arturo Molina-Ocampo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68748",authors:[{id:"51029",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Antonio",surname:"Marquez Aguilar",slug:"pedro-antonio-marquez-aguilar",fullName:"Pedro Antonio Marquez Aguilar"},{id:"299407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",surname:"Saldaña Heredia",slug:"alonso-saldana-heredia",fullName:"Alonso Saldaña Heredia"},{id:"299409",title:"Dr.",name:"Álvaro",surname:"Zamudio Lara",slug:"alvaro-zamudio-lara",fullName:"Álvaro Zamudio Lara"},{id:"306535",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Molina Ocampo",slug:"arturo-molina-ocampo",fullName:"Arturo Molina Ocampo"}],corrections:null},{id:"67608",title:"Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on the Shear Behaviour of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Digital Image Correlation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86499",slug:"experimental-and-theoretical-investigation-on-the-shear-behaviour-of-high-strength-reinforced-concre",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter an experimental investigation is carried out on high strength concrete beams without transverse reinforcement and with transverse reinforcement. The beams were tested in bending under two concentrated loads using the technique of digital image correlation. In the test setup, the shear zone which is defined by the area of beam between the support point and the loading point was studied by the camera of high resolution. The Gom-Aramis software was used to record and analyse the numerical images by determination of the deformation of concrete in the compressed zone of the beam, to calculate the opening, the spacing and the length of the diagonal cracks. The experimental shear strength of the beams was compared with the theoretical values predicted by the different design codes, such as the American ACI 318, the British Standard BS 8110, the European Eurocode 2, the New Zealand NZS 3101 and the Indian Standard IS456. The results show that all the design codes underestimate the contribution of high strength concrete to the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams, and greatly overestimate the contribution of transverse reinforcement. The European Eurocode 2 is the only one among the four code models that gives the best prediction of the ultimate shear strength of high strength concrete.",signatures:"Touhami Tahenni and Thibaut Lecompte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67608",authors:[{id:"299556",title:"Dr.",name:"Touhami",surname:"Tahenni",slug:"touhami-tahenni",fullName:"Touhami Tahenni"}],corrections:null},{id:"69142",title:"Implementation of an Artificial Vision System for Welding in the Retrofitting Process of a Robotic Arm Industrial",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88360",slug:"implementation-of-an-artificial-vision-system-for-welding-in-the-retrofitting-process-of-a-robotic-a",totalDownloads:601,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An industrial approach to the use of artificial vision is worked, and we are searching for the improvement of the welding process using a robotic arm. These kinds of robots in the last years have been associated to high accuracy tasks like classification, welding, object manipulation, assembly, and so on. Generally, the artificial vision is not used in works which use manipulator arm; this is normally due to the robot programmer who plans the robot task, which is executed cyclically, however, there are some approaches where different tasks using artificial vision are implemented. In this chapter, we present a retrofitting process of a manipulator welder arm Miller MR-2000, and the development of an artificial vision system, which could be used in the positioning of the machine. The developed system is able to look for areas suitable for the welding task between two pieces of material within a workspace; this process is possible using techniques of computational vision and image processing. Subsequently, the algorithm calculates the number of welding points based on the area identified previously, and finally, it sends the respective coordinates by means of G code to the robot for welding the pieces.",signatures:"Yomin Estiven Jaramillo Munera, Jhon Edison Goez Mora, Juan Camilo Londoño Lopera and Edgar Mario Rico Mesa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69142",authors:[{id:"300249",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Edgar Mario",surname:"Rico Mesa",slug:"edgar-mario-rico-mesa",fullName:"Edgar Mario Rico Mesa"},{id:"300795",title:"Prof.",name:"Jhon Edison",surname:"Goez Mora",slug:"jhon-edison-goez-mora",fullName:"Jhon Edison Goez Mora"},{id:"300796",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",surname:"Londoño Lopera",slug:"juan-londono-lopera",fullName:"Juan Londoño Lopera"},{id:"300801",title:"Prof.",name:"Yomin Estiven",surname:"Jaramillo Múnera",slug:"yomin-estiven-jaramillo-munera",fullName:"Yomin Estiven Jaramillo Múnera"}],corrections:null},{id:"69261",title:"EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) Usage in Israeli Academic Libraries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89453",slug:"ebsco-discovery-service-eds-usage-in-israeli-academic-libraries",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Awareness to the problem that different search interfaces discourage patrons’ use of library information sources has led academic libraries to implement web-scale discovery services. These services offer the user a “Google-like” search experience of library resources. This study aims to explore library professionals’ satisfaction, patrons’ information behavior, and use of EDS discovery tool service in academic libraries in Israel. Mixed research methods were used in this study: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are through content analysis of library directors’ interviews, and quantitative research method is through collected library metrics (from Google analytics) data analysis, regarding usage patterns and search session analysis. The study aims to gain insight regarding library implementation and patrons’ information behavior of the EDS discovery tool, in Israeli higher education institutions.",signatures:"Riki Greenberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69261",authors:[{id:"306624",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Riki",surname:"Greenberg",slug:"riki-greenberg",fullName:"Riki Greenberg"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10518",title:"Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de548f0f3bdfd40d0e417d04782899e6",slug:"cybersecurity-threats-with-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10518.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9965",title:"Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2c7d240aed947e7780605dab6dde1c3",slug:"computational-optimization-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz and Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",slug:"biometric-systems",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3845",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Applications for the Practical Engineer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1079f9d5879db7c7c13257713a2e9710",slug:"matlab-applications-for-the-practical-engineer",bookSignature:"Kelly Bennett",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169605",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Bennett",slug:"kelly-bennett",fullName:"Kelly Bennett"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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\r\n\tThis book will introduce the reader to the risks and opportunities that social media presents to individuals, communities, and institutions. Social media's fast-changing environment continues to affect everyday lives, societal culture, and institutional practices. As a result, all members of society must be aware of emerging social media platforms, particularly those that will have a direct impact on their being and future. Discussions about who uses social media, the effects of social media, social media strategy and tactics, social media analysis, online safety and security, and the policy and legal implications of social media use may assist readers in better preparing for and balancing the risks and opportunities associated with social media use. Emerging methods, such as digital education and literacy, are investigated in order to facilitate the production and consumption of social media content by users of various demographics. The readers will be informed by academic commentaries and scientific discoveries based on theory, research, and best practice.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-039-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-038-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-040-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",keywords:"Digital Parenting, Digital Education, Screen Time, Family Communication, Smart Technologies, Global Village, Crisis Communication, Emergency Management, Fake News, Media Ideologies, Crowdsourcing, Information Security",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Shafizan Mohamed is an assistant professor in the Communications Department, International Islamic University of Malaysia. She holds a Ph.D. in Media Studies from Monash University, Australia. She is the author, co-author, and editor of several books, journal articles, and monographs on media and communication. Her research covers new media theory, political communication, health communication, and digital media literacy. Her recent research projects examined digital media skills.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Shazleen Mohamed is the Head of Postgraduate Studies at Universiti Teknologi MARA's Faculty of Communication and Media Studies. She is an expert in broadcasting and media studies, with a particular emphasis on children's television reception. She has more than 20 years of experience in media academia as well as industry. She has also authored numerous articles for scholarly and public journals. She is currently the recipient of a research grant to examine the growth of content creation in Malaysian medi",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302450/images/system/302450.jpg",biography:"Shafizan Mohamed is an associate professor in the Communications Department, International Islamic University of Malaysia. She holds a Ph.D. in Media Studies from Monash University, Australia. She is the author, co-author, and editor of several books, journal articles, monographs, and newspaper articles on media and communication. Her research covers the fields of new media theory, political communication, health communication, and digital media literacy. Her two recent research projects examined the digital media skills of underprivileged children and the communication of vaccination in mainstream and social media. Both studies are based on the experience of Malaysia. Aside from teaching and research, Dr. Mohamed loves food, music, and interior design.",institutionString:"International Islamic University Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"International Islamic University Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"470881",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazleen",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shazleen-mohamed",fullName:"Shazleen Mohamed",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003SZ04xQAD/Profile_Picture_2022-04-29T11:29:48.png",biography:null,institutionString:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"834",title:"Optimal Design of Parallel Kinematics Machines with 2 Degrees of Freedom",doi:"10.5772/5436",slug:"optimal_design_of_parallel_kinematics_machines_with_2_degrees_of_freedom",body:'\n\t\tThe mechanical structure of today’s machine tools is based on serial kinematics in the overwhelming majority of cases. Parallel kinematics with closed kinematics chains offer many potential benefits for machine tools but they also cause many drawbacks in the design process and higher efforts for numerical control and calibration.
\n\t\t\tThe Parallel Kinematics Machine (PKM) is a new type of machine tool which was firstly showed at the 1994 International Manufacturing Technology in Chicago by two American machine tool companies, Giddings & Lewis and Ingersoll.
\n\t\t\tParallel Kinematics Machines seem capable of answering the increase needs of industry in terms of automation. The nature of their architecture tends to reduce absolute positioning and orienting errors (Stan et al., 2006). Their closed kinematics structure allows them obtaining high structural stiffness and performing high-speed motions. The inertia of its mobile parts is reduced, since the actuators of a parallel robot are often fixed to its base and the end-effector can perform movements with higher accelerations. One drawback with respect to open-chain manipulators, though, is a typically reduced workspace and a poor ratio of working envelope to robot size.
\n\t\t\tIn theory, parallel kinematics offer for example higher stiffness and at the same time higher acceleration performance than serial structures. In reality, these and other properties are highly dependent on the chosen structure, the chosen configuration for a structure and the position of the tool centre point (TCP) within the workspace. There is a strong and complex link between the type of robot’s geometrical parameters and its performance. It’s very difficult to choose the geometrical parameters intuitively in such a way as to optimize the performance. The configuration of parallel kinematics is more complex due to the high sensitivity to variations of design parameters. For this reason the design process is of key importance to the overall performance of a Parallel Kinematics Machines. For the optimization of Parallel Kinematics Machines an application-oriented approach is necessary.
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter an approach is presented that includes the definition of specific objective functions as well as an optimization algorithm. The presented algorithm provides the basis for an overall multiobjective optimization of several kinematics structures.
\n\t\t\tAn important objective of this chapter is also to propose an optimization method for planar Parallel Kinematics Machines that combines performance evaluation criteria related to the following robot characteristics: workspace, design space and transmission quality index. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm is proposed as the principle optimization tool. The success of this type of algorithm for parallel robots optimization has been demonstrated in various papers (Stan et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\tParallel kinematics for milling machines
For parallel kinematics machines with reduced number of degrees of freedom kinematics and singularity analyses can be solved to obtain algebraic expressions, which are well suited for an implementation in optimum design problems.
\n\t\t\tBenefits of Parallel Kinematics Machines
High dynamical performance is achieved due to the low moved masses. Due to the closed kinematics the movements of parallel kinematics machines are vibration free for which the accuracy is improved. Finally, the modular concept allows a cost-effective production of the mechanical parts.
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter, the optimization workspace index is defined as the measure to evaluate the performance of two degree of freedom Parallel Kinematics Machines. Another important contribution is the optimal dimensioning of the two degree-of-freedom Parallel Kinematics Machines of type Bipod and Biglide for the largest workspace using optimization based on Genetic Algorithms.
\n\t\tOne of the main influential factors on the performance of a machine tool with parallel kinematics is its structural configuration. The performance of a machine tool with parallel kinematics can be evaluated by its kinematic, static and dynamic properties. Optimal design is one of the most important issues in the development of a parallel machine tool. Two issues are involved in the optimal design: performance evaluation and dimensional synthesis. The latter one is one of the most difficult issues in this field. In the optimum design process, several criteria could be involved for a design purpose, such as workspace, singularity, dexterity, accuracy, stiffness, and conditioning index.
\n\t\t\tAfter its choice, the next step on the machine tool with parallel kinematics design should be to establish its dimensions. Usually this dimensioning task involves the choice of a set of parameters that define the mechanical structure of the machine tool. The parameter values should be chosen in a way to optimize some performance criteria, dependent upon the foreseen application.
\n\t\t\tThe optimization of machine tools with parallel kinematics can be based on the following objectives functions:
\n\t\t\tworkspace,
the overall size of the machine tool,
kinematic transmission of forces and velocities,
stiffness,
acceleration capabilities,
dexterity,
accuracy,
the singular configurations,
isotropy.
In the design process we want to determine the design parameters so that the parallel kinematics machine fulfills a set of constraints. These constraints may be extremely different but we can mention:
\n\t\t\tworkspace requirement,
maximum accuracy over the workspace for a given accuracy of the sensors,
maximal stiffness of the Parallel Kinematics Machines in some direction,
minimum articular forces for a given load,
maximum velocities or accelerations for given actuator velocities and accelerations.
Determination of the architecture and size of a mechanism is an important issue in the mechanism design. Several objectives are contradictory to each other. An optimization with only one objective runs into unusable solutions for all other objectives. Unfortunately, any change that improves one performance will usually deteriorate the other. This trade-off occurs with almost every design and this inevitable generates the problem of design optimization. Only a multiobjective approach will result in practical solutions for machine tool applications.
\n\t\t\tThe classical methods of design optimization, such as iterative methods, suffer from difficulties in dealing with this problem. Firstly, optimization problems can take many iterations to converge and can be sensitive to numerical problems such as truncation and round-off error in the calculation. Secondly, most optimization problems depend on initial guesses, and identification of the global minimum is not guaranteed. Therefore, the relation between the design parameters and objective function is difficult to know, thus making it hard to obtain the most optimal design parameters of the mechanism. Also, it’s rather difficult to investigate the relations between performance criteria and link lengths of all mechanisms. So, it’s important to develop a useful optimization approach that can express the relations between performance criteria and link lengths.
\n\t\t\tThe workspace of a robot is defined as the set of all end-effector configurations which can be reached by some choice of joint coordinates. As the reachable locations of an end-effector are dependent on its orientation, a complete representation of the workspace should be embedded in a 6-dimensional workspace for which there is no possible graphical illustration; only subsets of the workspace may therefore be represented.
\n\t\t\t\tThere are different types of workspaces namely constant orientation workspace, maximal workspace or reachable workspace, inclusive orientation workspace, total orientation workspace, and dextrous workspace. The constant orientation workspace is the set of locations of the moving platform that may be reached when the orientation is fixed. The maximal workspace or reachable workspace is defined as the set of locations of the end-effector that may be reached with at least one orientation of the platform. The inclusive orientation workspace is the set of locations that may be reached with at least one orientation among a set defined by ranges on the orientation parameters. The set of locations of the end-effector that may be reached with all the orientations among a set defined by ranges on the orientations on the orientation parameters constitute the total orientation workspace. The dextrous workspace is defined as the set of locations for which all orientations are possible. The dextrous workspace is a special case of the total orientation workspace, the ranges for the rotation angles (the three angles that define the orientation of the end-effector) being [0,2π].
\n\t\t\t\tIn the literature, various methods to determine workspace of a parallel robot have been proposed using geometric or numerical approaches. Early investigations of robot workspace were reported by (Gosselin, 1990), (Merlet, 1995), (Kumar & Waldron, 1981), (Tsai and Soni, 1981), (Gupta & Roth, 1982), (Sugimoto & Duffy, 1982), (Gupta, 1986), and (Davidson & Hunt, 1987). The consideration of joint limits in the study of the robot workspaces was presented by (Delmas & Bidard, 1995). Other works that have dealt with robot workspace are reported by (Agrawal, 1990), (Gosselin & Angeles, 1990), (Cecarelli, 1995). (Agrawal, 1991) determined the workspace of in-parallel manipulator system using a different concept namely, when a point is at its workspace boundary, it does not have a velocity component along the outward normal to the boundary. Configurations are determined in which the velocity of the end-effector satisfies this property. (Pernkopf & Husty, 2005) presented an algorithm to compute the reachable workspace of a spatial Stewart Gough-Platform with planar base and platform (SGPP) taking into account active and passive joint limits. Stan (Stan, 2003) presented a genetic algorithm approach for multi-criteria optimization of PKM (Parallel Kinematics Machines). Most of the numerical methods to determine workspace of parallel manipulators rest on the discretization of the pose parameters in order to determine the workspace boundary (Cleary & Arai, 1991), (Ferraresi et al., 1995). In the discretization approach, the workspace is covered by a regularly arranged grid in either Cartesian or polar form of nodes. Each node is then examined to see whether it belongs to the workspace. The accuracy of the boundary depends upon the sampling step that is used to create the grid. The computation time grows exponentially with the sampling step. Hence it puts a limit on the accuracy. Moreover, problems may occur when the workspace possesses singular configurations. Other authors proposed to determine the workspace by using optimization methods (Stan, 2003). Numerical methods for determining the workspace of the parallel robots have been developed in the recent years. Exact computation of the workspace and its boundary is of significant importance because of its impact on robot design, robot placement in an environment, and robot dexterity.
\n\t\t\t\tMasory, who used the discretisation method (Masory & Wang, 1995), presented interesting results for the Stewart-Gough type parallel manipulator:
\n\t\t\t\tThe mechanical limits on the passive joints play an important role on the volume of the workspace. For ball and socket joints with given rotation ability, the volume of the workspace is maximal if the main axes of the joints have the same directions as the links when the robot is in its nominal position.
The workspace volume is roughly proportional to the cube of the stroke of the actuators.
The workspace volume is not very sensitive to the layout of the joints on the platforms, even though it is maximal when the two platforms have the same dimension (in this case, the robot is in a singular configuration in its nominal position).
Even though powerful three-dimensional Computer Aided Design and Dynamic Analysis software packages such as Pro/ENGINEER, IDEAS, ADAMS and Working Model 3-D are now being used, they cannot provide important visual and realistic workspace information for the proposed design of a parallel robot. In addition, there is a great need for developing methodologies and techniques that will allow fast determination of workspace of a parallel robot. A general numerical evaluation of the workspace can be deduced by formulating a suitable binary representation of a cross-section in the taskspace. A cross-section can be obtained with a suitable scan of the computed reachable positions and orientations p, once the forward kinematic problem has been solved to give p as function of the kinematic input joint variables q. A binary matrix Pij can be defined in the cross-section plane for a crosssection of the workspace as follows: if the (
Then is computed
where
where W(\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The general scheme for binary representation and evaluation of robot workspace
In addition, the proposed binary representation is useful for a numerical evaluation of the position workspace by computing the sections areas A as:
\n\t\t\t\tThis numerical approximation of the workspace area has been used for the optimum design purposes.
\n\t\t\tThe kinematics accuracy is a key factor for the design and application of the machine tools with parallel kinematics. But the research of the accuracy is still in initial stage because of the various structures and the nonlinear errors of the parallel kinematics machine tools.
\n\t\t\t\tTo analyze the sensitiveness of the structural error is one of the directions for the research of structural accuracy. An approach was introducing a dimensionless factor of sensitiveness for every leg of the structure. Other approach includes the use of the value of Jacobian matrix as sensitivity index for the whole legs or the use of condition number of Jacobian matrix as a quantity index to describe the error sensitivity of the whole system.
\n\t\t\tStiffness describes the ratio “deformation displacement to deformation force” (
Because singularity leads to a loss of the controllability and degradation of the natural stiffness of manipulators, the analysis of Parallel Kinematics Machines has drawn considerable attention. This property has attracted the attention of several researchers because it represents a crucial issue in the context of analysis and design. Most Parallel Kinematics Machines suffer from the presence of singular configurations in their workspace that limit the machine performances. The singular configurations (also called singularities) of a Parallel Kinematics Machine may appear inside the workspace or at its boundaries. There are two main types of singularities (Gosselin & Angeles, 1990). A configuration where a finite tool velocity requires infinite joint rates is called a serial singularity or a type 1 singularity. A configuration where the tool cannot resist any effort and in turn, becomes uncontrollable is called a parallel singularity or type 2 singularity. Parallel singularities are particularly undesirable because they cause the following problems:
\n\t\t\t\ta high increase of forces in joints and links, that may damage the structure,
a decrease of the mechanism stiffness that can lead to uncontrolled motions of the tool though actuated joints are locked.
Thus, kinematics singularities have been considered for the formulated optimum design of the Parallel Kinematics Machines.
\n\t\t\tDexterity has been considered important because it is a measure of a manipulator’s ability to arbitrarily change its position and orientation or to apply forces and torques in arbitrary direction. Many researchers have performed design optimization focusing on the dexterity of parallel kinematics by minimization of the condition number of the Jacobian matrix. In regards to the PKM’s dexterity, the condition number ρ, given by ρ=σmax/σmin where σmax and σmin are the largest and smallest singular values of the Jacobian matrix
The determinant of the Jacobian matrix \n\t\t\t\t\t
A planar Parallel Kinematics Machines is formed when two or more planar kinematic chains act together on a common rigid platform. The most common planar parallel architecture is composed of two RPR chains (Fig. 4), where the notation RPR denotes the planar chain made up of a revolute joint, a prismatic joint, and a second revolute joint in series. Another common architecture is PRRRP (Fig. 5). Two general planar Parallel Kinematics Machines with two degrees of freedom activated by prismatic joints are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
\n\t\t\t\tThere are a wide range of parallel robots that have been developed but they can be divided into two main groups:
\n\t\t\t\tType 1) Parallel Kinematics Machine with variable length struts,
Type 2) Parallel Kinematics Machine with constant length struts.
Since mobility of these Parallel Kinematics Machines is two, two actuators are required to control these Parallel Kinematics Machines. For simplicity, the origin of the fixed base frame {B} is located at base joint A with its x-axis towards base joint B, and the origin of the moving frame {M} is located in TCP, as shown in Fig. 7. The distance between two base joints is
Variable length struts Parallel Kinematics Machine
Constant length struts Parallel Kinematics Machine
PKM kinematics deal with the study of the PKM motion as constrained by the geometry of the links. Typically, the study of the PKMs kinematics is divided into two parts, inverse kinematics and forward (or direct) kinematics. The inverse kinematics problem involves a known pose (position and orientation) of the output platform of the PKM to a set of input joint variables that will achieve that pose. The forward kinematics problem involves the mapping from a known set of input joint variables to a pose of the moving platform that results from those given inputs. However, the inverse and forward kinematics problems of our PKMs can be described in closed form.
\n\t\t\t\tThe general kinematic scheme of a PRRRP Parallel Kinematics Machine
The general kinematic scheme of a RPRPR Parallel Kinematics Machine
The kinematics relation between x and q of these 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machines can be expressed solving the following equation:
\n\t\t\t\tThen the inverse kinematics problem of the PKM from Fig. 6 can be solved by writing the following equations:
\n\t\t\t\tThen the inverse kinematics problem of the PKM from Fig. 7 can be solved by writing the following equations:
\n\t\t\t\tThe TCP position can be calculated by using inverted transformation, from (6), thus the direct kinematics of the PKM can be described as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere the values of the
The forward and the inverse kinematics problems were solved under the MATLAB environment and it contains a user friendly graphical interface. The user can visualize the different solutions and the different geometric parameters of the PKM can be modified to investigate their effect on the kinematics of the PKM. This graphical user interface can be a valuable and effective tool for the workspace analysis and the kinematics of the PKM. The designer can enhance the performance of his design using the results given by the presented graphical user interface.
\n\t\t\t\tThe Matlab-based program is written to compute the forward and inverse kinematics of the PKM with 2 degrees of freedom. It consists of several MATLAB scripts and functions used for workspace analysis and kinematics of the PKM. A friendly user interface was developed using the MATLAB-GUI (graphical user interface). Several dialog boxes guide the user through the complete process.
\n\t\t\t\tGraphical User Interface (GUI) for solving inverse kinematics of the 2 DOF planar Parallel Kinematics Machine of type Bipod in MATLAB environment.
The user can modify the geometry of the 2 DOF PKM. The program visualizes the corresponding kinematics results with the new inputs.
\n\t\t\t\tParallel Kinematics Machine configuration for XP=25 mm YP=60 mm
Parallel Kinematics Machine configuration for XP=35 mm YP=60 mm
The workspace is one of the most important kinematics properties of manipulators, even by practical viewpoint because of its impact on manipulator design and location in a workcell (Ceccarelli et al., 2005). Workspace is a significant design criterion for describing the kinematics performance of parallel robots. The planar parallel robots use area to evaluate the workspace ability. However, is hard to find a general approach for identification of the workspace boundaries of the parallel robots. This is due to the fact that there is not a closed form solution for the direct kinematics of these parallel robots. That’s why instead of developing a complex algorithm for identification of the boundaries of the workspace, it’s developed a general visualization method of the workspace for its analysis and its design.
\n\t\t\t\tA general numerical evaluation of the workspace can be deduced by formulating a suitable binary representation of a cross-section in the taskspace. Other authors proposed to determine the workspace by using optimization (Stan, 2003). A fundamental characteristic that must be taken into account in the dimensional design of robot manipulators is the area of their workspace. It is crucial to calculate the workspace and its boundaries with perfect precision, because they influence the dimensional design, the manipulator’s positioning in the work environment, and its dexterity to execute tasks. Because of this, applications involving these Parallel Kinematics Machines require a detailed analysis and visualization of the workspace of these PKMs. The algorithm for visualization of workspace needs to be adaptable in nature, to configure with different dimensions of the parallel robot’s links. The workspace is discretized into square and equal area sectors. A multi-task search is performed to determine the exact workspace boundary. Any singular configuration inside the workspace is found along with its position and dimensions. The area of the workspace is also computed.
\n\t\t\t\tThe workspace is the area in the plane case where the tool centre point (TCP) can be controlled and moved continuously and unobstructed. The workspace is limited by
The robotics literature contains various indices of performance (Du Plessis & Snyman, 2001) (Schoenherr & Bemessen, 1998), such as the workspace index
The workspace of the 2 DOF planar PKM of type Bipod is often represented as a region of the plane, which can be obtained by the reacheable points of the TCP.
\n\t\t\t\tThe workspace is the intersection of two enveloping surface of two legs.
The following presents the main factors affecting workspace. For ease of comparison a cubic working envelope with a common contour length is used together with a machine size that is calculated from the maximum required strut length. Other design specific factors such as the end-effector size, drive volumes have been neglected for simplification.
\n\t\t\t\tThe working envelope to machine size using variable length struts is dependent on the following factors:
\n\t\t\t\t The length of the extended and retracted actuator (L
Limitations due to the joint angle range.
The limiting effect of the joint limits is clearly illustrated in Fig. 12-13.
\n\t\t\t\tWorkspace of the Parallel Kinematics Machine with variable length struts
Workspace of the Parallel Kinematics Machine with constant length struts
In this section, the workspace of the proposed Parallel Kinematics Machines will be discussed systematically. It’s very important to analyze the area and the shape of workspace for parameters given robot in the context of industrial application. The workspace is primarily limited by the boundary of solvability of inverse kinematics. Then the workspace is limited by the reachable extent of drives and joints, occurrence of singularities and by the link and platform collisions. The PKM mechanisms PRRRP and RPRPR realize a wide workspace as well as high-speed. Analysis, visualization of workspace is an important aspect of performance analysis. A numerical algorithm to generate reachable workspace of parallel manipulators is introduced.
\n\t\t\t\tThe GUI for calculus of workspace for the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine with variable length struts
The GUI for calculus of workspace for the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine with constant length struts
In the followings is presented the workspace analysis of 2 DOF Bipod PKM.
Case I:Conditions:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
b) for\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:
\n\t\t\t\ta) for y>0
\n\t\t\t\tThe workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
b) for\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The workspace of the planar 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machine is shown as the shading region.
Conditions:\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Different regions of workspace for Biglide PKM for different lengths of stroke of actuators
Because singularity leads to a loss of the controllability and degradation of the natural stiffness of manipulators, the analysis of parallel manipulators has drawn considerable attention. Most parallel robots suffer from the presence of singular configurations in their workspace that limit the machine performances. Based on the forward and inverse Jacobian matrix, three cases of singularities of parallel manipulators can be obtained. Singular configurations should be avoided.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the followings are presented the singular configurations of 2 DOF Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine.
\n\t\t\t\tSingular configuration for the planar 2 DOF Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine
Singular configuration for the planar 2 DOF Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine
Singular configuration for the planar 2 DOF Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine
Beside workspace which is an important design criterion, transmission quality index is another important criterion. The transmission quality index couples velocity and force transmission properties of a parallel robot, i.e. power features (Hesselbach et al., 2004). Its definition runs:
\n\t\t\t\twhere I is the unity matrix. T is between 0<T<1; T=0 characterizes a singular pose, the optimal value is T=1 which at the same time stands for isotropy (Stan, 2003).
\n\t\t\t\tTransmission quality index for RPRPR Bipod Parallel Kinematic Machine
Transmission quality index for PRRRP Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine
As it can be seen from the Fig. 30, the performances of the PRRRP Biglide Parallel Kinematic Machine are constant along y-axis. On every y section of such workspace, the performance of the robot can be the same.
\n\t\t\tThe design of the PKM can be made based on any particular criterion. The chapter presents a genetic algorithm approach for workspace optimization of Bipod Parallel Kinematic Machine. For simplicity of the optimization calculus a symmetric design of the structure was chosen.
\n\t\t\t\tIn order to choose the PKM’s dimensions b, q1min, q1max, q2min, q2max, we need to define a performance index to be maximized. The chosen performance index is W (workspace) and T (transmission quality index).
\n\t\t\t\tAn objective function is defined and used in optimization. It is noted as in Eq. (8), and corresponds to the optimal workspace and transmission quality index. We can formalize our design optimization problem as the following:
\n\t\t\t\tOptimization problem is formulated as follows: the objective is to evaluate optimal link lengths which maximize Eq. (10). The design variables or the optimization factor is the ratios of the minimum link lengths to the base link length b, and they are defined by:
\n\t\t\t\tConstraints to the design variables are:
\n\t\t\t\tFlowchart of the optimization Algorithm with GAOT (Genetic Algorithm Optimization Toolbox)
For this example the lower limit of the constraint was chosen to fulfill the condition q1min≥b/2 that means the minimum stroke of the actuators to have a value greater than the half of the distance between them in order to have a workspace only in the upper region. For simplicity of the optimization calculus the upper bound was chosen q1min≤1,35b.
\n\t\t\t\tDuring optimization process using genetic algorithm it was used the following GA parameters, presented in Table 1.
\n\t\t\t\tGenerations | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t100 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Crossover rate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mutation rate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.005 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Population | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
GA Parameters
Researchers have used genetic algorithms, based on the evolutionary principle of natural chromosomes, in attempting to optimize the design parallel kinematics. Kirchner and Neugebaur (Kirchner & Neugebaur, 2000), emphasize that a parallel manipulator machine tool cannot be optimized by considering a single performance criterion. Also, using a genetic algorithm, they consider a multiple design criteria, such as the “velocity relationship” between the moving platform and the actuator legs, the influence of actuator leg errors on the accuracy of the moving platform, actuator forces, stiffness, as well as a singularity-free workspace.
\n\t\t\t\tA genetic algorithm (GA) is used because its robustness and good convergence properties. The genetic algorithms optimization approach has the clear advantage over conventional optimization approaches in that it allows a number of solutions to be examined in a single design cycle.
\n\t\t\t\tThe traditional methods searches optimal points from point to point, and are easy to fall into local optimal point. Using a population size of 50, the GA was run for 100 generations. A list of the best 50 individuals was continually maintained during the execution of the GA, allowing the final selection of solution to be made from the best structures found by the GA over all generations.
\n\t\t\t\tWe performed a kinematic optimization in such a way to maximize the objective function. It is noticed that optimization result for Bipod when the maximum workspace of the 2 DOF planar PKM is obtained for \n\t\t\t\t\t
If an elitist GA is used, the best individual of the previous generation is kept and compared to the best individual of the new one. If the performance of the previous generation’s best individual is found to be superior, it is passed on to the next generation instead of the current best individual.
\n\t\t\t\tThere have been obtained different values of the parameter optimization (q1/b) for different objective functions. The following table presents the results of optimization for different goal functions. W1 and W2 are the weight factors.
\n\t\t\t\tMethod | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGAOT Toolbox MATLAB | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Goal functions | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ=W\n1∙T+W2∙W, W1 =0,7 and W2=0,3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tq 1 /b = 0.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Z=W1∙T+W2∙W, W1=0,3 and W2 =0,7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tq 1 /b = 1.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Z= W1∙T, W1 =1 and W2 =0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tq 1 /b =0.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Z=W2∙W, W1 =0 and W2 =1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tq 1 /b= 1.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Results of Optimization for Different Goal Functions
The results show that GA can determine the architectural parameters of the robot that provide an optimized workspace. Since the workspace of a parallel robot is far from being intuitive, the method developed should be very useful as a design tool.
\n\t\t\t\tHowever, in practice, optimization of the robot geometrical parameters should not be performed only in terms of workspace maximization. Some parts of the workspace are more useful considering a specific application. Indeed, the advantage of a bigger workspace can be completely lost if it leads to new collision in parts of it which are absolutely needed in the application. However, it’s not the case of the presented structure.
\n\t\t\tAn objective function is defined and used in optimization. Objective function contains workspace and transmission quality index. Optimization parameter was chosen as the link length L2. The constraints was established as 1<L2<1.2. After performing the optimization the following results were obtained:
\n\t\t\t\tMethod | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGAOT Toolbox MATLAB | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Goal functions | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ=W1∙T+W2∙W, W1 =0,7 and W2 =0,3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL 2 = 1.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Z=W1 ∙T+W2 ∙W, W1 =0,3 and W2 =0,7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL 2 = 1.1556 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Z= W ∙T, W1 =1 and W2=0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL 2 =1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Z=W2∙W, W1 =0 and W2 =1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL 2 =1.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Results of Optimization for Different Goal Functions
Based on the presented optimization methodology we can conclude that the optimum design and performance evaluation of the Parallel Kinematics Machines is the key issue for an efficient use of Parallel Kinematics Machines. This is a very complex task and in this paper was proposed a framework for the optimum design considering basic characteristics of workspace, singularities and isotropy.
\n\t\t\tThe fundamental guidelines for genetic algorithm to optimal design of micro parallel robots have been introduced. It is concluded that with three basic generators selection, crossover and mutation genetic algorithm could search the optimum solution or near-optimal solution to a complex optimization problem of micro parallel robots. In the paper, design optimization is implemented with Genetic Algorithms (GA) for optimization considering transmission quality index, design space and workspace. Genetic algorithms (GA) are so far generally the best and most robust kind of evolutionary algorithms. A GA has a number of advantages. It can quickly scan a vast solution set. Bad proposals do not affect the end solution negatively as they are simply discarded. The obtained results have shown that the use of GA in such kind of optimization problem enhances the quality of the optimization outcome, providing a better and more realistic support for the decision maker.
\n\t\tRoot canal treatment is one type of endodontic treatment. To understand endodontic treatment, it is important to know about the anatomy of the tooth. The lack of knowledge regarding morphological and anatomical variations of the root canal system can result in failure to identify all root canals and lead to inadequate instrumentation and consequent failure of the endodontic treatment.
\nThe external and internal morphological features of roots are variable and complex, and several classifications have been proposed to define the various types of canal configurations that occur commonly. Improvements in nondestructive digital image systems, such as cone-beam and micro-computed tomography, as well as the use of magnification in clinical practice, have increased the number of reports on complex root canal anatomy [2, 12].
\nInside the tooth, under the white enamel and the hard layer of the dentin, there is a soft tissue called the pulp. The pulp contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue and creates the surrounding hard tissues of the tooth during development (Figure 1).
\nAnatomy of the tooth.
The endodontist removes the inflamed or infected pulp, carefully cleans and shapes the inside of the root canal, and then fills and seals the space. The endodontically treated tooth will receive a crown or other restoration to protect and restore it to full function [21].
\nA canal is considered well obturated when a radiopaque mass is visualized on the radiographs, being homogeneous and continuous, without voids, adapted to the lateral walls, terminating near the radiographic apex, namely 0.5–1 mm [16].
\nThe principal stages of endodontic treatment are as follows (Figure 2):
The endodontist examines and takes a radiograph of the tooth using X-rays and then administers local anesthetic. After the tooth is numb, the endodontist places a small protective sheet called a “dental dam” over the area to isolate the tooth and keep it clean and free of saliva during the procedure.
The endodontist makes an opening in the crown of the tooth. Very small instruments are used to clean the pulp and the root canals.
After the space is cleaned and shaped, the endodontist fills the root canals with a biocompatible material, usually a rubberlike material called gutta-percha. The gutta-percha is placed with an adhesive cement to ensure complete sealing of the root canals. In most cases, a temporary filling is placed to close the opening. The temporary filling will be removed by the dentist before the tooth is restored [3].
In the end of the treatment, the tooth will need a crown or other types of restoration to protect and restore it to full function.
Important stages of endodontic treatment.
The main purpose of endodontics is the total elimination or significant reduction of bacteria and their products by combining root canal system instrumentation with chemical cleaning and filling with an inert material in order to maintain or to restore the health of periradicular tissues. Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate inflamed pulpal tissue, to clean and to obturate the canals. The sealing material must be inert, biocompatible, and stable to fill the spaces left by the pulp tissues.
\nDuring the chemical-mechanical preparation, endodontic instruments promote the mechanical removal of microorganisms. The mechanical instruments remove products, and tissues aided by a chemical substance that, in addition to maximizing the removal of debris through the mechanical action of the flow and reflux, can also exert a significant chemical effect, as long as it has an antimicrobial action.
\nThe mechanical action of instrumentation and irrigation is able to reduce the amount of microorganisms and degenerate tissue within the root canal system. However, the use of irrigating solutions (auxiliary chemical) with antibacterial activity significantly increases the efficacy of the preparation in terms of infection control.
\nRemaining for a longer time inside the root canal, an intracanal medicament with antibacterial action has a greater chance of reaching areas not affected by instrumentation. Thus, by exerting its antibacterial action, it can contribute to the reduction of the endodontic microbiota.
\nRoot canals are usually sealed using a solid material (usually gutta-percha). Although gutta-percha presents antibacterial activity, attributed to the zinc oxide component of the cones, such activity is discrete and unlikely to have any value inside the root canal system [13].
\nIn fact, disinfected channels should be filled to eliminate void space that would have the potential to be infected or reinfected. Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal includes both mechanical instrumentation and antibacterial irrigation, and this is principally directed toward the elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system [15]. A variety of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment. Since their introduction in 1988, nickel-titanium rotary instruments have become a mainstay in clinical endodontics because of their exceptional ability to shape root canals with potentially fewer procedural complications. The safe clinical use of nickel-titanium instruments requires an understanding of the alloys as their mechanical properties and their correlation to canal anatomy [24].
\nPhotodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that was initiated in 1900. Recently, several papers advocated its use for root canal treatment. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red-infrared region. This causes the excitation of the photosensitizers, resulting in the production of some reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. This therapy is suggested as effective to antimicrobial intracanal, being a clinical treatment for periapical lesions [14].
\nMicroorganisms play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of pulp and periapical infections. It is now known that more than 300 species of bacteria inhabit the oral cavity; however, the number of bacterial species present in the root canals ranges from 1 to 12, with a predominance of strict anaerobes. The use of irrigating solutions during biomechanical preparation is important for the cleaning and elimination of microorganisms present inside the root canal system [18, 20, 25].
\nIn the process of root canal preparation, irrigation of the root canal is an essential element. There are five main benefits to using these irrigation solutions during root canal cleaning:
Wetting of the walls of the canal
Elimination of microorganisms
Dissolution of organic matter
Removal and softening of the teeth
Cleaning of areas inaccessible by mechanical instruments
The ideal irrigating solution should exhibit potent antimicrobial action, have the ability to dissolve organic material, be lubrificating, have low surface tension, and have no cytotoxic effects on periradicular tissues. Sodium hypochlorite is a halogenated compound used as an irrigating solution. It is an effective antimicrobial agent and solvent of organic matter and has low surface tension, and its effectiveness becomes larger when its concentration increases; however, the higher the concentration, the higher the possibility of toxic effect on the periapical tissues. Chlorhexidine is also a halogenated compound and has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, substance and low toxicity but does not have the property to dissolve organic matter. Although sodium hypochlorite is considered the best irrigating solution, it cannot dissolve inorganic particles and prevent smear layer formation during root canal instrumentation [6]. Demineralizing agents are recommended as adjuvants in the endodontic treatment of the root canal system. It is very important that the professional has the knowledge of the chemical properties of irrigating solutions to select and use them in the best possible way and in each particular case [10].
\nRoot canal obturation signals the complementary and expressive action of endodontic triad such as coronary opening, cleaning conformation of the radicular canal, and endodontic sealing. This underscores the concept of the elimination of gaps within the channels. Technically, the objectives of obturation consist in sealing root canal system with an inert and antiseptic material offering protection to the periapical tissues [1]. The radicular canal system has a very complex internal anatomy which should be considered with special attention during the treatment, since many studies reveal that there is a wide variety of accessory lateral channels, isthmuses, particularly in the third medium and apical root.
\nThe success of nonsurgical endodontic treatment is based on the complete elimination of all debris from the root canal system, sealing the root canal system with a suitable material. The action of the endodontic instruments, however, occurs only in the main channel not covering all the root canal system. The use of a chemical substance during the action of the instrumentation is very important, facilitating the instrumentation and the entry into the largest number of accessory channels.
\nAccording to some authors, about 60% of endodontic failures should be due to the improper sealing of radicular system [4, 5]. The obturation of the root canal promotes the apical repair process. The mechanical procedures of this step should provide biocompatibility for periapical tissues especially in the selection of sealing material. The purpose of endodontic filling is to seal all entry and exit of possible infiltrations into the root canals. It should promote hermetic apical sealing, and all the stages of endodontic treatment cannot cause damage for the periapical tissues [8].
\nThe success of endodontic treatment is related to several factors such as correct therapeutic indication, careful execution of the preparation technique, three-dimensional filling, and aseptic chain maintenance and preservation. Thus, the failure of conventional endodontic treatment usually stems from factors related to the technique, pre-existing pathology, and/or systemic factors. In many cases are observed that, even though the root canals are perfectly obturated, a persistent infection occurs. Such failures are probably related to resistant bacteria or to organic aspects of the patient. The main indicators of failure of conventional endodontic treatment are the presence of persistent apical lesion and painful post-symptomatic symptomatology. When the first intervention does not achieve the expected result, conventional endodontic retreatment should be the first option to correct any failures (such as microbial persistence in the root canal system as a consequence of inadequate aseptic control, insufficient access, and cleaning or inadequate sealing). If the infection persists, the surgical procedure may be indicated [23]. Parendodontic surgery is a therapeutic resource in the treatment of persistent conditions that affect the periapical tissues, being, for example, indicated for the resolution of cases not solved by conventional endodontic treatments. The technique used may vary according to the anatomical characteristics and local etiological factors. There are several modalities of parendodontic surgeries: urgency, exploratory and restorative, corrective, and apical. Periapical curettage is a very important procedure, since it provides the removal of infected, contaminated, and necrotic pathological tissues. The histopathological analysis of the biological material removed by curettage is fundamental for the definition of a correct diagnosis for the disease. Such procedure can promote drainage of secretions and pain relief, besides contemplating anatomical alterations, iatrogenic problems, traumatisms, endo-periodontal defects, and failures in the previous treatment. It also promotes the possibility of circumventing issues such as the need to provide material for biopsies. Modern endodontic surgery techniques incorporate ultrasonic tips and biocompatible root-end filling materials that are associated with the use of high-power magnification and illumination from an operative microscope [7, 9]. Modern techniques allow for easier identification of root apices, smaller osteotomies, and shallower resection angles that preserve cortical bone and root length [17]. Improved identification of anatomic structures allows dentists to better clean and seal the root surface, thus improving surgical therapy. This type of endodontic microsurgery has demonstrated a high success rate compared with traditional techniques [11, 22, 23].
\nThe lack of knowledge regarding morphological and anatomical variations of the root canal system can result in inadequate instrumentation and consequent failure of the endodontic treatment. The treatment of root canal is so important, together with irrigation to eliminate the microorganisms in the interior of the canals. The obturation is another very important stage in the endodontic treatment, sealing all spaces that could exist in the radicular system. All new options of rotatory instruments can improve the results of instrumentation and have to be known by the professionals.
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Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3423,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. 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Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8909,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. 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Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. 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He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
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After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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