Augmented reality in BIM SWOT analysis.
\r\n\tReservoir characterization is defined as the model that characterises the reservoirs based on their ability to store and produce hydrocarbons. They are used to indicate the reservoir fluids' behaviour under different circumstances and to find the optimal production techniques that can maximise production. Reservoir modeling is the process of creating a three-dimensional representation of a given reservoir based on its petrophysical, geological, and geophysical properties. These properties are defined during reservoir characterization where geoscientists and engineers gather all physical and chemical data to extrapolate those values throughout the reservoir. They can then create a three-dimensional model to be used for reservoir simulation. From a practical point of view, the integrated reservoir modeling represents now the most valuable technical approach for estimating the oil/gas reserves and computing the future production profiles, reducing the uncertainties always associated with the static and dynamic reservoir descriptions. Reservoir engineering is the formulation of development and production plans that will result in maximum recovery for a given set of economic, environmental, and technical constraints which is not a one-time activity but needs continual updating throughout the production life of a reservoir. Reservoir management is often defined as the allocation of resources to optimize hydrocarbon recovery from a reservoir while minimizing capital investments and operating expenses.
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Haman intervention in production and consumption of food and feed for human and their animals is accountable in climate change, which gives rise to other environmental changes like change in biodiversity, carbon and nitrogen cycling, and fresh water supplies [1, 2]. Change in climate may bring positive effects in some part of the world, particularly above about 55° northern altitudes. Change in climate, will further complex to attain food security in developing countries because of the negative impacts of climate change on crop production especially in subtropical and tropical areas [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. There are three major factors responsible for the climate change and their negative impacts. First, several developing countries are exposed to considerable change in rainfall and temperature; according to the IPCC [8] prediction, the tropical and subtropical areas can experience an increase in temperature of 2–5°C. An intensification in extreme events (droughts and floods) in terms of frequency and intensity is also expected [8, 9]. Second, most of the developing countries’ economies are sensitive to the direct deleterious effect of climate change because of the major dependence of developing countries’ economies on agriculture and due to the higher poverty level [6]. Third, in developing countries most of the people depend on agriculture directly for their food and livelihood and change in climate will have negative impacts on production of crop and food supply. It is clear that increase in production of crops will need to increase by 50% over next few decades to fulfill the expected demand [10] as the world population is expected to increase from 6 billion to 9 billion by 2050 [11]. The current demands of the people from the existing current production technology and cropping system may further raise environmental complexities [12, 13]; for example, increase in chemical fertilizers can increase GHG emission, which in turn can cause climate which is sometimes also called climate forcing and such changes can cause further decline in crop production. Agronomist have two major challenges. First is the production of food on sustainable basis with the changing climate along with reduction in climate forcing factors and secondly, efforts to more efficiently collaborate with other disciplines to enhance the supply of agronomic products both better integrated within the overall context of food security and better tuned to the needs of food security policy formulation.
Agronomy is a wide and dynamic discipline. Agronomy science becomes imperative in Agriculture in the following areas. Identification of proper season for cultivation of wide range of crops, proper sowing methods, weeds control through different techniques, use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures like poultry manure, farmyard manure, green manuring, brown manuring, compost formation, use of bioherbicides, different cropping techniques like intercropping, monocropping, extensive cropping, intensive cropping, storage techniques for different agricultural produces, water management, management of crop under changing climate and other farm management services broaden the scope of agronomy etc. Agronomy also has a strong relation with other agricultural sciences like agriculture chemistry, plant breading and genetics, plant ecology, crop physiology, economics, and biochemistry (Figures 1 and 2).
Flow diagram of physical, biological, economic, and social dimensions of agronomy.
Various classes of agroecological practices for increasing crop productivity at ranges from field scale to landscape scale.
Like agronomy, an agronomist also has a vast responsibility. These scientists study various crop production problems and work for better soil and crop management to get higher yield; in a broader sense agronomists deal with production of food, feed, fiber for fulfillment of the needs of the growing population by recommending best crop variety, proper sowing time, sowing method, irrigation time and amount, weed control methods, and proper cropping techniques.
Enhancement in agronomy and plant breeding has enabled increase in yield of crops over last four decades or more. Yield of many crops, particularly cereal crops like wheat, rice, and maize, has steadily increased in last few decades; this increase is due to improvement in irrigation, fertilizer use, chemical herbicides for weed control and pesticides for pest and disease control, adaptation of new production technology, high-yield varieties, and improvements in crop phenotype from breeding, especially the widespread adoptions of semi-dwarfing genes in cereals [14] has resulted in yield per unit area increase. However, this increase was not similar throughout the world. Yield increase was observed in Europe, America, and Asia, but there was decline in African countries in crop yield due to the unavailability of inputs, credit, high-yielding varieties, and irrigation water and increase in temperature. Gregory et al. [15] concluded that an increase of 1°C in temperature above 32°C can decrease yield of rice by 5%. These temperature effects were the most deleterious for the major crops like wheat, rice, and maize [16, 17, 18]. Additionally, increase in temperature also affects the wheat protein contents [19, 20].
The effect of climate change on productivity of crop shows the major role of agronomists to develop such varieties and cropping system that are more resilient to the climate change with high production. Modification in the crop due to change in climate was not significant, its might be due to gradually increase in carbon di oxide and temperature rate that modified the time of sowing, veracity and crop production management practices will allow some adaptation in the crop production system. These include various adaptations like the selection of crops that have strong mechanisms and high resistance against disease, are more resilient to the abiotic stresses like heat and temperature, and have stronger genetic enhancement to compete with changing environment and the selection of cropping system according to the current climatic condition. According to Tubiello et al. [21], increase in CO2 concentration and temperature can decrease the yield of existing varieties by 10–40%. The combination of early planting of summer and spring crops can sustain the present yield of the crops [21]. Change in climate may cause change in water regimes, which may increase water demand in temperate regions while in tropical and subtropical regions, this may lead to water scarcity [22]. Further studies are needed to discover the most adoptive form of cropping system for specific regions keeping in view the climate change scenarios and for that agronomists need to work closely in the water management department. Change in climate may bring new disease, pests, and weeds that may cause serious problems for the crops. Some of the pests and weeds which are under economic injury level become problem by exploiting the changing condition [23]. Again, agronomists will need to work with the help of integrated pest management and integrated weed management and other tactics to help control the problematic weeds, pests, and diseases.
The major role of agronomy is discovering new techniques for higher crop production without depleting natural resources and intensifying climate change. Choices for enhancing crop production safely involved extensification and intensification [13]. Extensification will help to raise the total quantity of production and contribute to increases in production, but increase through extensification is limited due the availability of limited new land [15].
According to Greenland et al. [24], more than 3 billion hectares of land is available for cultivation and can be used for good production and about 1.2–1.5 billion hectares of land is already cultivated. In general, further agriculture extensification will cause very limited increase in crop production. Typically, further extensification will contribute just 7.4% to cereal production while estimated extensification to crop production ranges from 18% in South Asia to 47% in sub-Saharan Africa by the year of 2020. To decrease the intensification of climate change and increase the extensification and intensification of farming practices in the subtropical and tropical areas should need to change with more resilience ones [15].
To assess the impacts of climate change on crop productivity and food security, agronomic research has thus provided an admirable basis. According to global harvest initiatives (2010), the global agricultural productivity must be increased by 1.75% to double the agricultural productivity by 2050. The average annual TFP growth rate in low-income countries is in trouble. However, Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2) calls for doubling of crop productivity for small-scale farmers in the lowest-income countries. But the current annual rate of TFP growth in low-income countries is just 0.96%. If this decline sustains for longer period, people in low-income countries will increase the use of soil and water, which are already threatened by extreme weather and climate change (Figures 3 and 4). Implementation of some farming practices has a significant impact and ecofriendly consequences at the watershed level. For example, growing of fruit trees on contours or other non-timber trees for the compensation of decline in crop yield could have a significant saving effect on water conservation and water use efficiency. This will provide a new way of farming to the farmers for increasing their income and will help to stabilize their socioeconomic status. Agronomists are needed to design such a productive agricultural system that is more suitable and resilient to the socioeconomic needs of the farming communities like poverty and hunger alleviation, food security, climate change adaptation, and environmental protection.
Agricultural output from TFP growth.
Economic survey of USDA.
Increase in crop productivity is important to reduce food security problem; therefore, agronomic research is related to food security. Food security can be ensured by an efficient system of food, food production, and new research in the area of crop production. Food system is a set of continuous interaction between and within humans and their biogeophysical environment and it includes food production, processing, and food allocation and food consumption [25], while agronomy has an important role in these activities like producing food, by modern scientific methods and practices, storage and processing of staple food, and production timing in relation to market and food diversity in terms of nutritional balance. To this end, agronomic research needs to be better linked to wide-ranging interdisciplinary sectors and across sectors of the food industry. This will facilitate the building of integrated socioeconomic-biophysical models that will enable analysis of adaptation options to food systems, thereby underpinning policy formulation for improved food security and nutrition. The SDGs emphasize the importance of agriculture and the need to reinvigorate farming worldwide by supporting farmers, increasing investments in research, technology and market infrastructure, and extending knowledge sharing. This will catalyze innovation and empower farmers.
According to [1], Building Information Modeling (BIM) [2] is a set of technologies, processes and policies enabling multiple stakeholders to collaboratively design, construct and operate a Facility in virtual space. The result of a BIM process is a building information model that a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design, construction and operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions. The term BIM continues to evolve over the years and is thus best understood as an ‘expression of digital innovation’ across the construction industry and the overall built environment and is an increasingly common process for managing the entire lifecycle of a building - from design and planning, through the construction phase, to operation and maintenance. As noted by D. Richard and C. Harty [3] highly structured and semantically rich 3D geometry information is in practice used on physical 2D medium, e.g. paper or digital displays. So at the end, basic concepts remain the same even though we now have access to much richer information with BIM models.
As not much has changed on the conceptual model of translating virtual 3D plans into real world structures, engineers still have to rely on their knowledge, experience and spatial awareness to map these virtual plans, that may include 2D drawings (plans, elevations and sections) or 3D models (viewed on a 2D display medium) into real environment (see also Figure 1). This challenge has been recognized by different researchers, including P. S. Duston and H. Shin [4] that proposed this mapping process be facilitated by mixing virtual information with the real environment. A technology that enables mixing digital information with the real world environment objects and spaces is called augmented reality (AR) [5].
From virtual reality, e.g. BIM model, to real environment.
AR Systems generally consist of three main phases: Data Phase, Computation, and Presentation. The data phase is primarily concerned with the creation, curation, and formatting of data. In the context of BIM related workflows, this means designing a BIM model so that it can be used as a source for augmenting reality. Merging virtual data (3D geometry, specific element information, etc.) and real environments is a computationally intensive phase and can take place on the mobile device or on a remote server. Finally, the display of the mixed visualizations can be done on handheld mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers and (2) head mounted devices. Several AR systems already exist; however, they are mainly used to display proprietary models prepared using specialized custom software, including the software that was used for this research [6].
The chapter provides an overview of building data modeling and the current state of the art in the use of augmented reality in various user scenarios of building data modeling. Specifically, it describes various challenges that need to be addressed as well as a spectrum of different end-user scenarios and use-cases for use of AR technology in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC). As part of the conclusions, the SWOT analysis of using augmented reality system in to context of BIM is also provided.
The roots of Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be traced back to the first ideas on how to use the concept of product models using various media in architectural designs [7], as reported by Russell and Elger [8] regarding the introduction of BIM into the AEC market. And following this evolution, the beginning of the Industry Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) in 1995, and from experiences established a standard for describing buildings, which would allow the exchange of information about buildings without the loss of their semantic information [8]. This working format is called Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) [9], having been published for the first time in 1997.
Following the definition of BIM by the US National Building Information Modeling Standard (NIBS 2012), BIM digitally represents the physical and functional characteristics of a building, enabling the collaboration of different stakeholders throughout the building’s lifecycle to enter, update or modify information in the BIM model. BIM is always evolving, seeking to optimize technology according to the complexity of the processes applied in civil construction and the construction community is looking to innovate with BIM through specific workflow tools such as VR and AR that are being applied directly to solve real-world problems as installation verification and estimating [10].
The essence of building information modeling is the ability to add useful information [10] using BIM models that are more than geometric representations; therefore, they can be viewed in various dimensions, from 3D (design planning), 4D (scheduling), 5D (costing), 6D (life cycle information) and 7D (facility management) [11] (Figure 2) and, the data models used differ from each other according to the schema used both to organize the data and the schema language to transport the data.
Building information modeling enables communication, collaboration and visualization of BIM models throughout the building life cycle; from design and planning, through construction phase, and finally operations and maintenance.
The IFC data model it is an open and platform-neutral file format, facilitating interoperability in the architecture, engineering and construction industries, being used through specialized BIM programs and therefore with its own platforms such as Revit, ArchiCAD, Navisworks, Bentley, among many others. Since IFC is an open standard it enabled development of different translators from one data format to another, for example from IFC to XML [2].
Current virtual reality technologies are based on ideas constructed and reported from the 1960s and possibly earlier, such as the iconic Ivan Sutherland who in 1968 created the first head-mounted display that rendered simple wireframe models for pose change of the viewer [12]. It was through the foundations of this invention and with technological innovations and other evolutions that we now call Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) (Figure 3) [13].
Reality-Virtuality continuum [
With the concept of VR conceived more than fifty years ago, when the first immersive human-computer interaction (HCI) mock-up called “Human-Machine Graphic Communication System” was invented [12] the formal term of VR was placed in 1989 on the RV continuum based on Milgram’s taxonomy where VR represents the creation of a virtual reality or. environment in which the user can enter this scene with the feeling of being in the “real” world, with limited level of “realism” such as visual and sound effects [14].
According to this definition, AR is an environment where additional data generated by the computer is fed into the user’s view of a real scene [15]. With AR, users can access, visualize and interact with complex information in the context of the real environment, or in other words, computer-generated elements are added to the seen reality. Since the entry requirements for a AR capable device are relatively low, many of today’s smart devices (phones, tablets) are suitable for AR use.
With the growth and maturation of technologies in AR, applications end up becoming more viable and popular for both the education, design, manufacturing, construction and entertainment sectors, becoming potential in helping to improve existing technologies and, with that, can promote a better quality of life mainly for people with physical and/or mobility limitations.
In the context of augmented reality and BIM we can define augmented reality can as system in which BIM model is used to augment real environment. An AR enhanced BIM modeler could also be envisioned where BIM model information is edited in an AR environment. AR is currently being considered by scholars and practitioners in the area of knowledge, as a “New Age” of information through advanced technology due to the positive effects of its technological potential that its correct use offers to the construction industry, especially in the construction phase, providing significantly affects the efficiency of projects, quality, health and safety [16], and consequently the project cost and duration, positively [17].
In Section 2. we already established BIM as a type of a “central hub” to all data and information related to a specific projects – this of course includes 3D models necessary for AR applications as well as non-geometrical information that could also be linked and accessed in AR applications.
But combining real world objects with virtual ones can be challenging. Researchers Bajura M and Neumann U [18] identified four main challenges to be addressed: (1) the origin of the tracking system is not aligned with the world coordinate system; (2) the transformation from source to object is not accurate; (3) the position of the virtual camera is not correct – usually related to inertial and motion-based sensors errors; and (4) virtual camera-to-image mapping does not accurately model the real camera.
To organize the data processing steps for the final BIM visualization in AR, Williams et al. [19] describes a generalized three step workflow (similar architecture is also proposed by Meža et al. [20]): (1) First, it is necessary to generate geospatial properties for each BIM object where mobile AR application uses geolocation to identify the user’s position and, consequently, be able to produce information related to the viewed object; (2) Second, from the moment that the information displayed in mobile AR refers to a user’s position, several points surveyed within BIM also need to be identified. These points will represent where users can stay in a physical location and perform mobile AR tasks with BIM data sets related to that location; and (3) Third, for BIM to be usable in a general mobile AR environment, the geometry and property data set needs to be separated into two exchange formats.
In the context of BIM workflows, the use of augmented reality is usually associated with three basic use-case scenarios [21]: (1) design phase - review of proposed solution, (2) construction phase - monitoring of construction progress [22] and (3) operation phase – building maintenance [4]. But as identified by C. Woodward and M. Hakkarainen [23] many other relevant use-case scenarios should be considered, including layout optimization, excavation, positioning, inspection, coordination, supervision, commenting, etc.
In the following subsections, three different representative use cases are described. Two of them are based on infrastructure projects (railway/tunnel, bridge) and the last one is based on an office building. In all presented use cases, a BIM specific mobile application [6] has been used to access BIM models as well as to use the integrated AR solution. The mobile apps use a BIM shared data environment solution that provides a central hub for all person-to-person communication, data sharing, etc.
The project used for this use-case is a construction of the second railway line from Divača to Koper that includes construction of more than 17.4 km of access roads with various structures serving as service lines for the construction of tunnels, retaining walls and a bridge approximately 35 m long. It is one of the largest infrastructure project in Slovenia.
The first use-case clearly falls into the design and planning phase of the full life cycle using AR for visualization of the construction site organization as well as visualization of the completed structure in real environment. One of the main goals for the use-case was also to examine how AR technology and its implementation in the selected mobile application can be used for an infrastructure projects that are defined primarily with long distances.
We used a tablet computer with augmented reality application to test the use-case in two different locations that are a few kilometers apart. However, both are georeferenced in a 2D model on the tablet (Figure 4) and correctly link the required information in the 3D model.
The stand point 1 (a) and the stand point 2 (b).
Its integration through AR technology to visualize interactive 3D models on site [24, 25] (Figure 5). As seen in the images bellow, it was possible, for example, to check the tunnel portal and MEP installations, railway track to be build, as well as to get the general scale and complexity of the construction site.
Visualizing (a) a railway track and (b) a portal to a tunnel.
Key takeaways: (1) it is absolutely essential that all BIM models are correctly georeferenced for use by AR system, (2) use of tablets/phones can be challenging in bright environments, (3) difficult to orient yourself in the field and correctly position and scale BIM model, (4) can be used for general understanding of future construction site, and (5) determining geolocation can be challenging and it is depended on geographical characteristics of the construction area.
The project used for the second use case is an already completed infrastructure project - a new bridge (Figure 6) over the Savinja River in Marija Gradec, near Laško. The bridge is 123 m long and up to 12 m high and designed as an anchored containment structure. The bridge construction started in mid-July 2019 and was opened for traffic in February 2021.
The Marija Gradec bridge.
The use case clearly addresses the use of AR in the operation and maintenance phase (7D, see also Figure 2) of the life cycle [26, 27]. BIM model (3D geometry only) was available and correctly georeferenced via the mobile platform used [6]. This made it possible to obtain real-time architectural visual interaction and communication. Another important point for the choice of this site as a case study is precisely the counterpoint that apart from the 3D model BIM in IFC format as basic information, no other accessible database is available, which imposes major limitations for its use and visualization in augmented reality. Overall, it is possible to check the 3D model BIM and compare the same coordinates on Google Maps as shown in Figure 7.
The geoposition of the bridge in Google maps (left) and BIM model (right).
Key takeaways: (1) it is essential for the of AR system, that BIM model includes additional information to basic 3D geometry, (2) positioning/scaling of BIM model in AR system possible due to available reference points, (3) difficult to use tablets/smart phones in bright sunlight.
The construction of the industrial complex “Industrial and commercial building Iskra Mehanizmi Brnik” (Figure 8) is structurally divided into 3 main blocks: the commercial part, which consists of a monolithic reinforced concrete structure and two production and storage units made of prefabricated reinforced concrete.
Iskra Mehanizmi Brnik industrial complex.
The use case focuses on the Iskra Mehanizmi office building (Figure 9). It is a complex structure that is in the final stages of construction. The example can be used to demonstrate the use of AR technology at different lifecycle stages (see also Figure 2). A complete common data environment was available for the project, which contained various 3D models BIM with all associated information, allowing the use of AR.
The site situation/implementation plan. Top right is the newly constructed Iskra Mehanizmi office building.
The model BIM supports geometric and non-geometric design information such as location through geo-referencing (3D) and technical specifications (4D) from door and window manufacturers as well as maintenance information (5D) (Figure 10a). The convergence between the 3D model BIM and the AR (Figure 10b) is practically done through three main components: the 3D model BIM itself, the whole readout and the transformation of the data for interpretation in augmented reality through an appropriate application on a mobile device, in this case a tablet was used. To enable visualization on the AR platform, the 3D model BIM sends and receives information BIM, such as installation adjustment requirements and work plan review, allowing the user to interact with the 3D model BIM and other members of the project team in real time (Figure 10c). BIM models are created based on 2D design drawings and with information included in the design specifications according to the client’s requirements. In this case, there is a marker (orange rectangle) that refers to the requested information (Figure 10d). After clicking on the orange rectangle, a new window immediately opens with the details of the information in a 2D drawing with comments about the location, the type of installations performed, and what needs to be done to complete the jobs (Figure 10e). The levels of construction details included in the same information can be structural, architectural, MEP installations or others required to complete the project (Figure 10f).
Using an AR system - (a) location used for geospatial reference, (b) positioning/orienting/scaling the BIM model, (c) accessing associated tasks for current location, (d) information data request, (e) checking specific information of a BIM object, (f) accessing construction details.
One of the main objectives for the use case was also to test the use of AR inside a building, where it is usually impossible to collect GPS signals for geolocation of the stand position. The mobile solution used in the example, AR [6], uses a manual geolocation method where the user (1) selects an approximate position in the 2D plane and (2) rotates and scales the 3D model based on reference points (windows, doors, columns, etc.).
Key takeaways: (1) determining geolocation within a building can be challenging and different AR may take different approaches to solve this, (2) positioning and scaling a BIM model in the AR system is possible due to the available reference points, (3) BIM models are usually more complete for buildings compared to infrastructure objects (bridges, tunnels, etc.), therefore the AR system can make better use of the available information.
This paper mainly focuses on the major application scenarios mentioned by various researchers and practitioners in the field of architecture, engineering and construction. The advances in the digitization of all processes and workflows in the AEC industry in general and beyond with the wide adoption of BIM as a common methodology for managing large construction projects enables the use of advanced information communication technology (including, augmented reality) in AEC workflows. It is not emphasized that the approach of AR is better and more effective compared to others, but it is a helpful complement to other technologies for managing a building life cycle.
Through AR it is possible to obtain a special feature, namely “instant visualization”, which facilitates communication and decision making between the parties involved in the project. According to Wang J et al. [27], AR inherently involves human interaction with real and virtual information sources. Within BIM technology, the use of AR allows designers to place the virtual construction schematic in a real physical environment; it grants owners an engaging and interactive experience and suppliers the ability to communicate effectively with both clients and the technical team.
The case studies are different, the first being a road infrastructure project, more specifically a tunnel (already completed) and the second an architectural project for a commercial/service building (under construction), both with 3D models from BIM, which allowed visualization in AR. Table 1 shows the SWOT analysis for use of augmented reality in BIM based on the above presented use-cases and key takeaways from those examples.
|
|
|
|
Augmented reality in BIM SWOT analysis.
Future research should generally focus on three main themes: (1) improving the understanding of information transfer processes, (2) enhancing software solutions, and (3) better understanding the required information contained in BIM models.
By improving the understanding of information transfer processes, we mean determining the tasks that could benefit most from AR technology [28]. It would also be interesting to explore an alternative information flow where building information models could be generated or updated in a real 3D space, on mobile devices, rather than on 2D computer screens in offices. It is expected that building information modeling software vendors will improve their products in this direction, which would also be based on research such as that conducted or reviewed in this paper.
Computer market leaders say augmented reality will change everything. But right now AR still has many challenges to overcome (improving occlusion, the process of creating 3D content and asset quality, connectivity, computing power of devices, miniaturization of hardware components …) and if AR on mobile phones is the first step and most AR experience for a few years, AR on smart glasses will completely change the user experience. With smart glasses, users will have access to hands-free experiences, with content displayed right in front of their eyes and a full augmented view of the real world.
The presented research was supported by Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree (EMJMD) - BIM A+ European Master in Building Information Modeling (https://bimaplus.org). Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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