\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1915",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology",title:"Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Agent-based technology provides a new computing paradigm, where intelligent agents can be used to perform tasks such as sensing, planning, scheduling, reasoning and decision-making. In an agent-based system, software agents with sufficient intelligence and autonomy can either work independently or coordinately with other agents to accomplish tasks and missions. In this book, we provide up-to-date practical applications of agent-based technology in various fields, such as electronic commerce, grid computing, and adaptive virtual environment. The selected applications are invaluable for researchers and practitioners to understand the practical usage of agent-based technology, and also to apply agent-based technology innovatively in different areas.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0276-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5627-7",doi:"10.5772/2338",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"practical-applications-of-agent-based-technology",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f8b3cc5e7b1d82005f4412bc9c99a362",bookSignature:"Haiping Xu",publishedDate:"March 21st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1915.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14848,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 20th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 18th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"106838",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"haiping-xu",fullName:"Haiping Xu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/106838/images/system/106838.jpg",biography:"Dr. Haiping Xu received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, in 2003. Prior to that, he successively worked with Shen-Yan Systems Technology, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Co., as a Software Engineer, in Beijing, China. Since 2003, he has been with the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, where he is currently an Associate Professor at the Computer and Information Science Department, and a Director of the Concurrent Software Engineering Laboratory (CSEL). His research has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Marine Corps. His major research interests include distributed software engineering, formal methods, multi-agent systems, electronic commerce, data mining, service-oriented systems, cybersecurity, and cloud computing.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"557",title:"Intelligent System",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering-intelligent-system"}],chapters:[{id:"33776",title:"Agent-Based System Applied to Smart Distribution Grid Operation",doi:"10.5772/38442",slug:"agent-based-technology-applied-to-smart-distribution-grid-operation",totalDownloads:4410,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"D. Issicaba, M. A. Rosa, W. Franchin and J. A. Peças Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33776",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33776",authors:[{id:"117261",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",surname:"Rosa",slug:"mauro-rosa",fullName:"Mauro Rosa"},{id:"118150",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diego",surname:"Issicaba",slug:"diego-issicaba",fullName:"Diego Issicaba"},{id:"146507",title:"MSc.",name:"Wagner",surname:"Franchin",slug:"wagner-franchin",fullName:"Wagner Franchin"},{id:"146508",title:"Prof.",name:"João Abel",surname:"Peças Lopes",slug:"joao-abel-pecas-lopes",fullName:"João Abel Peças Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"33777",title:"Conflict Resolution in Resource Federation with Intelligent Agent Negotiation",doi:"10.5772/36189",slug:"conflict-resolution-in-resource-federation-with-intelligent-agent-negotiation-",totalDownloads:2058,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wai-Khuen Cheng and Huah-Yong Chan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33777",authors:[{id:"107418",title:"Dr.",name:"Wai Khuen",surname:"Cheng",slug:"wai-khuen-cheng",fullName:"Wai Khuen Cheng"},{id:"111973",title:"Dr.",name:"Huah Yong",surname:"Chan",slug:"huah-yong-chan",fullName:"Huah Yong Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"33778",title:"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Agents in Electronic Auctions",doi:"10.5772/36759",slug:"homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-agents-in-electronic-auctions",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jacob Sow, Patricia Anthony and Chong Mun Ho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33778",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33778",authors:[{id:"109668",title:"Mr.",name:"Jacob",surname:"Sow",slug:"jacob-sow",fullName:"Jacob Sow"},{id:"115648",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Anthony",slug:"patricia-anthony",fullName:"Patricia Anthony"},{id:"115649",title:"Prof.",name:"Chong Mun",surname:"Ho",slug:"chong-mun-ho",fullName:"Chong Mun Ho"}],corrections:null},{id:"33779",title:"Developing a Multi-Issue E-Negotiation System for E-Commerce with JADE",doi:"10.5772/37406",slug:"developing-a-multi-issue-e-negotiation-system-for-e-commerce-with-jade",totalDownloads:2384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bala M. Balachandran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33779",authors:[{id:"112579",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Balachandran",slug:"bala-balachandran",fullName:"Bala Balachandran"}],corrections:null},{id:"33780",title:"Adaptive Virtual Environments: The Role of Intelligent Agents",doi:"10.5772/37877",slug:"adaptive-virtual-environments-the-role-of-intelligent-agents",totalDownloads:1863,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcus S. de Aquino and Fernando da F. de Souza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33780",authors:[{id:"114636",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",surname:"Aquino",slug:"marcus-aquino",fullName:"Marcus Aquino"},{id:"117215",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Souza",slug:"fernando-souza",fullName:"Fernando Souza"}],corrections:null},{id:"33781",title:"Software Agent Finds Its Way in the Changing Environment",doi:"10.5772/37742",slug:"software-agent-finds-its-way-in-the-changing-environment",totalDownloads:2038,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Algirdas Sokas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33781",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33781",authors:[{id:"114148",title:"Dr.",name:"Algirdas",surname:"Sokas",slug:"algirdas-sokas",fullName:"Algirdas Sokas"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3789",title:"Affective Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eec76730bfb0d91b404d56208c6403b6",slug:"affective_computing",bookSignature:"Jimmy Or",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132978",title:"Prof.",name:"Jimmy",surname:"Or",slug:"jimmy-or",fullName:"Jimmy Or"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9977",title:"IoT Applications Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"adf308a0840ede98439d031a21ba73a6",slug:"iot-applications-computing",bookSignature:"Ishwar Singh, Zhen Gao and Carmine Massarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"333793",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishwar",surname:"Singh",slug:"ishwar-singh",fullName:"Ishwar Singh"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpfU1QAI/Profile_Picture_1640002411379",biography:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli (Environmental technologist at Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute)is an expert in the development of Smart Technologies for water management and environmental monitoring, characterization and monitoring of contaminated and degraded sites, integration of spatial data such as standard methodologies, interoperability and data infrastructures.\r\nHe is also an expert in Geographic Information Systems, database administration, programming and IT-related roles, maintenance and creation of geographic data (accuracy and quality), use of scripting, and building cartographic output applying the principles of cartography using open-source IT systems for the processing, analysis, and integration of remote sensing data with airborne and satellite sensors for thematic purposes.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65367",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9775",leadTitle:null,title:"Cytokeratins",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCytokeratins are the most diverse and, arguably least understood components of the cytoskeleton. Comprising the intermediate filaments of epithelial cells, cytokeratins have roles in tissue integrity, in signaling, attachment to a substrate, and providing scaffolding to cytoplasmic organelles including, presumably, the nucleus. Essentially insoluble filamentous structures, these assemblies disappear during mitosis, to re-assemble immediately afterward. Beyond the confines of epithelial cells, keratins provide the bulk material to the epidermal stratum corneum, hair, nails and other rigid elements of the integument. Cytokeratins are obligate heteropolymers, consisting of equal amounts of Type I, acidic, and Type II neutral to basic proteins. In mammals, the Type I keratin genes are clustered in a single chromosomal region, and so are the Type II keratin genes. Different cytokeratins are characteristic molecular marker for specific epithelia, e.g., epidermis, cornea, tongue, hair etc. Mutations in keratin genes have dominant inheritance, in accordance with their obligate polymerization, and can cause severe disorders. Lately, first successes in correcting the mutant phenotype have been achieved using DNA-targeted therapies. Recent progress in studies of these fascinating proteins warrants a recap at this moment, which this volume aims to provide.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5b6f7c428ae46faa9e16125459bedbff",bookSignature:"Dr. Miroslav Blumenberg",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9775.jpg",keywords:"Cytoplasm, Cytokeratin-associated Proteins, Signal Transduction, Actin, Tubulin, Integrins, Extracellular Matrix, Disruptions and Diseases, Promoters, Transcription Factors, Tissue Specificity, Keratinopathies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Blumenberg pioneered the use of DNA microarrays in skin biology. His H-index of 35 is a clear indicator of his merit and impact as a researcher. He serves on editorial boards of BMC Genomics, Acta Dermatovenerologica APA, and World Journal of Biological Chemistry and holds three patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5519",title:"Melanin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c20953970276d03b7d85a71b6a7b786f",slug:"melanin",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6078",title:"Human Skin Cancers",subtitle:"Pathways, Mechanisms, Targets and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb972353fcf2ce19dfbd460010d13803",slug:"human-skin-cancers-pathways-mechanisms-targets-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6078.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",slug:"keratin",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8029",title:"Transcriptome Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19e7bd55dd90a5187ee806a307ef112d",slug:"transcriptome-analysis",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5303",title:"Human Skin Cancer, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"603f010ded352a569252feae2b686d18",slug:"human-skin-cancer-potential-biomarkers-and-therapeutic-targets",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5303.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8997",title:"Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4bb9c77b89f8baf2716d1fb84c5bd9f",slug:"microorganisms",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Mona Shaaban, Abdelaziz Elgaml",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56833",title:"Grading Intellectual Work Output by Fractional Approach to Excellence: A Score Sheet for Every Activity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69654",slug:"grading-intellectual-work-output-by-fractional-approach-to-excellence-a-score-sheet-for-every-activi",body:'The dictionary defines quality as the degree of excellence of something. This definition fatally implies fractions. On the road to excellence, a performer climbs various steps. If he or she reaches the target, the fraction of excellence becomes 1.0, and the performer has attained his or her maximum potential. On the scale of fractions, the quality of any work output is situated somewhere between zero and one. This is its degree of excellence. The evaluation of the most diverse items obeys this procedure, from the Human Development Index (HDI) all the way to a research report. Now, the notion of the index appears. An index is a number giving the magnitude of a phenomenon in terms of a standard. This returns the argument to the fraction. The standard is 1.0, and the magnitude of the phenomenon again is somewhere between zero and one. There are two methods to assess the magnitude of a phenomenon, a subjective evaluation and an objective evaluation. Examples of the subjective evaluation are the Likert scale and the Servqual scale. They are multiple-choice questionnaires with weighed answers. They gauge opinions or attitudes of the customer universe of an enterprise to assess customer satisfaction with its services [1–4]. The results take the form of words, not numbers. A customer may rate a service as poor, fair, or good. The method is reactive. It evaluates the work of others after completion. The triage theory of grading reported by [5] also falls into this category. It states that a phenomenon can only be good, bad, or in-between.
The objective method of grading the magnitude of a phenomenon uses numbers, specifically fractions. Consequently, it is more precise than the subjective method. It is the object of this report. Instead of categorizing a piece of intellectual work as good or poor, it defines a standard of excellence and asks how closely the piece of work comes to meeting it. The standard takes the form of a score sheet that lists all requirements for excellence of the given piece of work. The more items there are in the list, the more reliable the evaluation is. The performer or the judge ticks off the requirements met and divides their number by the sum of items in the list. The result is a simple and precise fraction. This method is proactive in the sense that it allows for self-evaluation and inspires iteration. A performer can set his or her own standards of excellence and then strive to meet them.
Another difference between the methods refers to nomenclature. Is the target excellence or perfection? [6] provides definitions of those terms for the purpose of evaluation or grading. “Perfection pursues an external standard, a universal standard, or at least somebody else’s standard. Excellence measures the achievement of one’s own potential.” With the objective method, a person can advance professionally by setting high standards of excellence for himself or herself and by facing the challenge of reaching his or her maximum potential. Contrary to perfection, the potential of excellence varies from person to person or from group to group.
Quality may refer to the performance of institutions or individuals. Many international bodies study and promote institutional quality. The International Academy for Quality (IAQ) pursues the “mission of adapting principles and methods to improve performance for the benefit of society, specifically to improve corporate governance worldwide.” It works through task forces in different disciplines [7]. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) pursues the “mission of developing and publishing international standards,” which are the targets of quality that any institution strives to reach. As an example, the ISO 9000 series of norms “sets out the requirements of quality management systems” [8]. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) maintains the account of the Human Development Index (HDI), which assigns a dynamic index or a fraction to each country representing its performance quality with respect to life expectance, knowledge, and living standard [9]. [10, 11] Confront individual with group performance and determine to what extent the sum total of collective achievement outperforms the individual achievement. The notion of approach to excellence in the teaching context is present in studies by [12–15]. These references are concerned with what students need to learn and how they can apply their acquired knowledge in the competitive work environment. In this context, the present report anticipates the outcome by directly evaluating the performance of the teacher with a teaching score sheet.
Quality of performance relates to scales of value in the sense that top performance is the value target of organizations, institutions, or individuals for all activities they exercise. Score sheets do not measure values directly. They provide targets of performance and behavior and measure the approach to those targets with precise fractions. Individuals and groups reveal their values in their behavior. If they strive for top performance, then they practice this value. If they strive for fairness of evaluations, then they practice this value. Score sheets are the tools for monitoring the success of the endeavor.
The objective of this communication is to discuss personal experience with peer evaluation and self-evaluation of typical professional activities using score sheets. The score sheets define excellent performance in terms of a certain number of specific items, such that the quality of performance becomes a fraction of the achievement of excellence. The study pretends to inspire persons and groups to establish their own standards of excellence for every intellectual activity they pursue and create the habit of checking or grading their performance.
During his professional career, this author constantly came across situations where he needed to evaluate individual or collective activities, without having a reliable standard against which to work. The index method for evaluating institutional or organizational performance was of no avail. The social performance of a nation or the governance of a corporation did not supply evaluation schemes for individual everyday tasks. Consequently, he set out to develop the score sheet method. It consists of preparing a predetermined list of requirements for reaching target performance in every activity considered. The number of requirements met divided by the total number of requirements provides the quality or the index of performance. The score sheets exist prior to the execution of any assignment or activity. Thus, the evaluation, including self-evaluation, becomes reasonably objective and repeatable. The most interesting component of the method is the possibility of iteration. A person can prepare a report or a presentation, test it against the score sheet, improve it, test it again, and only deliver it when he or she judges the quality satisfactory. There are no surprises. This concept of iteration also is at the heart of machine grading. A person writes an essay and submits it to the computer for grading. According to the grade received, he or she rewrites the essay and submits it again until satisfied [16]. The first score sheets developed and discussed here refer to typical activities of the learning context where they measure communication skills, namely, technical reports, general written assignments (essays) of students, oral presentations, and teacher performance. With time and experience, they extrapolated to institutional and social contexts and found use for grading the environmental performance of schools, the marketing success of horticultural produce, and the sustainability of cities. The author even discovered a surprising horizon for the method by applying it to assessing the quality of life after retirement. The method responds directly to claims of [17] who dismisses multiple-choice questions and formal final exams in the learning context as inadequate. He predicts, “We are on the brink of a future where university assessment follows a set of pre-established algorithms, and thus students will reclaim assessment as a learning tool.” [18, 19] advocate similar procedures. Instead of algorithms, they use the term scoring rubrics to refer to a set of requirements for each intellectual task. The grade is simply the fraction of rubrics met by the candidate.
In his teaching activities, this author abandoned the classical final exam routine 30 years ago and began working with the score sheet method, which he considers the algorithm or scoring rubric that students and professionals can use for self-evaluation of their work. The evaluation at school mimics the evaluation of professionals at work. It is progressive over fixed time spans. The grades for all individual tasks accumulate during those time spans, such that a person knows his or her total grade at any moment. There is no need for one final task to evaluate the person’s performance. Summing up, the method of objective progressive evaluation through scoring rubrics consists of the following steps. Decide which activity or task to evaluate. Define the target in terms of the maximum degree of excellence expected. Compose a set of rubrics or requirements that lead to excellence, the more the better. This set is the score sheet. Obtain agreement on the score sheet from all stakeholders, evaluators and evaluated. Apply the score sheet to assess the quality of each task or activity by dividing the number of requirements fulfilled by the total number in the set. This assessment may be iterative in order to improve the result of a specific task before release. It may also be repetitive in order to determine progress over time in a specific activity. It is proactive because as a learning tool it inspires people to meet their intellectual potential. Organizations pursue exactly this value: inspire their members to meet their intellectual potential for the benefit of the organization. How do they determine whether this value is in fact operational? They use score sheets.
The method follows this author’s conviction that it is easier to define perfection or excellence, than it is to define quality. Consequently, the first step always is to define excellence for any activity or task on the horizon. The second step is to provide the metrics for fractional approximation of excellence and thus measure quality as the fraction of excellence achieved [20]. With this philosophy in mind, the author developed score sheets (or metrics or scoring rubrics) for diverse situations, tested them through evaluations of performance, and improved them where necessary. The situations covered so far follow below. The score sheets are dynamic in the sense that any person, judge or performer, may adapt them to his or her specific application by modifying the list of metrics.
The necessity of a technical report arises in diverse working environments, such as industry, research, schooling, and consulting. Reports may contain text, figures, calculations, appendices, and nomenclature. The author’s score sheet applies specifically to the university context where students have to prepare reports for term projects or laboratory experiments. It seeks to attend to the following teaching philosophy. Report writing is part of engineering apprenticeship. An engineer communicates his or her work performance through technical reports. In the industrial context, the engineer’s scale of values asks for excellent reports. In the university context, the teacher coaches students in report writing. The evaluation of reports is objective and repeatable (a report receives the same mark today or next month from any grader). Flawless composition is as important as flawless calculations. The score sheet with explanations of use and a sample numerical result is available from [21].
It contains six sections with varying numbers of rubrics as follows:
Work efficiency (7 rubrics)
Quality of presentation (10 rubrics)
Quality of editing (15 rubrics)
Technical level (14 rubrics)
Quality of calculations (14 rubrics)
Quality of drawings and tables (11 rubrics)
Each section receives a fractional or percentage grade according to the number of rubrics attended, and the total grade is the average of all six fractions or percentages. The section on work efficiency is specific to the learning environment. It is probably redundant in a professional context. It serves the author to transmit to students the understanding that meeting deadlines is an intrinsic part of professional work. Every time he or she misses a deadline, a performer accumulates a negative concept in his or her job evaluation program. The score sheet under consideration mimics this fact. If he or she delivers the report on an arbitrary date, he or she accumulates zeros on the first four rubrics and only starts punctuating on the fifth one.
In addition, the grader may establish a cutoff mark necessary for acceptance. He or she then returns the report for rewriting if it falls short of the cutoff mark. In the teaching context, this is a powerful stimulation. It tells the student: You can do much better, please do. The section on work efficiency addresses this procedure in items 6 and 7. If the report is not accepted for grading after two trials, item 6 is zeroed out. There are a few specific items in the score sheet that lead to instantaneous rejection of the report, and the performer has no choice but to agree. Examples: The handwriting is illegible or the typing is negligent. Coverage of subject matter is below 60%. There are errors of arithmetic. More than 5% of the sentences contain infractions of grammar. This refers to the author’s specific application. Any person or organization can adapt the sheet to their needs by modifying the rubrics. As a result, the score sheet objectively defines the expectations placed on written reports in diverse contexts. There are no surprises. There are no opinions. There are only fractions, precise fractions. Newcomers simply receive the score sheet and study it. They soon learn how to iterate. There is no need for indoctrination.
The requirement of writing an essay is omnipresent in daily professional life. It goes all the way from expressing a point of view to written exams of any kind. In every case, the essay is a professional communication tool. The author needed a score sheet for grading essays handed in by graduate students as part of a course requirement. He found the answer in the Brazilian National High School Examination run by the Ministry of Education. Various authors have reproduced and commented on the grading scheme for the essays applied in those exams [22, 23]. From the former reference, the author extracted the essence of the grading scheme, modified it to suit his context, transformed it into a score sheet, and translated it [24]. The idea of the evaluation is to break it down into five expectations of proficiency that, respectively, refer to the following aspects:
Domination of the norms of the written language
Comprehension of the scope of the proposed title
Selection and organization of information, facts, and opinions to support the argumentation
Mechanisms for the construction of arguments
Valid conclusions derived from the arguments
For each proficiency, the score sheet provides five possible choices of grade according to the degree of attainment of excellence. The second proficiency serves as illustration.
Proficiency 2—Comprehension of the scope of the proposed title.
Grade 0—Does not comprehend or attend to the given title.
Grade 1—Develops the topic tangentially. The text presents some characteristics of argumentation.
Grade 2—Develops the topic reasonably from considerations of common sense and with references to the title.
Grade 3—Develops the topic well with predictable arguments and indications of authorship.
Grade 4—Develops the topic very well with a personal and productive text and good argumentations.
The sum of the partial grades divided by a perfect total score delivers the quality of the essay in the form of a fraction or percentage. The perfect total score is 100% or 5 × 4 = 20. Experience shows that this method allows a grader to evaluate many essays within a reasonable time and arrive at reproducible grades. The rubrics are open to discussion and modification to suit specific applications. This score sheet is a learning tool. It allows students and professionals to adapt their style of writing to the demands of proficiency and iterate. As was the case with technical reports, the expectations are clear and do not hide surprises. There are fractions, precise fractions.
Very early in his career, this author perceived the need to prepare oral presentations of all kinds thoroughly. An audience does not forgive poor performance resulting from improvisation. Apart from general advice on visual aids and the speaker’s behavior, the idea of grading comes into play again. What is the standard for an excellent presentation, and how close to the standard does any speaker get? How well does he or she communicate with the audience? The score sheet shown in Ref. [25] answers this question.
As was the case with written reports, it stimulates iteration. Practice runs are never graded, but in the public presentation, there is no room for excuses. The score sheet serves both the speaker and the grader. In the academic context, this author evaluates his students by their written and oral presentations. This means that they have to hand in a written project report and defend it orally in front of their peers. The score sheets guide them through those tasks, and they may practice as much as they please. Following the philosophy of teaching stated earlier, the peers do the grading on the score sheet supplied. It is a learning tool. There are no surprises and no opinions. In any organization, if achieving excellence were a value, the score sheet could provide guidance for preparing excellent presentations. It evaluates the three basic parts of the task, namely, content, preparation, and delivery.
The part on content expresses what the audience expects in terms of relevance, organization, and quality of argument. There are 15 requirements in this section. The section on preparation focuses on the use of allotted time, the quality of visual aids, and the physical infrastructure. It contains 17 requirements for meeting the standard. The way the speaker uses his or her time is the best clue to knowing whether he or she practiced the presentation prior to delivery. A speaker who asks the chairperson how much time is left, or who exceeds the time limit without noticing it, obviously has not prepared the presentation. The score on delivery grades the quality of discourse and the speaker’s behavior. The standard for this section contains 13 requirements. The quality of discourse is another clue to detecting prior practice runs. In a practiced talk, there is fluent continuous speech without breaks or superfluous interjections. The total number of requirements is 45. The grader simply ticks off those that the speaker fulfills and divides them by 45 to produce the score, which represents the fractional attainment of excellence. This particular score sheet is universal. There is not much room for improvements or modifications. Ever since he created it, this author has become very critical of presentations he witnesses at scientific conferences. He mentally grades them, and the results are not always excellent. He himself has adopted the habit of iteration. He arrives at conferences with a high level of confidence, because he knows exactly what to say and stays exactly within the allotted speaking time. This is an invitation to the reader to follow similar procedures and increase his or her professional satisfaction. By way of an extreme situation that arose at a conference, here is what the author learned from the score sheet. Item III B 4 requires the speaker to be visible to all listeners. At the said conference, the speakers’ podium was so high that they practically disappeared behind it. This author knew exactly what to do. He grabbed the microphone and stood beside the podium while speaking. The visual contact was excellent, and nobody objected. Why did none of the other speakers do this? They did not know about the score sheet, which provides a competitive advantage. Another trick is hidden in item III A 3, which requires the speaker’s voice volume to be adequate for everybody to hear. The author has seen speakers who fail to speak into the microphone and have to be reminded of this by the chairperson, clearly a competitive disadvantage.
This is a polemic subject. This author has encountered many methods of evaluating teachers in the university context. They go all the way from simply asking an opinion of students to checking the assiduity of the teacher. None of them is objective in terms of defining a performance standard and measuring the approach to it. Consequently, this author set out to prepare his own score sheet. It establishes a standard of excellence in terms of 44 requirements, subdivided into eight topics, which are explained in Ref. [26] as:
Relevance (8 rubrics)
Pertinence (5 rubrics)
Availability (4 rubrics)
Use of teaching aids (4 rubrics)
Effectiveness (8 rubrics)
Efficiency (5 rubrics)
Didactics (6 rubrics)
Creativity (4 rubrics)
With this score sheet, the author has set his standard of excellence, which he strives to meet. It has been a valuable guide over many years of teaching. At the end of each course, all students answer the score sheet, and the teacher calculates his or her teaching quality by dividing the number of requirements fulfilled by 44. The rubrics are flexible. Any teacher may modify them to suit his or her personal ambition or the circumstances and context of the teaching activity. Although it is not its main purpose, the score sheet also allows the teacher to test the students. Here are some examples of lack of seriousness. A student who misses various classes is not in a position to rate the teacher’s assiduity. If the teacher is convinced that he or she covered the program, there is no way to accept a zero mark from a student on that question. This author does not admit anonymity. Students have to identify themselves on the sheet in order to permit discussion. They fill in the sheet at the end of the term when they already know their marks. This avoids fear of reprehension. In terms of grading philosophy, this approach differs from that used in the references mentioned at the end of “Introduction.” They measure the success of teaching indirectly by asking the students what they have learned and how they apply their knowledge. The teaching score sheet is a direct method. It establishes teaching procedures that induce relevant learning on the part of the students. Here are a few examples. In Section 1 on relevance, the first question is, “Were you stimulated to construct a scale of values for your life?” The fourth question is, “Did you learn how to argument objectively and defend convictions?” In Section 8 on creativeness, the second question is, “Were you stimulated to learn to think?” All those are desirable outcomes of the learning experience. The score sheet tells the teacher that he or she needs to meet them and thus anticipates the outcome. It is a proactive approach to teaching quality.
In this particular application, the assessment of quality forms a congruence of what the labor market expects, what the institution promises, and what the teacher delivers.
Metrics for school performance are usually limited to academic achievement. In an attempt to extend the scope of the evaluation, the author worked with several schools on environmental impacts. Schools exert impacts on the municipal infrastructure, but they remain hidden. Staff and students are not conscious of them and, thus, do not consider measuring or analyzing them. The author’s research with the schools discovered a surprising number of impacts and engaged the communities in measuring them. The list contains the following items: solid waste production and separation, water consumption, sewage production, energy consumption, noise levels, permeable soil areas, food consumption, traffic density at the gate, and rain-harvesting possibilities. The research divided the list into positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts aspire to a maximum. Negative impacts aspire to a minimum. Waste sorting and rain harvesting produce positive impacts. Energy consumption and traffic density produce negative impacts. Ref. [27] contains the complete evaluation.
The procedure for developing the score sheet is as follows. The community measures all impacts and produces a list. This list will contain many different units, such as kg/day, liters/person, kwh/month, square meters, and number of vehicles. In order to provide a meaningful basis for the impacts in different schools with different populations, it is convenient to state all measurements on a “per person” basis. In order to allow for comparisons, the concept of fractions comes in. The team establishes a target for each impact and finds the fraction of success by dividing the measurement by the target. The target represents the state of excellence. The fraction represents the approach. The average of all fractions defines the performance index. The following example illustrates:
Measured values:
Solid waste sorting ratio 0.413 sorted waste/total waste
Solid waste production 0.113 kg/(person×day)
Energy consumption 0.679 kWh/(person×day)
Water consumption 50 l/(person×day)
Highest existing noise 65 db
Voluntary reference values agreed upon by the community:
Solid waste sorting ratio 0.670 sorted waste/total waste
Solid waste production 0.100 kg/(person×day)
Energy consumption 0.550 kWh/(person×day)
Water consumption 40 l/(person×day)
Highest existing noise 55 db
Present environmental performance index:
Solid waste sorting index 0.413/0.670 = 0.616
Waste production index 0.100/0.113 = 0.885
Energy consumption index 0.550/0.679 = 0.810
Water consumption index 40/50 = 0.800
Noise index 55/65 = 0.846
Overall performance index 3.957/5 = 0.791
The targets may be fixed or mobile. The city administration can fix a target. The school community can agree on a voluntary target to test its ambitions of performance. This would be a mobile target, subject to periodic revision. In any case, the performance index shows the community the result of its efforts. The procedure serves two purposes. It allows for comparisons and competition with other schools, and it allows any school community to compete with itself by watching its performance index. The items pertaining to the performance index represent the score sheet. The index is a fraction of excellence or success. It is a learning tool. It inspires the community, especially the students, to take interest in their environmental impacts. The score sheet is objective. There are no surprises. There are fractions, precise fractions. It is proactive. It inquires students how to lower their noise level and their water consumption. The community experiences satisfaction when it increases its performance index. The involvement creates a sense of pertinence. Students become proud of “their” school. There is congruence of individual and organizational values.
As a further extrapolation of the score sheet method, this research developed a scoring guide that can assist commercial establishments and households in evaluating and mitigating the loss potential for fruit and vegetables within their operations. The scoring model separately addresses losses related to products and losses related to establishments. The score for the products evaluates the activities of classification, packaging, transport, and storage. A graphical representation shows the empirical relationship between the scores and the expected losses of produce. A perfect score of 40 (4 × 10) implies zero loss [28, 29]. The following example illustrates the scoring procedure for the classification step.
Classification is the activity of sorting produce according to the four parameters: variety, size, color, and appearance. Scoring is as follows:
10 points—The produce displayed for sale shows all the characteristics of complete classification according to the four parameters indicated above, and the activity is executed by trained personnel or by shop owners.
8 points—The produce is classified according to two of the four parameters by trained personnel.
6 points—The produce is classified according to two of the four parameters by untrained personnel.
4 points—The produce is classified according to one of the four parameters by trained personnel.
2 points—The produce is classified according to one of the four parameters by untrained personnel.
0 points—There is no classification.
The score for the establishments assigns values to the management functions of maintenance of premises, professional qualifications of personnel, quality demands on suppliers, purchase programming, and direct supervision of operations. A graphical representation shows the empirical relationship between the scores and the expected losses of produce. A perfect score of 10 (5 × 10/5) implies zero loss. The score sheet pinpoints the weak components in the system and thus assists in correcting them. The following example illustrates the scoring procedure for the maintenance rubric.
Maintenance of premises. This item refers to the conditions of hygiene and to the attractiveness of the space used to store and display the produce:
10 points—The site is air conditioned or sufficiently ventilated. Produce is stored or displayed in clean disinfected containers without stacking.
5 points—The site is air conditioned or ventilated. Containers are not clean or disinfected. There is no stacking.
0 points—The site is inadequate for storing or displaying food items from the points of view of hygiene, temperature, and stacking.
This example applies directly to commercial organizations and storeowners, who pursue as a value to suffer zero losses of produce in their operations. The score sheets help them measure the success. There is congruence if all employees subscribe to this same value and behave accordingly.
This is the most ambitious application of the score sheet method tackled so far. Up to now, sustainable growth or development has not been uniquely quantified for municipalities. They have remained abstract terms that do not help individual citizens or organized society to set goals for their environmental behavior and contribution. A review paper by [30] relates 411 urban sustainability indicators, grouped into the dimensions of society, environment, economy, and institution. There is a unit of measurement for each indicator, but there is no target value for calculating the fractional approach. The authors admit that the selection of indicators is subjective and recommend the use of “widely recognized indicators” for local applications. They present the pressure-state-response (PSR) concept as most adequate for identifying a situation of strong urban sustainability.
This author’s study [31] precedes that of [30] by 11 years, but their review does not cite it. It discusses the establishment of quantitative and widely recognized indicators of sustainability for the conception of long-term municipal policies concerning the environment. The set contains all components of the PSR system on a modest scale. The pressure component is present in the form of demands for public transportation and waste management. The state component is present in the form of passenger satisfaction and waste collection. The response component is present in the form of expedience of travel and performing educational institutions. The sustainability indicators are quantified to a reasonable extent and relate to timeframes of 8 years for acceptance and two generations for targeting. In this context, urban sustainable development represents a series of provisions originating from public administration and organized society that will move all the indicators of a given unsustainable city as close as possible to the expected targets within the chosen timeframe. As always, the success of approach is the fraction of the present value divided by the target or standard. The following list of 12 basic municipal sustainability indicators defines the scope:
Population growth is under control.
Existence of a high-quality public transportation system.
Landfill diversion of solid waste in excess of 70%.
All liquid effluents are treated.
Air quality is monitored.
Fresh water demand is monitored and controlled.
The public education system reports high teacher and student satisfaction.
Public health care is accessible and of high quality.
Citizens are socially and politically active.
Energy supply and demand are monitored and controlled.
Existence of public recreation areas.
Rivers and creeks are under official protection.
The standard aim is the satisfaction of all 12 demands. For each demand, the measurement divided by the target supplies the approach.
As an example, the measurement of progress for liquid effluent handling is as follows:
Indicator | Present value (%) | Target (%) | Fractional approach |
Fraction treated | 60 | 100 | 60/100 |
Collection network | 78 | 100 | 78/100 |
Storm water separation | 50 | 100 | 50/100 |
Industrial self-treatment | 70 | 100 | 70/100 |
Average success fraction | 64.5/100 |
The success fraction tells the stakeholders what has been achieved and what remains to be done. The numbers are plain and clear. They induce planning of actions for advancement.
The procedure illustrates the philosophy behind the score sheet method. It suggests to municipal administrations what to measure and how to document progress. It follows the idea that sustainable development is a process, not an outcome.
This is the latest entry into the list of score sheets. The author constructed it from his own experience and input from others. There are 13 succinct recommendations for a healthy life at old age [32].
The idea is to tick off the recommendations accepted and practiced and divide their number by 13 to know the score. It works. It is the secret of the author’s permanent good spirits. His score is constant over time at 100%. This particular sheet illustrates the universality of the method. The most unexpected situations qualify for measurement.
The eight score sheets presented here transmit the general philosophy behind the method. They illustrate the definition of excellence for various daily activities in terms of a list of requirements or expectations. The lists are open-ended. Every person or organization may select the requirements for excellence according to their own ambitions. The common point resides in the measurement of success in the quest for achieving excellence. The lists are objective and quantitative. The number of requirements met divided by the total always produces a fraction, which expresses the approach to excellence. The term excellence in this context reflects the realization of a person’s own potential. In the case of competition with others, where an outside entity establishes the targets, the terms standard and perfection are more appropriate. In any case, the score sheet method is a pragmatic guide for any person or organization to define their targets and measure their success. Improved performance leads to improved satisfaction. The score sheet is a simple grading system for evaluating the performance of others as well as for self-evaluation. Once all stakeholders agree on the targets and rubrics, everybody can mentally grade the performance at all stages, identify faults, and correct them. In any organization, expectations of individual performance are congruent with existing collective performance. The score sheets both measure and verify this congruence. As an example, the exercise of fairness may be a value within an organization. It is impossible to measure fairness directly, but if a unique score sheet grades the performance of all employees in a specific task, there is no room for opinions or subjective evaluations. Fairness is guaranteed.
Especially in the case of individual assignments, such as oral presentations or reports, excellence requires communication skills that are acquired by training. The method invites iteration. Every performer guards his or her secret. He or she does not tell the audience or the grader how many times he or she practiced at home. The audience only acknowledges the perfect presentation.
The author has successfully extrapolated the method from individual assignments to the performance of communities or organizations. This confirms the relevance of the grading philosophy behind the method, namely, that excellence and quality may be measured as the achieved fractions of a standard or target. The examples presented refer to environmental performance of schools and cities and to the marketing performance of vegetable dealers. The score sheets presented for those applications derive from this author’s specific experience and research. They are open to discussion by the respective organizations.
In the case of schools, the score sheets are learning tools. They induce the communities to perform and interpret measurements. This is essentially an extracurricular activity, but nothing prevents the school administrations from using the practical experience within the course syllabus of certain subjects. The score sheets represent a language by which schools may communicate with each other and compare their respective performances. Students and staff develop their individual values from the set of rubrics they established for defining the values pursued by the school.
In the case of horticultural produce, the score sheets are guides for all stakeholders, be they wholesalers, retailers, or households. The graphical representations of the collected data clearly show the obvious target for all operations, namely, full marks corresponding to zero losses. The rubrics are simple requirements that allow the stakeholders to check their performance constantly. In the case of urban sustainability, the score sheets represent policy targets for municipal administrations. As the timeframes considered in the example exceed the tenure periods of elected officials, the challenge consists of creating permanent policies and procedures for the achievement of sustainability. The rubrics selected to measure progress toward sustainability are the most obvious items to the pragmatic beholder. Some of them require further refinement in any specific context in order to target the progress in time by means of numbers. As a city is a much larger community than a school or a horticultural supply chain, progress on the score sheets involves a tremendous effort of communication. This is the most demanding outcome of the grading system. The city administration needs to provide information and instructions to the population on how to reach the target. Here are some examples. What do all stakeholders have to do in order to achieve 70% landfill diversion of solid waste? What do all stakeholders have to do in order to maintain water consumption within the limits of supply? Simply telling citizens to separate their waste at the source and to reduce their water consumption will not suffice. The score sheet implicitly obliges the administration to establish procedures, communicate them, verify the compliance, inform unconformities, improve operations, communicate progress, and constantly disseminate information about the approach to the target. The challenge consists of reaching congruence of the citizens’ behavior and the administrative expectations. Admittedly, in this case, the score sheet is only the start of the procedure. The execution is beyond the scope of this communication. This application of the fractional grading system is the most optimistic and far-reaching outcome of the score sheet method. Only practical experience will judge its effectiveness.
The study presented score sheets for eight different individual or collective technical activities. The philosophy behind the score sheets states that individuals or groups define a standard for the quality of their performance. Then, they describe the standard in terms of a set of requirements. This set is the score sheet. It allows for peer evaluation and self-evaluation of an activity. Grading proceeds by determining the fraction of requirements fulfilled and is objective and reproducible. The score sheet exists prior to the execution of any activity and thus induces iteration until the performance becomes satisfactory. Any individual or group can adapt the method to any professional activity by selecting the pertinent requirements to fulfill their standard of excellence. The method is a reliable guide to satisfactory professional performance. The participation of individual members of an organization in the definition of the collective performance standard produces the required congruence for success. The author invites readers to apply the method to activities of their daily professional life and thus multiply the examples described in this communication. The particular application to urban sustainability is a futuristic step that represents the next challenge to this research. It pretends to test its relevance on a larger scale.
The research leading to this chapter received support from the Brazilian National Research Council CNPq through grant 303480/2013-0PQ.
Sleep is fundamental for sports performance, as well as for emotional regulation and development of the physical and mental health of athletes. In fact, inadequate sleep (e.g., reduced sleep duration and quality) may lead to an increased risk of injury and illness in athletes.
In recent years, growing interest in understanding the sleep of athletes has seen an increase in published studies [1]. In fact, athletes and coaches have ranked sleep as the most important recovery strategy [2]. Interestingly, the fundamental difference between recovery interventions with established protocols (e.g., cold water immersion, compression garments, electrical stimulation) [3] and sleeping lies in the fact that sleep initiation does not depend entirely on the willingness of the athlete [4].
During sleep, anabolic metabolism is upregulated [5], procedural memories are consolidated [6], and immune responses are augmented [7]. However, sleep loss or deprivation can have significant effects on performance, motivation, perception of effort, and cognition as well as numerous other biological functions [8]. Furthermore, sleep is associated with many physiological processes that may facilitate recovery from, and adaptation to, athletic training and competition [9]. Studies have analyzed the importance of sleep to regulate key molecular mechanisms (i.e., transcriptional regulatory proteins [10, 11, 12]), demonstrating that sleep has an integral role in metabolic homeostasis [13]. The capacity of humans to cope with physiological and psychological stressors is fundamental to athletic performance outcomes [14] and may be influenced by numerous factors, such as experience, fitness, motivation, and the normal fluctuation of physiological and behavioral procedures across a 24-h period (i.e., sleep–wake cycle, body temperature, hormone regulation) [15].
Importantly, the circadian rhythms are mainly controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the hypothalamus [16]. However, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is unable to continuously sustain control over these patterns (i.e., between the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the hypothalamus), as humans are extremely sensitive to changes in their normal environment [16, 17], most notably through the light–dark cycle [18]. When athletes face disturbances to their environments (e.g., training and/or competing close to bedtime sleep and travel), endogenous circadian rhythms and normal sleep-wake cycles can become desynchronized [16, 19]. These perturbations in sleeping patterns can cause an increase in homeostatic pressure and affect emotional regulation, core temperature, and circulating levels of melatonin, causing a delay in sleep onset [20].
Additionally, there is potential for sleep loss and neurocognitive and physiological performance to be compromised [9, 21, 22, 23]. Emerging research suggests that there are differences in sleep duration and quality between athletes and healthy controls. In contrast to non-athletes, athletes are often exposed to conditions that can interfere with sleep duration and quality, such as jet lag, unfamiliar sleeping environments, evening training, and/or competition and underlying fatigue [24].
In this sense, sleep monitoring has become a common practice in sport, and, in athletes, it may be useful to identify those who may need an intervention in terms of sleep disorders. Consequently, it is necessary to identify atypical patterns in the sleep and wakefulness of athletes and provide adequate sleep hygiene strategies to avoid disturbances in sleep duration and quality. Efficient and noninvasive methods and equipment, such as actigraphy and other alternatives to polysomnography, can provide detailed information about sleep and wakefulness during the sporting season.
Although there is high availability of information regarding the duration and quality of sleep in different age groups in the general population, information available in the scientific literature about sleep in athletes is still scarce. However, sleep is currently recognized as one of the essential components in the recovery from fatigue and, consequently, in the performance of athletes. Thus, it is essential that athletes, coaches, and clinicians understand the factors that can affect sleep, as well as realizing the usefulness of methods and equipment for assessing the duration and quality of sleep, as this process can result in better health and performance for the athlete.
Sleep is an essential component for athletes’ recovery from fatigue, due especially to its physiological and psychological restorative effects [25]. In fact, it seems important that athletes learn to manage their sleeping and waking times, given the influence on circadian rhythm, since alterations in the biological clock may affect not only the duration and quality of sleep, but, mainly, sports performance [17].
Athletes and coaches recognize the importance of sleep as one of the most important strategies for recovering from fatigue and improving an athlete’s performance [2]. However, during the competitive period, it is common for athletes to follow strict training and competition schedules, which, associated with intense training loads and the physical and emotional demands of competitions, may interfere and reduce the duration and quality of their sleep [26] and, consequently, decrease the fatigue recovery process [27]. This potential imbalance can actually occur when training and competitions are held close to bedtime [28]. Furthermore, exercise, when performed close to bedtime, may alter circadian rhythms [29] and sleep patterns (e.g., reducing sleep duration) [28, 30]. In fact, it seems important that athletes learn to manage their sleeping and waking times, given the influence on circadian rhythm, since alterations in the biological clock may affect not only the duration and quality of sleep, but, mainly, sports performance [2].
In the general population, less than 8 h of sleep per night may be associated with alterations in cognitive performance, mood, and wakefulness, as well as with increases in daytime sleepiness episodes [31]. This theme extends to younger athletes, who are expected to have a greater physiological need for sleep (8–10 h per night) compared with adults (7–9 h per night) and who often experience delays in sleep onset and awakening [32, 33]. Similarly, compared with adult athletes, young athletes have different daily commitments, such as school and social activities (including time spent online during the night), which can further alter sleep habits and/or wakefulness [34]. As an example, in an epidemiological study [35], significant reductions in neurocognitive performance (assessed through visual tests of memory and speed of response to a given visual stimulus) were observed in 7150 young athletes from different sports, who had a sleep duration of less than 5 h per night.
However, despite the high availability of information regarding the duration and quality of sleep in different age groups in the general population, in the scientific literature, the information available regarding the duration and quality of sleep in athletes is still scarce [36]. In fact, this seems contradictory given that sleep is currently recognized as one of the essential components in athletes’ recovery [25]. Thus, there is a need to investigate, through sensitive and noninvasive methods, the monitoring of sleep patterns and wakefulness in athletes, in order to promote better sleep hygiene and, consequently, better recovery and performance.
The current training and competition demands are topics with the greatest interest and discussion in the fields of sports science and sports medicine. This theme is commonly associated with the problem of sports injuries that affect athletes. In this sense, it is essential that clubs create ideal conditions for the training and development of athletes, integrating strategies and best practices for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries in an integrated perspective for athletes’ health and performance.
Sleep can influence the risk of injury and illness. In a study of 122 athletes, it was observed that the risk of injury increased by 65% when athletes slept less than 8 h per night [37]. In another more recent study, it was possible to observe that 23 athletes with reduced sleep durations (<8 h) demonstrated a high association with the increase in musculoskeletal injuries. However, evidence in the literature is still very limited about this association. It is also important to note that sports injury is an emergent complex phenomenon, and the risk factors of injury comprise nonlinear associations between various factors such as the biomechanics, training and competitions workloads, as well as psychological and physiological characteristics. For example, according to Laux et al. [38] results, the highest risk for injury appears to occur from a synchronized growth in training and competitions workloads and loss in total sleep time; nonetheless, prospective randomized trials determining that decreased sleep quality leads an injury could require a more decisive response. Research on this topic may provide important information for coaches and practitioners in identifying potential strategies to maintain and improve athlete well-being.
Effects of inadequate sleep duration and quality on performance are likely to be seen specifically in competitive athletes, because of their high-performance demands being more likely to show the harmful effects of suboptimal sleep. Research studies have found negative results of sleep deficiency on athletic performance and well-being, specifically relative to time to exhaustion, muscle strength, and mood state [39, 40]. In a study of a sleep banking (i.e., sleep extension) for college basketball players (
Considering the importance of examining sleep habits and wakefulness in athletes, the impact of training and competition schedules and loads on sleep indices has recently been explored [43, 44, 45]. In these studies, it was observed that sleep habits (i.e., the duration and quality of sleep) can be affected by schedule variations and by training and competition loads, especially when sessions are held at night, close to bedtime.
It should also be noted that the sleep habits and wakefulness of athletes may depend on the type of sport practiced [26]. For instance, Lastella et al. [26] investigated sleep/wake behavior of elite athletes, including young female and male athletes, and compared differences between athletes from individual (cycling, mountain bike, racewalking, swimming, and triathlon) and team sports (Australian football, basketball, soccer, and rugby union). Sleep/wake behaviors of elite athletes (
That said, and although the duration and quality of an athlete’s sleep may be associated with the schedules and loads of training and competition, it is also important to consider other factors that can influence sleep indices and wakefulness, namely age, sex, and chronotype [46]. For example, sex was identified as a risk factor for lifetime sleep problems in elite French athletes, with a greater incidence of sleep problems in female athletes [47]. Age has been shown to relate to the prevalence of poor sleep quality, with athletes >25 years of age reporting greater Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores compared with ages <20 [48]; early fatherhood and/or motherhood could be a causal factor [49]. The age of the athletes was also classified as a risk factor for sleep disturbance previous to a competition; however, habitual sleep quality was not [50]. These findings may indicate that athletes who normally report good sleep quality are not necessarily resilient against sleep disturbance during, for instance, a major competition.
To detect and control sleep disorders, it is important to monitor sleep habits and perceptions of sleep through subjective and objective measures [51].
In general, the main recommendations on sleep monitoring point to polysomnography, which uses surface electrodes to monitor physiological parameters such as brain, muscle, cardiac, and respiratory activity [52]. Polysomnography is particularly useful for investigating sleep pathologies, including sleep-disordered breathing [53] and sleep disorders caused by concussion [54]. However, polysomnography is an expensive technique and requires specialized laboratory equipment, so its use in athletes in the real context is impractical [55].
On the other hand, actigraphy uses accelerometers placed in portable devices to record movements that, analyzed using algorithms, estimate the quality and duration of sleep [56]. Actigraphy is less expensive, noninvasive, and can be used in training and competition routines, ideally requiring two consecutive weeks of monitoring [57]. Thus, actigraphy emerges as the most accessible method to objectively monitor the sleep of athletes during the night [55]. Overall, wrist-worn accelerometers allow estimation of total sleep time (the total amount of sleep obtained during a sleep period), time in bed (the amount of time spent in bed attempting to sleep between bedtime and get-up time), wake up time (time at which a athlete got out of bed and stopped attempting to sleep), sleep onset time (transition from wakefulness into sleep), wake after sleep onset (number of min awake after sleep onset), latency (the period of time between bedtime and sleep onset time), and sleep efficiency (percentage of time in bed that was spent asleep) [55]. However, it is imperative to highlight that activity monitors tend to underestimate sleep in people who exhibit high levels of movement during light sleep [58]. In fact, some works showed that (elite) athletes obtain less sleep than the general population [59, 60] and present larger movement and fragmentation during sleep [61, 62]. Thus, and given the sleep characteristics of (elite) athletes, it is important to determine how well activity monitors are sensitive to recognize moments of sleep and vigilance in this type of population. This raises a potential issue with the use of activity monitors for measuring sleep in (elite) athletes.
Questionnaires and in particular “sleep diaries” are also used to record the start and end times for all sleep periods (i.e., night sleep and daily naps) [57]. Nevertheless, subjective reports (e.g., PSQI) might deviate from objective measures [63], especially with regard to mood and memory biases, while personality characteristics may also affect self-reported sleep ratings [64]. Indeed, some discrepancies have been detected when comparing subjective parameters with objective measures [65].
Additionally, and considering the ability of monitoring (objectively or subjectively) sleep duration and quality obtained by an (elite) athlete as a useful tool for evaluating recovery from training and competition [55], it is crucial to highlight the importance of individualized monitoring.
Although it is conventional to focus monitoring on group mean responses following a particular training intervention or competition, sport settings frequently produce diverse results with high and low responders being often lost in the averaged data reports [66, 67]. As a consequence, an increased attention for individualization of monitoring in sport settings has growth to a variety of athlete-monitoring approaches, allowing coaches to better manage fatigue and planning training prescription on an individual basis [68].
Nevertheless, research examining the sleep of athletes has typically averaged data across several nights, providing a mean estimate of usual sleep [26, 48, 61]. While such approaches are useful to allow basic insight into sleep (to better understand fatigue and recovery in athletes), they lack the sophistication to provide understanding of how sleep may vary across multiple nights at the individual level [69, 70, 71]. Moreover, individual variability can reflect differences within individuals over time [72], with high intra-individual variability in the athletes’ sleep indicating the need for individualized sleep education strategies and interventions to promote appropriate sleep [69].
Although identifying the optimal amount of sleep on an individual basis may be difficult [73], young and adult athletes who exhibit average sleep of less than 8 or 7 h, respectively, likely warrant additional assessment to classify their sleep difficulties. Hence, those athletes that reveal deleterious effects of inadequate total sleep time should be stimulated to use sleep hygiene strategies to increase sleep during night and vigilance during the day [74]. Longitudinal monitoring of training and match load, sleep, fatigue (e.g., through heart rate variability), stress, and mood may not only help identify individuals at risk, but also monitor improvements in sleep, well-being, and performance after interventions [75].
Overall, it might be important to include sleep monitoring in (elite) athletes encompassing individual responses, in addition to group means [69]. Also, special attention should be given to the sleep behavior of (elite) athletes (e.g., total sleep time) during periods of congested fixtures, such as international competitions, since sleep deficits can impair performance [17], as already mention above (point 3).
The implementation of strategies that promote sleep quality should be a priority for athletes. In fact, during sleep, fundamental physiological and psychological processes take place for the recovery from fatigue, so the optimization of sleep hygiene strategies increasingly assumes an important role in the routines and planning of those dedicated to improving sport performance.
A recent study [76] evaluated the effect of education on sleep hygiene in athletes. It was found that sleep hygiene education had a considerable positive impact on sleep indices. Educational programs on sleep hygiene in athletes provided a significant improvement in sleep duration and quality and reduced daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, research into the effects of sleep hygiene education on athletes, especially young people, is quite limited [31].
As mentioned before, there are several factors that can influence the duration and quality of sleep in athletes. Calendars congested with competitions and regular trips, competitions of great physical and emotional demand that take place at night, or constant changes in the morning time to wake up because of training and travel are examples of common factors that can negatively influence the duration and quality of sleep in athletes.
In this context, the management of light exposure emerges as fundamental, as this factor has a significant impact on sleep. Exposure to light influences the production of melatonin, so managing the times of exposure to artificial light throughout the day can be used as a sleep management and hygiene strategy. Additionally, in competitions that take place at night, athletes are exposed to immense artificial light: lighting in sports facilities, the projectors used by the media in interviews at the end of competitions, light from busses, airports, and planes.
On the other hand, social contexts may also be decisive. In recent studies carried out with female soccer players in Portugal, who usually start training very late, close to bedtime, due to their daily commitments (e.g., work, studies) that have to be reconciled with the training and match schedules, it was found that the athletes showed a reduction in total sleep time and length of time to fall asleep on training days performed at night, compared with training days performed during the day or on rest days (i.e., days without exercise) [28, 44]. It was pointed out that one of the additional explanations for the observed results could have been in the athletes’ exposure to the light emitted in the stadium. In fact, these data are little studied in sport, but during the training days, the athletes were exposed to >1200 lux and 5600 K, with the bright polychromatic light ≥1000 lux, which could be enough to stimulate wakefulness effects during sleep [77]. However, it should be borne in mind that, currently, one of the main sources of exposure to light results from the use of electronic devices (especially smartphones and tablets) and that their use around bedtime is possibly the factor that most influences the sleep latency of athletes.
Thus, the term sleep hygiene, which refers to the recommendations, strategies, behaviors, and conditions developed to promote quality and duration of sleep, has been appearing more and more often in the list of sports planning tasks for athletes [25]. It is important to be aware that, unlike other possible recovery strategies used in sport (e.g., cryotherapy, massage, nutrition, nutritional supplementation), sleep has particularities that are not always controlled by the athlete themselves. Thus, bearing in mind the importance that sleep can have on sports performance, this is a subject that deserves the greatest attention of all those dedicated to promoting health and performance in athletes.
Athletes, coaches, and supporting staff should adopt a scientific approach to both designing and monitoring training programs. Appropriate health and load monitoring is crucial for determining whether a player is adapting to a training program and minimizing the risk of developing nonfunctional overreaching, illness, or injury. To gain understanding of the training and match demands and their effects on the player, several potential markers are available. However, very few of them have strong scientific evidence supporting their use. Moreover, it is important to note that athletes, from different types of sports, normally obtain inadequate sleep duration and quality. From an athletic point of view, reductions in performance, decision-making ability, learning, and cognition can occur alongside reductions in immune function and an increased susceptibility to injury gain.
In this respect, monitoring sleep in athletes can be useful for early detection and intervention before significant performance and health decrements are observed. Noninvasive and time-efficient methods/equipment such as wearable actigraphy monitors can provide detailed information about positive and negative adaptions over short and long periods throughout the competitive season. In addition, each athlete can perform the recordings at home and/or training facilities, adopting a “real world scenario” to grant high ecological validity to the research and/or practical interventions. The accumulated knowledge regarding the importance of sleep has sleep monitoring to become a popular strategy among (elite) athletes, coaches, and supporting staff. However, given the complexity of analyzing sleep patterns and the limited availability of athletes to participate in sleep studies, those indicators are yet poorly documented.
Overall, factors related to training and competition can alter sleep patterns in athletes. Therefore, topics such as: (1) sleep patterns and disorders among athletes; (2) sleep and optimal functioning among athletes; (3) screening, tracking, and assessment of athletes’ sleep; and (4) interventions (i.e., sleep hygiene) to improve sleep must be further investigated.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6655},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5946},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12678},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17699}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11496",title:"Quantum Field Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ec9dae0c7f2dcd5581423dfd8dba81f2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11491",title:"Current Perspectives on Applied Geomorphology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9f0fe8910dc02818cad71316650d297",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11466",title:"Titanium Alloys - Recent Progress in Design, Processing, Characterization, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c89c2e1b5d03b90db5b13d44479baa6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ram Krishna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11466.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram",surname:"Krishna",slug:"ram-krishna",fullName:"Ram Krishna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:40},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:179},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"200",title:"Public Health",slug:"medicine-public-health",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:90,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2528,numberOfWosCitations:1767,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1255,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2865,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"200",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10561",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life",subtitle:"Measurement Tools, Predictors and Modifiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceab01f2adff820de3b93dcf2879ee4",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-measurement-tools-predictors-and-modifiers",bookSignature:"Jasneth Mullings, Sage Arbor and Medhane Cumbay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245319/images/system/245319.png",biography:"Sage Arbor is a computational biologist whose research includes fields ranging from drug design, systems biology, and epigenetic database creation to fitness app development. His work spans a broad biomedical spectrum from drug design to clinical trial analysis, including being a medical school professor and researcher, project management of developers/analysts of globally distributed labs, electronic medical record data mining (SQL and NoSQL), Python/pandas coding, data segmentation, 6σ improvement, pathway mapping, and computational drug design and synthesis. Having worked at multiple academic institutions (Duke, Marian University) and companies (e.g., Pfizer and Dupont), his research has been on both proprietary and open-access datasets for publication to the wider scientific community. His recent publication topics include quality of life modifiers, therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer\\'s disease, bioethical versus religious standards, and scientific training in those deciding public policy.",institutionString:"Duke University School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duke University School of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4e637d9f2cbc9ba038719e9c6894f34",slug:"primary-health-care",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10633",title:"Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d834c746c5b159a201a9cdadfc473486",slug:"biotechnology-to-combat-covid-19",bookSignature:"Megha Agrawal and Shyamasri Biswas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193723",title:"Dr.",name:"Megha",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"megha-agrawal",fullName:"Megha Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9810",title:"Rural Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d76f29adf436c7bf1412bed141472c8",slug:"rural-health",bookSignature:"Umar Bacha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244265",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",middleName:null,surname:"Bacha",slug:"umar-bacha",fullName:"Umar Bacha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9811",title:"Ultimate Guide to Outpatient Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c3d55096c4d4c1f1109b1c655d1a723",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-outpatient-care",bookSignature:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10705",title:"Healthcare Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8e9561a91e5f7771932aa5d49c3b687",slug:"healthcare-access",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal and Srinivas Kosgi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10470",title:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks",subtitle:"Epidemiology, Detection and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c14777459bf484d53004a121bf8c761e",slug:"current-perspectives-on-viral-disease-outbreaks-epidemiology-detection-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Role of Obesity in Human Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:"role-of-obesity-in-human-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao and Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10571",title:"Global Women's Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6e4958a3dcb6623d2b8035bad5f3276",slug:"global-women-s-health",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10571.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10706",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",slug:"fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10535",title:"SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"043fa3e57c1448a9cf8155587a8cac3d",slug:"sars-cov-2-origin-and-covid-19-pandemic-across-the-globe",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:90,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"27687",doi:"10.5772/29869",title:"Heavy Metals and Human Health",slug:"heavy-metals-and-human-health",totalDownloads:18950,totalCrossrefCites:83,totalDimensionsCites:191,abstract:null,book:{id:"1012",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",title:"Environmental Health",fullTitle:"Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice"},signatures:"Simone Morais, Fernando Garcia e Costa and Maria de Lourdes Pereira",authors:[{id:"13875",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"simone-morais",fullName:"Simone Morais"},{id:"79715",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pereira",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pereira"},{id:"87294",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia E Costa",slug:"fernando-garcia-e-costa",fullName:"Fernando Garcia E Costa"}]},{id:"36935",doi:"10.5772/37886",title:"Gender Differences in Food Choice and Dietary Intake in Modern Western Societies",slug:"gender-differences-in-food-choice-and-dietary-intake-in-modern-western-societies",totalDownloads:17745,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:119,abstract:null,book:{id:"1811",slug:"public-health-social-and-behavioral-health",title:"Public Health",fullTitle:"Public Health - Social and Behavioral Health"},signatures:"Claudia Arganini, Anna Saba, Raffaella Comitato, Fabio Virgili and Aida Turrini",authors:[{id:"114665",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",middleName:null,surname:"Turrini",slug:"aida-turrini",fullName:"Aida Turrini"},{id:"116008",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Arganini",slug:"claudia-arganini",fullName:"Claudia Arganini"},{id:"116171",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Saba",slug:"anna-saba",fullName:"Anna Saba"},{id:"116173",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Virgili",slug:"fabio-virgili",fullName:"Fabio Virgili"},{id:"116174",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Comitato",slug:"raffaella-comitato",fullName:"Raffaella Comitato"}]},{id:"29979",doi:"10.5772/25344",title:"The Therapeutic Benefits of Essential Oils",slug:"the-therapeutic-benefits-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:24062,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:102,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Abdelouaheb Djilani and Amadou Dicko",authors:[{id:"63044",title:"Prof.",name:"Jilani",middleName:null,surname:"AbdelWahab",slug:"jilani-abdelwahab",fullName:"Jilani AbdelWahab"},{id:"116762",title:"Prof.",name:"Amadou",middleName:null,surname:"Dicko",slug:"amadou-dicko",fullName:"Amadou Dicko"}]},{id:"55808",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69127",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5367,totalCrossrefCites:59,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"29974",doi:"10.5772/29471",title:"Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds and Structure-Activity Relationship Evidence",slug:"antioxidant-and-prooxidant-effect-of-polyphenol-compounds-and-structure-activity-relationship-eviden",totalDownloads:8687,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:79,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Estela Guardado Yordi, Enrique Molina Pérez, Maria João Matos and Eugenio Uriarte Villares",authors:[{id:"78010",title:"MSc.",name:"Estela",middleName:null,surname:"Guardado Yordi",slug:"estela-guardado-yordi",fullName:"Estela Guardado Yordi"},{id:"79173",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Molina Perez",slug:"enrique-molina-perez",fullName:"Enrique Molina Perez"},{id:"97576",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Uriarte Villares",slug:"eugenio-uriarte-villares",fullName:"Eugenio Uriarte Villares"},{id:"120476",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Joao Matos",slug:"maria-joao-matos",fullName:"Maria Joao Matos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"69876",title:"Leadership Styles in Nursing",slug:"leadership-styles-in-nursing",totalDownloads:2933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Recent developments in the field of management-organization and organizational behavior and new concepts have also led to the emergence of new leadership styles in leadership. Leadership in health services is important for following innovations and adapting to current situations. Nurses working together with other health personnel in hospitals providing health services constitute an important group in leadership. Nursing, which is a key force for patient safety and safe care, is a human-centered profession, and therefore leadership is a key skill for nurses at all levels. The leadership styles of nurse managers are believed to be an important determinant of job satisfaction and persistence of nurses. The need for nurses with leadership skills and the need for nurses to develop their leadership skills are increasing day by day. There are several leadership styles defined in nursing literature. These leadership styles are examined under the titles of relational leadership style, transformational leadership, resonant leadership, emotional intelligence leadership, and participatory leadership. The task-focused leadership style is explored under the headings of transactional and autocratic leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and instrumental leadership.",book:{id:"9047",slug:"nursing-new-perspectives",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing - New Perspectives"},signatures:"Serpil Çelik Durmuş and Kamile Kırca",authors:null},{id:"58916",title:"Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning",slug:"factors-affecting-the-attitudes-of-women-toward-family-planning",totalDownloads:8471,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Everyone has the right to decide on the number and timing of children without discrimination, violence and oppression, to have the necessary information and facilities for it, to access sexual and reproductive health services at the highest standard. Deficient or incorrect family planning methods, wrong attitudes and behaviors toward the methods and consequent unplanned pregnancies, increased maternal and infant mortality rates are the main health problems in most countries. Individuals’ learning modern family planning methods and having positive attitude for these methods may increase the usage of these methods and contributes the formation of healthy communities. It is considered important to examine the current attitudes and determinants in order to spread the choice of effective method.",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Nazli Sensoy, Yasemin Korkut, Selcuk Akturan, Mehmet Yilmaz,\nCanan Tuz and Bilge Tuncel",authors:[{id:"216377",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazli",middleName:null,surname:"Sensoy",slug:"nazli-sensoy",fullName:"Nazli Sensoy"},{id:"216589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Korkut",slug:"yasemin-korkut",fullName:"Yasemin Korkut"},{id:"216595",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Akturan",slug:"selcuk-akturan",fullName:"Selcuk Akturan"},{id:"216596",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Tuz",slug:"canan-tuz",fullName:"Canan Tuz"},{id:"216598",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilge",middleName:null,surname:"Tuncel",slug:"bilge-tuncel",fullName:"Bilge Tuncel"},{id:"216599",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"mehmet-yilmaz",fullName:"Mehmet Yilmaz"}]},{id:"69631",title:"Cultural Practices and Health Consequences: Health or Habits, the Choice Is Ours",slug:"cultural-practices-and-health-consequences-health-or-habits-the-choice-is-ours",totalDownloads:838,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human beings are social animals with an innate desire to conform to socially accepted norms and values. Over periods of time, some of these norms become standards that all members of the community are expected to adhere to. Deviance from these standards is seen as absurd, wrong, or frankly abnormal. However, many of these cultural mores have no scientific basis and, some of them actually promote behaviors with negative health consequences. This chapter examines the cultural practices of some communities in Africa and their health consequences and, explores ways to address the challenges.",book:{id:"9138",slug:"public-health-in-developing-countries-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Public Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Public Health in Developing Countries - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Radiance Ogundipe",authors:[{id:"302308",title:"Dr.",name:"Radiance",middleName:null,surname:"Ogundipe",slug:"radiance-ogundipe",fullName:"Radiance Ogundipe"}]},{id:"55808",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5367,totalCrossrefCites:59,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"200",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 10th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",value:40,count:2,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Emeje",slug:"martins-emeje",fullName:"Martins Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/124606",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"124606"},fullPath:"/profiles/124606",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()