Landslide classifications based on material and types of movements [13].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8723",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Telecommunication Systems - Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies",title:"Telecommunication Systems",subtitle:"Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book is based on both industrial and academic research efforts in which a number of recent advancements and rare insights into telecommunication systems are well presented. The volume is organized into four parts: "Telecommunication Protocol, Optimization, and Security Frameworks", "Next-Generation Optical Access Technologies", "Convergence of Wireless-Optical Networks" and "Advanced Relay and Antenna Systems for Smart Networks." Chapters within these parts are self-contained and cross-referenced to facilitate further study.',isbn:"978-1-78984-294-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-293-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-597-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80140",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"telecommunication-systems-principles-and-applications-of-wireless-optical-technologies",numberOfPages:238,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8bf1ec49936ab44fcdfc9fea042e73d7",bookSignature:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Paulo P. Monteiro and António L. Teixeira",publishedDate:"October 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8723.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11509,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208236/images/system/208236.jpg",biography:"Isiaka A. Alimi received his Ph.D. in Telecommunications Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He was with the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria as a senior engineer (RF transmission and management) and the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, as a lecturer. He is currently a researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal, where he has been participating in various R&D activities. He has authored/co-authored more than forty technical papers, nine book chapters, and has co-edited one book. His research interests include optical communications, microwave photonics, network security, fixed-mobile broadband (wired and wireless technologies) convergence, and their applications for effective resources management in access networks. He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).",institutionString:"Instituto de Telecomunicações",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Instituto de Telecomunicações",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"208241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo P.",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",slug:"paulo-p.-monteiro",fullName:"Paulo P. Monteiro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208241/images/system/208241.png",biography:"Paulo P. Monteiro obtained the “Licenciatura” diploma in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering at the University of Aveiro in 1988. In 1990, he obtained his M.Sc. diploma in Electronic Engineering from the University of Wales UK, and his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, at the University of Aveiro, in 1999. Presently, he is an Associate Professor at the University of Aveiro and a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações. His main research interests include Optical Communication Networks and Microwave Photonics. He tutored and co-tutored successfully more than 14 Ph.D.’s, having participated in more than 28 research projects (national and international). He has authored/co-authored more than 18 patent applications and over 110 papers in journals and 380 conference contributions. He is a member of the ECOC Technical Program Committee and a Senior Member of IEEE.",institutionString:"Universidade de Aveiro",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Instituto de Telecomunicações",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"208242",title:"Dr.",name:"António L.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"antonio-l.-teixeira",fullName:"António L. Teixeira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208242/images/system/208242.jpg",biography:"Antonio Teixeira obtained a Ph.D., partly developed at the University of Rochester, USA, from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 1999. He holds an Executive Certificate in Management and Leadership from the MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts, USA, and a post-graduate degree in Quality Management in Higher Education. He joined the University of Aveiro in 1999 and is presently a full professor and a senior researcher in the Instituto de Telecomunicações. Since 2014, he has been the dean of the Doctoral School, University of Aveiro. Dr. Teixeira has worked at several industrial organizations, including Nokia Siemens Networks, Coriant, and PICadvanced, a startup in photonics that he cofounded that employs more than forty highly skilled persons. He holds eleven patents and has published more than 400 papers. He has supervised more than seventy MSc and fifteen Ph.D. students and has participated in more than thirty-five national and international projects.",institutionString:"Universidade de Aveiro",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1368",title:"Telecommunication",slug:"information-and-communication-telecommunication"}],chapters:[{id:"67208",title:"Telecommunications Protocols Fundamentals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86338",slug:"telecommunications-protocols-fundamentals",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The need for communication amongst people and electrical systems motivated the emergence of a large number of telecommunications protocols. The advances in digital networks and the internet have contributed to the evolution of telecommunications worldwide. The purpose of this chapter is to provide students and researchers with a clear presentation of telecommunications core protocols that are utilised in different research domains including telephony, brain-computer interface (BCI) and voice and digital telecommunications. Indeed, BCI involves different electrical signals, communications concepts and telecommunications protocols. This chapter introduces the reader to the core concepts in communications including analogue and digital telecommunications protocols that are utilised generally in communications and in particular in BCI systems. The topics covered in this chapter include telecommunications protocols, communications media, electrical signals, analogue and digital modulation techniques in digital communications, software-defined radio, overview on 10-Mbps Ethernet protocol and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).",signatures:"Amer Al-Canaan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67208",authors:[{id:"283481",title:"Dr.",name:"Amer",surname:"Al-Canaan",slug:"amer-al-canaan",fullName:"Amer Al-Canaan"}],corrections:null},{id:"66166",title:"Optimum Efficiency on Broadcasting Communications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84954",slug:"optimum-efficiency-on-broadcasting-communications",totalDownloads:806,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is devoted to review a set of new technologies that we have developed and to show how they can improve the process of broadcasting in two principal ways: that is, one of these avoiding the loss of transmission signals due to abrupt changes in sign of the diffraction index and the other, preventing the mutual perturbation between signals generating information leak. In this manner, we propose the join of several of the mentioned technologies to get an optimum efficiency on the process of broadcasting communications showing the theoretical foundations and discussing some experiments that bring us to create the plasma sandwich model and others. Despite our very innovative technology, we underline that a complete recipe must include other currently in use like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) simultaneously. We include some mathematical proofs and also give an academic example.",signatures:"Juan Manuel Velazquez Arcos, Ricardo Teodoro Paez Hernandez, Tomas David Navarrete Gonzalez and Jaime Granados Samaniego",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66166",authors:[{id:"96912",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo Teodoro",surname:"Paez Hernandez",slug:"ricardo-teodoro-paez-hernandez",fullName:"Ricardo Teodoro Paez Hernandez"},{id:"114776",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Manuel",surname:"Velazquez Arcos",slug:"juan-manuel-velazquez-arcos",fullName:"Juan Manuel Velazquez Arcos"},{id:"179014",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Granados Samaniego",slug:"jaime-granados-samaniego",fullName:"Jaime Granados Samaniego"},{id:"291342",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomas David",surname:"Navarrete Gonzalez",slug:"tomas-david-navarrete-gonzalez",fullName:"Tomas David Navarrete Gonzalez"}],corrections:null},{id:"67514",title:"Android Application Security Scanning Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86661",slug:"android-application-security-scanning-process",totalDownloads:1080,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the security scanning process for Android applications. The aim is to guide researchers and developers to the core phases/steps required to analyze Android applications, check their trustworthiness, and protect Android users and their devices from being victims to different malware attacks. The scanning process is comprehensive, explaining the main phases and how they are conducted including (a) the download of the apps themselves; (b) Android application package (APK) reverse engineering; (c) app feature extraction, considering both static and dynamic analysis; (d) dataset creation and/or utilization; and (e) data analysis and data mining that result in producing detection systems, classification systems, and ranking systems. Furthermore, this chapter highlights the app features, evaluation metrics, mechanisms and tools, and datasets that are frequently used during the app’s security scanning process.",signatures:"Iman Almomani and Mamdouh Alenezi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67514",authors:[{id:"296128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamdouh",surname:"Alenezi",slug:"mamdouh-alenezi",fullName:"Mamdouh Alenezi"},{id:"296130",title:"Dr.",name:"Iman",surname:"Almomani",slug:"iman-almomani",fullName:"Iman Almomani"}],corrections:null},{id:"64939",title:"Deployment of PON in Europe and Deep Data Analysis of GPON",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82679",slug:"deployment-of-pon-in-europe-and-deep-data-analysis-of-gpon",totalDownloads:1140,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the extensibility of fiber to the x (FTTx) households, specifically in the territory of the European Union. The Czech Republic has made a commitment to other member states to provide connectivity of at least 100 Mbit/s for half of the households by 2020. Although Internet access in the Czech Republic is mostly dominated by wireless fidelity (WiFi), this technology is not capable of meeting the demanding current demands at a reasonable price. As a result, passive optical networks are on the rise in access networks and in mobile cell networks by fiber to the antenna (FTTA). Passive optical networks use much more complex networks. In cooperation with Orange Slovakia, the analysis of the transmitted data was conducted. The optical network unit management and control interface (OMCI) channel data, as well as the activation data associated with specific end units, were analyzed. We propose a complete analysis of the end-unit-related activation process, download, and initialization of the data image for setting the end units and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) parameters. Finally, we performed an analysis of the transmission of dying gasp messages.",signatures:"Tomas Horvath, Petr Munster and Josef Vojtech",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64939",authors:[{id:"228196",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",surname:"Munster",slug:"petr-munster",fullName:"Petr Munster"},{id:"272002",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Horvath",slug:"tomas-horvath",fullName:"Tomas Horvath"},{id:"280047",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",surname:"Vojtech",slug:"josef-vojtech",fullName:"Josef Vojtech"}],corrections:null},{id:"65777",title:"Research of M-PAM and Duobinary Modulation Formats for Use in High-Speed WDM-PON Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84600",slug:"research-of-m-pam-and-duobinary-modulation-formats-for-use-in-high-speed-wdm-pon-systems",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The exponential growth of Internet data traffic and progress of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector pushes hard the telecommunication infrastructure for upgrading the transmission data rate. Wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) can be the next generation solution for nowadays problems which are related to transmission capacity. Next-generation WDM-PON systems based on mixed wavelength transmitters are expected to become more cost-efficient at high per user data rates, e.g., over 10 Gbit/s per channel. Important advantage of this technology is to set various channel spacing and use different modulation formats to increase spectral efficiency in the same time and provide different transmission speeds for end user, based on pay-as-you-grow approach. Therefore, several modulation formats like non-return to zero (NRZ) also called 2-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-2), four level PAM or PAM-4 and Duobinary (DB) are investigated to understand their limitations, advantages and disadvantages to be further used in next generation PON systems to increase its capacity and spectral efficiency.",signatures:"Toms Salgals, Inna Kurbatska, Sandis Spolitis, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs and Girts Ivanovs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65777",authors:[{id:"122468",title:"Prof.",name:"Vjaceslavs",surname:"Bobrovs",slug:"vjaceslavs-bobrovs",fullName:"Vjaceslavs Bobrovs"},{id:"122469",title:"Prof.",name:"Girts",surname:"Ivanovs",slug:"girts-ivanovs",fullName:"Girts Ivanovs"},{id:"172956",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandis",surname:"Spolitis",slug:"sandis-spolitis",fullName:"Sandis Spolitis"},{id:"282546",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Toms",surname:"Salgals",slug:"toms-salgals",fullName:"Toms Salgals"},{id:"282682",title:"MSc.",name:"Inna",surname:"Kurbatska",slug:"inna-kurbatska",fullName:"Inna Kurbatska"}],corrections:null},{id:"66106",title:"Mitigating Turbulence-Induced Fading in Coherent FSO Links: An Adaptive Space-Time Code Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84911",slug:"mitigating-turbulence-induced-fading-in-coherent-fso-links-an-adaptive-space-time-code-approach",totalDownloads:583,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Free space optical communication systems have witnessed a significant rise in attention over the last half a decade owing largely to their enormous bandwidth and relative ease of deployment. Generally, free space optical communication systems differ in their detection mechanism as various detection mechanisms are being reported, including intensity modulation/direct detection FSO, differential FSO and coherent FSO. In this chapter, we explore the prospect of obtaining an optimally performing FSO system by harnessing the cutting-edge features of coherent FSO systems and the coding gain and diversity advantage offered by a four-state space-time trellis code (STTC) in order to combat turbulence-induced fading which has thus far beleaguered the performance of FSO systems. The initial outcomes of this technique are promising as a model for various visible light communication applications.",signatures:"Ojo O. Adedayo, Oluwafemi B. Ilesanmi, Ogunlade M. Adegoke and Ajibade Adedayo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66106",authors:[{id:"273385",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ojo O.",surname:"Adedayo",slug:"ojo-o.-adedayo",fullName:"Ojo O. Adedayo"},{id:"275183",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"B. Ilesanmi",slug:"oluwafemi-b.-ilesanmi",fullName:"Oluwafemi B. Ilesanmi"},{id:"299284",title:"Dr.",name:"Ogunlade M.",surname:"Adegoke",slug:"ogunlade-m.-adegoke",fullName:"Ogunlade M. Adegoke"},{id:"299285",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajibade",surname:"Adedayo",slug:"ajibade-adedayo",fullName:"Ajibade Adedayo"}],corrections:null},{id:"68332",title:"Spatial Light Modulation as a Flexible Platform for Optical Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88216",slug:"spatial-light-modulation-as-a-flexible-platform-for-optical-systems",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spatial light modulation is a technology with a demonstrated wide range of applications, especially in optical systems. Among the various spatial light modulator (SLM) technologies, e.g., liquid crystal (LC), magneto-optic, deformable mirror, multiple quantum well, and acoustic-optic Bragg cells, the ones based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) have been gaining importance and relevance in a plethora of optical contexts, namely, in telecom, metrology, optical storage, and microdisplays. Their implementation in telecom has enabled the development of high-capacity optical components in system functionalities as multiplexing/demultiplexing, switching and optical signal processing. This technology combines the unique light-modulating properties of LC with the high-performance silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor properties. Different types of modulation, i.e., phase, amplitude or combination of the two, can be achieved. In this book chapter, we address the most relevant applications of phase-only LCoS SLM for optical telecom purposes and the employment of SLM technology in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) (e.g., field-programmable silicon photonic (SiP) circuits and integrated SLM application to create versatile reconfigurable elements). Furthermore, a new SLM-based flexible coupling platform with applications in spatial division multiplexing (SDM) systems (e.g., to efficiently excite different cores in MCF) and characterization/testing of photonic integrated processors will be described.",signatures:"Cátia Pinho, Isiaka Alimi, Mário Lima, Paulo Monteiro and António Teixeira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68332",authors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"},{id:"208241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo P.",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"paulo-p.-monteiro",fullName:"Paulo P. Monteiro"},{id:"208242",title:"Dr.",name:"António L.",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"antonio-l.-teixeira",fullName:"António L. Teixeira"},{id:"282599",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cátia",surname:"Pinho",slug:"catia-pinho",fullName:"Cátia Pinho"},{id:"295785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mário",surname:"Lima",slug:"mario-lima",fullName:"Mário Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"66858",title:"Enabling Optical Wired and Wireless Technologies for 5G and Beyond Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85858",slug:"enabling-optical-wired-and-wireless-technologies-for-5g-and-beyond-networks",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The emerging fifth-generation mobile communications are envisaged to support massive number of deployment scenarios based on the respective use case requirements. The requirements can be efficiently attended with ultradense small-cell cloud radio access network (C-RAN) approach. However, the C-RAN architecture imposes stringent requirements on the transport networks. This book chapter presents high-capacity and low-latency optical wired and wireless networking solutions that are capable of attending to the network demands. Meanwhile, with optical communication evolutions, there has been advent of enhanced photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The PICs are capable of offering advantages such as low-power consumption, high-mechanical stability, low footprint, small dimension, enhanced functionalities, and ease of complex system architectures. Consequently, we exploit the PICs capabilities in designing and developing the physical layer architecture of the second standard of the next-generation passive optical network (NG-PON2) system. Apart from being capable of alleviating the associated losses of the transceiver, the proposed architectures aid in increasing the system power budget. Moreover, its implementation can significantly help in reducing the optical-electrical-optical conversions issue and the required number of optical connections, which are part of the main problems being faced in the miniaturization of network elements. Additionally, we present simulation results for the model validation.",signatures:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Ana Tavares, Cátia Pinho, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Paulo P. Monteiro and António L. Teixeira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66858",authors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"},{id:"208241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo P.",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"paulo-p.-monteiro",fullName:"Paulo P. Monteiro"},{id:"208242",title:"Dr.",name:"António L.",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"antonio-l.-teixeira",fullName:"António L. Teixeira"},{id:"282599",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cátia",surname:"Pinho",slug:"catia-pinho",fullName:"Cátia Pinho"},{id:"294777",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Tavares",slug:"ana-tavares",fullName:"Ana Tavares"},{id:"294778",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelgader M.",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"abdelgader-m.-abdalla",fullName:"Abdelgader M. Abdalla"}],corrections:null},{id:"65812",title:"Role of Optical Network in Cloud/Fog Computing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84404",slug:"role-of-optical-network-in-cloud-fog-computing",totalDownloads:873,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is a study of exploring the role of the optical network in the cloud/fog computing environment. With the growing network issues, unified and cost-effective computing services and efficient utilization of optical resources are required for building smart applications. Fog computing provides the foundation platform for implementing cyber-physical system (CPS) applications which require ultra-low latency. Also, the digital revolution of fog/cloud computing using optical resources has upgraded the education system by intertwined VR using the fog nodes. Presently, the current technologies face many challenges such as ultra-low delay, optimum bandwidth, and minimum energy consumption to promote virtual reality (VR)-based and electroencephalogram (EEG)-based gaming applications. Ultra-low delay, optimum bandwidth, and minimum energy consumption. Therefore, an Optical-Fog layer is introduced to provide a novel, secure, highly distributed, and ultra-dense fog computing infrastructure. Also, for optimum utilization of optical resources, a novel concept of OpticalFogNode is introduced that provides computation and storage capabilities at the Optical-Fog layer in the software defined networking (SDN)-based optical network. 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In landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping, mapping and analysis of previous and active landslide incidence are demanding tasks that can be used for landslide prevention and mitigation. Landslide disaster prevention and mitigation will not be effective unless the landslide-prone area is correctly mapped [1]. Landslides can bury animals and persons; demolish houses, farms, and infrastructures in a short amount of time [2] and Wubalem [3]. Hong et al. [2], Wubalem [4] are stated that within a short period, landslides can bury animals and humans, destroy houses, farms, and infrastructures. Landslide is one of the foremost destructive and dangerous natural hazards that cause numerous fatalities and economic losses worldwide [2, 5, 6, 7]. Therefore, landslide inventory, susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping and assessment are vital to disaster loss reduction and function as a suggestion for sustainable land use planning.
The extenuation actions of landslide incidence within the planet are required determination of the causal factors, identification of prevailing landslides, and generation of landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk map [8]. Landslide inventory mapping is extremely important to work out landslide type, failure mechanism, spatial distribution, and size in a given region. Landslide inventory is also important for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping. Chen and Wang [9] explained that susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps of landslides are the results of the statistical relationship in between landslide governing factors and preexisting landslides. Susceptibility, hazard, and risk map of landslides are imperative for scientific support of the government’s response to land use practice and landslide hazards management [9, 10]. The landslide susceptibility or hazard mapping is not only to determine the factors that are most influential to the landslides that occurred within the region but also to appraisal the comparative influence of every landslide governing factors [9]. As stated by Chen and Wang [9], landslide susceptibility or hazard mapping is also significant to inaugurate an association between the factors and landslides to foresee the landslide hazard in the future. As a result, extensive and accurate landslide inventory mapping, as well as the creation of landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps, is critical. Although the reason for landslide incidence and its mechanisms are so complex, human interventions, earthquakes, and heavy rainfall can trigger it. As Kifle [11]; Wubalem and Meten [4] stated that landslide incidence can also occur when the resistance force exceeds by driving force thanks to the destabilization of natural soil or rock slopes. This chapter is provided a summary of the sort of landslide type, factor, landslide inventory, landslide susceptibility, hazard, risk mapping, and validation approaches.
Landslide is that the movement of the mass of rock, debris, and earth downslope [12, 13, 14, 15]. Landslides are also defined as an outsized range of geotechnical phenomena under the influence of gravity. On another hand, a landslide is that the type of mass wasting activity that denotes any outward or downslope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity when the drive exceeds the resistance force of a slope [13, 14, 16]. These masses may range in size from card to entire mountainsides. Their movements may vary in velocities. Landslide as a geological hazard is caused by earthquake or eruption, rainfall, and act. This is often initiated when an area of a hill slope or sloping section of the seabed is rendered weak to support its weight. It is one of the foremost destructive natural hazards triggered by natural and man-made factors like an earthquake, rainfall [17], and act like an improper/poor quarry, and road construction/inadequate maintenance in mountainous terrain [18].
In geohazard mapping, susceptibility/vulnerability, hazard, and risk mapping are the foremost important activities to understand, mapping, and evaluating the spatiotemporal condition and level of risk because of geo-hazards. These terms have different meanings but some researchers use the terms interchangeably. Susceptibility refers to the probability of occurrence of an event within a selected type during a given location whereas hazard refers to the probability of occurrence of an event within a selected type and magnitude during a given location within a reference period. This means, susceptibility is usually used to predict the spatial occurrence of events, but the hazard is usually used to predict the spatiotemporal occurrence of events during a given terrain. The term risk refers to the expected losses or damage by events during a given region, which are the products of susceptibility, hazard, and elements in peril. Vulnerability means the degree of loss to a given element of the set of elements in peril resulting from the occurrence of natural phenomena of a given magnitude. It is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage). Elements at risk is potentially vulnerable of properties, population, and economic activities including public services in peril during a given area.
Landslides are usually classified based on the materials involved (rocks, debris, and soils) and on their mechanism and failure (Table 1). Other factors include groundwater content and the rate and dimension of the movement. Classifying and studying this phenomenon is important to manage damages because of the landslide. Classification of the landslide is the primary step to investigate landslides. According to Varnes [13, 19], landslides are classified based on the types of material, mode of movement, landslide activity, the rate of movement, depth, the magnitude of slide and moisture content.
Movement type | Slope material type | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedrock | Soil mass in failed slope | [13] | |||
Principal coarse | Principal fine | [13] | |||
Topples | Rock topple | Debris topple | Earth topple | [13] | |
Fall | Rock fall | Debris fall | Earth fall | [13] | |
Lateral spread | Rock spread | Debris spread | Earth spread | [13] | |
Slide | Translational slide | Rockslide | Debris slide | Earth slide | [13] |
Rotational slide | |||||
Flows | Rock flow (Deep creep) | Debris flow | Earth flow | [13] | |
Composite or complex Two or more principal types of movement in combination | [13] |
Landslide classifications based on material and types of movements [13].
Rotational landslides are more common in cohesive, homogeneous soils. The failure, which can be superficial or deep-rooted, occurs along curved surfaces concave upwards, having a shape of a spoon. Successive landslides occur mainly in stiff fissured clays with gradients similar to their angle of equilibrium and in soft very sensitive clays, where the initial landslide causes an accumulation of remolded clay, which as it flows, leaves the material higher up without support, so promoting successive failures. These failures are shallow but can have considerable lateral continuity [20]. Weak rock masses or those with a high degree of fracturing or weathering, where the structural discontinuities do not form preferred surfaces for failure may also suffer this type of successive landslides.
In translational slides, failure takes place along pre-existing planar surfaces or discontinuities (bedding planes, contact between different types of materials, structural surfaces, etc.) and sometimes the failure plane is a fine layer of clay material between more competent strata [20].
The sliding mass can be sometimes rectangular blocks that have been detached from the mass at discontinuities or tension cracks (block landslides). Translational slides generally move faster than rotational ones, because of their simple geometry of failure mechanism.
As defined by Vallejo and Ferrer [20], flows are mass movements of soil (mud or earth flows), debris (debris flows), or rock blocks (rock fragment flows) often with high water content, where the material behaves as a fluid undergoing continuous deformation but without having well-defined failure surfaces. Water is the main triggering factor because water decreases the strength of materials having low cohesion [20]. Flows mainly affect sensitive clay soils which show considerable loss of strength when mobilized; these movements are not very deep in their extent and develop on slopes <10°.
Mud or Earth flows occur in predominantly fine and homogeneous materials and may move at a speed of the many meters per second; the loss of strength is typically caused by water saturation. They are classified consistent with the sort of fabric, its strength, and its water content. Mudflows are generally small-scale and slow but sometimes especially in-saturated conditions, they are extensive and fast, with catastrophic consequences once they reach populated areas. Fine volcanic materials are particularly vulnerable to this sort of process.
Debris flows are complex movements, which include rock fragments, blocks, cobbles, and gravel in a fine-grained matrix of sands, silts, and clays. They occur on slopes covered with loose or non-consolidated material, especially where there is no vegetation cover.
Creep may be a very slow, almost imperceptible superficial movement (a few decimeters deep), which affects soils and weathered materials, causing continuous deformations that becomes progressively noticeable on slopes over time. This causes fences, walls, or posts to lean or offset and trees to be bent. Creep may be a time-dependent deformation and defines the deformational behavior of the fabric instead of the sort of movement.
Solifluction affects the saturated surface layer of slopes. This is often a slow movement produced by the freeze–thaw process because the daily or seasonal temperature variations change the water phase and water content of fine-grained soils in cold regions.
Rock falls are very quick free falls of rocks, which are dislodged from pre-existing discontinuity planes (tectonic, bedding surfaces, and tension cracks). The movement could also be by a vertical fall, by a series of bounces, or by rolling down the slope surface. They are common on steep slopes in mountainous areas, on cliffs, and generally, on rock walls and therefore the blocks are bounded by different sets of discontinuities often forming wedge-shaped blocks. The factors that cause rock falls include erosion and loss of support for previously loosened blocks in steep slopes, water pressures in discontinuities, and tension cracks and seismic shakes. Although the fallen blocks could also be relatively small in terms of volume, rock falls are sudden processes that pose a big risk to communication routes and buildings in mountainous zones and at the foot of steep slopes. Masses of soil can also fall from vertical natural and excavated slopes, thanks to the existence of tension cracks generated by tensional stresses or shrinkage cracks within the ground that has dried.
The toppling of strata or blocks of rock may be included in rock falls. Toppling occurs when the strata dip in the opposite direction to the slope and form naturally inclined blocks, which are free to rotate because of failure at the foot of the slope. Toppling tends to occur mainly on rocky slope faces, which intersect steeply dipping strata [20].
Rock avalanches are rapidly falling masses of rock and debris that detach themselves from steep slopes, sometimes amid ice or snow. The rock masses disintegrate during their fall and form deposits of very different block sizes and form deposits of very different block sizes, with no rounding from abrasion and chaotic distribution [20]. Rock avalanche deposits are unstructured and have great porosity [20]. Avalanches are generally the results of large-scale landslides or rock falls during which due to the steep gradient and therefore the lack of both structure and cohesion in their materials, travel down over steep slopes at great speed (up to 100 Km/h).
Debris avalanches are formed from rock material containing an excellent sort of sizes and should include large blocks and abundant fines [20]. Loose deposits and loose materials resulting from volcanic eruptions are susceptible to this process. The most difference with debris flows, aside from water content (which is not necessary for debris avalanches), is that the rate and speed of movement of the avalanche in areas of a steep gradient.
This sort of movement (also called lateral spreading) refers to the movement of rock blocks or coherent, cemented soil masses that rest on soft & deformable slopes. These movements are thanks to the loss of strength of the underlying material, which either flows or deformed under the load of the rigid blocks. Lateral spreading can also cause by liquefaction of the underlying material or by lateral extrusion of sentimental, wet clays under the load of the masses above them [20]. These movements occur on gentle slopes and should be very extensive.
Determining the states and distribution of landslides is extremely important to repair the consequences of landslides on infrastructures, lives, farmlands, and environments. The landslide are going to be found within the following different states of condition. Active landslide is currently moving. A suspended landslide has moved within the last twelve months but is not active at the present. A reactivated landslide is a lively landslide that has been inactive. An inactive landslide is a landslide, which did not moved at most for year.
Inactive landslides are often subdivided into these states:
A dormant landslide is an inactive landslide, which will be reactivated by its original causes or other causes.
An abandoned landslide is an inactive landslide that is not suffering from its original causes.
A stabilized landslide is an inactive landslide that has been shielded from its original causes by artificial remedial measures.
A relict landslide is an inactive landslide that developed under geomorphological or climate considerably different from those at the present.
Potential and existed landslides can be identified or recognized using different techniques considering various features that existed on the earth’s surface. Different features indicate landslide signs like
Depression at top (water ponding)
Bulging at toe Tension cracks
Water seepage (generally at toe)
Tilted and crooked trees
Change in vegetation
Change in topography
Change in drainage pattern
In hazard minimization, the evaluation of landslide conditioning and triggering factors is a very important task. Geodynamic processes affecting the earth’s surface cause mass movements of different types, sizes, and speeds [20]. Landslide movement is that the most frequent and widespread sort of mass movement generated by the gravitational downslope displacement of soil and rock masses [20]. The force of gravity and therefore the progressive weakening of geological materials, mainly thanks to weathering, alongside the action of other natural and environmental phenomena, make mass movements relatively common on the earth’s surface [20]. These processes create potential geological risks, as they will cause economic loss and social damage if they affect human activities, buildings, and infrastructure [20]. How to avoid these adverse effects is the subject of research including mass movements, their characteristics, instability mechanisms, controlling factors, and causes. To carry out this research, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and therefore the geological, geotechnical, and hydrogeological properties of the soil and rock materials involved and their mechanical behavior also because the factors that condition and trigger such movements [20]. Studies during this field should specialize in the investigation of [20]
Particular processes for the design of stabilizing measures to either mitigate or reduce damage.
Analysis of the factors, which control and trigger processes at particular locations, to stop possible movements.
Mapping either unstable or potentially unstable zones, in order that the hazardous areas are often delimited and preventive measures are often applied.
As usual, landslides might transpire when shear stress exceeds the shear strength of slope material. The factors that cause landslide have been classified as factors that contribute to an increase of the shear stress and factors that contribute to the decrease of shear strength; however, water is another factor contributing to both increasing and decreasing shear stress and shear strength of slope material respectively. Factors these increase shear stresses are included removal of lateral support; surcharge/ overloading, transitory earth stress, regional tilting, removal of underline support, and increase in lateral pressure. The factors that contribute to the decrease of shear strength of slope material include factors like initial state or inherent characteristics of materials and the changing or variable factors that tend to lower the shear strength of a material. On other hand, factors that control landslides are classified into two such as intrinsic/inherent/static and external/dynamic landslide factors [21, 22, 23].
According to Anbalangan [21], and Raghuvashi et al. [24], intrinsic parameters are the inherent controlling factors that outline the favorable or unfavorable condition within the slope. These include slope material, slope geometry, structural discontinuity, land use/cover, and groundwater. These factors have an excellent influence to decrease the strength of the slope material. Hence, mapping and perception of their impression are crucial for slope stability analysis.
The kind of fabric during a slope is closely associated with the sort of instability. Different lithology are going to be showed different degrees of susceptibility to potential slippage or failure. The stress–strain behavior of materials is governed by their strength properties, which also depend upon the presence of water. Sorts of failure and therefore the location of failure surfaces depend upon factors like alternating materials of various lithology, the extent of weathering, and therefore the presence of layers of sentimental material or hard strata. Soils, which are considered homogeneous materials, compared to rock masses, instability could also be generated by differences within the degree of compaction, cementation, and grain size, which can make sure areas more vulnerable to weakness and water flow. In rock masses, characterization and analysis of slope behavior are further complicated by the presence of layers of strata with differing strengths and properties [20].
Geological structures or discontinuities play a definitive role in conditioning the slope stability in rock masses. A mixture of structural elements and geometric slope parameters, like height, gradient, and orientation, defines problems, which will occur. The spatial distribution of discontinuities is that the structure of the rock mass [20]. The presence of those surfaces of weakness (bedding surfaces, joints, and faults) dipping towards the slope face implies the existence of potential failure planes on which sliding can readily occur.
The orientation and spatial distribution of discontinuities will condition the sort and mechanism of the instability. A specific system of fracturing will condition both the direction of movement and therefore the size of blocks susceptible to slide or the presence of a fault dipping towards a slope face will limit the unstable area. Structural changes and singularities within the rock mass, like Tectonized or shear areas, or abrupt changes within the dip of the strata, indicate heterogeneities from which failure might originate. Slope stability could also be suffering from changes to the initial conditions during excavation; for instance, the existence of tectonic in place stress related to compressive or extensional structures like folds and faults.
Most failures are caused by the effects of water in the ground, including pore pressures and erosion of the slope materials. Water is considered the worst enemy of slope stability, together with human actions where excavations are carried out without adequate geotechnical care. The presence of water in a slope reduces stability by decreasing ground strength and increasing forces, which favor instability. The main effects of water are a reduction in the shear strength of failure surfaces as effective normal stress, σ’n, decreases.
The following aspects should be known to understand the effects of water in a slope [20]: 1) Hydrogeological behavior of the materials 2) Presence of water table and piezo metric heads 3) Water flow in the slope 4) Relevant hydrogeological parameters: permeability coefficient or hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, transmissivity, and storage coefficient. One way of obtaining an approximate assessment of the entire force exerted by water on discontinuity surfaces or tension cracks is to assume the triangular distribution of hydrostatic pressure on these surfaces.
The possible failure of a slope along a surface depends on the strength, which depends on cohesion and therefore the interior angle of friction. The influence of geological history (e.g. consolidation, erosion, diagenetic processes, in situ stresses, and weathering) on the mechanical (shear strength) properties of soils must be determined considering the geological characteristics. In rock masses, mechanical behavior is decided by the strength properties of the discontinuities and therefore the intact rock counting on its degree of fracturing and the nature of the materials and discontinuities within it. The behavior of a tough rock mass generally depends on the characteristics of its discontinuities, although the lithology and its geological evolution can also play a crucial role. The shear strength of surfaces of weakness depends on their nature and origin, persistence, spacing, roughness, type and thickness of infill, and thus the presence of water.
Slope stability is highly control by in situ stresses [20]. The strain relief from decompression when the slope is excavated may transform its material properties [20]. In rock slopes, the weakest areas are often degraded and begin to behave like soft rock or granular soil. This effect is common in mudstone or mud-shale slopes subjected to high in place stresses; the rock formation is weakened into a granular material with cement-sized fragments several meters thick inside the slope, resulting in disintegration and collapse of the slope.
Slope morphometry refers to the steepness of the slope, which controls not only the strain distribution inside the slope mass but also affects weathering layer depth and surface runoff [25]. As reported by Lai [25], the degree and height of the slope influence the quantity of runoff and thus the extent of erosion. The steeper the slope, the upper velocity of water flowing down a slope and have higher erosive power. Thus, the slope material that supports the slope are getting to be removed and heighten the slope instability problem.
Aspect is that the orientation of the slope. Different slope direction has different weather, land cover, and radiation intensity that affects the exposure of the slope to radiation, wind impact, and rainfall [26, 27].
Curvature is that the measure of the roughness of a given terrain. The curvature may ask the concaveness, concaveness, and flatness of a slope. According to Pradhan [28, 29]; Alkhasawneh et al. [30], as cited in Meten et al. [26] the negative value refers to the valley, the positive value refers to Capitol Hill slope, and zero/ approaches zero value refers to flat acreage. The curvature condition controls the hydraulic condition and thus the consequences of gravity for slope stability.
External triggering factors are dynamic factors, which may trigger slope movement by increasing driving force. These triggering factors include rainfall, seismic and act. Static and dynamic loads exerted on slopes modify the force distribution and may produce instability. Static loads include the load of structures or buildings on a slope or loads derived from fills, waste dumps, or heavy vehicles, and when these loads are exerted on the slope head, they create a further weight, which will contribute to the destabilizing forces. Dynamic loads are mainly thanks to natural or induced seismicity and vibrations caused by nearby blasting. These mainly affect jointed rock masses by opening up pre-existing discontinuities, reducing their shear strength, and displacing rock blocks, which can then fall. Dynamic forces produced by an action earthquake can be given as a function of the maximum horizontal acceleration. Precipitation and climate regime influence slope stability by modifying groundwater content. The strength of the soil mass becomes loss due to changes in soil structure by alternating periods of rainfall and drought.
Man Made Factors: Abebe et al. [31]; Kifle [11, 32] is explained that the demand for new land for infrastructure, settlement, and agriculture are primary means in which humans can contribute to slope instability condition through the excavation of slope toe or slope faces, loading of slope crest, drawdown (or reservoirs), irrigation, mining, artificial vibration, deforestation, and water leakage from utilities.
Landslide inventory is that the simplest sort of landslide map [33]. The landslide inventory map portrays the spatial distribution, frequency, activity, size, time, type, displace material, the intensity of injury, and density of landslide. It is often used because the base for future landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk prediction by evaluating the connection between the prevailing landslide event and landslide driving factors [34]. Besides, landslide inventory is often used to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps. Landslide inventory map shows the past and current landslide incidences, which may be prepared using various techniques like the aerial photograph, Google Earth imagery, field investigation, and evaluation of archive data including GIS tools. Depend upon the aim, the size of the base map or aerial photograph, the extent of the study area, and therefore the availability of resources, a landslide inventory map are often prepared using different techniques as expressed above [35]. For instance, a small-scale landslide inventory map (1,25,000) landslide inventory maps are often prepared for a selected area using aerial photographs at the size of >1:20,000, Google Earth Imagery analysis, and extensive fieldwork [3, 4, 36, 37]. The Google Earth Imagery may be a free tool that helps not only to spot statistic landslide boundary but also wont to determine the area coverage, perimeter, and distance of slope material movement compared to other techniques, however, it needs field for verification purpose. As a result, currently, from the active and old landslide scarps, researchers intended to spot historical landslides using statistic Google Earth Imagery analysis instead of an aerial photograph. Depend upon the dimensions of the landslide and therefore the mapping scale, active and old landslide boundaries are often digitized into polygons employing a GIS tool with the assistance of Google Earth Imagery, and eventually, a landslide inventory map are often produced. The landslide inventory is going to be classified as training data sets and testing landslide data sets (Figure 1). Most of the researchers classified landslides into 70% for training data sets and 30% for testing landslide data sets [26, 38, 39, 40]. As shown in Figures 2–4, Google Earth Imagery analysis is so effective for landslide inventory mapping. Landslide investigation is an important task in landslide disaster reduction strategies. It can be conducted to determine and predict old, active, and future landslide incidence by examining land features. For example, field survey is used to evaluate slope gradient, geomorphology, geology, drainage, nature of soil, land use land cover, surface and subsurface water, geodynamic process, old and active landslide conditions. Generally, the methods or techniques that used to investigate landslides are summarized in Table 2.
Landslide inventory map of the study area [
Landslide in Chemoga catchment, northwestern Ethiopia.
Landslide in Woldia area, northwestern Ethiopia.
Landslide in Dessie town, Ethiopia.
Scop | Phase of study | Methods or thechniques | Objectives |
---|---|---|---|
Regional landslide study | Preliminary | Review of existing information and existing maps. Google Earth Imagery analysis, Interpretation of aerial photos and remote sensing. | Identify processes and type of movements. Identify conditioning factors. General evaluation of stability of the area. Indentify location and boundary of landslide. |
General study | Field observations. Processes mapping. Factors mapping. | ||
Conducted to investigate landslides or slope failure for specific area | Study of process and causal factors | Field surveys. Preliminary underground investigation: geophysical methods. | Describe and classify processes and materials. Susceptibility analysis based on the existing processes and concurrence of conditioning factors. Record landslide type, location, magnitude, frequency, dimention, damage, and element at risk. |
Detail investigation | Boreholes, geophysical methods, in situ tests, sampling, Laboratory tests. | Describe and classify movements. Collect morphological, geological, hydrogeological and geomechanical data. | |
Monitoring | Inclinometers, extensometers, tiltometers, piezometers. | Collect data on speed, direction, stability analysis using Limit equilibrium methods and Stress–strain numerical models. Determine situation of failure planes, water pressures. | |
Stability analysis | Limit equilibrium methods. Stress–strain numerical models. | Define failure models and failure mechanisms. Evaluate stability. Design corrective measures. |
Summary of landslide investigation techniques [20].
Landslide susceptibility may be a quantitative or qualitative evaluation of landslide occurrence of a specific type in a given location that is wont to predict spatial distribution, classification, and area of existed or potentially prone area [12, 37]. However, a landslide hazard map is employed to predict future spatial and temporal landslide occurrence with a specific type and magnitude. Although both landslide susceptibility and hazard map are different concepts, many researchers are used the terms as interchangeable. The researchers consider their susceptibility map as a hazard map during which magnitude and frequency did not consider in their model generation. The landslide risk map is employed to predict the expected spatial and temporal losses or damage by landslide incidences during a given region, which are the products of susceptibility or vulnerability, hazard, and elements in danger. Although landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps are the results of the connection between landslide events and sets of landslide factors supported expert judgment or statistical analysis, hazard and risk maps become differ by some input parameters. For instance, a landslide hazard map will have additional landslide frequency, and magnitude input parameters whereas for a risk map, both susceptibility and hazard map become input parameters besides, the element in danger. As stated by Wubalem [3], landslide susceptibility and hazard map results from the sum of all weighted landslide factors employing a raster calculator or weighted overlay method in ArcGIS. Compare to landslide susceptibility mapping, landslide hazard mapping required excellent landslide inventories that contain magnitude, date of occurrence, and frequency. The shortage of frequency, date of occurrence, and magnitude of landslide, landslide hazard mapping become a difficult task. Thus, landslide research trends are shifted to landslide susceptibility mapping for the last twenty century. Now a day, thanks to technological advancement, landslide hazard mapping becomes a simple task for that area frequently suffering from landslide incidence. Lithological, geomorphological, geological structure, hydrological, climatological, anthropological, seismic, and land use/cover parameters and detailed landslide inventories are the foremost important input variables in GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping. However, landslide frequency and magnitude are additional parameters in landslide hazard mapping. The susceptibility, hazard, and risk map produced from the expert judgment have a subjective problem for weight rating of the consequences of sets of parameters; however, the statistical analysis helps to develop maps supported the statistical relationship between sets of parameters and past or current landslide inventory data. Detailed landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk map are often also developed for selected purpose at large scales using physical-based approaches. During this case, geotechnical properties of soil or rock slope material, angle of slope, and pore water pressure are the foremost important parameters to get a landslide susceptibility map supported the extent of an element of safety. Then, the hazard map are often produced by considering the factor of safety, landslide frequency, and magnitude. The danger map also can produce on large scale. Finally, the accuracy of the small-scale and detailed models are often validated using landslide inventory data using different techniques.
Landslide susceptibility or hazard zonation is a technique used to classify the slope into zones based on the level of actual or potential landslide susceptibility and hazard. Landslide susceptibility and hazard zonation are important for a rapid assessment of slope stability over a large area [21]. Landslide susceptibility map can forecast/provide important information about the spatial future landslide occurrence [3]. However, a landslide hazard map can forecast the spatial and temporal future landslide occurrence. In landslide susceptibility and hazard mapping, several approaches are developed, which may be categorized into qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative methods [41, 42, 43, 44, 45].
The expert evaluation method is a widely used technique, but a relatively subjective approach that explains the level of landslide condition in a descriptive expression based on the decision of the expert. Qualitative methods are an expert-driven approach, which required field experience specialists [41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Field geomorphological analysis, landslide inventory analysis, and parameter assignment superimposition are the main activities for qualitative landslide susceptibility, and hazard mapping. Relying on the experience and professional background knowledge of experts and subjectivity is the drawback of these methods [41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49]. This method has included heuristic, landslide inventory mapping, landslide hazard evaluation factor and slope stability evaluation parameter.
This method is opinion based that is used to classify landslide susceptibility and hazard maps by mapping all landslide factors, and landslide through proper rating each factor classes to prepare a landslide susceptibility and hazard map. The demerits of this method are its subjectivity.
Inventory is a simple method, which records the location and dimension of events occurred in the given area [50]. Landslide inventory is the way that used to record landslide location, size, occurrence time, displace material and types of slope failure. This method has used as the base for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk assessments; however, it does not provide the spatial relationship between landslide and sets of landslide factors rather than it only shows the location and volume of a landslide [51]. In this approach, landslide data can obtain through field mapping, historical record, satellite image or Google Earth Imagery analysis, and aerial photograph interpretation [36, 52].
According to Anbalagan [21] this method is used for landslide susceptibility and hazard zonation /mapping with consideration of the inherent controlling factors only. It is simple and cost-effective over a large area. Nevertheless, this method has the following limitations.
Has a rating of low value for groundwater effect on slope instability.
It does not account the triggering factors.
The condition of the rock mass with structural discontinuity and characteristics of the structural discontinuity (roughness, aperture, etc.) are not considered.
It is Subjective
Give the same rating for lithology and structural discontinuity but discontinuities have great influence than lithology.
Slope stability evaluation parameters (SSEP) is a landslide hazard zonation technique that is used to evaluate both inherent (slope material, slope geometry, structural discontinuity, land use and land cover, groundwater) and external factors (rainfall, seismicity, and human activity) to prepare landslide susceptibility map. Raghuvashi et al. [24], develop this method considering the dynamic and static landslide causative parameters. This technique is simple and supported by much field data but it is subjective for weighting assignment.
Semi-quantitative methods are the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, which introduce grading and weighting of the effects of landslide factors on landslide incidence [42, 53, 54]. In this method, both qualitative and quantitative methods can be applied to evaluate the effects of landslide governing factors on landslide occurrence [55]. Analytical hierarchy process, weighted linear combination, and expert knowledge/heuristic [42, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59] are examples of semi-quantitative methods. Although some statistical concepts are introduced in this method, it depends on the expert’s experience and the background of professional knowledge and some subjectivity remains [42, 60].
According to Canoglu [61]; Chen et al. [62], the quantitative methods are grouped into three categories such as machine learning/data mining, physical-based, and statistical methods. The statistical methods are indirect methods which is extensively or routinely used to assess the association between landslide governing factors and landslides based on mathematical [9, 41]. They are classified into multivariate and bivariate statistical methods [3]. The statistical methods are provided reliable results [4, 26, 42, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69]. The numerical methods rely on the mathematical model, expression, and less expert judgments, which provides comparatively reliable results, unlike the qualitative method. Among quantitative methods, the statistical method is the one, which used to evaluate the spatial slope instability based on the relationship between the past/active landslide and landslide factors [70]. A statistical method is an indirect method used to prepare a landslide hazard/susceptibility map, which is considered as objective and worked by integrated GIS tool with statistical analysis based on the landslide and sets of landslide factors spatial relationship. However, in this method, the most difficult thing that we have to consider is accurate database construction, model calibration, and model validation iteration procedures [71]. In this method, each factor has mapped and overlaid over past/active landslides to carry out the contribution of each factor and subclass on the instability of the slope [24, 52, 72]. The limitation of the statistical method is its requirement for detailed and quality landslide and landslide factor data, and it is time-consuming to acquire them over a large area Raghuvashi et al. [24]. The statistical method cannot apply to the area where a landslide has not occurred. This is one of the limitations of statistical methods in landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping.
The bivariate statistical procedure is straightforward to use and update, which is capable to differentiate the consequences of every sub factor class for landslide occurrence. Within the bivariate statistical procedure, the presence of landslide has been considered because the variable and therefore the parameters that enhanced the occurrence of the landslide has been considered as the independent variable [73]. in this technique, each determinant map has been classified into sub-classes to work out the response of individual factor classes to landslide occurrence. The landslide factor classes are often combined with a landslide distribution map and weighting values supported the landslide densities of every determinant class. After weight value calculation, the weighted raster map is carefully sum up employing a raster calculator in Math algebra under the GIS tool to urge the landslide susceptibility index map. The landslide susceptibility or hazard index map are often reclassified using various methods like natural break under the GIS tool to urge the ultimate landslide susceptibility map. The benefits of bivariate statistical methods are they will cover an outsized area with effective cost; it is simple to apply; it can provide spatially distributed landslide information and its relationship with landslide factors. However, the bivariate statistical methods have the subsequent limitation 1. It cannot distinguish which factor is more influential and non-influential. 2. It cannot provides the knowledge about the inherent condition of the slope material like geotechnical method 3. It can predict the landslide susceptibility regions but it cannot be predicted when this landslide will occur and it needs landslide occurrence during a certain region to predict the opposite region which has some environmental factor. The load of evidence, information value, certainty factor, and frequency ratio is that the commonest techniques in bivariate statistical analysis.
This method will provide more realistic and accurate results. It also considers the mutual relationship among landslide factors, unlike bivariate statistical methods. The weight of causal factors indicates the relative contribution of every factor to the degree of hazard in a given land unit. The multivariate statistical procedure helps to perform multivariate statistical analysis unlike the bivariate statistical procedure. One among the merits of the multivariate method is capable to work out the influential power of individual landslide factors on landslide occurrence. Logistic regression, discriminant analysis, and cluster analysis are the foremost commonly applied techniques in this method.
In recent times, advanced data mining methods have been widely used in landslide susceptibility modeling., including random forest [56, 57, 58], boosted regression tree [74], classification and regression tree [74], Naïve Bayes [53, 75], support vector machines [32, 76], kernel LR [77], logistic model tree [56, 57, 58, 77], index of entropy [39], and artificial neural networks [56, 57, 58, 78, 79]. Data mining methods are incapable to work out the consequences of every landslide factor class, need high computing capacity, time-consuming, and therefore the internal calculation process of those methods is intensive and cannot easily be understood. Although both statistical and data mining methods have a bit little difference in the degree of predictive accuracy, they can provide reliable predictive accuracy landslide susceptibility map in landslide susceptibility or hazard mapping [78, 80].
The physical-based approach includes limit equilibrium and finite element numerical models. These methods can be applied for both soil and rock slope stability analysis. This method can provide hazard in absolute value /factor of safety or probability/quantitative results that can directly use for design purposes [52] and Raghuvashi et al. [24]. Physical-based methods are used to calculate the quantitative value of the inherent slope materials of the factor of safety over a defined area [81]. These methods can be applied when landslide types are simple (shallow landslides) and the intrinsic properties of slope material are homogeneous [81]. It requires detailed ground data such as unit weight of soil, soil strength, soil layer thickness, slope angle, pore water pressure, depth below the terrain surface, and slope height. The physical-based method has been employed over a small area, and oversimplification, data availability to acquire frequently is impossible are the drawback of these methods [81]. These methods can be focused on an on-site investigation to assess the geotechnical properties of soil/rock, soil depth, surface and subsurface water condition, the geometry of the slope, landslide location, failure mechanism, depth, and distance of landside. These methods are used to analyze slope conditions by calculating factors of safety using different software like PLAXIS and Slope/w in GeoStudio software package as two or three-dimensional models. The oversimplification of geological, geotechnical model and the difficulty to predict pore water pressure and its relationship with rainfall /snowmelt are the main problems that challenge use the of geotechnical approaches [82].
Landslide risk is the expected loss or damage due to landslide Incidences, which include fatalities, damage to properties, infrastructure, farmland, environment, interruption of services, and economic activities. As compare to landslide susceptibility, and hazard mapping, landslide risk mapping is not common so far due to it requires complex input parameters. It is a complex task due to the lack of necessary information to produce input parameters including vulnerability/susceptibility, hazard, and element at risk [33]. In addition to landslide susceptibility/vulnerability, and hazard maps, landslide risk map is very important in the regulation of land use, landslide risk management, and mitigation strategies. One has a plan to prepare a landslide risk map, it is necessary to estimate landslide susceptibility, hazard, and element at risk.
In landslide risk mapping, qualitative and quantitative techniques are commonly practiced methods. The qualitative (heuristic) method is used to estimate the level of risk in an area qualitatively, when the numerical estimation of hazard, vulnerability, and element at risk is difficult due to lack of landslide frequency, date of occurrence, and magnitude data [33, 83]. The landslide risk map can be produced based on the knowledge of experts about landslide vulnerability, hazard, and element at risk. In a quantitative approach, landslide risk can be estimated numerically using a mathematical equation developed by Varnes and IAEG Commission on landslides and other mass movements on slopes (1984). Risk = hazard*vulnerability*element at risk. Where the hazard is the probability of landslide occurrence in a particular type and magnitude in a given location within a referenced period. Vulnerability is the expected degree of loss due to landslides. Element at risk is potentially affected elements in landslide-affected areas.
In the case of model validation, landslide area has been classified based on time, space, and random partition [26, 84, 85]. The model can be validated by applied various validation techniques like predictive rate curve, success rate curve, simple overlay, a landslide percent comparison column chart, relative error, relative landslide density index (R – index), receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and landslide density.
As indicated in [26], the success rate curve can be plotted using training landslide against the landslide susceptibility or hazard or risk map area. Success rate and a predicted rate curve can be plotted using a cumulative percentage of training/testing landslide area against the cumulative percentage of the landslide susceptibility/hazard/risk map area [86]. For this purpose, the landslide susceptibility or hazard or risk index has to be reclassified into 100 classes by descending order of the value. Then landslide raster can be combined with these classes to obtain landslide pixels. Both landslide and map area pixels have converted into a cumulative percentage to plot the success and predicted rate curve. The success rate curve can be plotted using the cumulative percentage of training landslide vs. a cumulative percentage of map area while the predicted rate curve can be plotted using a cumulative percentage of testing or validation landslide area vs. map area. The success rate explains how well the model and how landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping results are classified the study area using training landslide data. The predict rate curve explains the predictive capability of the conditioning factor for the model. If the curve deflects and closes to the top left of the reference line along the diagonal, the model has higher accuracy.
As states by Pham et al., [87] and Fayez et al., [88], the landslide density has calculated using the equation of landslide density (LD). LD
Landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk models can also be validated using the relative landslide density index, which is calculated using the following equation.
The other model validation technique relative error calculation is one of the techniques that help us to evaluate and determine the quality of the model and the number of landslides in the higher landslide susceptibility, hazard/risk classes. The higher the relative error value the poorer the model accuracy. When the relative error greater than 0.5, the model is not acceptable [90]. However when the relative error less than or equal to 0.5 and the number of landslide in the high landslide susceptibility/hazard/risk class more than half, the given model is accurate and reliable.
The ROC is the curve used to evaluate the performance of the landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk models. ROC curve is the graphical representation of true positive rate (TPR) as y-axis and false positive rate (FPR) as x-axis. In the ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) is the most important diagnostic feature that helps to evaluate whether the model performance is accurate or not accurate. As stated by Yesilnacar and Topal [91], the value of AUC is usually found in between 0.5–1. The model has excellent performance when the AUC value is in between 0.9–1; the model has very good performance when the AUC value is in between 0.8–0.9. The model has good performance when the AUC value is between 0.7–0.8. When the value of AUC is between 0.6–0.7, the model has average performance however if the AUC value is between the range of 0.5–0.6 and equal to 0.5 or less than o.5, the model has poor and useless results.
Recent unconsolidated soil deposits, rugged topography, active gully, riverbank erosion, and improper land use practice characterize the study area (Uatzau), making it vulnerable to a variety of landslides, including earth fall, soil creep, weathered rockslide, soil slide, earth flow, and debris flow. Landslide susceptibility zones of the study area were determine using Frequency ratio (FR), certainty factor (CF), and information value (IV) models. These maps also depict the spatial distribution of projected landslides and the locations where they are expected to occur. The maps, on the other hand, may not be able to predict the amount of material that will be displaced, as well as the time and frequency with which the landslide will occur. The landslide susceptibility models can also helpful for preventative and mitigation measure of landslide hazard in regional land use planning [81, 82, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96]. The success rate curve and predictive rate curve were used to validate the maps using training and testing/validation landslide data sets. The success rate curve was used to assess how successfully the models identified the location and supported the landslide events that were occurring at the time [26, 96]. The prediction rate curve was created to assess how effectively the models can forecast future landslide events that are unknown [94, 96]. Within the region, steep slopes covered by very loose shallow soil deposits, closer to the stream, agricultural land on a steep slope, active gully erosion, and concave slope shapes resulted in the high and very high susceptibility classes, while the moderate susceptibility class is found in highland landscapes. Low plain landscapes and areas covered by vast weathering-resistant rock masses are into the realm of very low and low susceptibility of a region.
Zine et al. [97] stated that higher prediction accuracy (AUC = 89.05%) and AUC = 85.57%) was received using the information value and frequency ratio methods. Similarly, the frequency ratio approach outperformed the information value methods for both success rates (AUC = 83.27%) and prediction rate curve (AUC = 88.8%) in this investigation. The accuracy of the two models falls within the same ranges, which may be a good performance. The frequency ratio model revealed a slight difference in the AUC value. Qiqing et al. [40] stated that a high predictive accuracy of AUC value of 75 was received using a certainty factor model when compared to the prediction rate curve value (AUC = 64.08%) of information value model. However, their accuracy values were within the same ranges, suggesting that they performed well. Similarly, in the current model, the certainty factor model had a greater prediction rate value (AUC = 87.03%) than the information value model, which had a lower prediction rate value (AUC = 84.8%), but they both required an equivalent accuracy range, which may be a good performance. The work of Haoyuan et al. [98] supported the predictive rate value of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), showing that the frequency ratio and certainty factor models have the more or less similar predictive capacity, with the certainty factor model having 81.18% and the frequency ratio model having 80.14%, respectively. The Frequency ratio model, on the other hand, performed worse than the CF model. The two models in this study had essentially identical AUC values for the prediction rate curve (87.03% for the certainty factor model and 88.8% for the frequency ratio model) (Figure 5). The closer prediction capacity with AUC > 64% and AUC > 80%, respectively, fall within the range of good and extremely good performance, according to the three bivariate statistical methods in the literature and this work [91]. High and extremely high susceptibility classes encompassed nearly 20% of the research area in this study (Table 3). The landslide validation findings for the three models are more similar than they are dissimilar, and they are all in the same region of outstanding performance. Aside from that, the percentages of landslides that fall into the high and highly susceptible classes are nearly the same (60.4%, 65.5% & 68.1% for FR, CF, and IV, respectively). Because of these findings, the research effort concludes that in landslide susceptibility mapping, the three models have similar potential for identifying landslide-prone locations, although factor selection should take precedence over methodologies. However, when compared to the FR and CF approaches, the IV models’ moderate, high, and very high susceptibility area coverage exhibited minor differences in a single example. This is frequently due to flaws discovered in IV during weight rating for each factor class, i.e. when there is no landslide in a certain component class the IV results become zero. This gives a good indication of the model’s overall accuracy. FR and CF models are better for regional land use planning, landslide hazard mitigation, and prevention based on the prediction accuracy of AUC value. Although the generated maps cannot predict when and how often landslides will occur, they do show the spatial distribution of landslide risk.
Landslide susceptibility maps of frequency ratio (FR), certainty factor (CF), information value (IV) methods [
Information value method | LSI Value | LSI | Factor class area (%) | Validation data set (%) | Training data set (%) | AUC for validation landslide | AUC for training landslide |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−0.5-0.9 | VLS | 15.5 | 3.9 | 6.3 | 0.848323 | 0.808265 | |
0.9–1.5 | LS | 24.3 | 7.9 | 11.8 | |||
1.5–2 | MS | 31.5 | 20.1 | 23.8 | |||
2.0–2.6 | HS | 21.1 | 40.8 | 31.8 | |||
2.6–4.1 | VHS | 7.6 | 27.3 | 26.3 | |||
−2.2- −0.97 | VLS | 17.8 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 0.870348 | 0.871933 | |
-0.97- −0.47 | LS | 31.0 | 12.3 | 16.4 | |||
-0.47-0.04 | MS | 28.8 | 17.5 | 24.8 | |||
0.04–0.74 | HS | 19.0 | 34.8 | 33.0 | |||
0.74–2.61 | VHS | 3.4 | 30.7 | 19.7 | |||
3.1–4.3 | VLS | 22.7 | 5.4 | 9.3 | 0.888337 | 0.832718 | |
4.3–4.8 | LS | 30.8 | 14.7 | 17.8 | |||
4.8–5.3 | MS | 22.4 | 19.5 | 20.0 | |||
5.3–6 | HS | 19.3 | 43.7 | 35.0 | |||
6–7.7 | VHS | 4.8 | 16.7 | 17.8 | |||
VLS is for very low susceptibility, LS stands for low susceptibility, MS stands for moderate susceptibility, HS stands for high susceptibility, VHS stands for very high susceptibility, LSI stands for landslide susceptibility index and AUC stands for area under the curve. |
Statistical summary of information value, certainty factor, and frequency ratio methods [36].
This chapter introduces and overview the concepts of landslide, type, factors, inventories, susceptibility, hazard, and risk. Moreover, different mapping and validation approaches were introduced. The confusing between the term susceptibility and hazard is clearly discussed. Detail and quality data should tend emphasis in getting quality landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk maps. Field landslide investigation integrated with Google Earth Imagery analysis is vital to work out and record, the relative occurrence date, magnitude, dimension, type, and state of landslide. GIS-based landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk mapping is suitable for regional scale where as physical based mapping is recommendable for detail landslide study where geotechnical investigation is require.
First and foremost, I want to express my gratitude to the almighty God for allowing me to complete this study project. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to my wonderful family and friends for their unwavering support during the research process. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the University of Gondar.
I was responsible for all aspects of the project, including the conception and design of the work, model development, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the results.
In this scenario, it is not appropriate.
Data and materials are readily available.
The corresponding author can provide all of the datasets that were utilized and analyzed during the current investigation.
There are no competing interests.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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of the total body mass in adult mammals. Contractile muscle fibers building skeletal muscle tissue are coated by an extracellular matrix material (ECM), accounting for 1–10% of the muscle mass. The ECM in skeletal muscle was initially considered as a structure, providing mechanical support for bearing force transmission. Now it is evident that muscle cells adhere to and connect with the ECM, also for signaling, and the ECM provides an appropriate and permissive environment for muscle development and functioning. This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the role of ECM components in skeletal muscle growth and regeneration, which is of great importance for potential therapeutic interventions. It also focuses on the contribution of ECM in the motor function of skeletal muscle as well as on mechanisms mediating muscle ECM remodeling during adaptation to physical activity. The role of the ECM in the metabolic function of skeletal muscle tissue and the ECM disturbances associated with insulin resistance are described. Finally, the attention is paid on potential implications of changes in skeletal muscle ECM assembly and function in health and disease.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",authors:[{id:"178850",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",slug:"katarzyna-grzelkowska-kowalczyk",fullName:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk"}]},{id:"50339",doi:"10.5772/62452",title:"Neuronal Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Brain Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix",slug:"neuronal-plasticity-in-the-juvenile-and-adult-brain-regulated-by-the-extracellular-matrix",totalDownloads:2186,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In brains of higher vertebrates, the delicate balance of structural remodeling and stabilization of neuronal networks changes over the life-span. While the juvenile brain is characterized by high structural plasticity, it is more restricted in the adult. During brain maturation, the occurrence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical step to restrict the potential for neuronal remodeling and regeneration, but providing structural tenacity. How this putative limitation of adult neuronal plasticity might impact on learning-related plasticity, lifelong memory reformation, and higher cognitive functions is subject of current research. Here, we summarize recent evidence that recognizes the ECM and its activity-dependent modulation as a key regulator of learning-related plasticity in the adult brain. We will first outline molecular concepts of enzymatic ECM modulation and its impact on synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Thereafter, the ECM’s role in converting juvenile to adult plasticity will be explained by several key studies in wild-type and genetic knockout animals. Finally, current research evidences the impact of ECM dynamics in different brain areas including neocortex on learning-related plasticity in the adult brain impacting on lifelong learning and memory. Experimental modulation of the ECM in local neuronal circuits further opens short-term windows of activity-dependent reorganization. Malfunctions of the ECM might contribute to a variety of neurological disorders. Therefore, experimental ECM modulation might not only promote complex forms of learning and cognitive flexible adaptation of valuable behavioral options, but has further implications for guided neuroplasticity with regenerative and therapeutic potential.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Max F.K. Happel and Renato Frischknecht",authors:[{id:"178680",title:"Dr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Happel",slug:"max-happel",fullName:"Max Happel"}]},{id:"50300",doi:"10.5772/62527",title:"The Extracellular Matrix in the Nervous System: The Good and the Bad Aspects",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-nervous-system-the-good-and-the-bad-aspects",totalDownloads:3067,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The study of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the nervous system has longed been focused on the molecules promoting growth and migration. This is well supported by the work in the developing nervous system. However, the discovery of Nogo and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the injured nervous system in late 1980s has shifted some of the focus to inhibitory molecules. One of the biggest hurdles in neural regeneration is the formation of glial scar and the highly up-regulated inhibitory molecules present in the area. Apart from Nogo and CSPGs, other myelin-associated inhibitors, tenascins and semaphorins have been found associated with neuronal inhibition. Together with the identification of their receptors, we now have a better understanding on the mechanism of how these molecules control and limit regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent focus has been put on designing strategies in neutralizing these inhibitions for promoting regeneration after injury, and some are showing promising results. Moreover, latest studies also show that rehabilitation in injured animal models demonstrated drastic remodeling of ECM favoring regeneration. This review shall discuss all these different aspects and the importance of matrix remodeling in the CNS and the implication of ECM in some retinal pathologies.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Elena Vecino and Jessica C. F. Kwok",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino"},{id:"179658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Kwok",slug:"jessica-kwok",fullName:"Jessica Kwok"}]},{id:"50447",doi:"10.5772/62979",title:"Exploring the Extracellular Matrix to Create Biomaterials",slug:"exploring-the-extracellular-matrix-to-create-biomaterials",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents the framework of tissues and organs and is involved in cell differentiation and function. The study of ECM is challenging and required a combination of identification and imaging techniques to give a valuable scheme of its composition, organization, and finally function. The study of ECM enables to culture cells ex vivo, but cultures are restricted to two-dimensional surfaces, whereas in the meantime, material sciences were developing devices able to bring cell culture in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. This chapter presents basic techniques to investigate extracellular matrices composition and organization. Basic knowledge on ECM composition and organization should inspire material scientists to propose more biologically relevant materials. In a second time, we present strategies available to create ex vivo models of ECM and a series of examples of 3D materials that were engineered to investigate cell adhesion, phenotype, and differentiation in a biologically relevant microenvironment. The production of a gold-standard material is possible for a specific biological question, and it might be developed from an intelligible dialogue between material scientists, that bring engineering strategies, and cell biologists who implement the material design to meet the biological process that has to be investigated ex vivo.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Sylvain Vigier and Tamas Fülöp",authors:[{id:"179831",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamas",middleName:null,surname:"Fulop",slug:"tamas-fulop",fullName:"Tamas Fulop"},{id:"186004",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",middleName:null,surname:"Vigier",slug:"sylvain-vigier",fullName:"Sylvain Vigier"}]},{id:"50139",doi:"10.5772/62253",title:"The Extracellular Matrix Complexome from Skeletal Muscle",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-complexome-from-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:2641,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The various layers of the extracellular matrix, forming the endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of skeletal muscles, provide essential structural and mechanical support to contractile fibres. Crucial aspects of muscle elasticity and fibre contractility are dependent on proper cell–matrix interactions. A complex network of collagen fibres, non-fibrillar collagens, proteoglycans, matricellular proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, adhesion receptors and signalling molecules maintain the physical structure for force transmission within motor units, embed critical cellular structures such as capillaries and motor neurons, and enable essential sarcolemma-matrix adhesion processes and signalling cascades. The systems biological concept of protein complexomes, which assumes the existence of interconnectivities between large protein assemblies, can be readily applied to the proteins within the extracellular space of muscles. Recent proteomic studies confirm that the extracellular matrix complexome has considerable influence on the integrity and cellular functions of skeletal muscle fibres. Adaptations or changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix play a crucial role during fibre regeneration following injury, extensive neuromuscular activity or pathophysiological insults. This chapter outlines the molecular components of the matrisome from skeletal muscles and discusses the extracellular matrix in relation to myogenesis, maturation of motor units, adaptation to changed functional demands and myofibrosis in muscular disorders.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Sandra Murphy and Kay Ohlendieck",authors:[{id:"178917",title:"Prof.",name:"Kay",middleName:null,surname:"Ohlendieck",slug:"kay-ohlendieck",fullName:"Kay Ohlendieck"},{id:"183352",title:"BSc.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Murphy",slug:"sandra-murphy",fullName:"Sandra Murphy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49985",title:"The Importance of Extracellular Matrix in Skeletal Muscle Development and Function",slug:"the-importance-of-extracellular-matrix-in-skeletal-muscle-development-and-function",totalDownloads:3660,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Skeletal muscle tissue makes up approximately 40% of the total body mass in adult mammals. Contractile muscle fibers building skeletal muscle tissue are coated by an extracellular matrix material (ECM), accounting for 1–10% of the muscle mass. The ECM in skeletal muscle was initially considered as a structure, providing mechanical support for bearing force transmission. Now it is evident that muscle cells adhere to and connect with the ECM, also for signaling, and the ECM provides an appropriate and permissive environment for muscle development and functioning. This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the role of ECM components in skeletal muscle growth and regeneration, which is of great importance for potential therapeutic interventions. It also focuses on the contribution of ECM in the motor function of skeletal muscle as well as on mechanisms mediating muscle ECM remodeling during adaptation to physical activity. The role of the ECM in the metabolic function of skeletal muscle tissue and the ECM disturbances associated with insulin resistance are described. Finally, the attention is paid on potential implications of changes in skeletal muscle ECM assembly and function in health and disease.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",authors:[{id:"178850",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",slug:"katarzyna-grzelkowska-kowalczyk",fullName:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk"}]},{id:"50300",title:"The Extracellular Matrix in the Nervous System: The Good and the Bad Aspects",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-nervous-system-the-good-and-the-bad-aspects",totalDownloads:3065,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The study of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the nervous system has longed been focused on the molecules promoting growth and migration. This is well supported by the work in the developing nervous system. However, the discovery of Nogo and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the injured nervous system in late 1980s has shifted some of the focus to inhibitory molecules. One of the biggest hurdles in neural regeneration is the formation of glial scar and the highly up-regulated inhibitory molecules present in the area. Apart from Nogo and CSPGs, other myelin-associated inhibitors, tenascins and semaphorins have been found associated with neuronal inhibition. Together with the identification of their receptors, we now have a better understanding on the mechanism of how these molecules control and limit regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent focus has been put on designing strategies in neutralizing these inhibitions for promoting regeneration after injury, and some are showing promising results. Moreover, latest studies also show that rehabilitation in injured animal models demonstrated drastic remodeling of ECM favoring regeneration. This review shall discuss all these different aspects and the importance of matrix remodeling in the CNS and the implication of ECM in some retinal pathologies.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Elena Vecino and Jessica C. F. Kwok",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino"},{id:"179658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Kwok",slug:"jessica-kwok",fullName:"Jessica Kwok"}]},{id:"50443",title:"Biophysical Properties of the Basal Lamina: A Highly Selective Extracellular Matrix",slug:"biophysical-properties-of-the-basal-lamina-a-highly-selective-extracellular-matrix",totalDownloads:2307,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss a specialized version of the extracellular matrix, the basal lamina. We focus on biophysical approaches which helped in identifying the mechanistic principles that allow the basal lamina to act as a selective permeability barrier. We discuss the physicochemical interactions that entail binding of molecules or nanoparticles to the basal lamina matrix and outline physiological scenarios where altered selective permeability properties of the basal lamina might contribute to physiological (mal) function.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Fabienna Arends and Oliver Lieleg",authors:[{id:"178691",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Lieleg",slug:"oliver-lieleg",fullName:"Oliver Lieleg"},{id:"185383",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabienna",middleName:null,surname:"Arends",slug:"fabienna-arends",fullName:"Fabienna Arends"}]},{id:"50572",title:"Mechanisms of Collagen Network Organization in Response to Tissue/Organ Damage",slug:"mechanisms-of-collagen-network-organization-in-response-to-tissue-organ-damage",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Fibrosis is a part of the wound-healing response to tissue damage and characterized by excessive accumulation of mainly type I collagen-containing extracellular matrices (ECMs). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a profibrogenic master cytokine responsible for promoting differentiation of tissue-resident fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, upregulation of ECM production, and downregulation of ECM degradation. The formation of ECM is an essential response in wound healing. Fibronectin is an ECM glycoprotein substantially expressed during tissue repair. Based on in vitro findings, it has been widely accepted that collagen network organization was exclusively fibronectin matrix dependent. Unexpectedly, our fibronectin conditional knockout mouse models have demonstrated a fibronectin-independent mechanism of collagen fibril formation following injury and identified TGF-β signaling and type V collagen as essential elements for collagen fibrillogenesis. Interestingly, the targeting of the TGF-β signaling alone, as proposed in some recent antifibrotic therapies of chronic fibrotic diseases, is not sufficient to completely prevent liver fibrosis. In this chapter, we focus on the present knowledge of the mechanisms of the collagen network organization following tissue/organ damage and pathological processes of chronic fibrotic diseases.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Takaoki Saneyasu, Saeko Yoshioka and Takao Sakai",authors:[{id:"179512",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"takao-sakai",fullName:"Takao Sakai"}]},{id:"50339",title:"Neuronal Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Brain Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix",slug:"neuronal-plasticity-in-the-juvenile-and-adult-brain-regulated-by-the-extracellular-matrix",totalDownloads:2185,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In brains of higher vertebrates, the delicate balance of structural remodeling and stabilization of neuronal networks changes over the life-span. While the juvenile brain is characterized by high structural plasticity, it is more restricted in the adult. During brain maturation, the occurrence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical step to restrict the potential for neuronal remodeling and regeneration, but providing structural tenacity. How this putative limitation of adult neuronal plasticity might impact on learning-related plasticity, lifelong memory reformation, and higher cognitive functions is subject of current research. Here, we summarize recent evidence that recognizes the ECM and its activity-dependent modulation as a key regulator of learning-related plasticity in the adult brain. We will first outline molecular concepts of enzymatic ECM modulation and its impact on synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Thereafter, the ECM’s role in converting juvenile to adult plasticity will be explained by several key studies in wild-type and genetic knockout animals. Finally, current research evidences the impact of ECM dynamics in different brain areas including neocortex on learning-related plasticity in the adult brain impacting on lifelong learning and memory. Experimental modulation of the ECM in local neuronal circuits further opens short-term windows of activity-dependent reorganization. Malfunctions of the ECM might contribute to a variety of neurological disorders. Therefore, experimental ECM modulation might not only promote complex forms of learning and cognitive flexible adaptation of valuable behavioral options, but has further implications for guided neuroplasticity with regenerative and therapeutic potential.",book:{id:"5225",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Max F.K. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. 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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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