Summary of the three main classes of high frequency SSS range settings (from top to bottom: small-, medium and wide-) with indication of the associated sonograph resolution, optimum geomorphological setting and aim of surveys (from Savini, 2004).
\r\n\tAssisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is a key technology for treating infertility, which occurs in 10-15% of the general population in reproductive age. This has been one of the most tumultuously developing interdisciplinary technologies in medicine in recent decades. Thanks to in vitro methods, more than 5 million children were born in the whole world. For 40 years, the success rates of this treatment have increased many times, respectively in the first years from less than 10% to more than 50% in present days (in some groups of patients). The reason for this rapid increase is the introduction of new drugs and stimulation protocols, improvement of embryo culture media, and the use of new types of laboratory equipment that improve the conditions for embryo development. Last but not least, the introduction of modern genetic methods, as well as new gamete and tissue freezing techniques, has improved the methods' diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-720-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-719-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-721-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4a171468ca00ae2c47f7f5cd0f3b90a4",bookSignature:"Dr. Iavor K. Vladimirov",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11839.jpg",keywords:"Ovarian Reserve, Indication of ART Treatment, Stimulation Protocols, Monitoring of Ovarian Stimulation, Oocytes and Sperm Preparation, Manipulation Techniques, Surrogacy, Cross Border IVF Treatment, Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Endometrial Receptivity, Ethical aspects of ART, Ovarian Rejuvenation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Dr. Vladimirov is the founder and medical director of the Sofia IVF Clinic. He is also one of the authors of the book "Theory about the Embryo Cryo-Treatment", the first theory that provides a scientific explanation for the high success rate in the use of frozen embryos.\r\nDr. Vladimirov introduces for the first time in Bulgaria the methods for Ovarian Reserve Assessment, In Vitro Maturation method,Determination of “implantation window” in the endometrium, using\r\nEndometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA) test.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"253947",title:"Dr.",name:"Iavor K.",middleName:null,surname:"Vladimirov",slug:"iavor-k.-vladimirov",fullName:"Iavor K. Vladimirov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253947/images/system/253947.jpg",biography:"Dr. Iavor K. Vladimirov graduated in Medicine at the Sofia Medical University in 1990. In 1997 he became an Obstetrics and Gynaecology specialist. In 2003, he wrote a doctoral thesis on 'Diagnostic Testing to Assess the Ovarian Reserve of Infertile Women”, and obtained a Ph.D.\nDr. Vladimirov was, in the period between 2008 and 2010, a secretary of the Bulgarian Association of Sterility and Reproductive Health. \nHe hаѕ оvеr 25 уеаrѕ’ of ехреrіеnсе іn the аѕѕіѕtеd rерrоduсtіоn and іntrоduсеd the method of 'іn vіtrо mаturаtіоn” tо Вulgаrіа. Dr. Iavor Vladimirov іѕ thе fіrѕt Вulgаrіаn rерrоduсtіvе mеdісіnе ѕресіаlіѕt whо wоn оnе оf thе mоѕt рrеѕtіgіоuѕ аwаrd оf 'Тhе Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility” оf Тhе Аmеrісаn Ѕосіеtу fоr Rерrоduсtіvе Меdісіnе (АЅRМ) fоr уеаr 2016 and won the prestigious \\'Daniela Seizova - In the Name of Life\\' award in the category \\'Physician of 2016.\\' \nSince 2004 he is the Medical Director of the IVF unit in SBALAGRM – Sofia, Bulgaria.\nSince 2008 he is a Lector of the Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria.",institutionString:"Sofia IVF clinic",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Often a specifically designed sound source is used to learn about the sea and its boundaries (Medwin and Clay, 1998), as in the case of the use of acoustical geophysical devices that provide information about the seafloor and the strata below, transforming the things that we cannot see into numerical data and pictures which give us a model that is able to visually represent the seabed and to outline its physical proprieties and processes (Morang et al., 1997). Such a model, based on the behaviour of the sound pulses and their interaction with water, sediment, rocks and the whole marine environment in which they are emitted, reveals diverse seascapes from shallow water to deep sea and allows us to determine the nature and characteristics of the seabed and additionally, to promote a wide range of practical applications. The research in the marine environment (from oceanography to marine geology, benthic ecology, marine archaeology etc.) now depend heavily on such tools, that provide, as the first step in obtaining the information, the geological framework that can further promote focussed scientific investigations and also better drive seabed utilization for social and economical purposes.
The indirect techniques of investigation used for exploration and study of the submerged environment are different and change according to particular research purposes (Jones, 1999). Generally, acoustical geophysical devices are sound sources that work by transmitting and receiving the sound waves that are reflected, diffracted or scattered off the bottom. They differentiate themselves from each other by the different frequencies employed and thereby the different information that are able to provide about the seabed’s proprieties (table 1, Morang et al., 1997). Echo-sounders, side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profilers are the three principal acoustic devices, used to map the seabed in sea exploration programmes, collecting geophysical data that in turn produce morphological and sedimentary models which became instrumental in determining and understanding the geomorphology and the present-day (Holocene) sedimentary processes of the investigated areas. Echo-sounders with a single-beam (
Imaging of the seabed started in the 1940s, when the first side-scan sonar (SSS) sonograph (hard copy output of sonar data) was recorded (Fish and Carr, 1990). The first sonographs had low resolution and were only able to detect and to image large physical targets on the seafloor, such as big shipwrecks. Then, the rapid developments in acoustic electronics of the 1970s and 1980s led to the production of high-resolution images of the seabed. The SSS system is considered the most relevant acoustic device able to produce images of the seafloor: pursuant to its emission of a pulse of acoustic energy, it amplifies and records the intensity of backscattering from the seafloor, generating the sonograph, that may be considered analogous to a continuous aerial photograph (see Fish and Carr, 1990; Blondel and Murton, 1997 and Blondel, 2009 for details in generating a sonograph).
We can distinguish between high frequency SSS systems, that work roughly between 100 and 1000 kHz (Table 1), and low frequency systems that operate with lower frequencies, down to less than 10 kHz (see Table 1 from Blondel 2009 for the technical specifications of the most common low frequency SSSs).
High frequency SSSs generally work between 25 and 600m of operated range and sonograph resolution is range dependent. The choice of the operated range depends on the purposes of the survey and on the environment conditions. A number of sonographs, recorded by high frequency SSS systems during different national and international research programmes, have been recovered and examined in order to produce a representative collection of sonographs collected within the Mediterranean setting. The dataset presented in this chapter was ground-truthed with sediment samples and/or video data acquired by means of
SSS has been defined as an acoustic imaging device used to provide wide-area, high-resolution pictures of the seabed (Kenny et al., 2003). This technique was developed by Professor Harold Edgerton and others in the 1960s and is based on the
Examples of some of the most common models of high frequency SSS systems and their different technical specifications (data are from a survey of products carried out by
search for objects on the seabed, subsequent works have led to far-reaching advances in the use of sonar in marine geophysics and geology (see Belderson et al., 1972; McQuillin and Ardus 1977; Blondel and Murton, 1997; Jones 1999 and Blondel, 2009 to get an historical perspective on the evolution of side-scan sonar systems applied to the exploration of the seafloor).
Due to its capacity to provide seabed images, SSS has become an instrumental tool in seafloor mapping, with a number of applications, such as:
Investigation of seafloor morphology and sediment characteristics (i.e. occurrence of reliefs, depressions, sedimentary structures etc.)
Map the distribution of marine sediments and even peculiar biocenosis like seagrass meadows, coral banks etc.
Detect specific targets on the seafloor such as shipwrecks, mines, sunken objects, etc.
Identify the proper placement of infrastructures (oil drilling, platforms, cables etc.)
Monitoring the seafloor for environmental applications, such as coastal and deep environment management.
The system typically consists of an underwater transducer connected via a cable to a shipboard recording device. The emitting lobe of sonar energy (narrow in azimuth from the transducer) has a beam geometry that insonifies a wide swath of the seabed, particularly when operated at low frequencies (<100 kHz). The returning echoes from the seafloor are received by the transducers over a short period of time (from a few milliseconds to 1 s), amplified on a time-varied gain curve and then transmitted to the recording unit. Most technological advances relate to the control of the phase and amplitude of the emitting sonar signal, and in the precise control of the time-varied gain applied to the return signals. In the case of a non-digital transducer, the analogue signal is converted into a digital format, the proper position for each signal in the final record (pixel by pixel) is calculated and then these echoes are printed on electro-sensitive or thermal paper, one scan or line at a time. Modern high (dual) frequency digital SSS devices offer high-resolution images of the seabed on which objects in the order of few centimetres may be detected at a variable range, from a few tens of metres up to 600 m either side of the tow fish (in this latter case the total swath width is 1200 m and horizontal resolution can reach less then 100cm).
The sonographs present as grey level (or optionally as colour scale) the local backscattering coefficients. The different backscattering intensities received by the sonar depend on a number of physical (the frequency of the system - which significantly varies from 100 up to 1000 kHz - and other technical configurations), geometric (angle at which the acoustic wave reaches the seafloor) and geological parameters (porosity and roughness of the seafloor that define the acoustic proprieties of the surface sediments in accordance to their physical and chemical nature). A copious literature (see, among others, Jackson and Briggs, 1992; Boyle and Chatiros, 1995; Blondel et al., 1998; Goff et al., 2000; Holland et al., 2000) has been developed to define the dependence of the acoustic backscattering on the different factors mentioned before, providing
Since different seabed types can be seen on the sonographs as different textures on the various parts of the image; the first step of sonograph interpretation consists of the discrimination of the different textures that compose the sonographs that in turn produce the identification of different
Precision and accuracy of sonographs depend on a number of factors and they are determined according to SSS performance. Defining the SSS performance is thus necessary to understand what SSS can image from the seafloor environments and how. For instance, the resolution is an important feature in sonographs, because it provides the measure of the detail that is possible to detect on the sonograph. The resolution of SSS can be meant in a different way:
The
The
The resolution is not the only parameter that affects the system performance and data quality. The underwater environment (current, density, salinity etc.) can considerably impact the data, and even more importantly, so too can the operator management of the system. Survey vessel course, transducers speed, tow fish altitude above the seabed and the range setting will determine the quality of the sonar data, according to the aim of the survey.
The data presented here were collected at different sites located on the continental shelf of the Mediterranean sea. Different range settings are presented, illustrating the different resolution capacity of the employed high frequency (100 – 500 kHz) sonar systems. The sonographs are arranged in three paragraphs, according to their range, for a total of three sections (wide-, medium-, small-range). An additional paragraph discusses some peculiar situations that can occur during a side-scan sonar survey, as noise comes from the underwater environment (e.g. signal generated from other ship propellers and/or from interference with other acoustic sources, artefacts created by objects or fishes in the water column). In each sonograph, where it is not specified, high levels of backscatter are shown as dark tones. Each section is introduced with an overview on the different types and spatial scale of seafloor features that can be investigated, according to the employed range setting.
It is worth noting that the range setting also determines the operational conditions of the survey, because the tow fish must be located at a precise distance above the bottom, approximately equivalent to between 10% and 20% of the range. So, the geomorphological setting and the survey environment do not always allow a free choice of the range setting. With complex topography and in a deep environment it is not possible to use narrow range that requires to have the tow fish at a short distance from the bottom (this situation indeed does not guarantee the safety condition of towed equipment), to operate in a deep environment, high frequency SSS must be integrated within AUV or specific ROV. In shallow water we cannot use a wide range, because it is recommended to have more than 10% of the range setting as a distance above the bottom. Therefore, the range setting not only influences the aim of the survey (because of the associated sonograph resolution), but also the depth range in which the survey can be performed, according to the environment condition (Table 2).
Optimum two fish distance from the bottom | Resolution (m x pixel) | Main aims of the survey | ||
From few metres to 150 | 5-50m | <1 | Continental shelf in shallow water, between –10 and –30 m up to –50 m if the topographic features are known and without reliefs. | Research of specific target, such as small shipwrecks, Monitoring of underwater infrastructures, such as pipelines or other small structures. |
150-300 | 15-30m | Ca. 1 | From 30 m of water depth down to the shelfbreak. | Meso-scale maps of the seafloor to represent a number of environment features (geological, sedimentological, geomorphological, habitat maps, etc.). |
300-600 | 30-60 m | "/>1 | From -40 m up to the inner slope (600 m). | Meso-scale maps of the seafloor. |
Summary of the three main classes of high frequency SSS range settings (from top to bottom: small-, medium and wide-) with indication of the associated sonograph resolution, optimum geomorphological setting and aim of surveys (from Savini, 2004).
SSS surveys through wide-range setting aim to cover wide areas of the seafloor on the outer continental shelf and the upper slope. Range from 300 up to 600 m are considered, so an operating frequency not higher than 100kHz should be employed with the sonograph’s resolution reaching roughly 1 m per pixel. Wide-range settings, through high frequency SSS systems, are adopted when medium to small-scale maps of the seafloor must be produced and water depth is more than a minimum of 40 m (because the distance of the tow fish from the bottom should not be less than the 10% of the operating range). The outer continental shelf and the upper continental slope are candidate areas to be investigated by wide-range setting, where the roughness of the seafloor can vary a lot, outlining homogeneous seafloors, with a gently sloping shelf-break and muddy bottom, or various types of articulated seabeds with reliefs and/or depressions of different sizes, rocky outcrops and abrupt changes in slope gradient. If the seafloor morphology is very rough (especially in an active geodynamic context), huge shadows and repeated echoes can characterize the associated sonographs. Geological attributes that can be relevant to map with wide-range setting can be:
Canyon heads and scarps of different origin and sizes (Fig. 1).
Rocky outcrops where typical small scale faults and other structural features can be detected.
Boulders and/or masses of different sizes, often associated with failure deposits on the upper slope.
Edge of canyons on the shelf break (Thyrrenian Sea). The left side of the sonographs has very low levels of backscatter due to the high steepness of the bottom. The sonographs follows the shelf break, the continental shelf is toward the right.
Confined seafloor morphologies, such as gullies and channels (i.e. gateways and channels – Fig. 2).
Confined erosional bedforms on the shelf break (Thyrrenian Sea). The continental shelf is toward the right.
Erosive seafloor features related to bottom current e.g. scours, furrows etc. (Fig. 3).
Furrows (highlighted by straight black lines) and patches of coarse grained sediment (rounded areas with high levels of quite homogeneous backscatter). Thyrrenian Sea, continental shelf, 40m of water depth.
Positive reliefs of biogenic origin (carbonate mounds, carbonate build-ups etc. Fig. 4).
Positive reliefs on the seafloor (Thyrrenian Sea – 80m of water depth).
Mud volcanoes and pockmarks, methane-derived carbonate heterogeneous crusts and slabs, carbonate build-ups associated with seepage (Fig. 5).
Small mud volcanoes and seepage-related seafloor features (Sicily channel - 160m of water depth).
Sedimentary structures: from small to large dunes in their different morphologies (barchan dunes, lunate dunes etc. Fig. 6), sediment waves of metric scales, gravel/sand bars, irregular gravel/sand patches (Fig. 3), sand/gravel ribbons, obstacles and scours (comet marks) etc.
Depositional bedforms on the outer continental shelf (Thyrrenian Sea - 80m of water depth).
Failure-related seafloor features, such as blocks of detached sediment, pressure ridges, tension cracks (Fig. 7) etc.
Depositional bedforms on the outer continental shelf (Thyrrenian Sea - 60m of water depth).
Fractures on the seafloor (Thyrrenian Sea - 180m of water depth). The sonographs run parallel to the shelf break, the orientation of the fractures suggests a possible inception of mass-wasting, probably due to seabed creeping.
SSS surveys through a medium-range setting aim to cover relatively wide areas of the seafloor on the continental shelf. Range between 150 and 300 m are considered. The sonograph’s resolution can be less than 1 m per pixel. SSS sonographs of medium-range setting produce medium-scale maps of the seafloor to image the local geological/geomorphological attributes of the investigated areas. Indeed the medium-range setting is relevant for mapping seafloor morphologies and sediment characteristics of the whole continental shelf, from roughly 20 m of water depth down to the shelf break. It is worth considering that seafloor mapping at meso-scales is important because many of the solutions to environmental problems (from geo-hazards to offshore resources management) require changes in management strategies at this ‘seascape scale’. In addition, backscattering data along with bathymetry at meso-scale provide a basis for integrating seabed samples and biological information from which habitat may be interpreted (Kenny et al., 2003). Standards and protocols for habitat mapping are starting to emerge at international level (see MESH EU-project - http://www.searchmesh.net) and they strongly consider that backscattering information from multibeam data or SSS sonographs provide the crucial spatial and structural context for more detailed investigation which can reveal the benthic ecology. Therefore, marine habitat maps are usually based on a combination of wide-area data sets (e.g. side-scan sonar data), able to illustrate the abiotic environment, and point- or line-based information (e.g. photo and video data, seabed samples) providing ‘ground-truthing’ of the substrate and biological information.
On the Mediterranean continental shelves, the phanerogam biocenosis are well detectable on medium-range SSS sonographs, along with most of their physiographic attributes, that can be relevant to assess their health state (Figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12).
Passage from
Geological attributes that can be imaged with medium-range SSS sonographs are:
Rocky outcrops where sub-metric fractures and other structural features can also be detected (Figs. 12, 13 and 14).
Dead and degraded matte of
Upper limit of degraded matte of
Rocky outcrops where the orientation of structural lineaments, which consist of perpendicular fractures, are clearly imaged.
Rocky outcrops and sediment. Arrows indicate well defined areas made by coarse sediment with ripples.
Erosive features of sub-metric scales: scours, furrows etc.
Positive reliefs of biogenic origin (e.g. biogenic formations made by coralline algae).
Small scale mud volcanoes and pockmarks, methane-derived carbonate heterogeneous crusts and slabs, carbonate build-ups associated with seepage (Figs. 15 and 16).
Sedimentary structures: small dunes in their different morphologies (barchan dunes, lunate dunes etc.), sediment waves, ripples, gravel/sand bars, irregular gravel/sand patches, sand/gravel ribbons, surface lineations, obstacles and scours (comet marks) etc. (Fig. 13).
Small sub-circular mud volcanoes (
Hard substrata made by methane-derived carbonate build-ups.
Range between a few metres and 100 m are considered. SSS surveys conducted using a small-range setting are used in shallow water and provide high resolution sonographs. Often a high resolution setting of the SSS system is needed in a survey which aims to search for specific targets, such as small shipwrecks and other small-scale objects, or to monitor underwater pipelines. In optimal conditions, sonograph resolution can be less than 10 cm per pixel.
Operating with small-scale range, the transducer has to keep a short distance from the seafloor (a few metres), so that its safety is not compromised by articulated topography with pinnacles and/or local rocky outcrops, even if a fast recovery of the tow fish is allowed by the shallow water (because of the few metres of cable out).
While habitat mapping is mainly performed through medium-range SSS surveys, a small-range setting in a SSS survey can provide remote data useful for further habitat characterization. For instance, within the Mediterranean setting, meadows of
Passage from
Meadows of
Prominent track left on the matte of
Amphora on the seafloor (
Geological attributes that can be well imaged on small-range SSS sonographs are mostly related to small scale sedimentary structures (such as ripples and surface lineations at the centimetric scale, small comet marks etc.) and erosional bottom current related bedforms (e.g. small scours and furrows). However, as stated above, small-range SSS surveys are generally carried out to investigate/image small targets on the seafloor (Fig. 22).
Multiple (black arrows) on the left channel.
Here after are some peculiar situations that can occur during a side-scan sonar survey. Such situations occur in sonographs affected by noise that comes from the underwater environment (e.g. signals generated from other ships’ propellers and/or from interference with other acoustic sources, artefacts created by objects or fishes in the water column) and particular objects/infrastructures mapped on the seafloor.
Noise on the sonograph (black arrows) produced by interference with other acoustic source (in this case a single beam echosounder).
A shoal of fish and its associated shadows, which appear separated on the sonograph because of the position of the shoal in the water column.
Noise on the sonograph that is produced by the engine of another ship. The wake of the ship also leaves a typical noise in the water column (central part of the sonograph).
Meadow of
Fish aquaculture.
Fishing net ‘at work’ on the seafloor. Note the two gears which keep open the net and the noise of the engine of the fishing boat (lower part on the right).
This chapter aimed to provide a useful reference document representing important seafloor features and sediment characteristics on continental shelf in the Mediterranean setting. Indeed there is an exhaustive literature dealing with theoretical issues concerning SSS functioning and data processing (Fish and Carr, 1999; Blondel and Murton, 1997) and there are also some published books that can support sonograph interpretation within the oceanic environment (e.g. Blondel, 2009). Nevertheless a number of peculiar seafloor features of the Mediterranean continental shelf, often monitored in many surveys, are not so well known from literature, in terms of their peculiar acoustic backscattering. This chapter aimed to offer a reference that can help in recognising the most significant seafloor features that characterise the Mediterranean continental shelves on SSS sonographs.
This chapter benefited from funding through the 2000–2001 Italian MIUR programme ‘founding for young researchers’ (ministry advise n. 1707, 22.07.1998 ), by which the author was coordinator of the project ‘Atlas of side-scan sonar sonographs: the acoustic response of the different geomorphological features that characterize the Mediterranean continental shelf’. The author is also grateful to captains, crew and all colleagues (among other Lidia Olivieri, Andrea Grazzini, Paolo Orrù and Tommaso Granata) met during the numerous activities carried out at sea.
In recent years, adipose tissue has rapidly emerged as a critical player in maintaining an organism’s metabolic homeostasis through its canonical role in storing excess energy, as well as its emerging role in facilitating communication modalities critical to maintaining systemic metabolism. These diverse abilities possessed by adipose tissue directly results from its heterogeneous composition which allows for the integration and propagation of signals that influence whole-body homeostasis. To be effective in reacting to alterations within the organism, the adipose tissue must be dynamic and remodel itself in order to preserve the health of the organism. While remodeling allows for the maintenance of homeostasis, this mechanism may become compromised in certain metabolic diseases, such as cancer cachexia and obesity. Here, the influence of adipose heterogeneity on tissue remodeling in the context of cancer cachexia and obesity will be further discussed.
\nAdipose tissue, or fat tissue, is classified in morphofunctional term into two distinct groups; (1) white adipose tissue (WAT), composed predominantly of unilocular adipocytes, with low mitochondrial density and low oxidative capacity, and (2) brown adipose tissue (BAT), predominantly composed of multilocular adipocytes, high mitochondrial density and oxidative capacity for the uptake and oxidation of fatty acids and glucose related to the maintenance and regulation of body temperature [1]. Other differences between the two types of adipose tissues are the depot localization, profile of secreted molecules, cell population, vascularization and also innervation [2, 3, 4]. While both of these adipose tissue groups contribute a significant role in maintaining systemic homeostasis, WAT is the primary site of metabolic dysregulation in many metabolic diseases [5, 6].
\nWAT is divided into two large depots, subcutaneous adipose tissue (scWAT) and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT). scWAT is present in the innermost layers of the skin (hypodermis), while vWAT is located in the internal organs [7]. In addition, it is well described, both in experimental and clinical research, that adipose tissue is a heterogeneous tissue, that presents different gene and protein expression profiles, as well as cellular composition depending on the location of the tissue [8, 9]. scWAT represents approximately 80% of the total fat mass in healthy individuals, while vWAT accounts for between 10 and 20% of the total body fat of lean men, and between 5 and 10% of total fat in women [10]. vWAT has been shown to be more metabolically responsive, and its accumulation has a higher correlation with obesity-related mortality [11].
\nThe morphological composition of adipose tissue plays an important role in the homeostatic maintenance and tissue development. Adipose tissue is a special type of connective tissue composed of different cell types composed of approximately 50–70% adipocytes and 30–50% of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells, where the mesenchymal precursor cells, pre-adipocytes, fibroblasts, leukocytes, blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves are present (\nFigure 1\n) [12, 13, 14]. Numerous studies have shown the cellular heterogeneity of adipose tissue is a critical component in the tissue’s ability to act as a hub of metabolic equilibrium [8, 15, 16]. Discovering and understanding the role of each cell present in adipose tissue leads to a greater chance in the development of possible therapeutics targeting metabolic disorders, which places a greater emphasis on studies of adipose cellularity.
\nAdipose tissue cellularity. The vast majority of the adipose tissue mass is composed of adipocytes (approximately 60%). There are many other cell types present in the adipose tissue. This specific portion of non-adipocytes is called the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that is approximately 30% of the total cells in the tissue. In this portion are present mesenchymal precursor cells, pre-adipocytes, macrophages, others immune cells and endothelial cells.
This endocrine role of adipose tissue is best characterized by leptin [17, 18]. In 1994, with the discovery of leptin, the perception of WAT evolved from simply an energy storage compartment, mechanical protector and thermal insulation, but also an endocrine organ due the identification of a multitude of adipocyte-secreted factors that can act on distal tissues to regulate systemic functions, such as immunological and inflammatory responses, regulation of appetite, vascular events, control of reproductive functions, and insulin sensitivity [17, 19]. Total deficiency or insensitivity to leptin causes hyperphagia, morbid obesity, diabetes, a variety of neuroendocrine abnormalities, and autonomic and immunologic dysfunction [20].
\nStudies show that adipose tissue-derived hormones, fatty acids, lipids and signaling molecules, act by exerting endocrine, autocrine and paracrine effects. These factors are part of the large family of proteins and small molecules released by adipose tissue, which collectively are called adipokines [17, 21]. This tremendous diversity of signaling molecules enables the adipose tissue to engage in a wide array of signaling modalities that allows for systemic regulation of an organism’s physiology (\nFigure 2\n). In instances of whole-body metabolic dysregulation, such as cancer cachexia and obesity, alterations to adipose tissue composition may have drastic effects on adipokine production. These effects are of critical importance in understanding the manifestation of metabolic syndromes. One example of such a dysregulation in adipokine profile is the release of pro- and anti- inflammatory adipokines during pathophysiological processes. This adipokine dysregulation contributes significantly to the disruption of adipose tissue homeostasis in these diseases. Excessive secretion of potentially harmful adipokines (e.g., PAI-1, TNF-α and IL6) and hyposecretion of potentially beneficial adipokines, (e.g., adiponectin), may play an important role in the major mechanisms involved in during metabolic diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanism of various metabolic diseases calls for a deep understanding of the relationship between adipose tissue cellular composition and function.
\nAdipose tissue as endocrine organ. Endocrine factors released by white fat may signal to distant issues, including the brain, muscle, liver, heart and pancreas that regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism in peripheral tissues, energy homeostasis, inflammatory response, and blood pressure, among others. Imbalanced secretion of some of these adipokines is associated with metabolic disorders. These factors released by white adipose tissue may target itself in an autocrine and paracrine manner, and also activate distant tissues in an endocrine manner (e.g., brown adipose tissue). Abbreviations see appendices and nomenclature section.
Adipose tissue can respond rapidly and dynamically depending on the situation involved, thus fulfilling its major role in preserving whole-body energy homeostasis [22, 23]. Adipose tissue remodeling is a continuous process that is involved in some metabolic syndromes, such as reduction of vascular remodeling [24], overproduction of extracellular matrix [25], altered immune cell populations, and inflammatory responses are classic tissue response to such metabolic imbalances [26]. However, not all remodeling of adipose tissue is necessarily associated with pathological changes. A classic example is a concept of “metabolically healthy obesity” [27, 28], suggesting that some individuals may preserve systemic insulin sensitivity based on the “healthy” expansion of adipose tissue, avoiding the pathological consequences associated with obesity. Among the various consequences that can arise from adipose tissue remodeling is a state of local inflammation. This inflammatory state has been implicated in the progression of systemic dysregulation of metabolism in instances of “metabolically unhealthy obesity” [29]. Thus, comprehending the role of inflammation in the remodeling process of the adipose tissue is essential in understanding the main pathological alterations of this tissue.
\nThe adipose tissue plays host to a variety of immune cell populations that are intimately involved in the remodeling state of the tissue. Adipose tissue resident cells can secrete several proinflammatory cytokines that can orchestrate the inflammatory state of the tissue by influencing these immune cell populations within the tissue itself [21]. These inflammatory mediators have several metabolic and endocrine functions (immunity, metabolism, energy balance, among others), which is intimal related to the inflammatory process and immune system response [30, 31].
\nInflammation in adipose tissue rose to prominence in the mid-1990s, shortly after obesity was recognized as an inflammatory disease in a study conducted with rats, which demonstrated greater expression of the gene encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in adipose tissue, as well as a reduction in insulin sensitivity after exposure to a weight-gain diet [32]. In recent decades, data from human studies and transgenic animal models have strongly suggested correlative but also causative associations between the activation of proinflammatory pathways and insulin resistance [33, 34]. Particularly, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue appears to play an important role in the development of insulin resistance related to obesity and others metabolic diseases [33, 35]. The following potential mechanisms of adipose tissue inflammation and how this state is involved during the pathological process of cancer-associated cachexia and obesity are discussed.
\nCancer cachexia syndrome is characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, adipose tissue remodeling, and skeletal muscle wasting that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment [36]. Interesting, that adipose tissue of cachectic cancer patients is a possible relevant systemic source of inflammatory molecules during the development of the disease [37]. Moreover, it is now well described in both experimental and clinical research that these changes are dependent on the location of adipose tissue (e.g., visceral versus subcutaneous), which is involved in differential depot response to the disease [8, 38]. WAT also secretes and responds to pro-inflammatory mediators, as it also expresses several receptors for these secreted cytokines, chemokines, complement and growth factors [39]. These mediators act locally in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner, as well as distally in an endocrine fashion that can regulate appetite, modulate energy expenditure and affect a range of physiological processes, including insulin sensitivity and inflammatory responses [40].
\nSome interesting studies proposed that an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic processes in WAT is associated with the progression of cachexia. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) appear responsible for the activation of WAT catabolism in experimental models [37, 41, 42, 43, 44]. Additionally, studies have demonstrated a predominance of an inflammatory profile in the terminal phase of the cachexia syndrome, notably within vWAT [45]. The presence of an important macrophage infiltration in this depot in rats with cancer cachexia was verified, which has been shown to contribute to the secretion of inflammatory factors [45]. More recently, in the same model of cancer cachexia, Batista et al. [41] showed an increase of macrophages around the adipocytes that were are polarized to a proinflammatory state in the vWAT simultaneously with the activation of the inflammasome pathway in this specific depot [43]. This event was immediately preceded by an increase in neutrophil density within the depot, which usually occurs in the intermediate phases of the syndrome. Therefore, depending on the inflammatory phase, distinct cell types can be observed. In fact, in several inflammatory processes, chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells that is usually preceded by tissue infiltration of neutrophils, which are cells that characterize acute inflammation [46].
\nIn addition to animal models of cachexia, a study has recently demonstrated the presence of an exacerbated inflammatory profile in the WAT of humans with cancer cachexia [38]. In particular, an increase in CD68 positive cells, indicative of macrophages, and the clustering of the classic “crown-like structure” around the adipocyte were described. This morphological characteristic, although well-detailed in an obesity model, was described for the first time in cachexia. In the same study, an increase in CD3, a lymphocyte marker, and total collagen-positive cells in the WAT of these patients with cachexia was also detected. Taken together, the data indicate the presence of morphological alterations that suggest WAT remodeling in the presence of cachexia in humans [38].
\nHowever, despite the relevance of local inflammation, notably in WAT, the mechanisms that result in this process still require further detailing. Another important aspect is the characterization and understanding of the inflammatory process in this condition and its possible relation with the metabolic disorders, in order to answer if this process is secondary or the “trigger” for the development of the syndrome. Understanding the basic mechanisms of cancer cachexia that orchestrate WAT remodeling is relevant for the development of new pharmacological and nutritional therapies for anti-cachectic purposes. In this context, further demonstrating an intimate correlation between inflammation and the prognosis of cancer-associated cachexia, it was demonstrated that a genetic and pharmacological (atorvastatin) model of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibition, one of the primary inflammatory mediators, was able to attenuate classic symptoms of cachexia in an animal model [47]. This suggests that an important inflammatory pathway may be considered a promising target for therapeutic actions. It also further elucidates the mechanism by which cancer cachexia is manifested [47].
\nThe incidence of overweight and obesity has increased substantially in the last decades worldwide is considered a worldwide epidemic, reducing the quality of life due to an increase in the physical and metabolic disability of individuals [48]. This occurs, at least partially, because of the obesity-induced insulin resistance and the fact that adipose tissue is not only an energy reservoir but also a secretory endocrine organ of cytokines, hormones, and proteins that affect the functionality of cells and tissues all over the body [49].
\nRecent studies have established association between obesity and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation [30, 50]. This association is characterized by, among other things, higher levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and fatty acids that can contribute to the development of the metabolic dysfunctions involved in the pathogenesis of its comorbidities [51].
\nIt is well known that during this inflammation state in the adipose tissue, the tissue starts an intense remodeling in the adipose cell types present in the tissue. A major type of cell that plays an important role in the adipose tissue is the macrophages. Adipose tissue macrophage can be characterized in two different classes based on the expression of particular markers [52]. M1 macrophages or classically activated macrophages are characterized by
A proposed model was defined as “phenotypic switching” that means an enhanced adipose tissue macrophage infiltration aggravates the environment of obesity-related inflammation [54]. This model emphasized that obesity starts to induced a polarization in these macrophage cells present in the tissue, that now the ratio M1/M2 macrophage are dysregulated and the M1 macrophage population are predominate in the adipose tissue [54]. Interesting that some studies showed that M1 macrophage population demonstrates a positive correlation with insulin resistance and an increase in proinflammatory responses [55]. Therefore, these studies suggest a sophisticated balance in relation to the diversity of macrophages population is necessary to sustain the adipose tissue homeostasis.
\nIn addition to this deregulation in macrophages infiltration, other major changes also appear in the inflamed adipose tissue during obesity. Modifications in the composition of the extracellular matrix, decreased in the vascularization and alterations in the composition of immune cells in tissue are classic features of this adipose tissue remodeling [24, 26, 56] (\nFigure 3\n).
\nFeatures in adipose tissue inflammation. Healthy adipose tissue displays high insulin sensitivity and is characterized by an anti-inflammatory state marked by elevated levels of adipocyte progenitor cells and M2 macrophages, sufficient vasculature to support tissue expansion and adipocyte hyperplasia. In an obese state, the adipose tissue contains hypertrophic adipocytes and a state of chronic inflammation exists within the tissue. A large increase in the populations of M1 proinflammatory macrophages, along with several other inflammatory leukocytes, begins to infiltrate the inflamed tissue. In addition, it is possible to observe a reduction in the vascularization of this unhealthy fat, resulting in a hypoxic state. Chronic inflammation results in the development of fibrotic structures in the form of increased extracellular components, such as collagen. Such events contribute to the development of insulin resistance.
In summary, certain metabolic disease states, such as cancer cachexia and obesity, may alter the heterogeneous composition of adipose tissue, resulting in a remodeled tissue that is unable to properly respond to the systemic needs of the organism. We know that the adipose heterogeneity cells present in the tissue are the extremely importance in to regulate the homeostasis, and in the time that adipose tissue is affected to some metabolic syndrome this cross talk is deregulated and the homeostasis is compromised. After the adipose tissue is committed by a metabolic syndrome, the tissue starts to react in several ways. Several studies using cachexia and obesity experimental models have consistently indicated that a classic response to this imbalance, showed an intense adipose tissue remodeling in which the tissue begins to present numerous alterations in the morphology and also genetic alterations where its function ends up being extremely compromised. Finally, a deeper understanding of the initial stimulus and also who are the main types of cells involved in adipose tissue remodeling is essential for understanding the basic mechanisms in which adipose tissue performs. Once we have managed to obtain the answers to these important issues, we will be able to advance and have the chance to achieve some possible therapeutic target to these severe metabolic diseases.
\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge the commitment and support by American Diabetes Association (ADA)—Grant #1-19-PMF-035.
\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.
brown adipose tissue
\nbrain-derived neurotrophic factor
\nextracellular matrix
\ngrowth differentiation factor 15
\ninsulin-like growth factor 1
\ninterleukin 6
\ninterleukin 1β
\ninterleukin 10
\ninterleukin 33
\nneuronal growth regulator 1
\nnerve growth factor
\nneuregulin 4
\nplasminogen activator inhibitor-1
\nsubcutaneous adipose tissue
\nstromal vascular fraction
\ntransforming growth factor β
\nToll-like receptor 4
\ntumor necrosis factor α
\nuncoupling protein 1
\nvisceral adipose tissue
\nvascular endothelial growth factor
\nwhite adipose tissue
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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This chapter discussed the importance of getting the terminologies right in the field of Muslim-friendly or Halal tourism. Muslim tourist needs are identified when travelling abroad: Muslim-friendly hotels, Halal food, Muslim-friendly phone application, Muslim-friendly airport, Halal holiday, Halal tourism websites, Halal healthcare facilities and services, Halal cruise and Halal swimming suit. Implications related to Halal tourism are also discussed.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"58056",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71459",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. 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Venice special legislation on tourist cruises and the debate on cruise ships in the Venetian lagoon are examined to highlight critical factors and remedies. Much remains to be done to balance the rapidly growing demand for cruising against its negative environmental impacts on this fragile city. The case of Venice shows how cruise tourism is a complex issue in relation to the sustainability paradigm. Indeed, the controversies stem from the different points of view of the various actors involved in the market—tourists, cruise companies, local administrations, suppliers, local companies and environmental and heritage protection associations just to mention a few—which identify benefits and costs of cruise industry in different ways and timespan.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"73861",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94411",title:"The Azores Archipelago as a Region with Vast Potential for the Development of Adventure and Slow Tourism",slug:"the-azores-archipelago-as-a-region-with-vast-potential-for-the-development-of-adventure-and-slow-tou",totalDownloads:510,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"WTO (World Tourism Organization) recognizes that adventure tourism is a journey that includes at least two of three elements: (a) physical activity, (b) natural environment; and (c) cultural immersion. With this in mind, the Autonomous Region of Azores, classified as one of the OR (Outermost Regions) by the European Union (EU), meets several of those elements. Therefore, the Archipelago shows several potential for the development of this typology of tourism. However, this insular region faces many challenges. Some of those obstacles are also great opportunities for regional development towards new sustainable models. For example, there is the islands’ geographical location, which enables exceptional territorial development opportunities and growth opportunities. Contextually, the Archipelago’s nine islands afford great variety to the destination, and the tranquil rural landscape fits the perfect framework for unparalleled, charming, and relaxing experiences. Moreover, the Archipelago’s specific characteristics, as its volcanic nature, make the destination a perfect place to be explored. These are just some examples of the region’s potential to develop this typology of tourism, based on nature, and consequently, a vehicle to achieve the so-desired regional sustainability.",book:{id:"10617",slug:"peripheral-territories-tourism-and-regional-development",title:"Peripheral Territories, Tourism, and Regional Development",fullTitle:"Peripheral Territories, Tourism, and Regional Development"},signatures:"Pedro Pimentel, André Oliveira, Gualter Couto, João Crispim Ponte and Rui Castanho",authors:[{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho"},{id:"325801",title:"Prof.",name:"Gualter",middleName:"Manuel Medeiros Do",surname:"Couto",slug:"gualter-couto",fullName:"Gualter Couto"},{id:"332268",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Pimentel",slug:"pedro-pimentel",fullName:"Pedro Pimentel"},{id:"332271",title:"MSc.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"andre-oliveira",fullName:"André Oliveira"},{id:"332272",title:"MSc.",name:"João Crispim",middleName:null,surname:"Ponte",slug:"joao-crispim-ponte",fullName:"João Crispim Ponte"}]},{id:"75521",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96651",title:"Introductory Chapter: Rural Tourism as a Catalyst for Sustainable Regional Development of Peripheral Territories",slug:"introductory-chapter-rural-tourism-as-a-catalyst-for-sustainable-regional-development-of-peripheral-",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"10617",slug:"peripheral-territories-tourism-and-regional-development",title:"Peripheral Territories, Tourism, and Regional Development",fullTitle:"Peripheral Territories, Tourism, and Regional Development"},signatures:"Rui Alexandre Castanho, Gualter Couto and Rossana Santos",authors:[{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho"},{id:"325801",title:"Prof.",name:"Gualter",middleName:"Manuel Medeiros Do",surname:"Couto",slug:"gualter-couto",fullName:"Gualter Couto"},{id:"325802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rossana",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"rossana-santos",fullName:"Rossana Santos"}]},{id:"56679",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70343",title:"Determinants of Satisfaction with the Tourist Destination",slug:"determinants-of-satisfaction-with-the-tourist-destination",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Achieving tourist satisfaction is one of the most important factors in terms of stewardship by the different actors in tourist destinations. Even though there is extensive literature that analyses tourist satisfaction, there is no final consensus regarding which variables influence its creation. This study proposes a model in which satisfaction is a consequence of the functional, hedonic and symbolic benefits. The hedonic benefit is considered a multidimensional construct. At the same time, we suggest that this triad of benefits is a consequence of cognitive perception and affective evaluation. For this study, a non-probability sample of 750 tourists was used, based on quotas distributed proportionally among the main Chilean tourist destinations. Once the psychometric properties of the scales used in the study were verified, a structural equation model was estimated and it was found that satisfaction is a consequence of the functional and hedonic, but not the symbolic benefit. It is confirmed as well that the functional, hedonic and symbolic benefits are a consequence of cognitive perception and affective evaluation.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Enrique Marinao",authors:[{id:"207589",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Marinao",slug:"enrique-marinao",fullName:"Enrique Marinao"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58056",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. Destination Venice",slug:"cruise-tourism-and-sustainability-in-the-mediterranean-destination-venice",totalDownloads:2097,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"During recent decades, cruise tourism has seen enormous growth in both passenger numbers and destinations. The downside of this growth is the negative impact on environment and society. This is even more true, if the destination considered has a fragile ecosystem. Associating the paradigm of sustainable development with the practice of cruise tourism might represent a solution to the problems faced by the industry. However, although cruise industry has apparently embraced sustainable good practices, a number of issues are still critical. This chapter explores the topic considering the case of Venice and its role as home port for cruise tourism in the Mediterranean area. Venice special legislation on tourist cruises and the debate on cruise ships in the Venetian lagoon are examined to highlight critical factors and remedies. Much remains to be done to balance the rapidly growing demand for cruising against its negative environmental impacts on this fragile city. The case of Venice shows how cruise tourism is a complex issue in relation to the sustainability paradigm. Indeed, the controversies stem from the different points of view of the various actors involved in the market—tourists, cruise companies, local administrations, suppliers, local companies and environmental and heritage protection associations just to mention a few—which identify benefits and costs of cruise industry in different ways and timespan.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"56858",title:"A Comprehensive Review of the Quality Approach in Tourism",slug:"a-comprehensive-review-of-the-quality-approach-in-tourism",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This study summarizes the evolution of the quality approach in tourism. Environmental issues are also addressed, as there are strong interdependencies between these two areas. Especially in tourism, the quality-environment integration is essential. The study reveals the diversity of quality and environmental models currently used worldwide, including general models for quality assessment and management, applied in all areas, and also the tourism-specific models. The objectives of this synthesis are to achieve a systematization of the information on the quality and environment approach in tourism, and to highlight the main axes of changes. The conclusions formulated illustrate the future directions to improve the quality approach in tourism, concerning both the quality models and their implementation. The results of this comprehensive review are useful to the tourism coordination structures at national and regional level, and also to academics and researchers, to better understanding the trends in quality approach and optimizing their quality-related actions. The workpaper is based on the reports of World Tourism Organization and other tourism professional structures, as well as studies and researches published in specialized journals related to quality and environment approach in tourism.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Diana Foris, Maria Popescu and Tiberiu Foris",authors:[{id:"206947",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"diana-foris",fullName:"Diana Foris"},{id:"207967",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"maria-popescu",fullName:"Maria Popescu"},{id:"207968",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiberiu",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"tiberiu-foris",fullName:"Tiberiu Foris"}]},{id:"56647",title:"Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism",slug:"muslim-travel-behavior-in-halal-tourism",totalDownloads:3661,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Destination marketers need to understand Muslim travel behaviour in order to satisfy his/her needs especially in Halal tourism industry. This chapter discussed the importance of getting the terminologies right in the field of Muslim-friendly or Halal tourism. Muslim tourist needs are identified when travelling abroad: Muslim-friendly hotels, Halal food, Muslim-friendly phone application, Muslim-friendly airport, Halal holiday, Halal tourism websites, Halal healthcare facilities and services, Halal cruise and Halal swimming suit. Implications related to Halal tourism are also discussed.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"56679",title:"Determinants of Satisfaction with the Tourist Destination",slug:"determinants-of-satisfaction-with-the-tourist-destination",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Achieving tourist satisfaction is one of the most important factors in terms of stewardship by the different actors in tourist destinations. Even though there is extensive literature that analyses tourist satisfaction, there is no final consensus regarding which variables influence its creation. This study proposes a model in which satisfaction is a consequence of the functional, hedonic and symbolic benefits. The hedonic benefit is considered a multidimensional construct. At the same time, we suggest that this triad of benefits is a consequence of cognitive perception and affective evaluation. For this study, a non-probability sample of 750 tourists was used, based on quotas distributed proportionally among the main Chilean tourist destinations. Once the psychometric properties of the scales used in the study were verified, a structural equation model was estimated and it was found that satisfaction is a consequence of the functional and hedonic, but not the symbolic benefit. It is confirmed as well that the functional, hedonic and symbolic benefits are a consequence of cognitive perception and affective evaluation.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Enrique Marinao",authors:[{id:"207589",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Marinao",slug:"enrique-marinao",fullName:"Enrique Marinao"}]},{id:"58085",title:"Energy-Efficient Architecture and Sustainable Urban Tourism: Context, Challenges and Solution",slug:"energy-efficient-architecture-and-sustainable-urban-tourism-context-challenges-and-solution",totalDownloads:1373,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Urban tourism, as well as tourism in general, offers great economic opportunities, while at the same time, it increases the destination’s vulnerability to overcrowding and uncontrolled growth. Tourism can and should support sustainable urban development. Sustainable urban tourism and energy efficient architecture are interdependent. Increased stakeholder participation, regional cooperation, sustainable urban mobility, supporting environmental and social innovation, preventing negative social issues, resource efficiency and environmentally acceptable waste management, followed by sustainable hospitality industry architecture, are key drivers for sustainable urban tourism success. Energy-efficient architecture in sustainable urban tourism requires application of energy-efficient concepts, elements and systems. Although considerable effort has been put into raising awareness about the necessity of sustainable urban tourism development, numerous examples of “greenwashing” effect have been detected.",book:{id:"6102",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Ksenija (Née Jovović) Štahan",authors:[{id:"207037",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Stahan",slug:"ksenija-stahan",fullName:"Ksenija Stahan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"269",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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