Electronic configurations and chemical formulas for the ROSs types.
\r\n\t• Role of technological innovation and corporate risk management
\r\n\t• Challenges for corporate governance while launching corporate environmental management among emerging economies
\r\n\t• Demonstrating the relationship between environmental risk management and sustainable management
\r\n\t• Contemplating strategic corporate environmental responsibility under the influence of cultural barriers
\r\n\t• Risk management in different countries – the international management dimension
\r\n\t• Global Standardization vs local adaptation of corporate environmental risk management in multinational corporations.
\r\n\t• Is there a transnational approach to environmental risk management?
\r\n\t• Approaches towards Risk management strategies in the short-term and long-term.
In this section, the advanced Oxidation Processes concepts will be related to use of the bulk and the nano- catalysts as vital materials for easily generating a highly oxidizing species and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as in aqueous or alcoholic solution [1]. ROSs are contains three primary kinds: superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical (HO•) [2], which produced from reaction of adsorbed oxygen molecule on catalyst’s surface with one electron in conductive band under illumination by light as UV, or visible or solar light, this mechanism is useful to reduce the recombination process and increased the life time of hole in valance band [3, 4]. As explained in Figure 1.
Essential mechanism for generating the ROSs under illumination of photo-catalyst particles [1].
The ROSs are having the electron configurations as tabled in Table 1 [5, 6, 7, 8].
Electronic configurations and chemical formulas for the ROSs types.
In the last few years, several researches have predominated in many universities and research centers on the scientific ventures to mainly treat the contaminations that produced by textile factories [9, 10, 11], reduced the degradation of food’s dye [12], decolorization of colored organometallic complexes [13], degradation of toxic cyclic compounds [14] and produced a hydrogen from alcohol as renewable energy [15]. The effective materials for all above mention research are generated the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution with maximum oxidation power equals to 2.8 V [1]. Based on to the AOPs, the common sources for creation of.OH in AOPs are illustrated in Figure 2, which regards as power to star the dark or photo reactions [1, 16, 17, 18, 19].
Schematic diagram of common sources of.OH in advanced oxidation processes.
Fortunately, the benefits of AOPs are more than those of drawbacks. The benefits of AOPs are summarized up as [1, 20] follows to:
Create a large number of free radicals species.
Have the appropriate potential to depress the hazardous organic pollutants by complete their mineralization and producing CO2 and H2O.
Reduce the time of dark or photoreaction.
Have low economic cost.
Whereas, the drawbacks of AOPs [1, 21] are quenching the reaction rate with increasing the scavenger contains (mostly peroxide ion) and may be generated the undesirable hazardous products that prevented the complete of mineralization process, hence, the altered of pH or using further cost steps may be essentially to treat their problems.
In general, the catalysts may be metal or alloy or semiconductor. Semiconductor is wide used as catalyst and can be element or compound as amorphous or crystalline or rock salt crystal. Because of semiconductors have intermediate properties between metal and insulator, which has given them rescannable electronic and structural properties, hence, semiconductor is classified as a better-known kinds, as mentioned in Figure 3 [22, 23, 24].
Better-known kinds of semiconductors.
The usages of the bulk and nano catalysts are increment with increasing the development of life activations. The catalysts were known for the long time to increase the rate of reaction with decreasing the time of reaction and the activation energy in dark reaction or photoreaction. In order to use the catalyst in photoreaction as photo catalyst, must have a band gap with raged about 1.1 eV to 5.0 eV [1, 24]. Referring to Figure 4, several band gap energy positions of some common photo catalysts can be displayed [1, 25, 26, 27].
Band gap energy positions of different photo-semiconductor at pH = 1.
The mainly problem in bulk and nano catalyst is recombination process, which results in diminishing the efficiency of used photocatalyst by returning the photoelectron from conductive band to valance band and reacting with photohole immediately. The recombination includes four kinds can be followed in Table 2 and Figure 5 [1, 28, 29, 30].
Kinds | Other name | Info | Type of photocatalyst |
---|---|---|---|
Direct recombination | Band-to- band recombination | In this kind, the transition occurrs as a radiative transition in direct band gap semiconductor. It is created when the Free photo electron in CB drops directly into free photo hole (an unoccupied state) in the VB and associated together. Note Figure 5(A). | ZnO have a direct band gap. |
Volume recombination | Centers recombination or Trap-assisted recombination | This case obtains, when defect of semiconductor by impurities that given a new levels (as traps of photoelectron and photohole). It leads to liberate heat as phonon in indirect band gap semiconductor. Note Figure 5(B). | Pure TiO2 and defect of TiO2 by metal, which had given an indirect band gap. |
Surface recombination | Recombination of an exciton | This case occurs at low temperature, when the traps at or near the surface or interface of the semiconductor, capture the photo electron- hole as exciton. That attitude to dangling bonds caused by the sudden discontinuation of the semi-conductor crystal with energy just below the band gap value. Note Figure 5(C). | It happed in solar cells and light emitting diode (LED) containing shallow levels. |
Auger recombination | — | This recombination involves three carriers: Free photo electron, free photo whole recombine, and the emitting the energy as heat or as a photon (non-radiative process). The transition of energy deals with as intra-band transitions, which resulting when either electron elevates in higher levels of conduction band or hole deeper push into the valence band. Note Figure 5(D). | This case can be obtained wit short lifetime when heavy doping defects (like Ag) in direct-gap semiconductors under present sunlight. |
The most common recombination types concepts.
The schematic diagram of the most common recombination kinds.
In order to improve the activity of photocatalysts must depress the recombination with modify their surfaces with three main methods: surface sensitization, metalized photocatalyst surface and coupled for two or more photocatalysts as Composite. The details of these modification methods are mention in Table 3 and Figure 6 [40].
The description of the methods for modifying photocatalysts.
Schematic diagram for modification of photocatalyst surface [40].
There are many common application of AOPs in environment fields by using the white photocatalyst or its modified such as ZnO, TiO2 ZrO2, ZnS, WO3, CdS and Mn3O4. The efficiencies with used these photocatalysts are altered with using AOPs methods. The efficiency of the photoreaction depends mostly on the concentration of colored material, initial pH which affected on the surface of photocatalyst and the temperature. As shown in Table 4.
Application field | Type of used AOPs | Efficiency | References |
---|---|---|---|
Textile dye Reactive red 2 dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/H2O2 | 89.8% (Photodecolorization) (5 mmole/L) of H2O2 (T = 25°C), (pH = 10) | [41] |
Textile dye direct orange dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO | 92.7% (Photodecolorization) (T = 35°C), (pH = 6.68) | [42] |
Textile dye reactive yellow 14 dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO | 91.41% (Photodecolorization) (T = 38°C), (pH = 6.75) | [43] |
Industrial dye Chlorazol black BH dye | O2/UV-A/ZnO | 99.07% (Photodecolorization) (T = 15°C), (pH = 7.63) | [44] |
Industrial dye Acid Red 87(Eosin (Eosin Yellow) dye | O2/UV-A(125 W)/ZnO O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO O2/Solar/ZnO | 74.4.5% (Photodecolorization) (T = 38°C), (pH = 8.6) 98.5% (Photodecolorization) (T = 38°C), (pH = 8.6) 96.5% (Photodecolorization) (T = 42°C), (pH = 8.6) | [32] |
Textile dye Dispersive yellow 42 dye | O2/UV-A(125 W)/ZnO O2/UV-A(125 W)/ZnO/Fe2+ O2/UV-A(125 W)/ZnO/Fe2++1% H2O2 | 94.40% (Photodecolorization) (T = 20°C), (pH = 7.7) 60.86% (Photodecolorization) (T = 20°C), (pH = 7.7) 16.44% (Photodecolorization) (5 x 10−4 mole/L) of Fe2+ (T = 20°C), (pH = 7.7) | [10] |
Drug dye Cobalamine(Vit B12) | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/ K2S2O8 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/ 0.025% H2O2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/ K2S2O8 + 0.025% H2O2 | 79.33% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 6.5) 88.75% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mole/L) of K2S2O8 (T = 30°C), (pH = 6.5) 90.80% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 6.5) 95.85% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mole/L) of K2S2O8 (T = 30°C), (pH = 6.5) | [19] |
Food dye Carmoisine (E122) dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/ 0.1% H2O2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO/ Fe2+ | 73.11% (Photodecolorization) (T = 18°C), (pH = 7.55) 62.58% (Photodecolorization) (T = 18°C), (pH = 7.55) 36.99% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−5 mole/L) of Fe2+ (T = 18°C), (pH = 7.55) | [12] |
Lab materials Co(II) Complex of Schiff Base | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZnO | 99.11% (Photodecolorization) (T = 38°C), (pH = 7.55) | [13] |
Industrial dye Methyl green dye | O2/UV-A(400 W)/ ZnO NPS O2/UV-A(400 W)/Ag(2%) ZnO NPs | 37% (Photodecolorization) (T = 25°C), (pH = 5.4) 87.37% (Photodecolorization) (T = 25°C), (pH = 5.4) | [35] |
Liberated of hydrogen from Methanol as renewable energy | Ar/UV-B(1000 W)/ (0.5 Pt) TiO2 NPS Ar/UV-B(1000 W)/ (0.5 Au) TiO2 NPS | 8.8% (Photo hydrogen production) (T = 25°C), (pH = 7.3) 4.5% (Photo hydrogen production) (T = 25°C), (pH = 7.3) | [14] |
Industrial dye Light Green SF Yellowish (Acid Green 5) Dye | O2/UV-A(400 W)/ TiO2 O2/UV-A(400 W)/ TiO2 NPS | 90.2% (Photodecolorization) (T = 20°C), (pH = 7.3) 88.1% (Photodecolorization) (T = 20°C), (pH = 7.3) | [45] |
Industrial dye Safranine O Dye | O2/UV-A(125 W)/ TiO2 NPS O2/UV-A(125 W)/ TiO2 NPS/ Fe2+ O2/UV-A(125 W)/ TiO2 NPS/ Fe2+ O2/UV-A(125 W)/ TiO2 NPS/ 0.1% H2O2 O2/UV-A(125 W)/ TiO2 NPS/ 0.1% H2O2+ Fe2+ | 90.2% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 6) 85.92% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mole/L) of Fe2+ (T = 30°C), (pH = 6) 92.73% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 6) 98.83% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mole/L) of Fe2+ (T = 30°C), (pH = 6) | [34] |
Industrial dye Acid Red 87 (Eosin Yellow) dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ TiO2 NPS O2/UV-A(250 W)/ TiO2 NPS+ H2O2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ WO3 NPS O2/UV-A(250 W)/ WO3 NPS+ H2O2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ (0.5) WO3-TiO2 nanocomposite O2/UV-A(250 W)/ (0.5) WO3-TiO2 nanocomposite+ H2O2 | 63.58% (Photodecolorization) (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) 50.44% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−2 mmole/L) of H2O2 (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) 27.84% (Photodecolorization) (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) 21.54% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−2 mmole/L) of H2O2 (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) 25.11% (Photodecolorization) (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) 73.88% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−2 mmole/L) of H2O2 (T = 25°C), (pH = 6.09) | [16] |
Industrial dye Methyl green dye | O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZrO2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZrO2 + Fe2+ O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZrO2 + 1.5% H2O2 O2/UV-A(250 W)/ZrO2 + K2S2O8 | 92.31% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 5.4) 39.93% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mmole/L) of Fe2+ (T = 30°C), (pH = 5.4) 98.78% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 5.4) 74.62% (Photodecolorization) (1 x 10−4 mmole/L) of K2S2O8 (T = 30°C), (pH = 5.4) | [46] |
Lab materials Fe(II)-(4,5- DIAZAFLUOREN-9-ONE 11) COMPLEX | O2/UV-A(400 W)/ Mn3O4 O2/UV-A(400 W)/ (1)Mn3O4- (4) ZrO2 nanocomposite | 22.64% (Photodecolorization) (T = 15°C), (pH = 4) 40% (Photodecolorization) (T = 17°C), (pH = 4) | [47] |
Textile dye Reactive blue 5 dye | O2/UV-A(400 W)/ ZnS NPs O2/UV-A(400 W)/ Cr-ZnS NPs | 59% (Photodecolorization) (T = 15°C), (pH = 6.3) 94% (Photodecolorization) (T = 17°C), (pH = 4.1) | [36] |
Industrial dye Congo red dye | O2/UV-A(400 W)/ ZnS NPs O2/UV-A(400 W)/ CdS-ZnS nanocomposite | 95% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 7.5) 98% (Photodecolorization) (T = 30°C), (pH = 7.5) | [39] |
Some applications of bulk and nano photocatalydts in AOPs, with environment chemistry and green chemistry.
This chapter focuses on the source of hydroxyl radical which produces via the advance oxidation process. Indeed, this process interests in the forming the different species, which in the final step generates a hydroxyl radical. The photocatalyst enhances the generating of hydroxyl radicals (2.8 V) in aqueous solution under Uv- light or visible or solar. The photoexitation of photocatalyst leads to jump of electon to conductive band then return to valance band and liberates a hot this process called recombination. It is depressed the efficiency of photoreaction. However, some procedures used to modify the photocatalyst surface.
The author wants to thank his family for helping him in carrying out this work.
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El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5684},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5166},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1682},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10211},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:887},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15616}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1689},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish'aqPGYX<'\">DfEsJx"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. 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