Visceral artery aneurysms, frequency and distribution.
\r\n\tThe protection of biodiversity is a major target of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring an assessment of the status of biodiversity on the level of species, habitats, and ecosystems including genetic diversity and the role of biodiversity in food web structure and functioning. The restoration of marine ecosystems can support the productivity and reliability of goods and services that the ocean provides to humankind, to maintain ecosystem integrity and stability. Some of the goods produced by the marine ecosystem services are fish harvests, wild plant and animal resources, water, some of the services provided recreation, tourism, breeding and nursery habitats, water transport, carbon sequestration, erosion control, and habitat provision.
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Marta Gonçalves",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",keywords:"Non-indigenous Species, Dynamics, Ecosystem Maturation, Ecological Succession, Water Quality, Recovery, Biodiversity, Environmental Status, Ecosystem Services, Goods Production, Carbohydrates, Carrageenan",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ana Marta Gonçalves (h-index 19) holds a Ph.D. in Biology, from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in collaboration with Ghent University, in 2011. During her research career obtained several grants is highly international competitive calls, including the MARS award for young scientists funded by The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) grants.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",middleName:"Marta",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320124/images/system/320124.jpg",biography:"Ana Marta Gonçalves obtained a Ph.D. in Biology with a specialization in Ecology from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in collaboration with Ghent University, Belgium, in 2011. Currently, she is an auxiliary researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal, where she is also a member of the Directive Board. 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Splanchnic aneurysms pose a difficult therapeutic challenge especially in emergency cases. Almost 22% of VAA patientswith mortality as high as 8.5%,are diagnosed after rupture with variable clinical manifestations that raise the risk of misdiagnosis and unwarranted treatment [2]. Frequent use of imaging techniques and especially computed tomography scanning have significant impact on the overall increase in the number of new cases. Mostly, VAA are being discovered incidentally during assessment for abdominal pain or other disorders. Regardless of how VAA are discovered, the choice of treatment depends on clinical presentation, underlying etiology, location, general health status, and comorbidity factors. For many years surgical treatment, involving either aneurysm resection with bypass or ligation, were the only therapeutic options, especially in emergency cases [3]. At the present time, however, endovascular techniques are considered the method of choice for first-line treatment and good results have been obtained in emergency cases [4,5].
\n\t\t\tAn estimated 3000 cases have been reported in the literature with an incidence of 1% in the general population and 0.1% to 10% in autopsy series [2]. VAA are described in the literature 200 years ago, and the first successful surgical resection was performed by Cooley and DeBakey in 1949. [6]. The most commonly involved arteries are the splenic artery aneurysms in 60% of cases and the hepatic artery aneurysms in about 20% of cases. Other splanchnic artery aneurysms are discovered in 20-40% of cases. Other sites include the superior mesenteric artery (SMA-5.5%), celiac trunk and gastric artery (4%), gastroepiploic artery, jejunal artery, ileal artery, and colonic artery (3%), and, inferior mesenteric artery, pancreaticoduodenal artery and pancreatic arteries (2%) [2,7,8,9] (Figure 1, Table 1).\n\t\t\t
Visceral artery aneurysms distribution.
Splenic artery | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t60% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1:4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t2% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t25% nopregnent 70% mother 75% fetus | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Hepatic arteries | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t2:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t35% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
SMA | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t5.5% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\trare | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Truncus caeliacus | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t4% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t13% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Gastric, Gastroepiploic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t4% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t3:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t90% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Jejunal, Ileal, Colic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t3% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t30% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t70% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Pancreaticoduodenal Gastroduodenal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t2% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t4:1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t75% inflammatory 50% noninflammat. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Visceral artery aneurysms, frequency and distribution.
The earliest recorded work that describes visceral artery aneurysmswas announced by French physician, Beaussiera,1770, who presented the splenic artery aneurysm in 60-year-old female cadaver during an autopsy demonstration after injection contrast into the aorta and femoral veins [10].
\n\t\t\tThe first record of clinical symptoms of VAA recorded Quinkue in 1871, when he described the classic "triad" of symptoms: abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice and hemobila, caused by hepatic artery aneurysm existence [11,12,13].
\n\t\t\tThe first successful surgical treatment of the common hepatic artery aneurysms by artery ligation has been noted by Kehr in 1903 [14]. Thirty years later, in 1932 Lindboa was the first who preoperatively successfully diagnosed SAA, which is then surgically resolved [15].
\n\t\t\tAlthough visceral artery aneurysms are rare they are certainly clinically significant pathological changes, with an incidence of 0.01% to 0.2% in routine autopsies, with increasing tendency of appearance in aging population [2]. By the early nineties, diagnosis and therapeutic management of splanchnic arterial aneurysms weren’t enough successful which resulted in the rupture, and the detection of these lesions only on the autopsy table. Advances in surgical and endovascular techniques have led to numerous and qualitative change in the approach to treatment of these lesions.
\n\t\tSplenic artery aneurysm is the most common splanchnic aneurysms (58-67% of all cases), the third most prevalent in the abdomen, after aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. They are usually asymptomatic in nature (27% is associated with pain in the abdomen) [14]. The first splenic artery aneurysm is described Beaussier (1770) [10]. At the middle of the last century (1953), Owens and Coffey gave an extensive review of previously reported SAA in the literature and described 262 cases [16]. American history records the death (1881) President James A. Garfield as a result of rupture of splenic artery aneurysm, two months after he was wounded in the stomach during the assassination attempt [17].
In Anglo-Saxon literature the incidence of occurrence lineal artery aneurysm ranges from 0.7% to 10.4% of the total population based on data obtained from the autopsy report.In the literature, reported splenic aneurysm diameter was found 30 cm in diameter but they are usually less than 3 cm. SAA are usually solitary, saccular in shape and localized in the distal third of artery, the bifurcation region, the splenic hilum.Splenic aneurysms are more common in women (4:1), in the sixth decade of life, as much as 80% of all cases are older than 50 years. One third of those patients have multiple aneurysm localization [19-21].
\n\t\tSAA are usually incidental, unexpected findings on the control, the native image of the abdomen, CT scan or angiography. When patients have symptoms, they describe vague pain in the left upper abdominal quadrant and left thigh.Since 40-50% of patients have moderate splenomegaly, and in about 10% of patients auscultation soundness of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Rare are those in which the pulsatile tumefaction took hold in the region under [20, 22].
\n\t\tOf these aneurysms are not completely clear, but increased blood flow through the splenic artery may be a risk factor (hypertension, pregnancy). Some researchers claim that these hemodynamic instability lead to irreversible damage of tunica media and thus represent a predisposing factor for aneurysm formation. Subsequent muscular dystrophy and calcification of damaged artery wall is a secondary process [23, 24]. The recorded incidence of SAA in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension ranges from 7 to 20% and 8-13% of patients waitingfor liver transplantation and after liver transplantation because of the large portosystemic shunt, which causes the increase in splenic artery volume [25]. Other possible causes are essential hypertension, septic embolus, blunt trauma, the weakening of the arterial wall as a result of local inflammation (pancreatitis), subacute bacterial endocarditis. Less common causes are inherited diseases characterized by the development of visceral artery aneurysms multiple or associated with the appearance of polycystic kidney disease and systemic lupus erithematodus.SAA can also occur as a consequence of renal artery fibromusculardysplasia [26].
\n\t\tAfter all, arteriosclerosis is the most common histopathological findings and probably postaneurysmaticphenomenon rather than a primary cause of the aneurysm
\n\t\tThe risk of
When rupture, SAA usually cause acute abdominal pain, irradiating in the left flank, back and subscapular region and can cause shock, abdominal distension, and finally death. Aneurysms can rupture into free space or omentum minus. The phenomenon of "double" rupture was reported in 20-30% of cases. In these patients if we do not take anything, the initial bleeding in omentum minus can provoke pain and transient hypotension and continues on a further rupture in the peritoneal cavity, which happens in the next 48 hours [19, 27, 28]. This "guard" period between the initial and subsequent bleeding gives room for the timely diagnosis and intervention. Overall mortality from ruptured SAA should be between 10 and 25%. Symptomatic, large and/or rapidly growing aneurysms, pregnancy, portal hypertension, liver transplantation and portocaval shunts are associated with increased risk of aneurysm rupture. Rupture rarely occurs when the diameter is less than 2.5 cm [28]. Pregnancy is associated with 20 to 50% of rupture rate, usually in the third trimester or early postpartum period [24].
Different therapeutic options are available for patients with SAA, including conventional surgery, endovascular treatment, and, more recently, laparoscopic surgery. Choice of treatment depends primarily on clinical presentation, aneurysm location, associated risk factors, and overall patient status [30, 31, 32].
\n\t\tPatients who arrive with signs of rupture, hemorrhagic shock or unstable hemodynamic status require urgent treatment. In such situations some authors used the endovascular approach in solving problems; otherwise, ligation of the splenic artery without further reconstruction was the most used technique [33].
\n\t\tRecently, we use a new, promising option: endovascular coil embolization approach (figure 2,3), stent-graft application and the laparoscopic approach to splenic artery ligation. Selective splenic artery catheterization and coil embolization of aneurysmal sac is proposed in high-risk patients or the rupture of the aneurysm [33,34].
\n\t\tNumbers of patients who are treated in this way are rapidly increasing. The data obtained from follow-up investigations are still insufficient to be able to make a final doctrine, especially concerning the possibility of re-creating an even greater place in the aneurysmal sac as a result of recanalization. When the embolization is technically challenging or contraindicated primarily by close contact of the aneurysm with the spleen, there are the possible options for open surgery (figure 4, 5) or laparoscopic artery ligation.
\n\t\tSplenic artery aneurysm embolization
Splenic artery aneurysm. MSCT
Splenic artery aneurysm angiography before and after surgical reconstruction
Splenic artery aneurysm angiography before and after surgical reconstruction
Hepatic artery aneurysms (HAA) is second in height among VAA, accounting for 20% of all splanchnic artery aneurysms. In 1819, Wilson was the first who described it. Historically at the beginning, before antibiotic era, mycotic aneurysms were dominantly presentamong discovered and treated HAA, but now has been reduced to 10% of all. Most of these aneurysms was admitted to the state of rupture or accidentally discovered during autopsy [2,3,8].
\n\t\tAtherosclerosis is considering a basic cause in about 30-50% occurrence of HAA, while still posing as a secondary process. Less common causes of these lesions are vasculitis, such as polyarthritis nodosa, inflammatory processes caused by cholecystitis or pancreatitis, Marfan’s syndrome,Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,fibromuscular dysplasia, cystic medial necrosis (24%) and trauma (22%) [35].
\n\t\tPosttraumatic false aneurysms accounts for about 20%, they are the most often the result or penetrating andcrush injuries or wounds, surgical procedures, liver transplantation or occurring after percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver (transhepatic cholangiography) [36].
\n\t\tAneurysms are more common in man (2:1) and mostly extrahepatic located (80%). Of that, extrahepatic HAA 60% are located on common hepatic artery, 30% involve the right hepatic artery and 5% the left hepatic artery.Right incidence of HAA is unknown. Of the 2,091,965 patients reviewed at the Mayo Clinic for 18 years, hepatic aneurysms were seen in only 36 patients (12% of all VAA), the incidence was 0.002%.There is still some controversy about the incidence of hepatic aneurysm rupture and should be 20% to 80% [36].
\n\t\tHepatic aneurysms become clinically apparent when there is erosion of the biliary tree and/or portal vein with subsequent development of portal hypertension, rupture in the retroperitonel space and/or peritoneal cavity. Bleeding into the abdominal cavity is a catastrophic event, with a mortality rate of 82% [37- 39].
HAA are often symptomatic. The most common symptom is accompanied by malaise or right-hand abdominalnmi radiating to the back, sometimesepigastric pain. Palpable masses are rare finding.
\n\t\tNative rontgen examinations of the abdomen or upper gastrointestinal tract by contrast medium may indicate the presence of HAA, especially if it is visible calcification in the wall of the aneurysmal sac in the right hypohondrium or the existence of a defect in the filling of the duodenum [40].
\n\t\tTechnological advances in the field of ultrasonography and multi slice scanning (MSCT) easily and accurately allow the diagnosis of aneurysms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also gives the extraordinary results in the diagnosis of HAA.
\n\t\tColor duplex scan is very important and helpful diagnostic tool in showing intrahepatic lesions. It significantly contributes to the precise detection of the blood flow inside the anerysmatic sac and allows visualization of the portal system arterialization when the fistula is present. Ultrasound also has their place in monitoring of the previously embolized intrahepatic aneurysms to confirm occlusion of the sac [41].
\n\t\tBasically, treatments of these lesions today consider selective endovascular embolization of the "feeding" arteries, proximal to the HAA. Different substances are in use successfully, also arterial stents and detachable silicone balloons [40].
\n\t\tIn intact hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP), occlusion is achieved successfully by percutaneous embolization in 88% -100% cases (figure 8, 10). Good results are recorded with embolization of HAP caused by pancreatitis and ruptured HAP. Repeated embolization is necessary in 30-40% of patients. Rare reports of hepatic necrosis are noted and probably are the result of inadequatecatheter placement or embolization, particularly when the portal vena is occluded. Surgical resolution of HAP is solution when endovascular attempt fails, especially for orthostatic liver transplantation (OLT) associated with pseudocysts [39-41].
\n\t\tHepatic artery aneurysms- angiography
Hepatic artery aneurysms- angiography
Hepatic artey aneurysms- percutaneous coils embolization
Hepatic artey aneurysms- percutaneous coils embolization
Hepatic artey aneurysms- percutaneous coils embolization
\n\t\t
\n\t\tAneurysms of celiac trunk represent one of the rarest forms of splanchnic artery aneurysms (3.6% to 4% of all VAA). The incidence of occurrence ranges from 0.005% to 0.01%. Since this anomaly was first described in 1745, fewer than 200 cases were registered in the World Series (Figure 11 - 13) [1 - 3,8, 42].
\n\t\tAlthough the incidence of rupture was previously 70-85% (first half of the 20th century), advances in diagnosis and early surgical and endovascular intervention significantly reduced the rupture rate on today 7%. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial for survival, because the operative mortality of ruptured cases fell down from 40% to only 5% [43, 45].
\n\t\tToday 85% of aneurysms were disclosed by angiography, while only 7% by autopsy.There issignificant frequency in a joint appearance between celiac trunk aneurysm and other peripheral aneurysms. In the first half of last century, the average age of diagnosed patients was 40 years. Men outnumber women nine times, and syphilis (Treponema pallidum) was a major cause in 30% of cases. Other recognized causes are arteriosclerosis and medial degeneration. Since that time, the average age of newly diagnosed patients has increased to 55 years and women now comprise almost half of all cases [43, 44, 46].
\n\t\tExistence of the celiac trunk aneurysm by itself is a sufficient indication for surgical reconstruction or endovascular treatment. Simple artery ligation could be final solution sometimes accompanied by the hepatic ischemia.
\n\t\t\tCoeliac artery aneurysms
Coeliac artery aneurysms
Coeliac artery aneurysms
First celiac trunk aneurysm resection was performed in 1958 by Shumacker. Celiac artery occlusion by coil embolization or stent graft implantation are promising way in reating these lesions [5, 45, 46].
\n\t\tSMA (figure 14-16) is located on the third most prevalent places among VAA.Until now, sixty percent’s of all detected aneurysms are mycotic by etiology [1-3]. It is believed that atherosclerosis is basic cause of the SMA aneurysms occurrence. Other etiological factors are: septic embolus, polyarteritis nodosa, Bechet\'s syndrome, systemic lupus erithematosus, endocarditis, systemic connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, trauma, cystic medial necrosis, neurofibromatosis and history of intravenous drug abuse.
Superior mesenteric artery aneurysms- MSCT
Symptoms are generally vague and unclear, accompanied by pain after meals. Diagnostic procedures are the same as for other VAA. Surgical way of dealing with SMA aneurysms has previously been the main way of solving problems.SMA transcatheter embolization of aneurysm sac is particularly suitable for hemodynamically stable patients and more often is the first choice of treatment [48,49].
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSuperior mesenteric artery aneurysms- MSCT
Superior mesenteric artery aneurysms- MSCT
\n\t\t\t\t
About 1% of total number recorded VAA are aneurysms of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)(Figure 17,18). They are usually asymptomatic in nature and the incidence of occurrence is unknown. Basically, the occurrence of atherosclerosis in aneurysms may occur as a secondary consequence of arteritis: Takayasu\'s arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, segmental mediolitic arteritis, Behcetov syndromes.Common finding in patients with IMA aneurysms are celiac trunk occlusion and SMA stenosis (‘‘jet disorder’’ fenomen) [2,3].
\n\t\t\tInferior mesenteric artery aneurysms
The most common ways of terating these lesions are surgery and in recent years endovascular procedures such as embolization and graft stenting [50,51].
\n\t\t\t\nInferior mesenteric artery aneurysms
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Pancreatico-duodenal artery aneurysm (PDAA) are very rare (less than 2% of all VAA) and usually symptomatic splanchnic aneurysm. Symtoms are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, yaundice and somethimes hemorrhage in the digestive system.The different symptoms are probably the result of enlargement and/or rupture of the aneurysm, so it\'s sometimes difficult to properly characterize and assess the symptoms and diagnose the condition [52,53].
\n\t\t\tGastroduodenal artery (GDA) is the least common place has been developing visceral aneurysms (1.5%) Most of GDA aneurysms are pseudoaneurysms,actually a complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. Other key factors for development of both aneurysms are atherosclerosis, fibromuscular displasia, autoimmune disease (systemic lupus eritematosis, Wegener granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa), infection and the extreme rare conditions such as congenital absence of celiac trunk [52-55].
\n\t\t\tPancreaticoduodenal inferior posterior artery (PDAIP) selective angiography. PSA at the level of the PDAIP and the pancreaticoduodenal superior anterior artery anasthomosis.\nHigh-grade hepatic artery stenosis relieved by balloon dilatation and placing two stents-Selfx 8.0x32 mm and Wave max Abbot 7.0x28 mm (a,b). Upper aneurysm sack entrance was closed using: Vortx-18 Diamond Shape fiber platinum coils and Vortex Diamond fiber coil 2/4 mm x 4.1 cm.
Pancreaticoduodenal inferior posterior artery (PDAIP) selective angiography. PSA at the level of the PDAIP and the pancreaticoduodenal superior anterior artery anasthomosis.\nHigh-grade hepatic artery stenosis relieved by balloon dilatation and placing two stents-Selfx 8.0x32 mm and Wave max Abbot 7.0x28 mm (a,b). Upper aneurysm sack entrance was closed using: Vortx-18 Diamond Shape fiber platinum coils and Vortex Diamond fiber coil 2/4 mm x 4.1 cm.
Pancreaticoduodenal inferior posterior artery (PDAIP) selective angiography. PSA at the level of the PDAIP and the pancreaticoduodenal superior anterior artery anasthomosis.\nHigh-grade hepatic artery stenosis relieved by balloon dilatation and placing two stents-Selfx 8.0x32 mm and Wave max Abbot 7.0x28 mm (a,b). Upper aneurysm sack entrance was closed using: Vortx-18 Diamond Shape fiber platinum coils and Vortex Diamond fiber coil 2/4 mm x 4.1 cm.
GDA, PDAA and other less frequent visceral aneurysms should be treated regardless of their size \n\t\t\tand simptomatology. Endovascular techniques have numerous advantages over surgery, such as the precise anatomic localization of the aneurysm, easy access to collateral circulation, the possibility that the procedure be done under local anesthesia, fewer postoperative complications and shorter hospital stay (figure 18-20) [56].
\n\t\tSplanhnic artery aneurysms are relatively rare, uncommon clinical entities, although their detection in last decades is rising due to an increased use of sofisticated imaging and sreening programs for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Potentially most devastating complication is rupture, highly associated with unwanted morbidity andmortalityrates;however, the urgent repair of these lesions is still associated with elevated mortality.Elective treatment inchosen patient, should be part of therapeutic strategy.For many years surgical repair and reconstructionwas the gold treatment method.Recently, endovascular coil embolization,
Plants are restricted in their habitat range and productivity by adverse environmental conditions [1]. Drought is the foremost constraint on agricultural production. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major source of textile fibers and oil around the world. More than 32 million ha of cotton are produced in 76 countries [2]. In terms of cotton production, China is ranked among the top two countries in the world [3]. However, cotton production in China, as well as other countries, has recently declined due to increasing drier environments [3, 4]. Chinese agriculture consumes 62% of the country’s annual water consumption, and the country is in a moderate water shortage [4]. In agriculture, cotton is the crop with the highest water consumption. In China, cotton is grown mainly in the Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, an area characterized by very low air humidity and a severe water shortage.
Cotton is the most important crop in China, accounting for around 25% of global fiber production. There is more than one-third of all agricultural land in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region dedicated to cotton plantations [5]. This region has a warm climate with average temperatures of 11.4°C and 49 mm precipitation annually, low groundwater levels, sandy soils, and severe soil salinization [6, 7, 8, 9]. In southern Xinjiang, cotton has low germination rates, low survival rates, and low yields [10].
Plants are able to generate significant amounts of reactive aldehydes when faced with a variety of abiotic stresses (such as salinity, desiccation, and cold) [11], which can impair plant growth and crop productivity. Cotton varieties that survive droughts and other adversities must be developed urgently to combat these conditions. In arid lands where freshwater scarcity is a severe constraint on agricultural production, it is necessary to develop more tolerant varieties of plants. It is often difficult to obtain drought-tolerant crops through traditional breeding programs because of the time and labor involved, in addition to the need for large-scale facilities, such as rainout shelters. Interestingly, biotechnological improvements have been attempted since the 1990s, which is inspiring. However, the majority of transgenic cotton is aimed at controlling insect pest damage by expressing a variety of insecticidal proteins from
Plants that are known as bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts, etc.) are among the oldest species in the world’s flora; they are thought to be small, non-vascular, and green plants. Many bryophytes survive even with a total loss of water in their vegetative tissues [21, 22]. The study of drought-tolerant mosses is of particular interest because their genetic engineering properties can be used to increase drought tolerance in arid-zone crops. The desiccation-tolerant moss
The natural habitat of
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes show promise as candidate genes to increase plant resistance, especially
It is possible to improve cotton drought tolerance using transgenic technology. The drought tolerance of transgenic cotton has recently been enhanced by using several genes (Table 1). As an example, AtLOS5, encoding an aldehyde oxidase cofactor sulfurase; GhAnn1, an annexin gene; isopentenyl transferase (IPT), an enzyme responsible for cytokinin biosynthesis; and 14-3-3 genes involved in plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity [17, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Increased drought tolerance was also observed in transgenic cotton overexpressing the OsSIZ1 gene from
Gene name | Gene types/function | Gene source | References |
---|---|---|---|
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene/aldehyde oxidase activity | Yue et al. [24] | ||
Annexin gene | Zhang et al. [25] | ||
Isopentenyl transferase gene/rate-limiting enzyme for cytokinin biosynthesis | Kuppu et al. [26]; Zhu et al. [17] | ||
Regulate the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase | Yan et al. [27] | ||
bZIP transcription factor family gene | Liang et al. [28] | ||
Homeodomain-START transcription factor gene | Yu et al. [29] | ||
Related to ABA insensitive3/viviparous1 | Mittal et al. [30] | ||
Transcription factor gene | Liu et al. [31] | ||
Zinc-finger protein gene | Hozain et al. [32] | ||
Vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) gene | Pasapula et al. [33]; Zhang et al. [34] | ||
Vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene | Shen et al. [35] | ||
SUMO E3 protein gene/participates in a sumoylation reaction | Mishra et al. [36] | ||
Aldehyde dehydrogenases gene | Yang et al. [37, 38] | ||
Histone H2B monoubiquitination E3 ligase gene | [39] | ||
Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors | [40] | ||
bZIP AREB/ABF transcription factor orthologs | [41] | ||
Heat-shock proteins gene | [42] |
Overexpression of various genes in cotton that reported to enhance drought tolerance.
A number of fiber quality parameters and yield were improved with cotton
The experiment sites location and experiment design. (a) Site of Xinjiang in the world map; (b) experiment site in Xinjiang map; (c) experiment design in the north of Xinjiang (44o 18′13.91″ N, 86o 13′11.03″ E, average temperature 18.8°C, average annual rainfall 194.8 mm); (d) experiment design in south of Xinjiang (80o 43′45″ E, 37o 00′57″ N, frost-free period 210 days, average temperature 11.9°C, rainfall < 50 mm, evaporation > 2600 mm).
A variety of irrigation protocols were evaluated and optimized to use
As ROS are generated, oxidative stress is induced, lipid membranes are destroyed, and 200 types of aldehydes are accumulated, many of which are highly reactive and toxic. Aldehydes must be effectively removed and detoxified in arid environments to improve plant productivity. Plants have developed many enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to scavenge these toxic compounds [24]. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily proteins may also play a role in scavenging ROS enzymatically [43]. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) have been found to play a central role in plants exposed to stressful conditions in the detoxification of aldehyde [44]. This superfamily of enzymes metabolizes endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their carboxylic acids by using the coenzyme NAD(P)+, producing NAD(P)H and thereby reducing oxidative/electrophilic stress [45]. ALDHs belong to a group of NAD(P)+
To make
Using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method, genomic DNA was isolated from cotton seedlings at the five-leaf stage. PCR was used to detect the
We collected root samples from cotton seedlings after 1month of growth. Three biological replicates of each treatment were carried out. The total RNA was extracted using the RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, sequencing libraries were prepared using the NEB Next Ultra RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, Beverly, CA, USA). Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform was used for sequencing with 150 bp paired-end reads. Based on the length of the gene and the number of reads mapped to the gene (Novogene company, China), the expected fragments per kilobase of genes per million mapped reads (FPKM) of each gene were calculated. Differentially expressed genes were defined using the DESeq R package with an adjusted P-value (q-value) of 0.05. We used the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) to test the statistical enrichment of DEGs in KEGG pathways. Five hundred and seventy-eight co-expressed genes were detected in the two
The analysis of the difference between two
Following the identification of
Various biotic and abiotic stresses trigger ROS accumulation in plant cells, which leads to oxidative stress with lipid peroxidation, which also causes free radical reactions involving membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids [67]. ROS are produced when toxic aldehydes accumulate from lipid peroxidation [68]. Aldehyde-detoxifying enzymes ALDH3I1 and ALDH7B4 are both significant ROS scavengers and proteins that inhibit lipid peroxidation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of these genes reduced lipid peroxidation under drought and salt stress [60].
It remains to be seen whether overexpression of
From 2013 to 2018, transgenic lines of cotton were grown in northern and southern Xinjiang to determine whether the
TC lines in northern Xinjiang have been found to be better in growth and development than NT lines to some extent, after applying six different water retention treatments at different growth stages. Water deficit stress during the bud stage will cause the plant stalk length and boll number to decrease. Cotton yields were significantly decreased if twice deficit stresses were met during the bud or flower stage. Cotton growth and yield are critically dependent on water availability during the bud stage. Fiber parameters such as fiber strength, ginning out-turn of the fibers, fiber length, and length uniformity of the
During harvesting season, boll weight, seed index, cotton yield, and fiber yield were measured in managed treatment plots under full and deficit irrigation conditions in northern Xinjiang in 2014 and 2016. Under drought stress, both
To determine the performance of the
In addition to treatments, cotton yields vary by year. As with the boll number per plant, the cotton yield per hectare, fiber yield per hectare, and cotton yield per plant were significantly higher in the transgenic lines than in the NT lines. The average seed yield for all treatments was 68% (variable from 14–128%) and 41% (variable from 10–102%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively [37]. Fiber elongation was increased in transgenic lines. Fiber strength also increased in transgenics after irrigation. There were no significant differences in fiber uniformity and micronaires between genotypes.
Cotton productivity and yield are largely influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics and irrigation methods. In this study, the TC lines performed better than the NT lines, despite soil, air humidity, and temperature affecting plant yield [71, 72, 73]. This study evaluated the drought tolerance ability of
The lack of rainfall makes irrigation vital for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid lands. In arid zones, for example, normal irrigation above 600 mm during the vegetation period is sufficient for stable cotton harvesting [5]. Our desert oasis drought experiments in southern Xinjiang with sandy loam soils designed the 75% deficit irrigation and less than 600 mm different irrigation strategies to conserve more irrigation water and keep cotton yield constant. We used three irrigation schedules: DSSIS (Decision Support System for Irrigation Scheduling) forecasts (F), soil moisture sensors (S), and experience irrigation (E). Full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI, 75% of full) were applied from 2016 to 2018 (Figure 2). Different irrigation protocols and water consumption affected the growth and yield of cotton, and the “Smart Irrigation” irrigation scheme based on the Root zone water quality model (RZWQM2) was found to be the best irrigation scheme for sustainable cotton production in an arid land. The results indicated that deficit irrigation schemes can be utilized in the desert-oasis ecotone, and in conjunction with the use of
Moreover, through mixed model analysis, we found that the cotton line always has a significant effect on plant phenotype, physiology, and yield components in southern Xinjiang, and cotton line and irrigation scheduling both have significant effects on cotton growth and development separately. In addition, irrigation scheduling and irrigation levels have a significant interaction effect. The relationship between yield and crop water use was calculated as overall water use efficiency (WUE). The EI schedule consumed more water (EFI, 547 mm, and EDI, 409 mm) than either the FI (FFI, 385 mm, and FDI, 288 mm) or SI (SFI, 254 mm, and SDI, 186 mm) schedules. Compared to NT plants, WUE was higher in
The individual irrigation level and timing significantly affected vegetative growth parameters, plant height, and leaf area, but the differences did not differ substantially between years despite differing precipitation levels. In each irrigation treatment, the TC, and especially the L16, grew significantly higher than the NT controls from 2016 to 2018. There was a dramatic reduction in the leaf area of NT under SDI in all years, but there was no difference in the leaf area of TC [37]. Therefore, the irrigation treatments can be ranked as forecast irrigation > flood irrigation > soil moisture irrigation based on their ability to maintain high instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE).
We also used managed treatment plot experiments and field-scale in purple clay loam soil sites at Manas Experimental Station, northern Xinjiang. The two experiments differed in terms of growth space and water consumption. In the managed plot experiment, 50% less of full irrigation significantly reduced cotton vegetative growth and cotton yield (*50% loss of cottonseed and lint yield compared with full irrigation), whereas, in the field, 30% less of full irrigation did not affect cotton vegetative growth or yield. The reason for this can be explained by the amount of water used, which was 675 L of water m−2 with full irrigation and 472 L m−2 with deficient irrigation in the field, 566 L m−2 (control), and 283 L m−2 (stress) in the managed treatment areas.
The study also provides guidelines for optimal irrigation protocol and minimum water requirements for the use of
It has been widely used in plant biotechnology to improve crop traits with CRISPR/Cas9 technology [75, 76] and it will be applied to crop breeding in the near future [77], especially for gene knock out in crops. To overcome complex and changing adversity, crop breeding must be multi-resistant because climate change leads to an increase in both biotic and abiotic stresses. The pursuit of homologous genes from extreme xerophytes plants, but with a low degree of identity to crop, will significantly increase drought tolerance.
This work was supported by grants from the Tianshan Youth Program (Grant No. 2019Q035), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31700289), The third comprehensive scientific investigation in Xinjiang (2021xjkk0502), and the West Light Talents Cultivation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2016-QNXZ-B-20). We are grateful to Xin Wei and Professor Jianhui Xu from the Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, for their support in the fieldwork. We thank Fanjiang Zeng and Xiangyi Li from Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing experimental conditions. We are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers who put a great deal of effort into reviewing and editing this chapter.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. 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They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. Due to all these unique properties, clay minerals are gaining interest in different fields.",book:{id:"10949",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",fullTitle:"Clay and Clay Minerals"},signatures:"Neeraj Kumari and Chandra Mohan",authors:[{id:"258132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"chandra-mohan",fullName:"Chandra Mohan"},{id:"352399",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"neeraj-kumari",fullName:"Neeraj Kumari"}]},{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11734,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. 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Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10197,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16251,totalCrossrefCites:187,totalDimensionsCites:407,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83080",title:"Boron Doping in Next-Generation Materials for Semiconductor Device",slug:"boron-doping-in-next-generation-materials-for-semiconductor-device",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106450",abstract:"The article surveys the most recent achievements starting with the boron doping mechanism, mainly focused on doping in semiconductor materials such as Si, Ge, graphene, carbon nanotube, or other 2D materials. Frequently used doping methodologies are discussed, including ion implantation and solid-phase doping, mainly focused on recent developing techniques of monolayer doping. These doped materials’ structural, electronic, and chemical properties are addressed to understand the boron doping effect better. Theoretical and experimental information and data are used to support such atomic-level effects. Therefore, this review can provide valuable suggestions and guidelines for materials’ properties manipulation by boron doping for further research exploration.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Linh Chi T. Cao, Luqman Hakim and Shu-Han Hsu"},{id:"83055",title:"Boron Clusters in Biomedical Applications: A Theoretical Viewpoint",slug:"boron-clusters-in-biomedical-applications-a-theoretical-viewpoint",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106215",abstract:"In this chapter, we presented an analysis of the recent advances in the applications of boron clusters in biomedical fields such as the development of biosensors and drug delivery systems on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Biosensors play an essential role in many sectors, e.g., law enforcement agencies for sensing illicit drugs, medical communities for detecting overdosed medications from human and animal bodies, etc. The drug delivery systems have theoretically been proposed for many years and subsequently implemented by experiments to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. Boron clusters form a rich and colorful family of atomic clusters due to their unconventional structures and bonding phenomena. Boron clusters and their complexes have various biological activities such as the drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, treatment of cancer, and probe of protein-biomolecular interactions. For all of these reactivities, the interaction mechanisms and the corresponding energetics between biomaterials and boron clusters are of essential importance as a basic step in the understanding, and thereby design of relevant materials. During the past few years, attempts have been made to probe the nature of these interactions using quantum chemical calculations mainly with density functional theory (DFT) methods. This chapter provides a summary of the theoretical viewpoint on this issue.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Elham Tahmasebi, Long Van Duong and Minh Tho Nguyen"},{id:"83048",title:"Structural, Magnetic, and Magnetodielectric Properties of Bi-Based Modified Ceramic Composites",slug:"structural-magnetic-and-magnetodielectric-properties-of-bi-based-modified-ceramic-composites",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106569",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a promising composite material, which can be used as a potential candidate in the field of charge storage, sensors, and spintronic devices. The structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the pure cum composite samples are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data confirmed the presence of a single (A21am) and mixed phases (A21am + R-3c + Pbam) in the pure and composite sample, correspondingly. The SEM microstructure suggests the contrasting nature of the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of grains in the corresponding pure and composite sample. The magnetic properties of the composite sample increase due to the enhanced exchange interaction between the different magnetic ions. The frequency-dependent dielectric subjected to a constant magnetic field indicates the signature of magnetodielectric (MD) coupling for both the samples. The field variation of the MD loop shows the symmetric hysteresis loop in the composite due to the addition of magnetostrictive La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and the non-collinear antiferromagnetic Bi2Fe4O9 phase. The maximum value of MD% (~0.12%) is enhanced by ~13 times in the composite than in the pure sample. Therefore, the improved MD coupling and symmetric switching of the MD loop of the composite make it a suitable candidate for low power consumption storage devices.",book:{id:"11117",title:"Smart and Advanced Ceramics and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11117.jpg"},signatures:"Rasmita Jena, Kouru Chandrakanta and Anil Kumar Singh"},{id:"83035",title:"Breaking the Property Trade-Offs by Using Entropic Conceptions",slug:"breaking-the-property-trade-offs-by-using-entropic-conceptions",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106532",abstract:"Entropic conception has been used as an effective strategy for developing materials to break the property recordings of current materials, for example, breaking the trade-off between the high-strength and low-ductility structural alloys. The performance of materials usually under a complex circumstance, a balance of multiple properties, for example, combined the high-strength, high ductility, high conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high irradiation resistance, etc., the strategy of high-entropy-alloy (HEA) will provide a materials design and development technology to realize the goal. Magnetic materials usually exhibit excellent magnetic properties but weak mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The reported unique behaviors of HEAs, for example, self-healing effects may be the mechanism for the high irradiation resistance of the HEAs, and self-sharpening behaviors of the tungsten-based HEAs main closely be related to the serration behaviors.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan"},{id:"82929",title:"Prediction of Solubility and Miscibility Parameters of Bismuth-Arsenic Complex and Amorphous Mineral Compounds Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation",slug:"prediction-of-solubility-and-miscibility-parameters-of-bismuth-arsenic-complex-and-amorphous-mineral",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106316",abstract:"Bismuth is one of the most difficult impurities to remove in mining concentrates and low concentrations generate problems in silver and copper refineries. Therefore, financial penalties are established when concentrations exceed 0.05%. Some researchers had used arsenic to remove bismuth with results of up to 52% of extraction. Unfortunately, this mechanism is not yet fully understood. The objective of this research was to obtain the solubility parameters of amorphous mineral compounds, including bismuth-based compounds, through computational simulation using molecular dynamics. The composition of the mineral sample was determined by X-ray diffraction and the crystalline species were obtained and modeled using Materials Studio software. The nanostructures were optimized by an energy minimization methodology using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm and were validated using the figure of merit equation and density. Simulations were performed using the Universal Force Field at constant pressure and temperature. The results of the minerals identified in the sample were compared with arsenic trioxide, indicating miscibility between As2O3 and Bi2O3, possible miscibility with 10 other minerals, and immiscibility with the rest. The results indicate that As2O3 can be successfully used for the removal of Bi2O3 without a negative effect on the recovery of other minerals of higher commercial value.",book:{id:"11467",title:"Bismuth-Based Nanostructured Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg"},signatures:"Francisco Adrián De la Torre-Martínez, Efren Delgado, María Dolores Josefina Rodríguez Rosales, Hiram Medrano-Roldán, Javier López-Miranda and Damián Reyes-Jáquez"},{id:"82940",title:"Role of Surface Defects and Optical Band-gap Energy on Photocatalytic Activities of Titanate-based Perovskite Nanomaterial",slug:"role-of-surface-defects-and-optical-band-gap-energy-on-photocatalytic-activities-of-titanate-based-p",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106253",abstract:"In recent years, water pollution has become one of the major challenges faced by humans because of consistent rise in population and industrial activities. Water pollution due to discharge from cosmetics and pharmaceutical wastes, organic dyes, and heavy metal seen as carcinogens has the potential to disrupt hormonal processes in the body. Different approaches such as chlorination, aerobic treatment, aeration, and filtration have been deployed to treat wastewaters before being discharged into the streams, lakes, and rivers. However, more attention has been accorded to treatment approaches that involve use of nanomaterial due to non-secondary pollution, energy efficiency, and ease of operation. Titanate-based perovskite (TBP) is one of the most frequently studied nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications because of its stability and flexibility in optical band-gap modification. This chapter provided an overview of basic principles and mechanisms of a semiconductor photocatalyst, and current synthesis techniques that have been used in formulating TBP nanomaterial. The effect of reaction conditions and approaches such as doping, codoping, composites, temperature, pH, precursor type, surface area, and morphology on surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP nanomaterial was highlighted. Importantly, the impact of surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP on its photocatalytic activities was discussed. Finally, how to enhance the degradation efficiency of TBP was proposed.",book:{id:"11469",title:"Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11469.jpg"},signatures:"Izunna Stanislaus Okeke, Priscilla Yahemba Aondona, Amoge Chidinma Ogu, Eugene Echeweozo and Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:81},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. 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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. 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His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. 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