These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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\r\n\tThe role of a leader has changed drastically since scholars began theorizing the modern leader. Contemporary society has, and is continuing to evolve. Existing leadership theories need to adapt to be relevant to the expectations of leaders now. That is, new leadership theories emerge in their place. This book will offer an open-access place for new ideas in leadership in the 21st-century context, and new models to emerge that explain how individuals enact good leadership. This book will serve as an opportunity to critique or defend current understandings of leadership and propose new evidence-based and theory-driven insights into leadership.
\r\n
\r\n\tLeadership is understood as more complex than an individual influencing another. Within the broad domains of leadership, there are leaders, followers, leadership processes, followership processes, teams, dyads, relationships, and context. Each of these is critical in defining what it is to be a good leader in increasingly complex professional and personal environments. This book will encourage authors to make compelling arguments not for how leadership is and has been, but for how good leadership should be.
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1. Introduction
In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a powerful tool for diverse missions including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples transportation between hospital and laboratories [1], UAV-based healthcare system to control COVID-19 pandemic [2], infectious diseases containment and mitigation [3], traffic condition analysis in co-operation with deep learning approaches [4], and human behavior understanding via multimedia data analytics in a real-time [5], to name a few. Currently, UAVs integration with the emerging technologies such as block chain, internet of things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence can pave the way to serve mankind effectively compared to the recent past [6]. Further, the peculiarity of UAVs in terms of performing operations in 3D (dull, dirty, and dangerous) environments, they can play a vital role in realization of the smart cities. Furthermore, UAVs are inevitable tool during emergency planning and disaster management due to their abilities to perform missions aerially. Besides the UAVs applications and use cited above, they can be highly beneficial for military purposes including information collection and analysis, border surveillance, and transporting warfare items. The role of UAVs in agriculture from multiple perspectives have already been recognized across the globe. Recently, world’s leading commerce company (i.e., Amazon) has started using UAVs for delivering their products to customers. Generally, the use of UAVs is expected to rise in many emerging sectors in the near future. We present actual and innovative use of the UAVs during the ongoing pandemic in Figure 1. Majority of the applications given in Figure 1 employed multiple UAVs in order to accomplish the desired tasks.
Figure 1.
Innovative applications of the UAVs during the ongoing pandemic (adopted from [7]).
Although UAVs are highly beneficial for mankind through their innovative applications, but there exist plenty of challenges that can hinder their use at a wider scale. For example, payload constraints and power issues can limit their carrier abilities. Similarly, decision making during flight to ensure UAVs safety by avoiding obstacles with sufficient accuracy is a non-trial task mainly due to no human-onboard control. Furthermore, communication from long distances, and co-ordination among multiple UAVs to perform complex tasks jointly are main barriers in the true realization of the UAVs technology. Besides the challenges and issues given above, many issues concerning software and hardware also exist that need rigorous developments and testing. Many solutions have been proposed to address these issues via cross disciplinary approaches. Meanwhile, extensive testing and analysis of these solutions is yet to be explored, especially in urban environments. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the ‘navigation’ that is one of the core challenges in the UAVs technology. The navigation quandary is classified into three cases: (i) where am I now?, (ii) where do I go?, and (iii) How do I get there?. The first two cases belong to the localization and mapping, and the third case is about path planning (PP) [8]. In this work, we cover third case comprehensively, and provide concepts and developments in this regard. We present a comprehensive overview about changing dynamics of the UAV applications in recent times, challenges of the UAV technology, recent developments in the UAV technology, and future research trends in the PP area in Figure 2. With this concise overview, we aim to aid researchers in extracting the contents enclosed in this chapter conveniently.
Figure 2.
Overview of changing dynamics of the UAV applications, challenges, recent developments, and future research trends in the PP area.
The rest of this chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses the basic concept of the path planning, and categorizes the path planning approaches based on the information available about underlying environment, and UAV used for the aerial mission. Section 3 describes the three essential components of the PP. Section 4 critically analyzes various approaches that were proposed to lower the computing time of the PP for UAVs. The future prospects of the research in the PP area are discussed in Section 5. Finally, this chapter is concluded in Section 6.
2. Path planning and categorization of the path planning approaches
PP is to find a safe (i.e., collision-free) path between two pre-determined locations (e.g., source and destination, denoted with s and t, respectively) by optimizing certain performance objectives. The performance objectives can be energy consumption, computing time, distance, path smoothness, and turns etc. depending upon the mission type, operating environment, and UAVs’ type. The most important part of the PP is to identify the environment where the pathfinding is carried out for UAVs. In this work, we categorize the PP approaches based on the type of environment’s information, and UAVs strength, respectively.
2.1 Categorization of the path planning approaches based on information about environment
Generally, there are three possibilities about the availability of information regarding environment where UAVs tend to operate. The operating environment can be fully known in advance (e.g., obstacles’ geometry information is known.), it can be completely unknown, and/or it can be partially known (e.g., few portions are known, and some portions are explored and modeled during the flight.). Based on the degree of information about environment, PP approaches are mostly classified into two categories, local PP (LPP) and global PP (GPP). In LPP, the environment is not known, and UAVs use sensors or other devices in order to acquire information about the underlying environment. In GPP, PP is performed in a fully known environment, meaning all information about environment is known in advance. Based on the availability of the information regarding underlying environment, GPP approaches have lower complexity compared to the LPP approaches. Recently, some PP approaches have jointly employed LPP and GPP concepts in order to find a path for UAVs [9]. In literature, GPP and LPP approaches are also classified as offline and online PP approaches, respectively. Based on the extensive review of the literature, we present a categorization of the PP approaches based on information about environment in Figure 3. We refer interested readers to gain more insights about the LPP approaches in the previous studies [10, 11].
Figure 3.
Categorization of the PP approaches based on the availability of information about operating environment.
Apart from the categorization provided above, environment can be classified into rural and urban environments. The tendency of UAVs applications were high in the non-urban environments in the past. Moreover, due to the significant development in control domain, UAVs are increasingly employed in the urban environment these days. For instance, in urban environments, they can be used to monitor people compliance with the social guidelines given by the respective governments in order to control the COVID-19’s spread.
2.2 Categorization of the path planning problems
Based on the mission’s type, either one or multiple UAVs can be employed. The scenarios in which only one UAV is deployed are referred as single agent PP problem. In contrast, those scenarios in which multiple UAVs are used are called multiple agent PP problems. PP for multiple agents is relatively complex since UAVs need to avoid collision with the companion UAVs, and obstacles present in an underlying operating environment. In addition, allocating target areas for coverage and optimizing throughput also remain challenging, especially while operating at lower altitudes in urban environments.
3. Essential components of the path planning for UAVs
Generally, there are three essential components of the PP: (i) modeling of the environment with geometrical shapes by utilizing the obstacles/free spaces knowledge provided by a real-environment map, (ii) task modeling with the help of graphs/trees keeping source and target locations in contact, and (iii) applying search algorithm inclusive of the heuristic function to determine a viable path.
3.1 Modeling of the environment with geometrical shapes
In the first step, a raw environment map is converted into a modeled one, in which obstacles are represented with the help of geometrical shapes. For example, poles information provided by a real environment map can be modeled with the help of cylinders in the modeled map. Similarly, buildings can be modeled with the help of rectangles or polyhedron. In some cases, UAVs do not model the whole environment map, and utilize sense and avoid (SAA) abilities to operate safely in the airspace. We present an example of environment modeling, and well-known obstacles’ representation techniques used for the PP in Figure 4. Each obstacles representation technique has different complexity and accuracy in terms of real environment obstacles representations. In addition, each representation can be adopted considering the UAV operating environment. For example, polygons can be used to model an urban environment populated by various buildings.
Figure 4.
Overview of environment modeling and obstacles’ representation techniques.
3.2 Task modeling with the graphs/trees
After modeling environment with the help of geometrical shapes, the next step is task modeling (e.g., generating network of paths with a graph/tree or selecting a desired portion to be modeled). For example, road-map approach is a well-known task modeling approach for the PP, in which a graph is constructed from the starting location to destination location by capturing the connectivity of free spaces and obstacles’ corners. Apart from it, cell-decomposition and potential field are promising solutions for the task modeling. We present most widely used task modeling methods in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Overview of the famous task modeling methods used in the PP adopted from [26].
Recently, trees-based task modeling methods have been widely used for the task modeling due to their quick convergence in the final solution. We present an overview of the task modeling with the help of tree in Figure 6. Furthermore, in some cases, more than one methods are jointly used to model the tasks on a provided map. In addition, some approaches use task modeling and path searching simultaneously [12].
Figure 6.
Overview of task modeling with a random tree.
3.3 Applying path search algorithm to determine a viable path
In the last step, a search algorithm is employed on the graph/tree to find a viable path. During the path search, a heuristic function usually accompany the path search. For example, in the A* algorithm, the low-cost nodes are determined leveraging distance as a heuristic function. Similarly, the heuristic function can be energy consumption or smoothness depending upon the scenario. In literature, many techniques have been suggested to find reliable paths. The path search algorithms, such as differential evolution [13], firefly algorithm [14], ant colony optimization [15], genetic algorithms [16], artificial bee colony [17], particle swarm optimization [18], fuzzy logic [19], central force optimization [20], gravitational search algorithm [21], simulated annealing [22] and their advanced variants are used in the PP. Every algorithm has numerous distinguishing factors over others regarding conceptual simplicity, computational complexity, robustness, and convergence rates etc. We categorize the existing path search methods into five categories, and present representative methods of each category in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Categorization of path searching methods/algorithms.
3.4 Performance objectives of the path planning approaches
Every PP approach tends to optimize one or more performance objectives (PO) while finding a viable path for UAVs. The PO can be related to hardware and software. These PO are considered in the previous three components (i.e., environment modeling, task modeling, and path searching) related to the PP. For instance, in order to lower the PS computing time, only some portion of a map can be modeled and a sparse tree/graph can be constructed/used while finding a path. Similarly, memory can be preserved by exploring some portions of a graph/tree rather than loading and exploring whole graph/tree at a same time. The selection of PO solely depend on the nature and urgency of the mission. For example, in search and rescue missions, the PO can be path computing time in order to reach the affected regions quickly. In contrast, in normal circumstances, the PO can be the path length in order to reach the target location in a most economical way by preserving UAV’s resources. We describe various most commonly used PO in Table 1.
PO
Concise description
Computing time
It denotes overall time required to find a path using a graph/tree.
Path length
It denotes the Euclidean distance between two locations.
Energy
It denotes amount of energy required/consumed while reaching to target from source.
Turns
It denotes number of turns (infeasible curvature) a path has in total.
Smoothness
It denotes a turns in a path with a feasible curvatures.
Memory
It denotes amount of memory used while computing a path.
Path nodes
It denotes set of nodes that a UAV follows during flight.
No. of obstacles
It denotes set of obstacles to be processed during path search.
Accuracy
It denotes accuracy of obstacles modeling or path clearance from obstacles.
Problem size
It denotes size of problem on which path is determined.
Graph size
It denotes size of graph (no. of nodes, edges) employed to find a path.
Convergence rate
It denotes how quickly a feasible solution can be obtained.
Constraints handling
It denotes the effective resolution of constrains UAV faces during mission.
Completeness
It denotes availability/non-availability of solution in a finite time.
Flexibility
It denotes efforts/time required to make a solution usable for different missions.
Path re-configuration
It denotes efforts/time required to gain the control of a lost path.
Path following
It denotes the ability to keep following a path despite disturbances.
Path safety
It denotes the ability to avoid collisions with static/dynamic obstacles.
Hyper parameter
It denotes the number and variety of parameters to find a path.
Obstacle avoidance
It denotes the ability to avoid static/dynamic obstacles with low-cost.
Generalization
It denotes the ability of a method to be applicable for different types of UAVs.
Application-speciality
It denotes the ability of a method to yield superior performance in some context.
Endurance
It denotes the ability of a UAV to fly for a long period of time with low-cost planning.
Table 1.
Overview of the PO improved by the PP approaches.
Some PO are positively co-related. For example, finding path with less turns can save energy.
Improving two negatively co-related PO (speed and time) require optimization of another PO (problem size).
These PO are usually considered during PP irrespective of the environment whether it is known or unknown. Furthermore, plenty of techniques have been proposed to improve these PO with innovative techniques or employing cross-disciplinary concepts. In addition, many PP approaches have targeted optimizing multiple objectives rather than one/two for practical UAVs application. These PO can be expressed as a functional model while finding a path P between two locations s and t. Some algorithms tend to optimize more than one POs. The overview of two PO to be optimized by a PP approach is mathematically expressed as follows.
4. Path planning algorithms that were proposed in the past five years
In this section, we discuss various PP algorithms that were proposed to lower the time complexity of the PP process. We selected various algorithms that were proposed in last five years (i.e., 2016–2021), and have somewhat identical concepts in terms of space restrictions and problem size reduction etc. We provide brief overview, and technically evaluation of all algorithms and highlight their deficiencies. Consequently, this analysis can pave the ways to improve PP algorithms for future UAVs’ applications.
4.1 Global path planning algorithms
4.1.1 Brief overview of the selected path planning algorithms
We present brief overview of the selected algorithms in Table 2. These algorithms have become state-of-the-art for many practical applications of the UAVs in the urban/non-urban environments. They are famous due to their novel working mechanisms, and conceptual simplicity. In addition, they have mainly focused on the UAV applications in urban environments that is focus of research across the globe. Also, the UAVs’ applications in the urban environments are likely to increase in the coming years.
Overview of the latest GPP approaches that were proposed to reduce the computing time of PP process.
All these approaches have used concepts related to search space reduction in order to find time-efficient paths.
4.1.2 Technical evaluation of the selected path planning algorithms
In this subsection, we provide concise description of the selected algorithms, and highlight their technical problems. We mainly describe the key steps of the proposed algorithms.
Maini et al. [23] algorithm computes a low-cost path using two-steps approach. In the first step, modified version of the Dijkstra algorithm is used to find an initial path. In the second step, initial path is optimized more by considering the initial path nodes, and reverse path search.
Frontera et al. [24] algorithm computes a low-cost path using three-steps approach. First, the proposed method reduce the search space by considering the obstacles that are on the straight axis between s and t. Later, a visibility graph is generated solely from the corners of the selected obstacles. In the last step, A* algorithm is employed to compute a shortest path incrementally.
Ahmad et al. [25] algorithm computes a low-cost path using four-steps approach. Firstly, search space is bounded using obstacles of the straight line only. Later, the bounded space is extended to next level by using the obstacles that hit the boundary of the first bounded space. In the third step, a relatively dense visibility graph is generated from the bounded spaces. In the final step, A* algorithm is employed to find an energy-optimized path.
Majeed et al. [26] algorithm computes a low-cost path using five-steps approach. First, the space is reduced into a half-cylinder form with path guarantees between s and t. In the second step, multi-criteria based method is employed to check the suitability of the reduced space for low-cost pathfinding. Later space is extended if needed, and sparse visibility graph is generated that ensure connectivity between s and t, and path is computed. Moreover, in some cases, path is improved by adding more nodes around the initial path’s nodes.
Han et al. [27] algorithm computes a low-cost path using three-steps approach. First, critical obstacles are identified through straight-axis between s and t. In the second step, a node set is generated around the corners of the critical obstacles only. In the last step, a feasible path is obtained by exploring nodes set. This approach is beneficial by resolving constraints related to obstacles shapes.
Ghambari et al. [28] computes a global and local path with the help of four-steps. In the first step, search space is reduced around the straight axis. In the second step, differential evolution algorithm is applied to construct a graph. Later, A* algorithm is used to find a path from a graph constructed in the first step. In the third step, subspace is divided into small portions with alternate routes in each subspace. In the last step, a mechanism is suggested to avoid collision with the dynamic obstacles that may appear unexpectedly during the flight.
Majeed et al. [29] recently proposed a PP method for low-cost pathfinding for UAVs based on the constrained polygonal space and a waypoint graph that is extremely sparse. In proposed approach, search space is restricted into a polygonal form, and its analysis is performed from optimality point of view with the help of six complexity parameters. Later, space can be extended to next level if needed, else a very sparse graph is generated by exploiting the visibility, far-reachability, and direction guidance concepts. The suggested approach computes time-efficient paths without degrading path quality while finding paths from urban environments.
Besides the computing time, these algorithms can indirectly optimize certain PO listed in Table 1. For example, Ahmad et al. [25] PP approach reduces the number of turns also in order to lower the energy consumption. Han et al. [27] PP approach can be applied to the environments with arbitrary shaped obstacles (e.g., there exist no constraint related to the obstacles’ geometries). Hence, it can be applied in different settings (e.g., areas with sparse obstacles or areas with dense obstacles) of the urban environment. Similarly, Majeed et al. [29] PP approach can significantly reduce the problem size, thereby memory requirements can be magnificently lower. Ghambari et al. [28] approach can be used to re-configure paths during the flight when a UAV finds an unexpected obstacle. Hence, this approach can be used in both (i.e., local, and global) environments. Despite the utility of these approaches in many real-world applications, they often yield poor performance due to the local/global constraints. Based on the in-depth review of all studies, we identified potential problems of all approaches that may hinder their use in actual deployment. We describe technical challenges of the existing approaches in Table 3.
The performance cannot be ensured in each scenario due to heavy reliance on specific maps. Overheads can increase exponential with the problem size. It models the whole map thereby path exploration cost is very high.
Path can collide with the nearby obstacles. In some cases, proposed approach fails to find a path even though it exists. Visibility graph can contain many needless and redundant nodes. Memory consumption is higher due to loading of whole visibility map in the memory.
Two bounded spaces are used that can increase the computing time of the PP. Visibility graph is constructed using layered approach with many redundant nodes and edges. Visibility check function is expensive since visibility in all directions and nodes is checked.
Path quality cannot be ensured in all scenarios if obstacles’ sizes are large. Path cost can increase exponentially with the point set. Both time and optimality can be impacted if diverse shape obstacles exist in a map. Since this is grid-based approach thereby memory consumption is higher.
Path computing time can rise with the distance between s and t. Recognition and avoiding obstacles in realtime can be costly. Fidelity of the proposed approach were analyzed with limited testing. Since path searching is carried out twice, thereby computing time can rise.
Accurate modeling of the tiny obstacles is not possible. Excessive calculations are performed in space analysis thereby complexity can rise.
Table 3.
Overview of the technical problems in the proposed GPP approaches.
All these problems have been highlighted by existing studies or reported by the authors.
These challenges lay foundation for the future research in the UAVs area. Furthermore, they can assist researchers to devise better and practical PP approaches in order to address these technical problems. Apart from the challenges provided in Table 3, it is paramount to take into account the local constraints while devising PP methods that have been mostly assumed in the existing approaches.
4.2 Local path planning algorithms
Majority of the approaches discussed above are the GPP approaches, and LPP approaches have not been discussed. To cover this gap, we discuss various representative LPP approaches in Table 4 along with the methodological specifics.
Overview of the latest LPP approaches used for UAVs.
All these approaches have used the unknown environment during the PP.
These approaches perform PP in environments that are mostly unknown, and are complex compared to the GPP approaches. These approaches enable UAVs to perform tasks in complex environments in real time leveraging low-cost sensors, and robust artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. In addition, these techniques have abilities to co-work with the emerging technologies including cloud, edge, and fog computing etc. for variety of applications. The role of UAVs was dominant during the ongoing pandemic in different countries across the globe. To this end, LPP approaches contributed significantly, and enhanced UAVs role in curbing the pandemic spread via online missions. Barnawi et al. [47] proposed an IoT-based platform for COVID-19 scanning in which UAVs were used as a main source of temperature data collection in the outdoor environments. Apart from the COVID-19 scanning, UAVs were extensively used for spraying and disinfecting multi-use facilities and contaminated places. In some countries, they were used for alerting people to wear masks properly, and stay indoors. The true realization of these innovative application is possible through LPP approaches.
4.3 Coverage path planning: a subtopic of the path planning
Besides the LPP and GPP, another important subtopic of the PP is coverage path planning (CPP) [48]. In the CPP, a path is determined that enables UAV to cover a target area fully with the help of a device/tool mounted on it. The attached tool/device can be a sensor, camera, speaker, and/or a spray tank depending upon the mission. We present overview of the CPP in Figure 8. In Figure 8(a), a target area in the form of a rectangle is given that need to be covered with a UAV. In In Figure 8(b), a coverage path is shown that a UAV follows in order to cover the target area.
Figure 8.
Overview of coverage path planning for UAVs in a 3D urban environments.
In the CPP, most of the POs are identical with that of the PP, but path overlapping, and coverage guarantees are two additional POs. Moreover, ensuring consistent path quality with respect to shape of the target area is very challenging. Therefore, shape of the target area is considered while finding a coverage path. CPP can be performed in five steps, modeling of the operating environment, locating target area on the modeled map, decomposition of the target area into disjoint sub parts, task modeling (mainly traversal order of the sub parts) with the help of a graph, and covering each sub-part using motion pattern (e.g., back and forth, spiral, and circular etc.). In recent years, UAVs’ coverage applications in the urban environments have significantly increased, and a substantial number of CPP approaches have been proposed [49].
5. Prospects of the research in the near future in the PP area
In the near future, UAVs will be regarded as an inevitable tool for various practical missions, especially in the urban environments. A substantial number of developments are underway to fully realize smart cities, smart infrastructure, and smart buildings, to name a few. Thence, the use and applications of the UAVs are expected to grow significantly in the near future. Recently, many innovative technologies such as block-chain, IoT, 5G/6G technologies, and deep/machine learning approaches have been integrated with the UAVs technology to serve mankind in effective ways [50]. For example, BloCoV6 scheme [51] is one of the wonderful applications of the UAVs in the new normal (e.g., COVID-19 era). Similarly, many such innovative applications are likely to emerge in the near future as a replacement of human beings for complex tasks. Therefore, refinements in the existing PP approaches in relation with peculiarities of the applications/tasks, and development of robust approaches leveraging cross-disciplinary (e.g., biological inspired, AI-powered, and technology-driven) concepts have become necessary. Considering the emerging applications of the UAVs, we list prospects of the research in the near future in PP area in Figure 9. We categorize the avenues of future research in the PP area on four grounds (e.g., UAV application specific PP approaches, optimization of the existing approaches’ PO, integration of the emerging technologies and their issues handling, and developing PP approaches that can cope up with the dynamics of the UAV operating environment.).
Figure 9.
Categorization of the avenues of future research in the PP/UAVs area.
The most important research avenues from the optimization point of view are, devising new environment restriction methods to reduce the problem sizes, devising low-cost methods for reducing the task modeling overheads (i.e., graph/tree sizes), and accelerating the PS methods that enable UAV to reach the target location safely with a significantly reduced cost. Furthermore, improving overall cost of the PP process is an important research direction to increase UAVs’ applications in the urban environments. Optimization of multiple objectives rather than single/two is handy in order to preserve UAV’s resources during aerial missions. From applications point of view, low-cost methods that can improve certain POs and can satisfy the applications features at the same time are needed. To this end, identifying each application’s features/requirements and embedding them into the PP process can enhance the UAVs use in the coming year significantly. Therefore, applications-oriented PP methods will be embraced more in the near future considering the UAVs potential in executing tasks at low costs. From environment dynamics point of view, PP methods that can effectively respond to the uncertainties/dynamics emerging from the environment are paramount. For example, in LPP, decision making to avoid obstacles with as least cost as possible can enhance UAV’s endurance in the aerial missions. In this regard, LPP methods that can cope up with the underlying operating environment variations and can ensure UAV’s safety consistently in the practical applications are paramount.
Recently, many emerging technologies have been integrated with the UAV technology. For example, blockchain, transfer learning, computer vision, federated learning, 5G and 6G technologies, and cloud computing etc. have revolutionized the UAVs’ applications. In this regard, incorporating more emerging technologies in the UAV domain, and extending the current emerging technologies use to more application areas is an important research direction for the future. Furthermore, improving the hardware capabilities of the UAV by integrating latest technologies are important need from technical perspectives. Despite the technical aspects mentioned above, tailoring computer vision applications in the UAV area is a most promising avenue of the research considering UAV abilities to capture images with good resolution [52]. In addition, identifying niche areas (i.e., water quality analysis, target tracking, covering spatially distributed regions, and detection of wildfire smoke, to name a few) where UAVs can perform well compared to humans, and performing cost–benefit analysis of the UAVs versus human is important research direction in the UAVs’ technology. Finally, exploring the possibilities towards joint use of multiple latest technologies in order to serve mankind in an effective way using UAVs is a vibrant area of research. Apart from the PP, devising low-cost CPP methods for UAVs is also an attractive area of research in the near future. Development from hardware perspectives (e.g., battery power, wing-span, payload capabilities, robust decision making abilities, and control aspects) are also a potential avenues for development/research.
6. Conclusions
In this chapter, we have presented concepts, methods, and future research prospects in the area of path planning (PP) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, we have presented the high-level categorization of the PP approaches based on the availability of information regarding UAV operating environment, and UAV strengths. We have discussed three essential components of the PP approaches that are widely adopted by most of the PP approaches. We have discussed substantial number of performance objectives that are improved/optimized by the PP approaches via new concepts/propositions. Furthermore, we have discussed latest approaches that have been proposed to lower the time complexity of pathfinding and their technical challenges. We have described various PP approaches that are used for the PP in unknown environments (aka local PP). We have briefly described the concepts of coverage path planning (CPP) that is subtopic of the PP. The prospects of future research in the UAVs PP area keeping emerging technologies in the loop have also been discussed. With this concise overview, we aim to provide deep understanding about the PP concepts related to the UAVs, and need of the further developments/research in order to enhance UAVs endurance in the airspace specifically in the urban environments. The contents presented in this chapter can help early researchers to quickly grasp the status of existing developments and potential avenues of the research in this area.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2020R1A2B5B01002145).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"unmanned aerial vehicle, path planning, low-cost path, algorithms, aerial missions, urban environments, time complexity, coverage path planning",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78404.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78404.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78404",totalDownloads:222,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:47,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"July 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 15th 2021",datePublished:"January 26th 2022",dateFinished:"September 2nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have demonstrated their effectiveness in performing diverse missions at significantly lower costs compared to the human beings. UAVs have the capabilities to reach and execute mission in those areas that are very difficult for humans to even reach such as forest, deserts, and mines. Integration of the latest technologies including reactive controls, sense and avoid, and onboard computations have strengthened their dominance further in various practical missions. Besides the innovative applications, the use of UAVs imposes several challenges, and one of those challenges is computing a low-cost path for aerial mission by avoiding obstacles as well as satisfying certain performance objectives (a.k.a path planning (PP)). To this end, this chapter provides a concise overview of various aspects concerning to PP including basics introduction of the subject matter, categorization of the PP approaches and problems, taxonomy of the essential components of the PP, performance objectives of the PP approaches, recent algorithms that have been proposed for PP in known and unknown environments, and future prospects of research in this area considering the emerging technologies. With this chapter, we aim to provide sufficient knowledge about one of the essential components of robotics technology (i.e., navigation) for researchers.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78404",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78404",book:{id:"10655",slug:"motion-planning"},signatures:"Abdul Majeed and Seong Oun Hwang",authors:[{id:"417962",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Majeed",fullName:"Abdul Majeed",slug:"abdul-majeed",email:"ab09@gachon.ac.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Gachon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"426451",title:"Prof.",name:"Seong Oun",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Seong Oun Hwang",slug:"seong-oun-hwang",email:"sohwang@gachon.ac.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Gachon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Path planning and categorization of the path planning approaches",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Categorization of the path planning approaches based on information about environment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Categorization of the path planning problems",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Essential components of the path planning for UAVs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Modeling of the environment with geometrical shapes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Task modeling with the graphs/trees",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Applying path search algorithm to determine a viable path",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4 Performance objectives of the path planning approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Path planning algorithms that were proposed in the past five years",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 Global path planning algorithms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.2 Local path planning algorithms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.3 Coverage path planning: a subtopic of the path planning",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Prospects of the research in the near future in the PP area",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ozkan O, Atli O. Transporting COVID-19 testing specimens by routing unmanned aerial vehicles with range and payload constraints: The case of Istanbul. Transportation Letters. 2021:1-10'},{id:"B2",body:'Kumar A, Sharma K, Singh H, Naugriya SG, Gill SS, Buyya R. 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Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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1. Introduction
Hypoglycemia is generally considered to be a plasma blood glucose level of less than 4 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) in patients with diabetes mellitus. In general, the ‘Whipple triad’ (glycemia <50 mg/dL, symptoms suitable with low glycemia and these symptoms improve with a treatment that increases low glycemia) is sufficient for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia in persons with nondiabetics, although the plasma glucose level is above 50 mg/dL, most diabetic patients need treatment because of the symptoms of hypoglycemia [1].
2. Symptoms of acute hypoglycemia
It is divided into two main groups: adrenergic (neurogenic, autonomic) and neuroglycopenic [2]:
2.1 Adrenergic signs and symptoms
It develops due to the activation of the autonomic nervous system and the adrenal medulla.
Shaking.
Cold sweats.
Anxiety.
Nausea.
Palpitations.
Numbness.
2.2 Neuroglycopenic signs and symptoms
It develops due to decreased glucose delivery to the cerebral cortex.
Dizziness.
Headache.
İnability to concentrate.
Difficulty speaking.
Fatigue.
Confusion.
3. Classification of hypoglycemia
Dividing symptomatic hypoglycemia into three according to the following clinical criteria is beneficial in terms of managing hypoglycemia;
3.1 Mild hypoglycemia
A condition in which the patient can detect and treat hypoglycemia ownself. Blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dL but is 54 mg/dL or higher.
Symptoms:
Sweating.
Shaking.
Nausea.
Extreme hunger.
Nervousness.
Dizziness.
3.2 Moderate hypoglycemia
It is the situation when the patient has to go to someone else’s aid, but treatment is possible orally. Blood glucose is less than 54 mg/dL.
Symptoms:
Difficulty concentrating or speaking.
Confusion.
Weakness.
Vision changes.
Mood swings.
3.3 Severe hypoglycemia
When the patient is unconscious or unable to take oral glucose due to excessive disorientation and the treatment has to be administered parenterally as glucagon injection or intravenous glucose [3, 4].
Symptoms:
Confusion.
Dizziness.
Nausea or vomiting.
Shortness of breath.
Tremors or chills.
Extreme anxiety.
Irritability and changes in behavior.
Profuse sweating.
Pale, clammy skin.
Rapid heartbeat.
Extreme fatigue or sleepiness.
Loss of consciousness.
Seizures.
4. Treatment of hypoglycemia
4.1 Mild and moderate hypoglycemia
Mild hypoglycemic episodes can be prevented if a patient maintains a healthy diet and blood sugar levels are monitored regularly. For example, eating frequent small meals and having a few small snacks throughout the day will work in preventing hypoglycemia and keeping the patient’s blood sugar under control. A good general rule is to eat six small meals each day, enough to meet your total daily carbohydrate needs. You should also drink plenty of water throughout the day. Treatment of mild hypoglycemia usually involves taking glucose tablets and/or foods containing simple sugars in case of hypoglycemia. However, this type of treatment is usually only necessary when you have no other choice. If patients continue to experience hypoglycemia despite following appropriate treatment and a healthy lifestyle, they should talk to their physician to revisal of their treatment [5].
Studies have shown that the glycemic response to oral glucose is transient, typically less than 2 hours. It was concluded that in the case of persistent or recurrent hypoglycemia, although oral glucose is effective, this is a temporary measure and may require a more substantial snack or meal followed by a meal. There is a “rules of 15” that recommends treating blood sugar <70 mg/dL by eating or drinking, a popular treatment strategy for mild hypoglycemia. 15 g carbs and repeat this treatment if symptoms persist after 15 minutes [6].
4.2 Severe hypoglycemia
Out of hospital: It is recommended that immediate administration of glucagon, if available, for the treatment of hypoglycemia in an unconscious person and in whom IV treatment is not possible. Administration of glucagon (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or nasal) will usually result in recovery of consciousness within about 15 minutes, although this may be followed by marked nausea and even vomiting. Therefore, the dose of glucagon should be followed by oral intake of concentrated carbohydrates just before the patient regains consciousness and nausea develops [7]. In the absence of glucagon, there are no conclusive data to guide the management of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with impaired consciousness who do not have immediate access to glucagon or intravenously (IV) dextrose (while emergency personnel are waiting). In a study on normoglycemic volunteers, buccal absorption of glucose was shown to be minimal. However, due to the lack of other options for such patients, some authors suggest that while awaiting emergency personnel, family members may apply a glucose gel (e.g., teeth and buccal mucosa) with the patient’s head tilted slightly to the side [8]. If a glucose gel or pastry cream is not available There is some data showing that sprinkling table sugar under the tongue may be effective [9].
In hospital: Patients currently in the hospital can usually be treated quickly by administering 25 g of 50% glucose (dextrose) IV. Capillary blood glucose measurement must be repeated after 10 minutes. If it is still less than 70 mg/dL repeat IV glucose administration (Figure 1) [7].
Figure 1.
Treatment of Hypoglycemia.
5. Glucagon therapy
Glucagon exerts its hyperglycemic effects mainly by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis. Unlike insulin, glucagon promotes catabolism and releases glucose [10]. Unlike other peptide hormones (e.g., insulin), glucagon does not show a clear dose-response relationship, suggesting that the glycemic response to glucagon is saturable. Increasing doses of glucagon do not result in a dose-dependent increase in glucose. Therefore, fixed doses are usually used. This situation has recently paved the way for the use of mini-doses of glucagon administered in doses of 100–150 μg instead of 1 mg to prevent or treat mild hypoglycemia [11].
5.1 Intranasal glucagon
Intranasal glucagon is a simple system that inserts the tip of the device into one nostril and empties the powder into the nostril. In a randomized trial comparing intranasal (3 mg) and intramuscular (1 mg) glucagon in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia was successfully corrected in 98.7% and 100% of patients. The time taken for glucose values to rise above 70 mg/dL was 16 min for intranasal administration and 13 min for intramuscular administration [12].
5.2 Stable, liquid glucagon
Glucagon (or its glucagon analog) can be administered using a syringe kit as a pre-filled syringe containing a single-dose vial, all containing a fixed-dose, stable liquid glucagon preparation (dilution is not required) [13]. In studies in patients with type 1 diabetes, the improvement effects of hypoglycemia were similar in patients receiving 1 mg of stable liquid glucagon, 1 mg of reconstituted glucagon, or 0.6 mg of a glucagon receptor agonist (daciglucagon) [14].
5.3 Reconstituted glucagon
Glucagon lyophilized powder requires reconstitution just before use. It is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (1 mg). In an emergency, the dilution work may force the helpers into the environment [15].
6. Treatment of hypoglycemia in special cases
6.1 Strick glycemic control
In the treatment of diabetes, tight control is an important strategy in the prevention of microvascular complications. However, the morbidity and potential mortality of hypoglycemia are proven downsides of intensive glycemic management of diabetes [16]. There is strong evidence that tight glycemic control with insulin, sulfonylurea and glinide increases hypoglycemic morbidity and mortality in T1DM and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [17, 18]. Therefore, alternative drugs with low hypoglycemic effect should be preferred if regulation can be achieved.
6.2 Lipohyperthyrophy at injection sites
Lipohyperthyrophy is an area of thickened subcutaneous fat tissue which is become due to the administering of continuous injection of insulin to the same area and incorrect rotation. When injecting insulin into the lipohypertrophic area, absorption is irregular, the rate of absorption is unpredictable and may cause glycemic fluctuations such as hypoglycemia [19]. Development of lipohypertrophy is preventable by changing the injection site (rotation) and not using insulin needles more than once [20].
6.3 Hypoglycaemia unawareness
Hypoglycemia unawareness (HU) refers to the occurrence of neuroglycopenia before the onset of warning symptoms in response to hypoglycemia. It is a condition that prevents strict diabetes regulation and reduces the quality of life, occurs in approximately 40% of people with T1DM and less frequently in T2DM [21]. Blood glucose monitoring, individualized goals and educational programs are important for the prevention and management of HU. Glycemic targets should be individualized, targeting less stringent regulation, especially for patients with long-standing diabetes, patients at high risk of HU and severe hypoglycemia, and/or patients with multiple comorbidities [22].
6.4 Severe hepatic dysfunctions
Hypoglycemia occurs when gluconeogenesis fails, especially in severe conditions such as liver failure where liver glycogen stores are reduced. The liver is one of the most important organs of glucose balance. Any disorders of its metabolism, structural integrity, or cellular functioning may impair the liver’s ability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. If such a disruption affects hepatic glucose output and gluconeogenesis, hypoglycemia may be occurred [23]. For patients with active liver disease, restrictive diets can often worsen protein-calorie malnutrition [24]. Most oral antidiabetic drugs are metabolized in the liver, and decreased glycogen stores are a risk factor for insulin-induced hypoglycemia, therefore strict monitoring of blood glucose levels should be performed during treatment in diabetic patients [25].
6.5 Impaired renal functions
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Decreased GFR is associated with decreased renal gluconeogenesis and clearance of insulin and other glucose-lowering drugs, and attenuation of the efficacy of regulatory mechanisms against hypoglycemia. Therefore, an individualized approach to diabetes management is essential, especially for patients with advanced CKD [26].
7. Prevention of hypoglycemia
Patient education, appropriate diet and exercise regimens, blood glucose monitoring, appropriate antidiabetic drug selection, and close clinical follow-up are necessary to prevent hypoglycemia [7].
7.1 Patient education
Patients and those around them should be educated about recognizing the symptoms of hypoglycemia and giving appropriate treatment for hypoglycemia as soon as possible. It is important to explain to patients the potential dangers of hypoglycemia and how it should be treated in patients treated with insulin, a sulfonylurea or glinide. Any documented hypoglycemia should be investigated with the patient to try to identify the causes, e.g., skipped meals/prolonged fasting, physical exertion, alcohol consumption, and injection of high insulin dose.
Diabetic patients at high risk of hypoglycemia are instructed to always carry glucagon with them. Family members and people around the patients with diabetes should be educated about the administration of glucagon to the patient; they also need to know where the glucagon is being held. There are subcutaneous, intramuscular injections, and intranasal forms of glucagon in the market.
7.2 Diet regulation
Dietary adjustment includes information about the amount of carbohydrates in meals and its effect on blood sugar concentration, and creating a personalized regular meal plan. The importance of administering insulin with the appropriate dose and timing regarding meals should be emphasized in patients receiving insulin therapy. Patients at risk of hypoglycemia should be advised to keep foods containing glucose or carbohydrates with them or in an accessible place. In some patients, especially those with T1DM or at high risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia, a bedtime snack may be recommended to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia.
7.3 Recommendations on physical exercise
Physical exercise increases the risk of hypoglycemia by increasing glucose consumption. If necessary, early action can be taken to prevent hypoglycemia by measuring blood glucose before and after physical exercise. If there is a decrease in glucose level to the level of hypoglycemia, small meals should be eaten before physical exercise. Patients should be carried fast-acting carbohydrates with them during physical exercise. When planning physical exercise, it is important to adjust the insulin dose according to the exercise. Insulin doses should be reduced, more in heavy exercise and less in light exercise.
7.4 Medication adjustment
In patients receiving diabetes treatment, episodes of hypoglycemia may be associated with the treatment itself; therefore, it is important to use drugs with the low risk of hypoglycemia in such patients. Metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and pioglitazone are drugs with a low risk of hypoglycemia. In contrast, sulfonylureas and glinides are associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia; Therefore, if treatment-related hypoglycemia occurs, it is recommended to consider reducing or discontinuing the dose of these drugs and switching to a different treatment [27].
With the transition to the use of long-acting basal insulin analogues (such as Detemir and Glargine U100), a significant reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia attacks was achieved compared to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin [28]. The new ultra-long basal insulins Glargine U300 and Degludec have recently led to a significant additional reduction in the rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia [29]. The use of short-acting insulin analogs has resulted in a significant reduction in the rates of severe hypoglycemia compared to conventional human insulin [30].
\n',keywords:"hypoglycemia, glucagon, glucose gel",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80767.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80767.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80767",totalDownloads:27,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 4th 2022",dateReviewed:"February 8th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 7th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Hypoglycemia is an important condition that can be seen in everyone, more often in those with diabetes mellitus, and can sometimes be life-threatening. Hypoglycemia is a condition that can be prevented with simple precautions. It is a simple procedure that can be done mostly by ordinary people when the treatment is known. The most important step in the treatment is the education of those at risk of hypoglycemia and their relatives. The first step in treatment is to measure blood glucose, if possible. If blood sugar is below 70 mg/dl, hypoglycemia is diagnosed; if it is below 50 mg/dl, it is called severe hypoglycemia. The first approach in a conscious patient is to give the patient 15 mg of carbohydrate and measure the blood glucose again after 15 minutes. If the measured value is <70 mg/dl, the procedure should be repeated. If possible, glucagon should be administered to unconscious, out-of-hospital hypoglycemic patients until emergency help arrives. If glucagon is not available, glucose gel can be applied to the buccal mucosa. 50 ml of 50% glucose IV is administered to an unconscious hypoglycemic patient in the hospital. If the blood sugar does not rise above 70 mg/dl, the procedure is repeated.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80767",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80767",signatures:"Yasin Simsek and Emre Urhan",book:{id:"11027",type:"book",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-898-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-897-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-899-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",middleName:null,surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. 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Treatment of hypoglycemia in special cases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.1 Strick glycemic control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"6.2 Lipohyperthyrophy at injection sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"6.3 Hypoglycaemia unawareness",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"6.4 Severe hepatic dysfunctions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"6.5 Impaired renal functions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"7. Prevention of hypoglycemia",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"7.1 Patient education",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"7.2 Diet regulation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"7.3 Recommendations on physical exercise",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"7.4 Medication adjustment",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;94(3):709-728'},{id:"B2",body:'Slama G, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, et al. The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solution, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990;150(3):589-593'},{id:"B3",body:'ISPAD International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Consensus Guidelines 2000; Classification of Hypoglycaemia. Available from: http://www.diabetesguidelines.com/health/dwk/pro/guidelines/ispad/13_03.asp [Accessed: October 18, 2012]'},{id:"B4",body:'Sua YJ, Liao CJ. Hypoglycemia in emergency department. Journal of Acute Disease. 2015;4(1):59-62'},{id:"B5",body:'Delahanty LM, Halford BN. The role of diet behaviors in achieving improved glycemic control in intensively treated patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(11):1453-14588'},{id:"B6",body:'Wiethop BV, Cryer PE. Alanine and terbutaline in treatment of hypoglycemia in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(8):1131-11366'},{id:"B7",body:'Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Yale JF, Paty B, Senior PA. Hypoglycemia. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2018;42(1):104-108'},{id:"B8",body:'Gunning RR, Garber AJ. Bioactivity of instant glucose. Failure of absorption through oral mucosa. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978;240(15):1611-1612'},{id:"B9",body:'Barennes H, Valea I, Nagot N, et al. Sublingual sugar administration as an alternative to intravenous dextrose administration to correct hypoglycemia among children in the tropics. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5):648-653'},{id:"B10",body:'Kulina GR, Rayfield EJ. The role of glucagon in the pathophysıology and management of diabetes. Endocrine Practice. 2016;22(5):612-621'},{id:"B11",body:'Blauw H, Wendell DVJH, et al. PCDIAB consortium. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various glucagon dosages at different blood glucose levels. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2016;18(1):34-39'},{id:"B12",body:'Rickels MR, Ruedy KJ, Foster NC, et al. Intranasal glucagon for treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover noninferiority study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):264-270'},{id:"B13",body:'Valentine V, Newswanger B, Prestrelski S, et al. Human factors usability and validation studies of a glucagon autoinjector in a simulated severe hypoglycemia rescue situation. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2019;21(9):522-530'},{id:"B14",body:'Beato-Vibora PI, Arroyo-Diez FJ. New uses and formulations of glucagon for hypoglycemia. Drugs Context. 2019;8:212599'},{id:"B15",body:'Isaacs D, Clements J, Turco N, Hartman R. Glucagon: Its evolving role in the management of hypoglycemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2021;41(7):623-633'},{id:"B16",body:'Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898'},{id:"B17",body:'ORIGIN Trial Investigators, Mellbin LG, Ryden L, Riddle MC, et al. Does hypoglycemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. European Heart Journal. 2013;34(40):3137-3144'},{id:"B18",body:'McCoy RG, Van Houten HK, Ziegenfuss JY, et al. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(9):1897-1901'},{id:"B19",body:'Omar MA, El-Kafoury AA, El-Araby RI. Lipohypertrophy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and the associated factors. BMC Research Notes. 2011;12(4):290'},{id:"B20",body:'Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2018;138:271-281'},{id:"B21",body:'Vignesh JP, Mohan V. Hypoglycaemia unawareness. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2004;52:727-732'},{id:"B22",body:'Martin-Timon I, Del Cazzo-Gomez FJ. Mechanisms of unawareness of hypoglycemia and implications in diabetic patients. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015;6(7):912-926'},{id:"B23",body:'Norris ML, Harrison ME, Isserlin L, et al. Gastrointestinal complications associated with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review. The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2016;49(3):216-237'},{id:"B24",body:'Tolman KG, Fonseca V, Dalpiaz A, Tan MH. Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):734-743'},{id:"B25",body:'Garcia-Champion D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Lavalle-Gonzalez FJ, et al. The treatment of diabetes mellitus of patients with chronic liver disease. Annals of Hepatology. 2015;14(6):780-788'},{id:"B26",body:'Ahmad I, Zelnick LR, Batacchi Z, et al. Hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes and CKD. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2019;14(6):844-853'},{id:"B27",body:'American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):111-124'},{id:"B28",body:'Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH human insulin in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2008;81(2):184-189'},{id:"B29",body:'Gerber AJ, King AB, Del Prato S, et al. NN1250-3582 (BEGIN BB T2D) Trial Investigators. Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): A phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9825):1498-1507'},{id:"B30",body:'Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Kristensen PL, et al. Effect of insulin analogues on risk of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to recurrent severe hypoglycaemia (HypoAna trial): A prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint crossover trial. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2014;2(7):553-561'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yasin Simsek",address:"yasinsimsek79@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Acibadem Hospital, Turkey
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They cure soon after mixing the two components together. Almost all room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are supplied in two-component package. One-component epoxy adhesives are prepared and supplied by mixing all formulated components in advance including epoxy resin and curing agent. One-component epoxy adhesives usually need cure at elevated temperature and store at low temperature in a refrigerator or even freezer. Epoxy adhesives have been widely used as typical reactive adhesives for various applications ranging from general industry, construction, electronics assembly, automobile production to aerospace market. Typical room temperature cure epoxy adhesives, thermal cure epoxy adhesives and UV cure epoxy adhesives are introduced in detail.",book:{id:"7679",slug:"adhesives-and-adhesive-joints-in-industry-applications",title:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications",fullTitle:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications"},signatures:"Chunfu Chen, Bin Li, Masao Kanari and Daoqiang Lu",authors:[{id:"234454",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunfu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chunfu-chen",fullName:"Chunfu Chen"}]},{id:"51522",doi:"10.5772/64247",title:"Friction and Wear in Automotive Journal Bearings Operating in Today’s Severe Conditions",slug:"friction-and-wear-in-automotive-journal-bearings-operating-in-today-s-severe-conditions",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"A current trend in the transport sector seeks to increase the vehicle efficiency and to cut fuel consumption which leads to new technologies and advancements in modern and future combustion engines. Some of these technical progresses lead to highly stressed engine parts and new challenges arise, particularly for journal bearings. The increasing thermal and mechanical load caused by downsized and turbocharged engines, friction reduction by employing low-viscosity lubricants and other emission reduction measures—for utilizing stop-start systems—put additional stress on the crankshaft journal bearings. This contribution focuses on highly stressed journal bearings which operate in the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Therefore, measurements on a journal bearing test-rig are performed which allow an extensive verification of the numerical investigation. For the numerical analysis of friction and wear, a mixed elasto-hydrodynamic simulation approach is developed, which considers the elastic deformation of the contacting components, the complex rheological behaviour of the lubricant and metal-metal contact if the lubricant is unable to separate the contacting surfaces. Both the rheological data and the surface roughness parameters are obtained from measurements. The current challenges are studied in four application-oriented examples and the influencing parameters on a reliable friction and wear prediction are explored.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David E. Sander, Hannes Allmaier and Hans-Herwig Priebsch",authors:[{id:"151052",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Allmaier",slug:"hannes-allmaier",fullName:"Hannes Allmaier"},{id:"151317",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:"E.",surname:"Sander",slug:"david-sander",fullName:"David Sander"},{id:"188490",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Herwig",middleName:null,surname:"Priebsch",slug:"hans-herwig-priebsch",fullName:"Hans-Herwig Priebsch"}]},{id:"51177",doi:"10.5772/63654",title:"The Tribology and Chemistry of Phosphorus‐Containing Lubricant Additives",slug:"the-tribology-and-chemistry-of-phosphorus-containing-lubricant-additives",totalDownloads:2639,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters and metal thiophosphates have been used as lubricant additives for over 50 years. Recently, phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids have emerged as a new class of lubricant additives. While the use of phosphorus compounds has been extensive, a detailed knowledge of how they work has been a much more recent development. In this chapter, the use of phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters, metal thiophosphates and phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids as antiwear or extreme pressure additives is discussed. The primary emphasis will be on how they form a protective film, which is both durable and reduces friction. The first part of the chapter discusses the use of alkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates and metal‐containing thiophosphate esters with primarily iron‐ and steel‐based bearing materials. The second part of the chapter examines phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids and the challenges posed by new bearing materials with different surface chemistries.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David W. Johnson",authors:[{id:"178441",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"}]},{id:"50962",doi:"10.5772/63657",title:"Tribocorrosion",slug:"tribocorrosion",totalDownloads:2275,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter includes some of the definitions of corrosion as important problem in many industries. The main forms of corrosion have been discussed in this chapter which depended on the appearance of corroded surface with some details of their mechanisms and how can prevent them. This chapter reviews tribocorrosion and explains the simplest method for tribocorrosion test by certain set-up using electrochemical test with three electrodes. Tribocorrosion test is needs to special arrangement of cell to be predicted which also has been mentioned in this chapter.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"Rana Afif Majed Anaee and Majid Hameed Abdulmajeed",authors:[{id:"181900",title:"Dr.",name:"Rana",middleName:"Afif",surname:"Anaee",slug:"rana-anaee",fullName:"Rana Anaee"},{id:"190735",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Majid",middleName:"Hameed",surname:"Abdulmajeed",slug:"majid-abdulmajeed",fullName:"Majid Abdulmajeed"}]},{id:"51347",doi:"10.5772/63533",title:"Modelling Cavitation in (Elasto)Hydrodynamic Lubrication",slug:"modelling-cavitation-in-elasto-hydrodynamic-lubrication",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In this chapter we will present a derivation of a mathematical model describing how cavitation influences the pressure distribution in a thin lubricant film between two moving surfaces. The main idea in the derivation is to first describe the influence of cavitation on the mass flow and thereafter using a conservation law for the mass. This leads to a nonlinear system with two complementary variables: one is the pressure distribution and the other is related to the density, i.e. a nonlinear complementarity problem (NLCP). The proposed approach is used to derive a mass conserving cavitation model considering that density, viscosity and film thickness of the lubricant depend on the pressure. To demonstrate the applicability and evaluate the proposed model and the suggested numerical implementation, a few model problems are analysed and presented.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"Andreas Almqvist and Peter Wall",authors:[{id:"181745",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Almqvist",slug:"andreas-almqvist",fullName:"Andreas Almqvist"},{id:"185675",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Wall",slug:"peter-wall",fullName:"Peter Wall"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69687",title:"Modeling of Creep Deformation and Creep Fracture",slug:"modeling-of-creep-deformation-and-creep-fracture",totalDownloads:1e3,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter reports the recent progresses in (1) the development of a modified hyperbolic sine law able to depict the minimum creep strain rate over a wider range of stress levels; (2) the development of the creep fracture criterion and model based on the cavity area fraction along grain boundary calibrated with the most representative and comprehensive cavitation data obtained from X-ray synchrotron investigation; and (3) the development of mesoscopic composite approach modeling of creep deformation and creep damage. The first progress facilitates to overcome the difficulty in creep deformation modeling caused by stress breakdown phenomenon; the second progress is of a really scientifically sound and fundamental new approach, first in the world; the third progress provides the concept and tool, at the appropriate size scale, for the modeling of the creep deformation and creep fracture. They all contribute to the specific knowledge and new methodology to the topic area. Furthermore, it is expected that cavitation fracture modeling methodology reported here will find use in the analysis and modeling of other types of failure such as ductile and fatigue failure. This chapter presents an excellent example of interdisciplinary collaborative research and it advocates further such collaboration in its conclusion.",book:{id:"9265",slug:"strength-of-materials",title:"Strength of Materials",fullTitle:"Strength of Materials"},signatures:"Qiang Xu and Zhongyu Lu",authors:[{id:"308353",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"qiang-xu",fullName:"Qiang Xu"},{id:"319445",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"zhongyu-lu",fullName:"Zhongyu Lu"}]},{id:"66810",title:"Free Vibration of Axially Functionally Graded Beam",slug:"free-vibration-of-axially-functionally-graded-beam",totalDownloads:1160,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Axially functionally graded (AFG) beam is a special kind of nonhomogeneous functionally gradient material structure, whose material properties vary continuously along the axial direction of the beam by a given distribution form. There are several numerical methods that have been used to analyze the vibration characteristics of AFG beams, but it is difficult to obtain precise solutions for AFG beams because of the variable coefficients of the governing equation. In this topic, the free vibration of AFG beam using analytical method based on the perturbation theory and Meijer G-Function are studied, respectively. First, a detailed review of the existing literatures is summarized. Then, based on the governing equation of the AFG Euler-Bernoulli beam, the detailed analytic equations are derived on basis of the perturbation theory and Meijer G-function, where the nature frequencies are demonstrated. Subsequently, the numerical results are calculated and compared, meanwhile, the analytical results are also confirmed by finite element method and the published references. The results show that the proposed two analytical methods are simple and efficient and can be used to conveniently analyze free vibration of AFG beam.",book:{id:"8844",slug:"mechanics-of-functionally-graded-materials-and-structures",title:"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures",fullTitle:"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures"},signatures:"Dongxing Cao, Bin Wang, Wenhua Hu and Yanhui Gao",authors:[{id:"283678",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongxing",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"dongxing-cao",fullName:"Dongxing Cao"},{id:"295692",title:"Mr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"bin-wang",fullName:"Bin Wang"},{id:"295693",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wenhua-hu",fullName:"Wenhua Hu"},{id:"295694",title:"Mr.",name:"Yanhui",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"yanhui-gao",fullName:"Yanhui Gao"}]},{id:"51522",title:"Friction and Wear in Automotive Journal Bearings Operating in Today’s Severe Conditions",slug:"friction-and-wear-in-automotive-journal-bearings-operating-in-today-s-severe-conditions",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"A current trend in the transport sector seeks to increase the vehicle efficiency and to cut fuel consumption which leads to new technologies and advancements in modern and future combustion engines. Some of these technical progresses lead to highly stressed engine parts and new challenges arise, particularly for journal bearings. The increasing thermal and mechanical load caused by downsized and turbocharged engines, friction reduction by employing low-viscosity lubricants and other emission reduction measures—for utilizing stop-start systems—put additional stress on the crankshaft journal bearings. This contribution focuses on highly stressed journal bearings which operate in the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Therefore, measurements on a journal bearing test-rig are performed which allow an extensive verification of the numerical investigation. For the numerical analysis of friction and wear, a mixed elasto-hydrodynamic simulation approach is developed, which considers the elastic deformation of the contacting components, the complex rheological behaviour of the lubricant and metal-metal contact if the lubricant is unable to separate the contacting surfaces. Both the rheological data and the surface roughness parameters are obtained from measurements. The current challenges are studied in four application-oriented examples and the influencing parameters on a reliable friction and wear prediction are explored.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David E. Sander, Hannes Allmaier and Hans-Herwig Priebsch",authors:[{id:"151052",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Allmaier",slug:"hannes-allmaier",fullName:"Hannes Allmaier"},{id:"151317",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:"E.",surname:"Sander",slug:"david-sander",fullName:"David Sander"},{id:"188490",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Herwig",middleName:null,surname:"Priebsch",slug:"hans-herwig-priebsch",fullName:"Hans-Herwig Priebsch"}]},{id:"70512",title:"Residual Stress Modeling and Deformation Measurement in Laser Metal Deposition Process",slug:"residual-stress-modeling-and-deformation-measurement-in-laser-metal-deposition-process",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Direct metal deposition (DMD) has become very popular within the space of rapid manufacturing and repair. Its capability of producing fully dense metal parts with complex internal geometries, which could not be easily achieved by traditional manufacturing approaches, has been well demonstrated. However, the DMD process usually comes with high thermal gradients and high heating and cooling rates, leading to residual stresses and the associated deformation, which can have negative effect on product integrity. This paper studies the features of thermal stress and deformation involved in the DMD process by constructing a 3-D, sequentially coupled, thermomechanical, finite element model to predict both the thermal and mechanical behaviors of the DMD process of Stainless Steel 304 (SS 304). A set of experiments were then conducted to validate deformation using a laser displacement sensor. Comparisons between the simulated and experimental results show good agreement. This model can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of products fabricated by the DMD process and to help with the optimization of design and manufacturing parameters.",book:{id:"8457",slug:"new-challenges-in-residual-stress-measurements-and-evaluation",title:"New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation"},signatures:"Heng Liu and Frank Liou",authors:[{id:"101869",title:"Prof.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Liou",slug:"frank-liou",fullName:"Frank Liou"},{id:"292019",title:"Mr.",name:"Heng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"heng-liu",fullName:"Heng Liu"}]},{id:"67088",title:"Epoxy Adhesives",slug:"epoxy-adhesives",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and curing agent. Epoxy adhesives are supplied in both one-component package and two-component package depending on curing agent used and curing method applied. Two-component epoxy adhesives are prepared by packing epoxy composition and curing agent composition separately. They cure soon after mixing the two components together. Almost all room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are supplied in two-component package. One-component epoxy adhesives are prepared and supplied by mixing all formulated components in advance including epoxy resin and curing agent. One-component epoxy adhesives usually need cure at elevated temperature and store at low temperature in a refrigerator or even freezer. Epoxy adhesives have been widely used as typical reactive adhesives for various applications ranging from general industry, construction, electronics assembly, automobile production to aerospace market. Typical room temperature cure epoxy adhesives, thermal cure epoxy adhesives and UV cure epoxy adhesives are introduced in detail.",book:{id:"7679",slug:"adhesives-and-adhesive-joints-in-industry-applications",title:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications",fullTitle:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications"},signatures:"Chunfu Chen, Bin Li, Masao Kanari and Daoqiang Lu",authors:[{id:"234454",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunfu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chunfu-chen",fullName:"Chunfu Chen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"817",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe Business and Management series topic focuses on the most pressing issues confronting organizations today and in the future. Businesses are trying to figure out how to lead in a time of global uncertainty. In emerging markets, issues such as ill-defined or unstable policies, as well as corrupt practices, can be hugely problematic. Changes in governments can result in new policy, regulations, and interest rates, all of which can be detrimental to foreign businesses and investments. A growing trend towards economic nationalism also makes the current global political landscape potentially hostile towards international businesses.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe demographic shifts are creating interesting challenges. People are living longer, resulting to an aging demographic. We have a large population of older workers and retirees who are living longer lives, combined with a declining birthrate in most parts of the world. Businesses of all types are looking at how technology is affecting their operations. Several questions arise, such as: How is technology changing what we do? How is it transforming us internally, how is it influencing our clients and our business strategy? It is about leveraging technology to improve efficiency, connect with customers more effectively, and drive innovation. The majority of innovative companies are technology-driven businesses. Realizing digital transformation is today’s top issue and will remain so for the next five years. Improving organizational agility, expanding portfolios of products and services, creating, and maintaining a culture of innovation, and developing next -generation leaders were also identified as top challenges in terms of both current and future issues.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe most sustained profitable growth occurs when a company expands its core business into an adjacent space. This has significant implications for management because innovation in business ecosystems differs from traditional, vertically integrated firms. Every organization in the ecosystem must be aware of the bigger picture. Innovation in ecosystems necessitates collaborative action to invent and appraise, efficient, cross-organizational knowledge flows, modular architectures, and good stewardship of legacy systems. It is built on multiple, interconnected platforms. Environmental factors have already had a significant impact in the West and will continue to have an impact globally. Businesses must take into account the environmental impact of their daily operations. The advantage of this market is that it is expected to grow more rapidly than the overall economy. Another significant challenge is preparing the next generation of leaders to elevate this to the number one priority within the next five years. There can be no culture of innovation unless there is diverse leadership or development of the next generation of leaders; and these diverse, next-generation leaders are the ones who will truly understand the digital strategies that will drive digital transformation.
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His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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