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Wines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71627",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",body:'In the last decades, the use of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) has become indispensable in the food industry. This substance is widely applied as antioxidant and antibacterial in many processed foods, being the most preservative used in the wine industry. In wines, SO2 prevents undesirable sensory properties and the spoilage of wines produced by chemical or microbiological agents. However, in recent times, it has been shown that the intake of SO2 implicates a wide range of adverse health consequences, such as allergic reactions and cumulative harmful effects [1]. Therefore, negative perceptions toward sulfites have been induced, and a significant increase on the demand of wines with low content of SO2 has been displayed by consumers in the last years [2]. For this reason, reducing the amount of SO2 in wines is a decisive strategy for the wine industry and one of the current topics on the oenological science.
In wines, SO2 is composed by total SO2, bound SO2, free SO2, and molecular SO2. Proper adjustment of the SO2 dosage is difficult because it depends on the equilibrium between its free and bound forms. The active form is molecular SO2, which depends on the concentration of free SO2 and the pH [3]. This active form has the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In terms of antimicrobial, an insufficient addition of SO2 will not ensure the wine protection, increasing the risk of yeast and bacteria proliferation. In terms of antioxidant, an inadequate dosage will allow an excessive oxidation of aromas and flavors, compromising the quality of wines [4]. Contrary, excessive dosages in wines may cause organoleptic alterations and also health reactions in consumers. Taking this into account, the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) has progressively reduced the maximum limits of the total SO2 in wines, which is nowadays 150 mg/L for red wines and 200 mg/L for white wines, with some exceptions depending on the sugar content (Regulation (EC) No 607/2009).
Today, there is not a commercial product or recipe able to replace the widespread SO2 actions. Consequently, diverse technological strategies should be considered by winemakers in each stage of the winemaking process, according to the type of wine to be produced and the winery capabilities. From our point of view, these strategies should be addressed from three joint perspectives; microbiological strategies, physical technologies, and chemical treatments. In this sense, the Wine Technology Centre (VITEC) has been working in this research field since 2012. Our studies have been focused in red and white wines, especially regarding Tempranillo and Albariño grape varieties.
From a microbiological point of view, many factors should be taken into account to reduce the quantity of SO2 in wines. First, it should be considered that an endogenous content of SO2 is naturally produced by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. Second, grape juice composition, yeast nutrition, and fermentation management may strongly influence the ability of yeasts to produce sulfites. Finally, microbiological stability of the SO2-free wines remains uncertain yet.
As mentioned above, the European Union regulates the levels of total sulfites in wines following the Regulation (EC) 607/2009. Therefore, wines must be labeled with the indication “contains sulfites,” when the total content of SO2 is over 10 mg/L, either exogenous or endogenous. Most organisms produce sulfites as a normal intermediate during digestion or synthesis of the sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine [5]. Sulfites are minor by-products of yeast fermentation, and therefore, they are natural wine constituents. The ability of yeasts to form SO2 has been reported in different types of wines and geographical areas, and it was known long time ago and investigated intensively over the years [6, 7].
One of the most important factors to elaborate SO2-free wines is the choice of the suitable yeast strains used for the development of the alcoholic fermentation. During winemaking process, sulfur (naturally available as sulfate in grape juice) is used by yeasts in the synthesis of amino acids. In particular,
In the last years, the use of yeast strains with a low capacity to produce SO2 has been one of the most used strategies to reduce the amount of SO2 in wines [15]. Several studies have compared the amount of SO2 produced during alcoholic fermentation by different commercial and indigenous yeast strains. In 1985, Suzzi et al. [13] investigated the biological sulfite role in the stabilization of white wines by comparing 1700 strains of
The formation of SO2 by yeasts is influenced by a complex interaction of genetic, physiochemical, and metabolic factors. H2S is one of the most undesirable metabolites derived from the alcoholic fermentations due to its unpleasant smell and taste. It should be noted that the biosynthesis and the production of H2S and SO2 are linked [18, 19]. As occurs in the case of SO2, the formation of H2S varies widely depend on the yeast strains [20, 21]. The release of H2S by yeast during the fermentation is a long-standing problem that has been extensively studied in comparison to the SO2 production. There has been an ever-growing interest in wine yeasts with low production in H2S. The selection of suitable strains has so far been the principal way of limiting excessive H2S formation. Other engineering strategies have been used for limiting its production, which generally consisted of overexpression or inactivation of some genes involved in the sulfate reduction pathway [22, 23, 24].
Both sulfites and hydrogen sulfides are produced during the biosynthesis of the sulfur containing amino acids, methionine, and cysteine, starting from sulfate assimilation. Given the metabolic link between H2S and SO2, such kind of biotechnological and engineering strategies firstly applied to reduce H2S production could also be applied to decrease SO2 formation by yeasts. Nonetheless, few works have been aimed to obtain both low SO2 and low H2S production. Three strains with low SO2 production (SO2 < 10 mg/L) and with reduced H2S production were selected by De Vero et al [25]. These authors proposed a strategy that combines sexual recombination and specific selective pressure to generate nongenetically-modified
Biplot performed by 74 wines produced from Tempranillo and Albariño musts.
In addition, the supplementation of musts with amino acids can significantly affect SO2 and H2S production depending on the amount added, the time of addition, and the nitrogen concentration [26, 28]. Individual amino acids such as methionine, cysteine, asparagine, and arginine have been shown to influence sulfite formation [18, 28]. Higher the concentration of methionine and cysteine in the grape must, lower the formation of SO2 [6]. Under ammonia limitations, the addition of nonsulfur amino acids tended to increase the formation of SO2 (but inhibits the formation of H2S). The addition of cysteine seems to increase the H2S content but inhibits the sulfite formation, and the addition of methionine inhibits both SO2 and H2S formation [28]. More recently, it was stated that methionine repressed the cysteine-induced increase in the H2S production but had no effect on the formation of SO2. Both compounds were produced in greater quantities by yeast when grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of cysteine [18]. It has been reported that yeasts produce higher concentrations of SO2 under higher yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) quantities [7, 29]. The supplementation on nitrogen using ammonium salts (sulfate or phosphate) allows higher growth rates and biomass yielding and also the stimulation of the fermentative activity [30, 31]. The addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP) significantly decreases H2S production and improves the kinetics of fermentation and aroma profile of wine [32]. In the last 5 years, VITEC has been studying the effect of ammonium sulfate and DAP addition on the amount of SO2 produced by yeast along of the alcoholic fermentation. Results obtained showed that the addition of the N-sources slightly increases the total content of SO2 in wines. The addition of ammonium sulfates and DAP using low sulfite-forming strains to ferment musts showed no significant differences. In the case of musts fermented by “high sulfite-forming” strains, the addition of DAP significantly increased the total content of SO2 [33].
Other important consideration to elaborate SO2-free wines is the management of the alcoholic fermentation. In this sense, it has been stated that temperature has several effects on biochemical and physiological properties in yeast cells. Some changes in the sulfur assimilation pathway by
From a physical point of view, different technologies have been used to ensure the wine microbiological stability and to prevent oxidations [37]. The main advantage of using physical methods is the nonaddition of chemical substances that may affect human health. By these technologies, the preservation of the organoleptic properties of wines and the antimicrobial effect should be produced at the same time. Pulsed electric fields (PEF), ultraviolet radiation (UV), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), and flash-pasteurization lead an antimicrobial result, while the use of ultrasounds (US) or inert gases does not share this property [38, 39, 40, 41]. The PEF consists in the application of short electric pulses of high intensity between two electrodes, producing electroporation of the cell membranes increasing their permeability. It has been shown that this technique is effective to inactivate both bacteria and yeasts [42]. Thus, PEF may be applied to eliminate undesirable microorganisms at different winemaking stages, for example, before bottling. It has been stated that the treatments with PEF also reduces the activity of enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, increases the extraction of phenolic compounds and affects the aromas of white wines [42, 43]. VITEC has evaluated the antimicrobial effect of PEF, HHP, US, and EMR (electromagnetic radiation). Figure 2 shows the obtained results after the quantification of viable yeasts and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in Petri dishes culture. The PEF conditions were electric field 35 kV/cm, voltage 23 kV, pulse rate 0.65 kHz, pulse duration 2.5 μS, initial conductivity 5.04 mS/cm, flow 25 l/h, and initial temperature 20.8°C. The PEF 1 and PEF 2 differed on the final temperature of the treatment which was 23 and 31°C, respectively. Worthy results of PEF as antimicrobial technique were obtained, although high colony-forming units of yeast were observed in the case of PEF 1.
Evaluation of different physical treatments in Tempranillo and Albariño wines (at the end of the alcoholic fermentation) by the quantification of viable yeasts and acetic acid bacteria in Petri dishes culture (cfu, colony forming units).
The use of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) was evaluated in our studies at different pressures (from 400 to 600 MPa) and times (1, 3, 5, and 10 min). HHP results showed that the inhibition of microorganism by this methodology depends not only on the time and pressure applied but also on the variety and the type of microorganisms (Figure 2). Tempranillo and Albariño yeast growth were inhibited by all pressures and times applied. However, in the case of acetic acid bacteria, the HHP treatment was very efficient for Tempranillo but not for Albariño wines. Even so, low levels of viable AAB (102 cfu/100 mL) were found. According to Bartowsky et al. [44], AAB populations from either spoiled or unspoiled wines ranged between 102 and 103 cfu/mL. According to the literature, pressures above 700 MPa may inhibit the polyphenol oxidase, although lower values of pressure are enough to inactivate yeasts and bacteria [45]. In our experiments, HHP results as a very effective technique against yeast and lactic acid bacteria and a lesser extent against AAB. At the studied conditions, HPP and PEF showed a noteworthy preservation of the organoleptic properties of wines (data not shown), according to other authors [45, 46, 47].
Other techniques, such as ultrasounds (US) and EMR, were also evaluated. The EMR is one of the most recent physical technologies evaluated in wines, which has shown a good potential in food processing, such as fruits, vegetables, and juices. This technique allows increasing the wine temperature for a short time period without any external heating source. EMR allows achieving the reduction of microorganisms with low effect on the organoleptic properties of wines, when compared with other heating techniques, such as flash pasteurization. However, recently studies have shown that the application of lower power microwave exposures may increase the growth of
In general, all the physical treatments assessed clearly affect the viability of lactic acid bacteria in Tempranillo and Albariño varieties. In both cases, only viable lactic acid bacteria were detected in the control (data not shown). The employed treatments reduced the viability of yeasts and lactic and acetic acid bacteria. However, in this study, both US and EMR were not effective enough to reduce the population of viable acetic acid bacteria. According to the results, AAB were more resistant to the treatments than lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Regarding techniques, a higher antimicrobial effect of HHP and EMR was observed in comparison to the other methodologies employed. Besides, some wines produced by US and EMR showed oxidation characteristics. As occurred in the antimicrobial assays, the optimization of methods and experimental conditions is an imperative action to avoid adverse effects on the sensory quality of wines. It should be noted that some of these physical techniques are commonly used in food industry, but their implementation on the wine sector is so far to be available for a daily work routine, mainly due to economic and technique questions.
The oxidation is one of the main processes that affect SO2-free wines. Apart from the mentioned technologies and despite of its antimicrobial effect is limited, the use of inert gases is more and more applied throughout the winemaking process. The oxygen control by the management of the inert gases during the winemaking process must be considered because they have an important impact on the organoleptic properties. Caps are the ultimate physical barrier to preserve wines during storage, and so their oxygen permeability should be considered. The long-term protection is one of the most concerns for wineries in bottled wines with reduced SO2 content [50]. The assays carried out in VITEC using argon and carbon dioxide showed valuable sensory results (Figure 3). The SO2-free red wines produced by the use of Ar and CO2 showed higher significant color intensity, tannic intensity, and dryness. Greater aroma intensity and mouthfeel were also found, although values did not show significant differences. In general, Tempranillo-bottled SO2-free wines obtained higher global punctuations than wines with SO2 addition.
Comparison of the sensory evaluation of Tempranillo wines elaborated using argon (Ar), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). * Significant differences by HSD Tukey test (
The oxygen control during all the production process of this type of wines is an imperative engagement. It is important to take into account that wines without sulfite addition are exposed to physicochemical and microbiological alterations. Considering the techniques available in any winery, to avoid microbiological alterations, sterilizing filtration may be an alternative. However, this technique could reduce the sensorial quality of the wine because it is a very oxidative process. To ensure a correct conservation of the SO2-free wines, the amount of oxygen incorporated into wine should be controlled, especially at bottling, where concentrations from 0.2 to 4 mg/L may be incorporated, depending on conditions [51]. The amount of oxygen incorporated at bottling is the sum of the dissolved oxygen and the headspace oxygen, which is called TPO (total packaged oxygen). By our experience, between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L of dissolved O2 is usually incorporated at this process. Moreover, the oxygen in the headspace changes depending on the type of closure. In submerged caps, the headspace height is commonly 1–2 cm, and the normal values of dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.5 mg/L (with the use of inert gases) to 2 mg/L (without inertization). In the case of screw caps, the headspace height is higher, about 4 to 6 cm, and the oxygen values ranged from 2 to 6 mg/L. In summary, in submerged caps, values of TPO around 1 or 2 mg/L could be optimum, but values over 3 mg/L are not suitable. In screw caps, TPO values around 2.5 mg/L are optimum, but values over 7 mg/L are not suitable. The type of caps employed not only changes the amount of oxygen incorporated at bottling but also is the ultimate barrier physic to protect wines during the storage period. Thus, a correct cap should be selected depending on the type of wine, and also its permeability to oxygen should be measured to estimate the optimum storage period. The measure of the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) helps to carried out these purposes. Figure 4 shows “high” and “low” oxygen permeability of different types of caps measured in VITEC by the MOCON® equipment. The OTR measurement corresponds to two natural corks stoppers. As can be seen in the figure, the cork stopper represented in green reached the stability of the oxygen permeability at 24 h, while the stopper represented in red did not reach this stability until the third day. Moreover, once reached the stability, the values of OTR were 4 times higher for “red” stopper than for “green”. It can be also observed a great decrease in the case of the “red” stopper, likely due to higher content of oxygen inside of the cork and therefore higher porosity.
Representative oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of caps with different oxygen permeability.
The addition of chemical substances to wines is the most used alternative to reduce the SO2 addition in wines. Over the years, the addition of several chemical substances has been allowed by the OIV with different purposes. Accordingly, new antioxidant and antimicrobial additives have been evaluated as possible alternatives to the use of the SO2 [37, 52]. Particularly, the addition of dry yeasts enriched in glutathione, chitosan, and dimethyl dicarbonate, and different hydrolyzed and condensed tannins were evaluated by our research group. The most relevant results and some considerations related to these practices are summarized below.
In the last years, the potential application of glutathione (GSH) has increased the attention of many winemakers and researchers. The addition of reduced glutathione to grape juices or wines is allowed by OIV up to 20 mg/L (OIV OENO 445/2015). The use of GSH in the wine production was reviewed in 2013 by several authors [36, 53]. Following studies also demonstrated that the combination of SO2 and GSH involves a notable protective effect in wines [54]. Recent studies have shown that the addition of glutathione-rich dry inactivated yeast to grape juices modifies the white wine aroma influencing the concentrations of some volatile compounds and precursors with some benefits on its preservation [55, 56, 57]. The GSH amount of wine changes depending on the winemaking period. Hence, this compound decreases after wine aging and storage; at pressing could increase its content up to 20 times [58].
Chitosan is a natural polymer formed by deacetylation of chitin, which has a wide range of applications in different field research, such as agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industry, among others [59]. The use of this polysaccharide in oenology was approved in 2009 by the OIV to fining musts (OIV-OENO 336A-2009). Moreover, it also used as antimicrobial and antioxidant. Chitosan allows the growth of
Viable yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) quantified in Petri dishes culture (cfu; colony-forming units) from Tempranillo wines before and after a treatment with chitosan (10 g/hL). *Significant differences by HSD Tukey test (
Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) was also accepted by European Union to be used in wine with a maximum limit amount of 200 mg/L (Regulation (EC) No 643/2006). DMDC is an organic chemical compound, which acts inhibiting the growth of microorganisms [9, 66]. When it is added to wines, it is quickly transformed to methanol and produces certain content on methyl and alkyl carbonates as products reaction by polyphenols or organic acids. These products are usually found at a low concentration, and so the quality of wine, flavors and aromas, should not be affected [67]. DMDC seems to be more effective against yeasts than against bacteria, although its activity depends on several factors, such as the pH [66, 67, 68]. In this sense, Figure 6 shows the results obtained by the addition of DMDC to Albariño musts. The above-mentioned antimicrobial effect can be observed in yeast, LAB, and AAB. However and as occurred with chitosan, DMDC treatment was clearly more effective in yeasts than in bacteria.
Viable yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) quantified in Petri dishes culture (cfu, colony-forming units) from Albariño musts treated with dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC = 20 g/hL). *Significant differences by HSD Tukey test (
The addition of oenological tannins to wine is an accepted practice by the OIV (OENO 12/2002 and revisions OENO 5/2008, OENO 6/2008, OENO 352/2009, and OENO 554/2015), which mainly aims the color stabilization and the improvement of the wine mouthfeel and flavor. Quite a few studies have evaluated the influence of the tannin addition on the chemical and sensory properties of wines. However, the results obtained are not as promising as expected. In 2005, Bautista-Ortiz et al. [69] did not observe any improvement on the chromatic and sensory properties of wines treated with different oenological tannins. Harbertson and co-workers [70] observed that some additions may be unjustified and have limited or negative impacts on the wine quality. A wide range of commercial tannins exists on the market; nonetheless, a lack of information about the composition and origin of the product is a common pattern. This fact could lead to technological problems according to the expected final wine [71]. The antioxidant properties of tannins, with related health beneficial effects, and their benefits when added to wines are also well known [72]. Both characteristics make tannins a very attractive alternative to the use of SO2 in wine. Some studies showed hopeful results when mixed with antimicrobials, such as lysozyme [17, 73]. The studies carried out in VITEC have recently shown that the addition of tannins mixed with glutathione may be an effective alternative to the use of SO2 [74]. Figure 7 shows the sensory analysis of Tempranillo wines with addition of grape seed tannins (ST), grape skin tannins (SKT), oak tannins (OAK), and tara tannins (GAL). In general, the sensory profiles of wines produced with the addition of different tannins were similar (and even better) than wines elaborated by addition of SO2. Significant higher color intensity was observed between control and treated wines. Treated wines also obtained significant dryness and tannic intensity. Astringency and mouthfeel reached higher values but not significant. Lower persistence and higher aroma intensity can also be observed. Low differences between treatments were found, which may be due not only to the different quantity of tannins added but also to their qualitative profile. Recent studies performed by other authors have confirmed the importance of the anthocyanin/tannin ratio on the wine oxidation process and especially on the acetaldehyde formation. Wines with higher tannin addition showed lower production of acetaldehyde [75].
Sensory profile of Tempranillo wines elaborated by different enological tannin additions to grape juices. SO2: Wine control. ST: Grape seed tannins (40 g/hL), SKT: Grape skin tannins (30 g/hL), GAL: Tara tannin (20 g/hL), OAK: oak tannins (30 g/hL). *Significant differences by HSD Tukey test (
Other chemical substances, such as ascorbic acid and lysozyme, may also be able alternatives to SO2. Ascorbic acid has the ability to scavenge molecular oxygen before the oxidation of phenolic compounds occurs. It is a highly efficient antioxidant in combination with sulfur dioxide; nonetheless, a pro-oxidation effect may occur when the content of SO2 and ascorbic acid is low [76]. The reaction between ascorbic acid and oxygen results in dehydroascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which would be removed by sulfites. Under certain conditions, ascorbic acid both accelerates oxygen removal and reduces the O2:SO2 molar reaction ratio [4]. In wines, it is generally employed in winemaking stages with high oxygen dissolution, such as grape crushing, after racking or just before bottling. The addition of ascorbic acid in white wines improves color and flavor retention during bottling aging [77]. Certain carbonyl compounds, such as furfural, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and diacetyl, formed from the oxidation of ascorbic acid may involve the formation of brown pigments by reacting with phenolic compounds. Higher browning was observed in catechin model solutions containing ascorbic acid than in model solutions containing sulfite [78]. These oxidation products of ascorbic acid bind to SO2 reducing in some extent the ratio between free and total SO2 content [76]. The mixture of ascorbic acid together with SO2 seems to be a better antioxidant combination than the use of SO2 alone, avoiding the oxidation of wine and preserving the aroma profile. In white wines, ascorbic acid provides considerable protection against oxidation under conditions of low oxygen [79]. However, it should be highlighted that the impact of the addition of ascorbic acid to wine composition and sensory characters is far to be clarified [36, 77].
Lysozyme belongs to glycoside hydrolases, which is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of bonds between N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycans, and it is found in the cell walls of bacteria, especially in Gram-positive bacteria. These enzymes are therefore destructive to many bacteria like lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In winemaking, indigenous LAB, such as
The use of yeast strains with a low capacity to produce SO2, during the alcoholic fermentation is essential to reduce the final amount of SO2 in wines. Both commercial and indigenous yeasts strains can be used with this purpose. However, factors as grape juice composition, the management of the fermentation, and musts supplementation will be decisive. Different physical technologies and methodologies can be used to elaborate this type of wines. The replacement of the antioxidant and antimicrobial action of the SO2 is a complex mission. However, the combination of different physical techniques together with a good management of inert gases to control oxygen appears to be a suitable practice to achieve this purpose. In addition, some chemical treatments will help to complete the effects caused by these practices. In general, chemical treatments should be combined at different wine production stages to complete their respective actions. The combination of chemical additions even with SO2 may help to reduce its use during the winemaking. It should be noted that still today, there is a lack on the knowledge of the microbiological stability of SO2-free wines during the aging period. Therefore, more research is needed to better understand the effect of the low concentration of SO2 in wines as well as the use of new additives, especially regarding the wine stability after storage and the effects on the human health.
In summary, multidisciplinary approaches should be considered to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. The combination of microbiological strategies, physical methods, and chemical treatments becomes indispensable to achieve this ambitious purpose. Several yeast strains are able to generate low quantities of SO2 during alcoholic fermentations (<10 mg/L), and several physical and chemical treatments have shown their antioxidant and antimicrobial effect. Therefore, reducing the SO2 amount in wine production may be achieved. Nonetheless, more research should be done to adapt winemaking procedures according to the particular working conditions and the desired product of each winery.
Thanks are due to the Spanish MICINN for their financial support of VINNO_SO2 Project (Ref. IPT-2012-0967-060000). The authors also thank AGROVIN S.A. for supplying the yeast strains, Bodegas RODA S.A. (Haro, La Rioja, Spain) and Adegas Valmiñor S.L. (O Rosal, Pontevedra) for supplying the grape samples. We also thank Programa de Desenvolupament Rural de Catalunya 2014–2020 (N° expdte. 56 30032 2017 2A).
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The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordanting with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat subdued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan 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