Statistical analysis of groundwater parameters at Tehri District, Uttarakhand.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7348",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Voltammetry",title:"Voltammetry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Voltammetry is a very important electrochemical technique that is used to study electrode surface reactions. It helps scientists to understand the behavior of electrochemically active species and the performance of the material being investigated. Voltammetry is commonly used in different fields ranging from energy, sensing, and corrosion applications. It is mainly performed to acquire qualitative information about electrochemical reactions. The interpretation of voltammetric results differs from application to application. In this text, the fundamentals and theories of voltammetry are covered. This book aims at providing interpretations of voltammetric techniques as they are applied in different fields. The various types of voltammetry are covered, and the significance of each type is explained. The topic covered in this book include interpretation of voltammetry in energy, corrosion and sensing applications.",isbn:"978-1-78985-324-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-323-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-847-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75223",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"voltammetry",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"27acad9579f166df001d24b28c720e55",bookSignature:"Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato, Sandile Surprise Gwebu and Gugu Hlengiwe Mhlongo",publishedDate:"June 12th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7348.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10366,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"259515",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobanathi Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Maxakato",slug:"nobanathi-wendy-maxakato",fullName:"Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259515/images/system/259515.jpg",biography:"Dr. Maxakato is a Senior Lecturer and Researcher at the University of Johannesburg in the Department of Applied Chemistry. Her research field is Electrochemistry with a special interest in Fuel Cells. Her other fields of expertise are Nanotechnology and Materials Science.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"262057",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandile",middleName:null,surname:"Surprise Gwebu",slug:"sandile-surprise-gwebu",fullName:"Sandile Surprise Gwebu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/262057/images/system/262057.jpeg",biography:"Sandile Surprise Gwebu is a Researcher at the University of Johannesburg in the Department of Applied Chemistry. Her research work includes the preparation and electrochemical characterization of alcohol fuel cell electrocatalysts.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"137180",title:"Dr.",name:"Gugu Hlengiwe",middleName:null,surname:"Mhlongo",slug:"gugu-hlengiwe-mhlongo",fullName:"Gugu Hlengiwe Mhlongo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137180/images/system/137180.png",biography:"Prof Mhlongo is a Physicist. She is a Senior Researcher and characterization facility Manager at CSIR- National Centre for Nano-Structured Materials (NCNSM), South Africa. Her research interests include synthesis and characterization of nanostructured composites for use in numerous fields including energy, health, and safety amongst many.",institutionString:"Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"480",title:"Electrochemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-electrochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"65380",title:"Cyclic Voltammetry and Its Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83451",slug:"cyclic-voltammetry-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cyclic voltammetry is a versatile method for scientific investigation and innovation due to the fact that most processes involve electron transfer, which makes them be able to be monitored by this technique. Its uses cover characterization, synthesis, mechanisms, and analysis. In all applications, the technique can work well with a large variety of compounds including organic, inorganic, polymer, films, and semiconductors, among others. Furthermore, the method operates satisfactorily whether in a direct or an indirect approach. It can be considered to be an essential part at the very beginning that leads further to the grand project. As an analytical tool, it plays an important role in not only chemistry but also other involving areas. This review sheds the light on the way the technique proves to become one of the important instruments in research, development, and application labs.",signatures:"Pipat Chooto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65380",authors:[{id:"197984",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pipat",surname:"Chooto",slug:"pipat-chooto",fullName:"Pipat Chooto"}],corrections:null},{id:"63917",title:"Tips of Voltammetry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81341",slug:"tips-of-voltammetry",totalDownloads:2490,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Theories of cyclic voltammetry, AC-impedance techniques, and the double-layer capacitive currents are described concisely to touch their principles. Applications of the theory to experimental data do not always lead to reasonable interpretation consistent with other techniques. Several tips are presented not only in the experimental viewpoint but also in a perspective of the data analysis. Most of them are devoted to cyclic voltammetry. They include shape of voltammograms, information from peak currents and peak potentials, criteria of diffusion and adsorption controls, the static and the dynamic numbers of electrons, handling of reference and counter electrodes, usage of AC impedance, concepts of heterogeneous charge-transfer rates, and combination with data by scanning probe microscope. They belong partially to recommendation and prohibition.",signatures:"Koichi Jeremiah Aoki and Jingyuan Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63917",authors:[{id:"263291",title:"Prof.",name:"Koichi",surname:"Aoki",slug:"koichi-aoki",fullName:"Koichi Aoki"},{id:"263292",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingyuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"jingyuan-chen",fullName:"Jingyuan Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"63960",title:"Cyclic Voltammetry of Phthalocyanines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81392",slug:"cyclic-voltammetry-of-phthalocyanines",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phthalocyanines and their related compounds possess similar structures as porphyrins. They have been used as green to blue dyes and pigments since their discovery. In this decade, they are known to be utilized in important functional colorants for many fields such as catalyst, laser light absorbers in data storage systems, electro-charge carriers in photocopies, photo-antenna device in photosynthesis, photovoltaic cells and photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT). The functions are attributed to high electron transfer abilities of phthalocyanines. Cyclic voltammograms were carried out for phthalocyanines in order to estimate their electron transfer abilities and electrochemical mechanism.",signatures:"Keiichi Sakamoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63960",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64412",title:"Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization of Chemically Modified Electrodes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81752",slug:"electrochemical-preparation-and-characterization-of-chemically-modified-electrodes",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will focus on the use of electropolymerization schemes and reactions to modify electrode surfaces with organo- and organometallic compounds such as metal(II)-4, 9, 16, 23-tetraminophthalocyanines and metal complexes of 5-amino-1, 10-phenanthroline. The chemical modification described herein focuses on the formation of polymer films on electrode surfaces. In addition, the characterization of such films using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy will be a key emphasis within this chapter. A brief review of the literature concerning these techniques along with relevant compounds that have been used in studies related to these voltammetric techniques is presented.",signatures:"Kenneth L. Brown",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64412",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63585",title:"Investigation of Electrochemical Pitting Corrosion by Linear Sweep Voltammetry: A Fast and Robust Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80980",slug:"investigation-of-electrochemical-pitting-corrosion-by-linear-sweep-voltammetry-a-fast-and-robust-app",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Generally, impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and polarographic methods are used to study the pitting corrosion of steel, stainless steel and many different alloys. But one can also use linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) to investigate the pitting corrosion phenomenon. LSV is having many advantages over other traditional methods; but more research should take place in this area to foreshorten the lacuna. It is an important electrochemical method that involves solid electrode, fixed potential and fast scan rate. The advantage of using LSV in determining the pitting corrosion is less time required in the order of few seconds, and there is no need of keeping the samples in NaCl or any other electrolytes for many months.",signatures:"Shashanka Rajendrachari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63585",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66897",title:"Carbon-Based Electrode Application for Determination and Differentiation of Chromium Ion Species Using Voltammetric Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85911",slug:"carbon-based-electrode-application-for-determination-and-differentiation-of-chromium-ion-species-usi",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have significantly different toxicological properties, with the latter being toxic for human health. The anodic stripping voltammetry using pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was developed to determine Cr(III), and it can measure the ion within linear range 12.5–75 ppm with 0.31 ppm detection limit, while adsorptive striping voltammetry was used to determine very low level of Cr(VI) using PGE with the addition of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The results indicate that Cr(VI) can give electrochemical response when adsorptive stripping voltammetry was used, and addition of DTPA gives a specific Cr(VI) peak at −0.65 V. A more advanced method was developed for the differentiation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) using gold nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNP-GCE). The AuNP-GCE was applied as electrochemical sensor for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) analysis. The electrode can differentiate Cr(VI) from Cr(III) using different conditions. Linear range for Cr(VI) determination using the method was between 0.050 and 0.250 μg/L, with detection limit of 2.38 ng/L, while for Cr(III), the linear range was between 0.500 and 75.000 ng/L, with detection limit of 0.010 ng/L. The study of other ions’ effects on the method showed that copper(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), and iron(III) do not interfere the measurement.",signatures:"Santhy Wyantuti, Safri Ishmayana, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy and Yeni Wahyuni Hartati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66897",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2527",title:"Electrophoresis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44069458b4335241ecb21d8198c177cd",slug:"electrophoresis",bookSignature:"Kiumars Ghowsi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2527.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145098",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiumars",surname:"Ghowsi",slug:"kiumars-ghowsi",fullName:"Kiumars Ghowsi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The Himalayan region has large river basins, and this categorizes it as having a dynamic hydrology which required scientific approaches to study the water resource management and planning at regional basis. Due to large-scale developmental activities along the river basin, the hydrology of the region is affected and hence the water quality. These development activities impact overall water balance of the region, which has a negative effect on various environmental factors like flora, fauna, soil, air, drinking water, and ultimately the human health. Water is a valuable natural resource which contains various suspended substances of organic matter and minerals.
Huge urbanization and drilling activities affect the land transformation, and hence surface water pollution impacts the quality of drinking water [1, 2]. In the indication of the water quality standards and the estimations of constituent concentrations, the laboratory processes and statistical methods are required, and worldwide researchers used the statistical analysis such as multiple linear regressions methods [3, 4, 5, 6]. Researches emphasize to examine the physical properties of surface water, and the constituent concentrations can be used for the assessment of water quality situation or water balance with analyzing the parameter deviation and water quality standards [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Modeling of surface water quality is carried out that assesses numerical indices using earth observation datasets and laboratory methods such as X-ray diffraction technique over Allahabad district, India [12]. It is observed that the statistical methods are capable of comparing the numerical indices. Contaminated quantity separation in the groundwater samples were also studied with numerical index approach and found to be significant for water parameter characterization [13, 14]. Remote sensing and GIS-based approaches along with ground-based dataset have also been applied to study the water quality parameters [15, 16].
Fractal dimension (FD) and laboratory methods together have been used to study the water quality, and the indices are calculated as the weighted average of all observations of interest [17]. Fractal theory has been widely applied on diverse types of datasets in hydrology, geophysics, and climate as well as in other research areas to identify the patterns in time series datasets for describing the irregular and complex behaviors of dynamic systems [18, 19, 20, 21]. The rainfall spatiotemporal variations are analyzed for flood seasons in China during 1958–2013 using Hurst exponent and concluded that the rainfall trends will persist in the future also having implications for the ecological restoration and farming operations [22]. Fractal approach has been applied to estimate the climatic indices for climatic variables (pressure, temperature, and rainfall) in the Himalayan foothill region [23]. Fractal dimension demonstrated significant variations from station to station with the values relatively closer to unity at high-altitude sites indicating better climate predictability than that of those over the low-altitude stations in the Himalayan foothills.
In this investigation fractal and statistical analysis is carried out to establish relationships among water parameters such as turbidity, chloride, ferrous, nitrate, pH, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, total dissolved salts (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate and to get the significant understanding of WQI. Fractal analysis improves the understanding of WQI especially in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas where 3D models show limitations in resolving the highly complex geographical topography. Despite the advantage with statistical modeling to inherit the effects of terrain and correlated variations among various meteorological parameters, comprehensive investigations of such statistical relationships among observed water quality parameters are lacking over the Himalayan foothills and needs to be studied in detail.
This study intends to carry out the statistical and fractal analysis of groundwater parameters to establish the relationship among the various indices and to understand the behavior of water quality indices (WQI) with the predictability index (PI), Hurst exponent (H), and fractal dimension (D). This study may offer the basic understanding of the WQI of different water parameters regarding the regional hydrogeochemical processes with the laboratory testing methods.
The state of Uttarakhand located in the lap of the central Himalayan region has been identified as a hotspot of anthropogenic stress and one of the most vulnerable regions for climate-mediated risks. The region provides water resources supporting millions of people in South Asia. During the last few decades, the central Himalayan region is observing the cascading effects of the climate change including rise in temperature, receding of glaciers, erratic precipitation patterns, etc. [24]. In the aforementioned scenario, the Himalayan region is receiving global scientific attention for glacier and water resource studies. However, available climate models often have limitation in resolving the highly complex geographical topography in this region which directly or indirectly impacts the water balance over the region. Hence, timely and accurate relationship of water indices using statistical methods inheriting the relationship among water parameters complements the understanding of the available water in the fragile ecosystem of the state of Uttarakhand.
The present study is carried out over the Tehri District of Uttarakhand. The detailed study area map (Figure 1) shows the location of the main rivers and drainages along the water quality parameters collected. The observations of water quality parameters used for the analysis are obtained through the website of the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, New Delhi, India.
(a) Data collection points and (b) drainage map of study area.
In this study, we compute the Hurst exponent, fractal dimensions, and the predictability index (PI) of water quality parameters such as (1) turbidity, (2) chloride, (3) ferrous, (4) nitrate, (5) pH, (6) calcium, (7) magnesium, (8) fluoride, (9) total dissolved salts (TDS), (10) alkalinity, (11) hardness, and (12) sulfate, at high-altitude Tehri stations in the Himalayan foothills using the fractal theory. Figure 2 shows the box plot of all the aforementioned 12 water parameters obtained for the study site. The irregular pattern in the WQI can be used in prediction purposes by analyzing its dynamic flow (i.e., chaotic, random, or deterministic structural pattern). Proper identification, classification, and mapping of water parameters of high-intensive and complex nature require frequent monitoring of these datasets especially in the context of drinking water.
Box plot showing the water quality parameters over the study site.
Water quality parameters have been analyzed using the numerical index, multivariate statistics, and earth observation datasets [25]. The average value, positional average, and the maximum frequency values in the series datasets are estimated with mean, median, and mode correspondingly. Variability of the sample datasets is measured with standard deviation, and peakedness is estimated by kurtosis. The symmetry between data points is estimated with skewness approaches. Coefficient of variation gives the extent of variability of data in a sample.
This analysis examines the influence of one or more independent variables on a dependent variable. The regression equation with dependent variable Y and independent variable X is represented as:
where C is a constant of integration [5]:
where σy and σx are standard deviation of variables Y and X, respectively, and Ψ(X), Ψ(Y), and Ψ(XY) are the expected value of variables X, Y, and XY, respectively.
The term fractal comes from the Latin word fractus means “fraction or broken”; the basic concept lies in the fact that fractals have a large degree of self-similarity within themselves which was coined by Benot Mandelbrot in 1975. Fractals are characterized by self-similarity property having similar characteristics when analyzed over a large range of scales, and individually a single entity will have similar characteristics to that of the whole fractal [26, 27]. Fractal dimension estimation from a fractal set has various methods due its simplicity and automatic computability. The box counting is one of the major categories of fractal analysis and the most used technique to analyze image features such as texture segmentation, shape classification, and graphic analysis in many fields [28, 29]. The variance and spectral methods are two other major categories of fractal dimension analysis of a time series that recognize the determinism and randomness in data [30]. To study the naturally complex features such as coastlines, river boundaries, mountains, and clouds, the fractal dimension analysis has also provided a mathematical model as a fractal geometry [31, 32]. The glacial and fluvial morphologies are distinguished by using an automated approach (i.e., multifractal). In previous study, a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) has been carried out to estimate the variation of elevation profile of glacial and fluvial landscapes [33]. It has been observed that glacial landscapes reveal more complex structure than that of the fluvial landscapes as indicated by fractal parameters, such as degree of multifractality, asymmetry index, etc. The basic definition of fractal dimension is the Hausdorff dimension; however, box counting or box dimension is another popular definition which is easy to calculate.
Hurst exponent (H) is used as a measure of long-term memory of time series and a real-valued time series defined as the exponent in the asymptotic scaling relation [30, 34]. The Hurst exponent and fractal dimension are also directly related to each other and indicate the roughness of a surface. The Hurst exponent’s value lies in a time series as persistent (0.5 < H ≤ 1) or anti-persistent (0 ≤ H < 0.5), and when the data are not intercorrelated, then H = 0.5 which implies that the series is unpredictable. This approach is used in various complex engineering fields as it provides statistical self-similarity relationship.
In terms of asymptotic scaling relation, the Hurst exponent of real-valued time series is defined as:
where C is a constant, angular brackets
The Hurst exponent H is calculated from rescaled range technique and can also be computed from wavelet method for the time series
If f(t) is a self-affine random process, “t” a position parameter (time or distance), a > 0 is a scale (dilatation) parameter, w(t) is a mother wavelet, and
is its shifted, dilatated, and scaled version, then the continuous wavelet transform of f(t) is defined as:
If the time series f(t) is self-affine, the variance of
When the exponent “δ” is between −1 and 3 (i.e., −1 ≤ δ ≤ 3), the Hurst exponent is defined as:
where FGN is the fractal Gaussian noise and FBM is the fractional Brownian motion. The Hurst exponent is linked with fractal dimension (D) and defined as:
Now the climate predictability index is given as:
If PI is close to zero, climate is unpredictable. The closer the PI to 1, the more predictable the climate is.
To distinguish the fresh and contaminated water and establish relationship between the parameters have become a major concern for environmentalists and health workers. And due to increased levels pollutants, it is very challenging for municipal authorities to make availability of clean drinking water especially in developing countries. The statistical relationship of water models depends on the dynamics of climatic as well as soil parameters and thermodynamic processes among the surface water parameters. The established statistical relationship among the various water quality parameters is shown in Table 1, which suggested that the variation among these parameters occurs due to variability in the originating environment and is affected by terrain conditions by which it flows down. In dynamic systems, this kind of response generates irregularity, which may show a random pattern of certain type. Figure 1 shows the box plot of the 12 water quality parameters over the study area. Table 2 shows the Hurst exponent (H) estimated through standard wavelet techniques and compared with regression equation, and coefficient of each water parameters shows whether they have Brownian time series (or true random walk) behavior with the other related parameters or not. The summary of the statistical and fractal analysis is shown in Table 2, and each WQI analysis is discussed subsequently.
Sr. No | Parameters | Mean | Median | Mode | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Coefficient of variation |
1 | Turbidity | 1.619 | 1.135 | 1.000 | 1.504 | 1.747 | 3.134 | 0.929 |
2 | Chloride | 3.114 | 0.000 | 3.983 | 5.009 | 1.528 | 1.387 | 1.609 |
3 | Ferrous | 0.266 | 0.190 | 0.000 | 1.031 | 11.713 | 150.451 | 3.881 |
4 | Nitrate | 2.663 | 2.200 | 0.000 | 2.097 | 1.011 | 1.165 | 0.787 |
5 | pH | 7.189 | 7.200 | 0.251 | 0.691 | −7.377 | 74.926 | 0.096 |
6 | Calcium | 40.656 | 33.100 | 0.000 | 39.952 | 2.841 | 11.549 | 0.983 |
7 | Magnesium | 30.725 | 22.000 | 0.000 | 50.368 | 9.567 | 127.310 | 1.639 |
8 | Fluoride | 0.283 | 0.240 | 0.000 | 0.266 | 0.768 | −0.157 | 0.941 |
9 | TDS | 107.008 | 80.150 | 55.000 | 116.571 | 1.781 | 3.376 | 1.089 |
10 | Alkalinity | 115.239 | 110.000 | 1.272 | 63.728 | 0.331 | −0.683 | 0.553 |
11 | Hardness | 136.661 | 144.500 | 95.000 | 102.589 | 1.494 | 8.679 | 0.751 |
12 | Sulfate | 14.564 | 8.800 | 0.000 | 17.161 | 2.400 | 7.224 | 1.178 |
Statistical analysis of groundwater parameters at Tehri District, Uttarakhand.
Y | Parameters-X | Regression equation | r2 | H | D (Fractal) | PI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turbidity | Chloride | y = −0.39645*x + 3.7212 | 0.014385 | 0.83198 | 1.168 | 0.66396 |
Ferrous | y = 0.12408*x + 0.065435 | 0.032746 | 1.5146 | 0.48536 | 2.0293 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.22208*x + 2.3121 | 0.02548 | 0.84779 | 1.1522 | 0.69558 | |
pH | y = 0.010597*x + 7.1721 | 0.000532 | 1.2259 | 0.77415 | 1.4517 | |
Calcium | y = 3.6487*x + 34.8722 | 0.018921 | 1.2706 | 0.72942 | 1.5412 | |
Magnesium | y = 2.8703*x + 26.1718 | 0.007351 | 1.2307 | 0.76928 | 1.4614 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.054962*x + 0.19432 | 0.097003 | 0.93987 | 1.0601 | 0.87973 | |
TDS | y = 15.5427*x + 81.9829 | 0.040221 | 0.85579 | 1.1442 | 0.71158 | |
Alkalinity | y = 13.4538*x + 93.5935 | 0.10097 | 0.82012 | 1.1799 | 0.64025 | |
Hardness | y = 12.7963*x + 116.0534 | 0.035196 | 1.2005 | 0.7995 | 1.401 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.8647*x + 13.2096 | 0.005754 | 0.90684 | 1.0932 | 0.81367 | |
Chloride | Turbidity | y = −0.036284*x + 1.7326 | 0.014385 | 0.99887 | 1.0011 | 0.99774 |
Ferrous | y = 0.0073198*x + 0.2440 | 0.001245 | 1.6072 | 0.39276 | 2.2145 | |
Nitrate | y = −0.094225*x + 2.9621 | 0.050117 | 0.98909 | 1.0109 | 0.97818 | |
pH | y = 0.017067*x + 7.1368 | 0.015072 | 1.1173 | 0.88266 | 1.2347 | |
Calcium | y = −0.18703*x + 41.362 | 0.000543 | 1.3236 | 0.6764 | 1.6472 | |
Magnesium | y = −1.4045*x + 35.148 | 0.019231 | 1.3891 | 0.61086 | 1.7783 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.0032535*x + 0.2733 | 0.003714 | 1.0405 | 0.95945 | 1.0811 | |
TDS | y = 5.7221*x + 89.5595 | 0.059563 | 0.9857 | 1.0143 | 0.9714 | |
Alkalinity | y = 3.5154*x + 104.5777 | 0.075324 | 0.92132 | 1.0787 | 0.84263 | |
Hardness | y = 3.3113*x + 126.6005 | 0.02575 | 1.3457 | 0.65428 | 1.6914 | |
Sulfate | y = 1.5794*x + 9.7489 | 0.20972 | 1.0341 | 0.96585 | 1.0683 | |
Ferrous | Turbidity | y = 0.2639*x + 1.5505 | 0.032746 | 0.40358 | 1.5964 | 0.19285 |
Chloride | y = 0.1701*x + 3.0332 | 0.001245 | 0.3567 | 1.6433 | 0.2866 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.21107*x + 2.6158 | 0.010822 | 0.52792 | 1.4721 | 0.055837 | |
pH | y = 0.018421*x + 7.1844 | 0.000756 | 0.80777 | 1.1922 | 0.61553 | |
Calcium | y = 4.7305*x + 39.5253 | 0.014954 | 0.66518 | 1.3348 | 0.33036 | |
Magnesium | y = 1.1981*x + 30.5048 | 0.000602 | 0.63682 | 1.3632 | 0.27364 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.012348*x + 0.28012 | 0.002302 | 0.50357 | 1.4964 | 0.007137 | |
TDS | y = −1.9056*x + 107.6835 | 0.000284 | 0.34176 | 1.6582 | 0.31647 | |
Alkalinity | y = 4.7751*x + 114.1275 | 0.005981 | 0.32296 | 1.677 | 0.35407 | |
Hardness | y = 5.5291*x + 135.3207 | 0.00309 | 0.50895 | 1.491 | 0.017901 | |
Sulfate | y = 2.2747*x + 14.0048 | 0.018721 | 0.42956 | 1.5704 | 0.14088 | |
Nitrate | Turbidity | y = 0.11474*x + 1.3143 | 0.02548 | 0.68125 | 1.3188 | 0.3625 |
Chloride | y = −0.53189*x + 4.4998 | 0.050117 | 0.662 | 1.338 | 0.324 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.051273*x + 0.12956 | 0.010822 | 1.5921 | 0.40791 | 2.1842 | |
pH | y = 0.049051*x + 7.0583 | 0.022056 | 1.3583 | 0.64173 | 1.7165 | |
Calcium | y = 5.7087*x + 25.5324 | 0.089649 | 1.1608 | 0.83923 | 1.3215 | |
Magnesium | y = 7.2362*x + 11.4886 | 0.090436 | 1.2002 | 0.7998 | 1.4004 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.033377*x + 0.19422 | 0.069242 | 0.92495 | 1.0751 | 0.84989 | |
TDS | y = −12.2844*x + 140.0001 | 0.048631 | 0.62589 | 1.3741 | 0.25179 | |
Alkalinity | y = 0.37421*x + 114.4004 | 0.000151 | 0.58893 | 1.4111 | 0.17786 | |
Hardness | y = 3.2928*x + 127.996 | 0.004511 | 0.91075 | 1.0892 | 0.82151 | |
Sulfate | y = −0.41289*x + 15.7144 | 0.002539 | 0.80191 | 1.1981 | 0.60382 | |
pH | Turbidity | y = 0.050188*x + 1.2601 | 0.000532 | 0.37731 | 1.6227 | 0.24538 |
Chloride | y = 0.88314*x + −3.2706 | 0.015072 | 0.28645 | 1.7135 | 0.4271 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.041021*x + −0.02835 | 0.000756 | 0.9331 | 1.0669 | 0.8662 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.44965*x + −0.56059 | 0.022056 | 0.52027 | 1.4797 | 0.040543 | |
Calcium | y = 4.7201*x + 6.8518 | 0.006686 | 0.66003 | 1.34 | 0.32006 | |
Magnesium | y = 4.6756*x + −2.7902 | 0.004119 | 0.65269 | 1.3473 | 0.30538 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.029938*x + 0.068174 | 0.006077 | 0.5019 | 1.5008 | 0.001615 | |
TDS | y = 1.682*x + 95.0834 | 9.95E-05 | 0.2787 | 1.7213 | 0.4426 | |
Alkalinity | y = 3.1687*x + 92.6195 | 0.001183 | 0.2732 | 1.7268 | 0.4536 | |
Hardness | y = 2.6385*x + 117.8255 | 0.000316 | 0.46067 | 1.5393 | 0.078657 | |
Sulfate | y = 2.1465*x + −0.82098 | 0.007486 | 0.39596 | 1.604 | 0.20807 | |
Calcium | Turbidity | y = 0.0051856*x + 1.4094 | 0.018921 | 0.65827 | 1.3417 | 0.31654 |
Chloride | y = −0.0029044*x + 3.197 | 0.000543 | 0.57117 | 1.4288 | 0.14234 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.0031612*x + 0.13763 | 0.014954 | 1.2934 | 0.70663 | 1.5867 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.015704*x + 2.0315 | 0.089649 | 0.7484 | 1.2516 | 0.4968 | |
pH | y = 0.0014165*x + 7.1316 | 0.006686 | 1.111 | 0.88902 | 1.222 | |
Magnesium | y = 0.69708*x + 2.3928 | 0.30508 | 0.97651 | 1.0235 | 0.95303 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.00093543*x + 0.24526 | 0.019771 | 0.74791 | 1.2521 | 0.49582 | |
TDS | y = −0.038294*x + 108.737 | 0.000172 | 0.56384 | 1.4362 | 0.12768 | |
Alkalinity | y = 0.62046*x + 90.0942 | 0.1511 | 0.53726 | 1.4627 | 0.074521 | |
Hardness | y = 0.67582*x + 109.2303 | 0.069075 | 0.82607 | 1.1739 | 0.65214 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.089831*x + 10.9473 | 0.043691 | 0.67248 | 1.3275 | 0.34495 | |
Magnesium | Turbidity | y = 0.0025611*x + 1.5419 | 0.007351 | 0.57726 | 1.4227 | 0.15451 |
Chloride | y = −0.013693*x + 3.5007 | 0.019231 | 0.5427 | 1.4573 | 0.0854 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.0005026*x + 0.2510 | 0.000602 | 1.121 | 0.87899 | 1.242 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.012498*x + 2.2868 | 0.090436 | 0.70056 | 1.2994 | 0.40112 | |
pH | y = 0.0008809*x + 7.1622 | 0.004119 | 1.01946 | 1.0054 | 0.98923 | |
Calcium | y = 0.43765*x + 27.2961 | 0.30508 | 0.88407 | 1.1159 | 0.76813 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.0011794*x + 0.2470 | 0.050062 | 0.69593 | 1.3041 | 0.39186 | |
TDS | y = −0.16172*x + 112.1606 | 0.00488 | 0.52529 | 1.4747 | 0.050579 | |
Alkalinity | y = 0.16349*x + 110.361 | 0.01671 | 0.5019 | 1.5041 | 0.008196 | |
Hardness | y = 0.94027*x + 107.8115 | 0.21297 | 0.8051 | 1.1949 | 0.61019 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.009879*x + 14.3066 | 0.000842 | 0.62993 | 1.3701 | 0.25985 | |
Fluoride | Turbidity | y = 1.7649*x + 1.1207 | 0.097003 | 0.82823 | 1.1718 | 0.65646 |
Chloride | y = 1.1415*x + 2.7551 | 0.003714 | 0.76375 | 1.2362 | 0.5275 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.18644*x + 0.21372 | 0.002302 | 1.6654 | 0.33457 | 2.3309 | |
Nitrate | y = 2.0745*x + 2.0841 | 0.069242 | 1.0143 | 0.98566 | 1.0287 | |
pH | y = 0.20299*x + 7.1318 | 0.006077 | 1.4292 | 0.5708 | 1.8584 | |
Calcium | y = 21.1354*x + 34.7963 | 0.019771 | 1.2721 | 0.72787 | 1.5443 | |
Magnesium | y = 42.446*x + 18.7946 | 0.050062 | 1.3075 | 0.6925 | 1.615 | |
TDS | y = −77.0811*x + 129.021 | 0.030805 | 0.74411 | 1.2559 | 0.48822 | |
Alkalinity | y = 63.845*x + 97.3061 | 0.070809 | 0.7059 | 1.2941 | 0.41179 | |
Hardness | y = 43.9117*x + 124.3496 | 0.012907 | 1.0748 | 0.92515 | 1.1497 | |
Sulfate | y = 20.7924*x + 8.7184 | 0.1036 | 0.89597 | 1.104 | 0.79193 | |
TDS | Turbidity | y = 0.0025877*x + 1.3435 | 0.040221 | 1.0328 | 0.96716 | 1.0657 |
Chloride | y = 0.010409*x + 1.963 | 0.059563 | 1.0908 | 1.0091 | 0.98171 | |
Ferrous | y = −0.0001491*x + 0.28255 | 0.000284 | 1.548 | 0.452 | 2.096 | |
Nitrate | y = −0.0039588*x + 3.0963 | 0.048631 | 0.94004 | 1.06 | 0.88008 | |
pH | y = 5.9129e-05*x + 7.183 | 9.95E-05 | 1.0928 | 0.9072 | 1.1856 | |
Calcium | y = −0.004486*x + 41.267 | 0.000172 | 1.3135 | 0.68655 | 1.6269 | |
Magnesium | y = −0.030176*x + 34.0583 | 0.00488 | 1.3516 | 0.64839 | 1.7032 | |
Fluoride | y = −0.0003996*x + 0.32624 | 0.030805 | 1.0191 | 0.98091 | 1.0382 | |
Alkalinity | y = 0.20175*x + 93.7774 | 0.13638 | 0.93687 | 1.0631 | 0.87375 | |
Hardness | y = 0.26534*x + 108.3566 | 0.090894 | 1.3517 | 0.64832 | 1.7034 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.037752*x + 10.565 | 0.06587 | 1.0279 | 0.97206 | 1.0559 | |
Alkalinity | Turbidity | y = 0.0075049*x + 0.75479 | 0.10097 | 1.1155 | 0.88449 | 1.231 |
Chloride | y = 0.021427*x + 0.60594 | 0.075324 | 1.0438 | 0.95622 | 1.0876 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.0012524*x + 0.12203 | 0.005981 | 1.6487 | 0.35134 | 2.2973 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.00040404*x + 2.6254 | 0.000151 | 0.98687 | 1.0031 | 0.99374 | |
pH | y = 0.0003732*x + 7.1463 | 0.001183 | 1.2073 | 0.79271 | 1.4146 | |
Calcium | y = 0.24353*x + 12.683 | 0.1511 | 1.4105 | 0.58949 | 1.821 | |
Magnesium | y = 0.10221*x + 19.0295 | 0.01671 | 1.4381 | 0.56193 | 1.8761 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.0011091*x + 0.1554 | 0.070809 | 1.0896 | 0.91044 | 1.1791 | |
TDS | y = 0.67597*x + 29.1685 | 0.13638 | 1.0559 | 0.94412 | 1.1118 | |
Hardness | y = 0.53406*x + 75.1633 | 0.1099 | 1.4326 | 0.56739 | 1.8652 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.12922*x + −0.30058 | 0.23032 | 1.0907 | 0.9093 | 1.1814 | |
Hardness | Turbidity | y = 0.0027505*x + 1.2446 | 0.035196 | 0.73752 | 1.2625 | 0.47503 |
Chloride | y = 0.0077766*x + 2.0148 | 0.02575 | 0.6886 | 1.3114 | 0.37721 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.0005587*x + 0.19012 | 0.00309 | 1.1735 | 0.82654 | 1.3469 | |
Nitrate | y = 0.0013699*x + 2.4847 | 0.004511 | 0.69629 | 1.3037 | 0.39259 | |
pH | y = 0.0001197*x + 7.1729 | 0.000316 | 0.91947 | 1.0805 | 0.83895 | |
Calcium | y = 0.10221*x + 26.8046 | 0.069075 | 0.97954 | 1.0205 | 0.95908 | |
Magnesium | y = 0.2265*x + −0.15996 | 0.21297 | 1.0545 | 0.9455 | 1.109 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.0002939*x + 0.2432 | 0.012907 | 0.74932 | 1.2507 | 0.49865 | |
TDS | y = 0.34256*x + 60.3158 | 0.090894 | 0.68805 | 1.312 | 0.3761 | |
Alkalinity | y = 0.20579*x + 87.25 | 0.1099 | 0.64706 | 1.3529 | 0.29411 | |
Sulfate | y = 0.044992*x + 8.4565 | 0.072467 | 0.73569 | 1.2643 | 0.47139 | |
Sulfate | Turbidity | y = 0.0066538*x + 1.5236 | 0.005754 | 0.93736 | 1.0626 | 0.87472 |
Chloride | y = 0.13279*x + 1.1384 | 0.20972 | 0.89036 | 1.1096 | 0.78071 | |
Ferrous | y = 0.00823*x + 0.14631 | 0.018721 | 1.6664 | 0.33359 | 2.3328 | |
Nitrate | y = −0.0061497*x + 2.7619 | 0.002539 | 1.0315 | 0.96846 | 1.0631 | |
pH | y = 0.0034876*x + 7.1384 | 0.007486 | 1.3298 | 0.67025 | 1.6595 | |
Calcium | y = 0.48637*x + 33.6799 | 0.043691 | 1.3417 | 0.65832 | 1.6834 | |
Magnesium | y = 0.085194*x + 29.5794 | 0.000842 | 1.3882 | 0.61179 | 1.7764 | |
Fluoride | y = 0.004982*x + 0.21061 | 0.1036 | 1.051 | 0.94905 | 1.1019 | |
TDS | y = 1.7448*x + 81.682 | 0.06587 | 0.8804 | 1.1196 | 0.76081 | |
Alkalinity | y = 1.7825*x + 89.3566 | 0.23032 | 0.82887 | 1.1711 | 0.65774 | |
Hardness | y = 1.6107*x + 113.2606 | 0.072467 | 1.2378 | 0.76216 | 1.4757 | |
Regression equation, coefficient of correlation, Hurst exponent, fractal dimension, and probability index between water parameters at Tehri District.
The turbidity sample datasets exhibit normal behavior as the mean, median, and mode values are approximately equal. Standard deviation is found to be 1.5 and suggests that the sample data points are close together. The positive skewness (1.747) of data points reveals that the curve is not symmetrical, and the kurtosis value 3.13 shows that the sample datasets are platykurtic. Turbidity has persistent behavior with chloride, nitrate, fluoride, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate and anti-persistent behavior with ferrous, PH, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters.
Mean and mode values are in the order of ±0.5, and thus the data show normal behavior even though the median is 0. High standard deviation (5.009) is observed between sample points. Skewness value (1.52) suggests that the curve is not symmetrical, and the kurtosis value (1.3) is less than 3. Chloride has the Brownian time series (true random walk) behavior with Fl, sulfate, and turbidity parameters. Thus, the curve is platykurtic. Chloride has persistent behavior with turbidity, nitrate, TDS, and alkalinity and anti-persistent behavior with Fe, PH, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters.
Average, median, and mode values are approximately equal, and thus the data show normal behavior. Standard deviation value (1.031) exhibits that the sample points are close to each other. Skewness value (11.713) suggests that the curve is not symmetrical, and kurtosis value is very large; thus, the curve is not platykurtic. The sample dataset containing heavier outliers and Fe has Brownian time series (True random walk) behavior with nitrate, fluoride, and hardness parameters. It has persistent behavior with pH, Ca, and Mg and anti-persistent behavior with chloride, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate parameters.
Mean and median values and standard deviation are approximately equal; thus data exhibit normal behavior. This suggests that the sample data are close to each other. The skewness value (1.011) and kurtosis are less than 3; hence the curve is not symmetrical and platykurtic. Nitrate has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, fluoride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate and anti-persistent behavior with Ca, Mg, Fe, and PH parameters.
Average and median are almost same, i.e., 7.189 and 7.20, respectively, whereas the mode of pH is 0.25. These values are approximately equal and hence exhibit the normal behavior. Standard deviation (SD) is 0.691, and skewness is close to 0, and all values are also close to each other; thus pH is symmetrical. The curve is not platykurtic, as kurtosis is very large 74.92. It shows the Brownian time series behavior with fluoride (Fl) parameter; persistent behavior with Ca, Mg, Fe, and nitrate; and anti-persistent performance with different parameters, i.e., turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate.
Mean, median, and mode values are not close to each other; thus the curve does not show normal behavior. High standard deviation (∼40) indicates that the Ca values are very much distributed from each other. It is positively skewed, and the curve is not platykurtic. With few parameters, i.e., turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Mg, Fl, TDS, and sulfate, it shows persistent behavior and anti-persistent behavior with Fe and pH parameters.
Mean and mode values are 30.75 and 22.0, respectively, and median is 0, so the sample dataset are not same, and thus the curve does not show normal behavior. Standard deviation value is high (50.368); thus, the values of Mg are very much distributed with each other. It is positively skewed, and the curve is not platykurtic. Mg has Brownian time series (true random walk) behavior with pH and alkalinity parameters. Mg has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, nitrate, Ca, TDS, hardness, Fl, and sulfate and anti-persistent behavior with Fe parameters.
Mean and median values are approximately equal, and thus the curve shows normal behavior. Standard deviation value (0) suggests that the sample data are close to each other, and the skewness and kurtosis value suggest that curve is platykurtic. Fl has Brownian time series (true random walk) behavior with nitrate and hardness parameters. Fl has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate and anti-persistent behavior with Fe, pH, Ca, and Mg parameters.
Mean, median, and mode values are different; thus, the curve does not follow normal behavior. Standard deviation value is high (116.57); thus the values of TDS are not close to each other. TDS has Brownian time series (true random walk) behavior with turbidity, chloride, pH, Fl, and sulfate parameters. It is negatively skewed and the curve is platykurtic. TDS has persistent behavior with alkalinity, nitrate, and chloride and anti-persistent behavior with Fe, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters.
Average, median, and mode (1.27) values are nearly equal to each other, and sample data exhibit normal behavior. High standard deviation (63.72) is observed between the datasets, with the skewness value (0.331) which is close to 0. The kurtosis value is less than 3; thus the curve is symmetrical and platykurtic. It has Brownian time series behavior with chloride, Fl, TDS, and sulfate parameters. Alkalinity has persistent behavior with nitrate and anti-persistent behavior with turbidity, Fe, pH, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters.
The data series does not exhibit normal behavior as the mean and median values are a having large difference with the mode value (95.0). Standard deviation value (102.5) suggests that data are spread out, and skewness values observed to be 1.49; hence the curve is platykurtic. Only with Mg parameter, it has Brownian time series flow. Hardness has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, nitrate, PH, Ca, Fl, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate and anti-persistent behavior with Fe parameters.
Mean and median values are different and mode value is 0. Standard deviation (17.16) reveals that the dataset has distributed form. The skewness value is equal to 2.40 with larger kurtosis value, i.e., 7.22, which indicates that the curve is not symmetrical. It has true random walk flow with Fl and nitrate parameters. Sulfate has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, TDS, and alkalinity and anti-persistent behavior with hardness, Fe, PH, Ca, and Mg parameters.
The water parameters from different sources in the Tehri District of Uttarakhand have shown the non-platykurtic curve. The analysis of most of the water parameter combinations has shown the Brownian time series behavior with each other. The irregular pattern in the WQI can be used for prediction purposes by deciding if its dynamic follows a chaotic, random, or deterministic structural pattern. Mostly all groundwater variables like turbidity, chloride, iron, nitrate, pH, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, sulfate, etc. are affected by each other. The pH of the sample datasets shows the Brownian time series behavior with fluoride (Fl) parameter; persistent behavior with Ca, Mg, Fe, and nitrate; and anti-persistent performance with turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate. Turbidity, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, TDS, alkalinity, sulfate, and chloride have shown persistent behavior with each other. Fe has persistent behavior with pH, Ca, and Mg, and nitrate has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, fluoride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate. pH has persistent behavior with Ca, Mg, Fe, and nitrate. Turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Mg, Fl, TDS, sulfate, and Ca show persistent behavior. Mg has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, nitrate, Ca, TDS, hardness, Fl, and sulfate. Fl has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate. TDS has persistent behavior with alkalinity, nitrate, and chloride. Alkalinity has persistent behavior with nitrate only. Hardness has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, nitrate, pH, Ca, Fl, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate. Sulfate has persistent behavior with turbidity, chloride, TDS, and alkalinity.
Turbidity and chloride have anti-persistent behavior with Fe, pH, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters. Fe has anti-persistent behavior with chloride, TDS, alkalinity, and sulfate parameters. Nitrate has anti-persistent behavior with Ca, Mg, Fe, and pH parameters. pH has anti-persistent performance with different parameters, i.e., turbidity, chloride, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sulfate. Mg has anti-persistent behavior with Fe parameters only and Ca with Fe and pH parameters. Fl has anti-persistent behavior with Fe, pH, Ca, and Mg parameters. TDS has anti-persistent behavior with Fe, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters. Alkalinity has anti-persistent behavior with turbidity, Fe, pH, Ca, Mg, and hardness parameters. Hardness has anti-persistent behavior with Fe parameter only, and sulfate has anti-persistent behavior with hardness, Fe, PH, Ca, and Mg parameters.
The persistent behavior is observed among the various indices which reveal that the variations of the water quality parameters are under an acceptable range with each other. This study is focused on the utility of the Hurst exponent, fractal dimension as an analysis tool, and predictability indices (PI) along with regression and coefficient of correlation among the water quality time series data points. It is concluded that the fractal analysis is a better statistical and mathematical tool to calculate water quality indices. Fractal analysis among the various parameters suggested that the water samples are good for drinking and the health.
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, New Delhi, India, for providing the groundwater quality datasets (through website during 2016-17) cited in this study.
The contents and views expressed in this article are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations they belong to.
The primary producers of oxygen in aquatic environments are algae, especially planktonic microalgae. They play an important role in carbon dioxide (CO2) recycling through photosynthesis [1]. Microalgae have been divided into ten groups, which refer to the color of the cell including: Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae; Chlorophyta, green algae; Rhodophyta, red algae; Glaucophyta; Euglenophyta; Haptophyta; Cryptophyta; photosynthetic Stramenopiles; Dinophyta; and Chlorarachniophyta [2]. Cyanobacteria are much closer to bacteria in terms of structure and their cells lack both nucleus and chloroplasts. Cyanobacteria are also known as a source of pigments, chlorophyll (a), phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, xanthophyll, and ß-carotene. Microalgae are widely distributed in nature and adapted to different environments from fresh to hypersaline water ecosystems. Salt lakes in arid regions (sabkhas) and solar salterns are an examples of high salty environments inhabited by extremely halophilic microorganisms that include halophilic Archaea (halobacteria), halophilic cyanobacteria, and green algae [3, 4, 5]. These microorganisms must have specific adaptive strategies for surviving in high salinity conditions to prevent the loss of cellular water under high osmolarity in hypersaline conditions [6]. Halophiles generally develop two basic mechanisms: (i) halobacteria and microalgae accumulate KCl (potassium chloride) in their cells to maintain high intracellular salt concentrations, osmotically at least equivalent to the external concentrations (the “salt-in” strategy); (ii) other halophiles produce or accumulate low molecular weight compounds (osmolyte or compatible solute) that have osmotic potential.
Microalgae provide many biotechnology applications in various industrial sectors such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, energy and environmental industries. Hyperhalophilic microalgae and their bioproducts, has gained a great deal of attention in the last decade. They are well known for their production of high value products such as β-carotene, lipids, and omega 3 fatty acids.
There are high demands for novel lead molecules for new classes of pharmaceutical and research biochemicals, and in combination, these drivers have led to an increased interest in microalgae and cyanobacteria as sources of both bioactive natural products.
Cyanobacteria species contain potential products for medicinal [7] and energy applications [8]. Some of this group has secondary metabolites that can potentially be used as therapeutic agents, such as antivirals, immunomodulators, inhibitors, cytostastics and antioxidants [9]. Several natural compounds such as vitamin C, tocopherol, and numerous plant extracts have been commercialized as natural antioxidants to fight against oxidative stress associated with various chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders, and certain types of cancer [10]. Antioxidants are a crucial defense against free radical-induced damage [11].
Microalgae are abundant in nature and can be used as a renewable source of natural antioxidants [12]. Free radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O2•−), hydroxyle (OH•) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated during normal cellular metabolism. These free radicals are highly reactive species and play a dual role in humans as both beneficial and toxic compounds depending on their concentration. At low or moderate concentration, these reactive species exert beneficial effects on cellular redox signaling and immune function. At high concentration, however, these radical species produce oxidative stress, a harmful process that can lead to cell death through oxidation of protein, lipid, and DNA [11, 13].
A number of microalgae have been used in the commercial production of pigments with antioxidant properties, for example: astaxanthin from
Although most species of green algae (Chlorophyceae) are moderately halophilic, a few of them, including
After acclimatation and purification,
Cyanobacteria
Total lipids were extracted at the end of the exponential phase of growth of
The antioxidant potential of the lipid extract (LE) of
The free radical scavenging capacity of phenolic and flavonoids compounds extracted from
Lipid compounds such as wax, fat, fat-soluble vitamins, oil, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, co-enzymes (ubiquinone), pigments (carotenoids), and more, could be found in plants or animals. Lipids are formed from long-chain hydrocarbons and sometimes contain other functional groups of oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, hexane, and ether. As invascular plants, microalgae produce both polar and neutral lipids. There is a wide range of bio-based lipid products that can be harvested from microalgal biomass. Microalgae lipids offer great potential in terms of biotechnology applications (e.g. food, food supplements, energy, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals). In functional food, the use of microalgal lipids has already been established as an industry. The type and quality of the lipid products depend on microalgae species, culture conditions, and recovery methods.
The present study is the first comprehensive
Antioxidant activities of
The low IC50 indicates the higher free radical-scavenging ability of
Phycocyanin (C-PC) isa hetero-oligomer consisting of a grouping of subunits that are organized into complexes called « phycobilisomes » [28]. C-PC possess a number of unique properties that make it useful colorant, including a higher molecular absorbance, fluorescence quantum yields, stable oligomers, and high photosatbility [29]. Phycocyanin has primarily been used as natural dye; however, it is increasingly being used as nutraceuticals or in ither biotechnological applications [29]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the antioxidant capacity of
Antioxidant activity of C-PC extract on (a) superoxide radical, (b) hydroxyl radical, (c) nitric oxide radical and (d) inhibition of lipid peroxidation. BHT, ascorbic acid, TROLOX were used as standard. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Several studies showed that phycocyanin isolated from cyanobacteria species exhibited strong antioxidant properties and can be protected cells against oxidative stress [31, 32]. Moreover, in vitro studies suggest that phycocyanin of
The results here in suggested that administration of C-PC in reaction mixture significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation. The present finding revealed that C-PC had a strong effect and had antagonized action against ferrous sulfate induced lipid peroxidation
Polyphenols represent a group of chemical compounds emerging from a common intermediate, phenylalanine, or a close forerunner, shikimic acid [34]. Polyphenols are able to protect cells from oxidative stress by various mechanisms; they can chelate transition metal ions, can inhibit lipid peroxidation by trapping the lipid alkoxyl radical, or can directly scavenge molecular species of active oxygen [34]. Flavonoids are a class of phenolic metabolites that have strong chelating and antioxidant properties [34]. Their tendency to inhibit free radical-mediated events is controlled by their chemical structure. This structure–activity relationship has been well established
Antioxidant test | ||
---|---|---|
DPPH (mg. l−1) | 0.031 ± 0.08 | 0.077 ± 0.06 (BHT) |
ABTS (mg. l−1) | 0.015 ± 0.01 | 0.098 ± 0.02 (TROLOX) |
NO (mg. l−1) | 0.007 ± 0.03 | 0.094 ± 0.01 (Vit C) |
Antioxydant capacity (IC50 concentrations) of phenolics and flavonoids metabolites extracted from
News hyerhalophilic microlagae strains,
This study was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia. We thank Dr. Mohammad Ali from Institute for Scientific Research (Kuwait) for correcting the English language.
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In this chapter, we concentrate to describe the responsible factors involve in fly ash beneficiation that has a great contribution to our environment. The purpose of the current study is to know the recovery of different minerals; maximum removal of the contaminant, reactivity and neutralization capacity of acid mine drainage (AMD) with fly ash and development of the cost‐effective method of disposal of fly ash are achieved. Different beneficiation techniques of fly ash and utilization of fly ash are explained.",book:{id:"5718",slug:"coal-fly-ash-beneficiation-treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash",title:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation",fullTitle:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash"},signatures:"Ajit Behera and Soumya Sanjeeb Mohapatra",authors:[{id:"199852",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajit",middleName:null,surname:"Behera",slug:"ajit-behera",fullName:"Ajit Behera"},{id:"200867",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Mohapatra",slug:"soumya-mohapatra",fullName:"Soumya Mohapatra"}]},{id:"55928",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69527",title:"Phytoreclamation of Abandoned Acid Mine Drainage Site After Treatment with Fly Ash",slug:"phytoreclamation-of-abandoned-acid-mine-drainage-site-after-treatment-with-fly-ash",totalDownloads:1322,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Acid mine drainage and coal fly ash both are the sibling products from man’s increasing demand for power. Mining of coal from coal mines generates acid mine drainage (AMD), and burning of coal for thermal power generation produces fly ash (FA). Although both are hazardous to the ecosystem and human health, reunion of them into one would reduce their toxic effect on nature. Mining causes exposure of hidden rock materials containing an abundance of sulphide to the atmosphere. Oxidation of the metal sulphides (pyrite, as iron sulphide) within the surrounding rock and overburden generates acidity. Subsurface mining that pumps out water to prevent flooding releases acidic water to nearby areas, known as acid mine drainage. Tailings piles, mine waste rock dumps, and coal spoils contribute in AMD. Improper disposal of the fly ash contaminates the soil, water and air by leaching of the pollutants or air borne particulate matters. However filler properties and presence of macronutrients makes fly ash an excellent filler material for mine sites, and its soil-like properties help in plant growth if provided with organic carbon and nitrogen. This chapter proposes development of a green cover into AMD site after treatment of the AMD site with FA.",book:{id:"5718",slug:"coal-fly-ash-beneficiation-treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash",title:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation",fullTitle:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash"},signatures:"Madhumita Roy, Roopali Roychowdhury, Pritam Mukherjee, Atanu\nRoy, Bulti Nayak and Satarupa Roy",authors:[{id:"195433",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhumita",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"madhumita-roy",fullName:"Madhumita Roy"},{id:"196021",title:"MSc.",name:"Roopali",middleName:null,surname:"Roychowdhury",slug:"roopali-roychowdhury",fullName:"Roopali Roychowdhury"},{id:"204902",title:"Mr.",name:"Pritam",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"pritam-mukherjee",fullName:"Pritam Mukherjee"}]},{id:"56022",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69741",title:"Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash: Exploring the Solution Chemistry and Product Water Quality",slug:"treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash-exploring-the-solution-chemistry-and-product-water",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A treatment process for Acid mine drainage (AMD) using coal fly ash (CFA) was developed. AMD was treated with CFA as the alkaline agent at different CFA: AMD ratios and pH, electrical conductivity (EC) evolution monitored over time. In a separate experiment two AMD sources with differing chemistry were treated with the same CFA to evaluate the impact of AMD chemistry on the treatment process and product water quality. Various CFA: AMD ratios were stirred in a beaker for a pre-set time and the process water chemistry determined. pH was observed to increase in a stepwise manner with buffer zones observed at 4-4.5, 4.5-7 and 6-8. AMD with low concentration of Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mn2+ didn’t exhibit these buffer zones. Two competing processes were observed to control the evolving pH of process water: dissolution of basic oxides (CaO, MgO) from CFA led to pH increase and hydrolysis of AMD species such as Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mn2+ led to pH decrease. These processes initiated mechanisms such as precipitation, adsorption and ion exchange that led to decrease in inorganic contaminants as the treatment progressed. Inorganic contaminants removal was directly related to amount of CFA in reaction media. Precipitation of insoluble hydroxides and Al, Fe-oxyhydroxysulphates contributed to removal of major and minor chemical species. Precipitation of gypsum contributed to removal of sulphate. Na, K and Mg remained largely in solution after initial decrease. Significant leaching of B, Sr, Ba, and Mo from CFA was observed and was directly linked to amount of CFA in the reaction media. This will be a shortcoming of the treatment process since other processes may be required to polish up the product water. The treatment of AMD with CFA was observed to depend on CFA, AMD chemistry, treatment time and might therefore be site specific.",book:{id:"5718",slug:"coal-fly-ash-beneficiation-treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash",title:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation",fullTitle:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash"},signatures:"Wilson Mugera Gitari, Leslie F. Petrik and Segun A. Akinyemi",authors:[{id:"147114",title:"Dr.",name:"Segun",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyemi",slug:"segun-akinyemi",fullName:"Segun Akinyemi"},{id:"172220",title:"Prof.",name:"Leslie",middleName:null,surname:"Petrik",slug:"leslie-petrik",fullName:"Leslie Petrik"},{id:"185380",title:"Prof.",name:"Mugera",middleName:null,surname:"Gitari",slug:"mugera-gitari",fullName:"Mugera Gitari"}]},{id:"76942",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98314",title:"Techno Economic Studies on the Effective Utilization of Non-Uniform Biowaste Generation for Biogas Production",slug:"techno-economic-studies-on-the-effective-utilization-of-non-uniform-biowaste-generation-for-biogas-p",totalDownloads:288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Environmental effects from traditional energy sources and government regulations, necessitate the use of alternative energies like biogas for many uses including drying and refrigeration. Biowaste produced in educational institutions will not be uniform over the year. The non-uniform supply of biowastes, the absence of studies on bio digestion of likelihood biomass, the unreliability of energy from such conversion and the profitability of its usage in most applications are some of the factors to be considered while implementing this technology. In this regard, theoretical and experimental evaluations were carried out to accurately forecast biogas generation capabilities in educational campuses for obtaining biofuels with quantity and efficiency. It is observed that biogas generation with 52 to 58% methane content can be possible during an academic year. The quality of biogas shows that it is appropriate for almost any application. A broader analysis on different types of biogas digesters was conducted for their suitability in academic institutions. The economic benefits are analyzed for incorporating three biogas digesters namely KVIC, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) type and JANATA. There are some encouraging results to confirm the economic feasibility of biogas plants including positive net present value. Biogas generation with digesters of capacities varying between 25 and 450 cubic meter shows payback periods varies from 3.18 to 7.59 years, which confirms that it is profitable to use digesters in this range of capacities.",book:{id:"10491",slug:"anaerobic-digestion-in-built-environments",title:"Anaerobic Digestion in Built Environments",fullTitle:"Anaerobic Digestion in Built Environments"},signatures:"Godwin Glivin, Mariappan Vairavan, Premalatha Manickam and Joseph Sekhar Santhappan",authors:[{id:"259377",title:"Dr.",name:"Premalatha",middleName:null,surname:"Manickam",slug:"premalatha-manickam",fullName:"Premalatha Manickam"},{id:"269103",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariappan",middleName:null,surname:"Vairavan",slug:"mariappan-vairavan",fullName:"Mariappan Vairavan"},{id:"339136",title:"Dr.",name:"Godwin",middleName:null,surname:"Glivin",slug:"godwin-glivin",fullName:"Godwin Glivin"},{id:"415183",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Sekhar Santhappan",slug:"joseph-sekhar-santhappan",fullName:"Joseph Sekhar Santhappan"}]},{id:"56885",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70711",title:"Introductory Chapter: Coal Fly Ash and Its Application for Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage",slug:"introductory-chapter-coal-fly-ash-and-its-application-for-remediation-of-acid-mine-drainage",totalDownloads:1198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"5718",slug:"coal-fly-ash-beneficiation-treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash",title:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation",fullTitle:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash"},signatures:"Mugera Wilson Gitari and Segun Ajayi Akinyemi",authors:[{id:"147114",title:"Dr.",name:"Segun",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyemi",slug:"segun-akinyemi",fullName:"Segun Akinyemi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70163",title:"Lean Six Sigma in Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"lean-six-sigma-in-manufacturing-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:2236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lean Six Sigma is a systematic approach to reduce or eliminate activities that do not add value to the process. It highlights removing wasteful steps in a process and taking the only value added steps. The lean six sigma method ensures high quality and customer satisfaction in the manufacturing. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore the Lean Six Sigma (LSS) in the manufacturing sector. This chapter focuses on the different critical aspects of LSS. The core sections of this chapter are Introduction; Key lean six sigma principles; Tools and techniques; Lean six sigma methodologies; Critical success factors; Lean six sigma framework; Lean six sigma strategy; Implementation of Lean Six Sigma in SMEs; significant benefits; Significant barriers to implement lean; Assessment of Lean Six Sigma Readiness; Emerging trends in Lean Six Sigma; and Successful examples/stories in the manufacturing industry. The final section of the chapter contains the conclusions and suggestions. It is important for practitioners to be aware of Lean six sigma benefits, impeding factors, Tools and techniques, methodologies etc. before starting the Lean six sigma implementation process. Hence, this chapter could provide valuable insights to practitioners. It also gives an opportunity to Lean six sigma researchers to understand some common themes within this chapter in depth.",book:{id:"8453",slug:"lean-manufacturing-and-six-sigma-behind-the-mask",title:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma - Behind the Mask"},signatures:"Hari Lal Bhaskar",authors:[{id:"295700",title:"Dr.",name:"Hari Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhaskar",slug:"hari-lal-bhaskar",fullName:"Hari Lal Bhaskar"}]},{id:"57818",title:"Chemical Stabilization of Coal Fly Ash for Simultaneous Suppressing of As, B, and Se Leaching",slug:"chemical-stabilization-of-coal-fly-ash-for-simultaneous-suppressing-of-as-b-and-se-leaching",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The discard of coal fly ash produced from the combustion of pulverized coal in a coal-fired boiler of thermal power plants has led to environmental concerns. Due to the interaction of fly ash particles with weathering and hydrological processes, the rainfall leaches out toxic elements in coal fly ash from the ash heaps. This situation has been pointed out as a potential contamination of soil, surface, and groundwater. In this chapter, the available fly ash treatment techniques to minimize future release of toxic trace elements (arsenic, boron, and selenium) have been documented, and the recent investigations dealing with leaching suppression effect of arsenic, boron, and selenium from coal fly ash have been reviewed. The leaching characteristics of arsenic, boron, and selenium are discussed, and a simple and low-cost leaching control method is presented in the context of treating the fly ash through chemical stabilization technique using additives containing high levels of calcium. Experimental results described in this chapter show the chemical stabilization technique utilizing Ca-containing additives is an effective technique for simultaneous suppressing of As, B, and Se leaching from coal fly ash.",book:{id:"5718",slug:"coal-fly-ash-beneficiation-treatment-of-acid-mine-drainage-with-coal-fly-ash",title:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation",fullTitle:"Coal Fly Ash Beneficiation - Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with Coal Fly Ash"},signatures:"Sri Hartuti, Shinji Kambara, Akihiro Takeyama, Farrah Fadhillah\nHanum and Erda Rahmilaila Desfitri",authors:[{id:"219583",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartuti",slug:"sri-hartuti",fullName:"Sri Hartuti"},{id:"219715",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Kambara",slug:"shinji-kambara",fullName:"Shinji Kambara"},{id:"221447",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeyama",slug:"akihiro-takeyama",fullName:"Akihiro Takeyama"},{id:"221448",title:"MSc.",name:"Farrah",middleName:null,surname:"Fadhillah Hanum",slug:"farrah-fadhillah-hanum",fullName:"Farrah Fadhillah Hanum"},{id:"221449",title:"BSc.",name:"Erda",middleName:null,surname:"Rahmilaila Desfitri",slug:"erda-rahmilaila-desfitri",fullName:"Erda Rahmilaila Desfitri"}]},{id:"66217",title:"Value Stream Mapping: A Method That Makes the Waste in the Process Visible",slug:"value-stream-mapping-a-method-that-makes-the-waste-in-the-process-visible",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Defining customer and value in lean thinking is crucial. All wastes that do not add value to the customer in business processes should be eliminated. In the real world and related literature, there are various methods used to eliminate waste and improve processes. One of the methods frequently used is the value stream mapping (VSM). VSM is preferred since it enables to take the picture of a process. Moreover, VSM is the identification of all activities that create and/or do not create value in the processes, from the supplier of the product or service to the customer. This chapter deals with lean philosophy, lean techniques and specifically the VSM method. In addition, some examples of VSM applications in the service and production sectors are discussed and the findings obtained from these applications are evaluated. Finally, the chapter concludes with some managerial implications as well as potential future research areas.",book:{id:"8453",slug:"lean-manufacturing-and-six-sigma-behind-the-mask",title:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma - Behind the Mask"},signatures:"Nuri Ozgur Dogan and Burcu Simsek Yagli",authors:[{id:"280961",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Burcu",middleName:null,surname:"Simsek Yagli",slug:"burcu-simsek-yagli",fullName:"Burcu Simsek Yagli"},{id:"280963",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuri Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"nuri-ozgur-dogan",fullName:"Nuri Ozgur Dogan"}]},{id:"68289",title:"The Integration of Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing",slug:"the-integration-of-six-sigma-and-lean-manufacturing",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma methodologies are increasingly being executed together and what we have today is the united work of both, and companies have come to understand that their integration makes it possible to take advantage of the strengths of both strategies, becoming a comprehensive and effective, suitable for solving various types of problems related to the improvement of processes and products. Routine management, process standardization and the study of times and movements to eliminate waste are key features of Lean Manufacturing, while finding the root cause for problem solving requires further deepening and analysis in Six Sigma. The Lean and Six Sigma can be viewed as useful tools for the operation of the systems of improvement, innovation and routine management that integrate the system of business management. The companies have implemented Lean Manufacturing with the aim of improving the elimination of waste in the processes. Companies using Six Sigma have found that by selecting projects and assigning them to teams, after a monitoring, the results would appear. Companies that implement Lean Six Sigma often awareness of the teams, seeking projects from different scopes with the focus of improving the structure of processes and achieve the results.",book:{id:"8453",slug:"lean-manufacturing-and-six-sigma-behind-the-mask",title:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma - Behind the Mask"},signatures:"Marcio B. Santos",authors:[{id:"295132",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcio",middleName:"Bambirra",surname:"Santos",slug:"marcio-santos",fullName:"Marcio Santos"}]},{id:"67554",title:"Lean Six Sigma and Performance Metrics",slug:"lean-six-sigma-and-performance-metrics",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The intensification of competitiveness and the fluctuation of industrial market were pushing the companies to ameliorate their product’s quality and services in order to maintain their place in the market. They have a tendency to integrate various methods such as total quality management (TQM), Six Sigma (6-σ), and Lean Six Sigma (LSS). The Lean Six Sigma method became the focus of academic researches. Hence, huge empirical studies have been raised in this field which enhances the visibility of this quality method. Some focused to identify its particular aspects, tools, and concepts. Others reveal its positive repercussions on reducing the defects, waste of time, and reworks. Others attempt to develop specific model related to Lean Six Sigma to facilitate its implementation. Regarding the literature gap reviewing and highlighting the specific features of Lean Six Sigma, the requirement of recognizing its particular aspects is needed. The focus of this chapter firstly is to identify the performance metrics then to underline the Lean Six Sigma metrics in order to seek its link with business performance. Also a guideline for the best integration of Lean Six Sigma is also offered.",book:{id:"8453",slug:"lean-manufacturing-and-six-sigma-behind-the-mask",title:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma - Behind the Mask"},signatures:"Kaouthar Lamine",authors:[{id:"292334",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaouthar",middleName:null,surname:"Lamine",slug:"kaouthar-lamine",fullName:"Kaouthar Lamine"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1405",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 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Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. 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It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. 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The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"