List of accredited biodiesel producers in the Philippines as of 31 December 2020.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2175",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Every business and decision involves a certain amount of risk. Risk might cause a loss to a company. This does not mean, however, that businesses cannot take risks. As disengagement and risk aversion may result in missed business opportunities, which will lead to slower growth and reduced prosperity of a company. In today's increasingly complex and diverse environment, it is crucial to find the right balance between risk aversion and risk taking. To do this it is essential to understand the complex, out of the whole range of economic, technical, operational, environmental and social risks associated with the company's activities. However, risk management is about much more than merely avoiding or successfully deriving benefit from opportunities. Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks. Lastly, risk management helps a company to handle the risks associated with a rapidly changing business environment.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0747-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5131-9",doi:"10.5772/2568",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",numberOfPages:598,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",publishedDate:"September 12th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",numberOfDownloads:190975,numberOfWosCitations:88,numberOfCrossrefCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:133,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:13,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:293,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 22nd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 18th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 17th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 16th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/139414/images/system/139414.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nerija Banaitiene is an Associate Professor at the Department of Property Management and Construction Economics of the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania. She has worked in several national and international research projects on retrofit of public buildings and innovation in construction sector SMEs. She has published more than 20 articles in journals such as European Journal of Operational Research, Omega, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, and Technological and Economic Development of Economy. Her current research interests focus on the areas of project management, risk management in construction projects, multiple criteria analysis and its applications in building life cycle assessment for decision making.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"439",title:"Operation Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-operation-management"}],chapters:[{id:"38969",title:"Biometric Solvency Risk for Portfolios of General Life Contracts (II) The Markov Chain Approach",doi:"10.5772/48374",slug:"biometric-solvency-risk-for-portfolios-of-general-life-contracts-ii-the-markov-chain-approach",totalDownloads:2209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Werner Hürlimann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38969",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38969",authors:[{id:"143082",title:"Dr.",name:"Werner",surname:"Hurlimann",slug:"werner-hurlimann",fullName:"Werner Hurlimann"}],corrections:null},{id:"38968",title:"Boundary-Value Problems for Second Order PDEs Arising in Risk Management and Cellular Neural Networks Approach",doi:"10.5772/49936",slug:"boundary-value-problems-for-second-order-pdes-arising-in-risk-management-and-cellular-neural-network",totalDownloads:2599,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rossella Agliardi, Petar Popivanov and Angela Slavova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38968",authors:[{id:"143248",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela",surname:"Slavova",slug:"angela-slavova",fullName:"Angela Slavova"}],corrections:null},{id:"38970",title:"Selecting a Response Plan Under Budget Constraints",doi:"10.5772/50202",slug:"selecting-a-response-plan-under-budget-constraints",totalDownloads:4012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A. Gonen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38970",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38970",authors:[{id:"10636",title:"Dr.",name:"Amnon",surname:"Gonen",slug:"amnon-gonen",fullName:"Amnon Gonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"38979",title:"A Framework to Select Techniques Supporting Project Risk Management",doi:"10.5772/50991",slug:"a-framework-to-select-techniques-supporting-project-risk-management",totalDownloads:4604,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sabrina Grimaldi, Carlo Rafele and Anna Corinna Cagliano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38979",authors:[{id:"144467",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Corinna",surname:"Cagliano",slug:"anna-corinna-cagliano",fullName:"Anna Corinna Cagliano"},{id:"145796",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabrina",surname:"Grimaldi",slug:"sabrina-grimaldi",fullName:"Sabrina Grimaldi"},{id:"145798",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",surname:"Rafele",slug:"carlo-rafele",fullName:"Carlo Rafele"}],corrections:null},{id:"38980",title:"Long Memory in the Volatility of Local Currency Bond Markets: Evidence from Hong Kong, Mexico and South Africa",doi:"10.5772/50888",slug:"long-memory-in-the-volatility-of-local-currency-bond-markets-evidence-from-hong-kong-mexico-and-sout",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pako Thupayagale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38980",authors:[{id:"144932",title:"Dr.",name:"Pako",surname:"Thupayagale",slug:"pako-thupayagale",fullName:"Pako Thupayagale"}],corrections:null},{id:"38986",title:"Risk Management in Collaborative Systems",doi:"10.5772/50844",slug:"risk-management-in-collaborative-systems",totalDownloads:3823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marius Ioan Podean and Dan Benta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38986",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38986",authors:[{id:"147038",title:"PhD.",name:"Marius",surname:"Podean",slug:"marius-podean",fullName:"Marius Podean"},{id:"148416",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",surname:"Benta",slug:"dan-benta",fullName:"Dan Benta"}],corrections:null},{id:"38971",title:"On the Very Idea of Risk Management: Lessons from the Space Shuttle Challenger",doi:"10.5772/51666",slug:"on-the-very-idea-of-risk-management-lessons-from-the-space-shuttle-challenger",totalDownloads:4090,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Robert Elliott Allinson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38971",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38971",authors:[{id:"149929",title:"Dr",name:"Robert Elliot",surname:"Allinson",slug:"robert-elliot-allinson",fullName:"Robert Elliot Allinson"}],corrections:null},{id:"38967",title:"Supply Chain Security – Threats and Solutions",doi:"10.5772/48365",slug:"supply-chain-security-threats-and-solutions",totalDownloads:6406,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel Ekwall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38967",authors:[{id:"142943",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Ekwall",slug:"daniel-ekwall",fullName:"Daniel Ekwall"}],corrections:null},{id:"38988",title:"Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union",doi:"10.5772/50138",slug:"dynamic-risk-management-strategies-with-communicating-objects-in-the-supply-chain-of-chemical-substa",totalDownloads:2784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Omar Gaci, Hervé Mathieu, Jean-Pierre Deutsch and Laurent Gomez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38988",authors:[{id:"2201",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Gaci",slug:"omar-gaci",fullName:"Omar Gaci"},{id:"157014",title:"Dr.",name:"Hervé",surname:"Mathieu",slug:"herve-mathieu",fullName:"Hervé Mathieu"},{id:"157015",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Deutsch",slug:"jean-pierre-deutsch",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Deutsch"},{id:"157016",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",surname:"Gomez",slug:"laurent-gomez",fullName:"Laurent Gomez"}],corrections:null},{id:"38981",title:"IA OM® as an Enterprise Risk Management Metric",doi:"10.5772/50880",slug:"ia-om-as-an-enterprise-risk-management-metric",totalDownloads:2854,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"\ufeffDavid R. Comings and Wendy W. Ting",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38981",authors:[{id:"145691",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Ting",slug:"wendy-ting",fullName:"Wendy Ting"},{id:"148561",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Comings",slug:"david-comings",fullName:"David Comings"}],corrections:null},{id:"38984",title:"Risk Management in Business – The Foundation of Performance in Economic Organizations",doi:"10.5772/50706",slug:"risk-management-in-business-the-foundation-of-performance-in-economic-organizations",totalDownloads:2864,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gabriela Dobrota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38984",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38984",authors:[{id:"145603",title:"PhD.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Dobrota",slug:"gabriela-dobrota",fullName:"Gabriela Dobrota"}],corrections:null},{id:"38987",title:"Integrated Risk Management System – Key Factor of the Management System of the Organization",doi:"10.5772/47883",slug:"integrated-risk-management-system-key-factor-of-the-management-system-of-the-organization",totalDownloads:5910,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Emilia Vasile and Ion Croitoru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38987",authors:[{id:"144428",title:"PhD.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Vasile",slug:"emilia-vasile",fullName:"Emilia Vasile"},{id:"160375",title:"Mr.",name:"Ion",surname:"Croitoru",slug:"ion-croitoru",fullName:"Ion Croitoru"}],corrections:null},{id:"38989",title:"Integrated and Personalised Risk Management in the Sensing Enterprise",doi:"10.5772/50275",slug:"integrated-and-personalised-risk-management-in-the-sensing-enterprise",totalDownloads:3382,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Óscar Lázaro, Agustín Moyano, Mikel Uriarte, Alicia González, Teresa Meneu, Juan Carlos Fernández-Llatas, Vicente Traver, Benjamín Molina, Carlos Palau, Óscar López, Etxahun Sánchez, Saioa Ros, Antonio Moreno, María González, José Antonio Palazón, Miguel Sepulcre, Javier Gozálvez, Luis Collantes and Gonzalo Prieto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38989",authors:[{id:"145344",title:"BSc.",name:"Agustín",surname:"Moyano",slug:"agustin-moyano",fullName:"Agustín Moyano"},{id:"160190",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Lázaro",slug:"oscar-lazaro",fullName:"Oscar Lázaro"},{id:"160192",title:"BSc.",name:"Mikel",surname:"Uriarte",slug:"mikel-uriarte",fullName:"Mikel Uriarte"},{id:"160193",title:"BSc.",name:"Alicia",surname:"González",slug:"alicia-gonzalez",fullName:"Alicia González"}],corrections:null},{id:"38978",title:"Strengthening Risk Management in the Midst of Downturn Times",doi:"10.5772/51008",slug:"strengthening-risk-management-in-the-midst-of-downturn-times",totalDownloads:2679,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Amparo Marin de la Barcena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38978",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38978",authors:[{id:"147943",title:"Dr.",name:"Amparo",surname:"Marin-De-La-Barcena",slug:"amparo-marin-de-la-barcena",fullName:"Amparo Marin-De-La-Barcena"}],corrections:null},{id:"38983",title:"Risk Management on the Romanian Capital Market",doi:"10.5772/50493",slug:"risk-management-on-the-romanian-capital-market",totalDownloads:2661,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marin Andreica, Stere Farmache, Madalina Ecaterina Andreica and Octavian Stroie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38983",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38983",authors:[{id:"142470",title:"Prof.",name:"Marin",surname:"Andreica",slug:"marin-andreica",fullName:"Marin Andreica"},{id:"148532",title:"Dr.",name:"Stere",surname:"Farmache",slug:"stere-farmache",fullName:"Stere Farmache"},{id:"148536",title:"Dr.",name:"Madalina",surname:"Andreica",slug:"madalina-andreica",fullName:"Madalina Andreica"},{id:"148537",title:"Dr.",name:"Octavian",surname:"Stroie",slug:"octavian-stroie",fullName:"Octavian Stroie"}],corrections:null},{id:"38990",title:"Importance of Risk Analysis and Management – The Case of Australian Real Estate Market",doi:"10.5772/50669",slug:"importance-of-risk-analysis-and-management-the-case-of-australian-real-estate-market",totalDownloads:7459,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Gurudeo Anand Tularam and Gowri Sameera Attili",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38990",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"}],corrections:null},{id:"38985",title:"Quality Risk Analysis: Value for Money in the Pharmaceutical Industry",doi:"10.5772/50450",slug:"quality-risk-analysis-value-for-money-in-the-pharmaceutical-industry",totalDownloads:6647,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jordi Botet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38985",authors:[{id:"143483",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",surname:"Botet",slug:"jordi-botet",fullName:"Jordi Botet"}],corrections:null},{id:"38974",title:"Project and Enterprise Risk Management at the California Department of Transportation",doi:"10.5772/51442",slug:"project-and-enterprise-risk-management-at-the-california-department-of-transportation",totalDownloads:6768,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pedro Maria-Sanchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38974",authors:[{id:"144026",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Maria-Sanchez",slug:"pedro-maria-sanchez",fullName:"Pedro Maria-Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"38973",title:"Risk Management in Construction Projects",doi:"10.5772/51460",slug:"risk-management-in-construction-projects",totalDownloads:102580,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:60,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38973",authors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"},{id:"149658",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",surname:"Banaitis",slug:"audrius-banaitis",fullName:"Audrius Banaitis"}],corrections:null},{id:"38993",title:"Sources of Risk and Risk Management Strategies: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in a Developing Economy",doi:"10.5772/50392",slug:"sources-of-risk-and-risk-management-strategies-the-case-of-smallholder-farmers-in-a-developing-econo",totalDownloads:5365,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Satit Aditto, Christopher Gan and Gilbert V. Nartea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38993",authors:[{id:"147325",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilbert",surname:"Nartea",slug:"gilbert-nartea",fullName:"Gilbert Nartea"}],corrections:null},{id:"38972",title:"Improving Climate Risk Management at Local Level – Techniques, Case Studies, Good Practices and Guidelines for World Meteorological Organization Members",doi:"10.5772/51554",slug:"improving-climate-risk-management-at-local-level-techniques-case-studies-good-practices-and-guidelin",totalDownloads:3553,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"R. Martínez, D. Hemming, L. Malone, N. Bermudez, G. Cockfield, A. Diongue, J. Hansen, A. Hildebrand, K. Ingram, G. Jakeman, M. Kadi, G. R. McGregor, S. Mushtaq, P. Rao, R. Pulwarty,\nO. Ndiaye, G. Srinivasan, Eh. Seck, N. White and R. Zougmore",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38972",authors:[{id:"144144",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodney",surname:"Martinez",slug:"rodney-martinez",fullName:"Rodney Martinez"},{id:"159189",title:"Dr.",name:"Debbie",surname:"Hemming",slug:"debbie-hemming",fullName:"Debbie Hemming"},{id:"159190",title:"Mrs.",name:"Leslie",surname:"Malone",slug:"leslie-malone",fullName:"Leslie Malone"}],corrections:null},{id:"38982",title:"Risk Management at the Latin American Observatory",doi:"10.5772/50788",slug:"risk-management-at-the-latin-american-observatory",totalDownloads:3427,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Á.G. Muñoz, D. Ruiz, P. Ramírez, G. León, J. Quintana, A. Bonilla, W. Torres, M. Pastén and O. Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38982",authors:[{id:"99327",title:"Prof.",name:"Ángel G.",surname:"Muñoz",slug:"angel-g.-munoz",fullName:"Ángel G. Muñoz"}],corrections:null},{id:"38976",title:"Managing Climate Risk with Seasonal Forecasts",doi:"10.5772/51334",slug:"managing-climate-risk-with-seasonal-forecasts",totalDownloads:2188,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrew Charles, Yuriy Kuleshov and David Jones",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38976",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"},{id:"144346",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Charles",slug:"andrew-charles",fullName:"Andrew Charles"},{id:"164640",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Jones",slug:"david-jones",fullName:"David Jones"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"146",title:"Risk Management Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b787e4bce18617fb8b4778d72d78e25b",slug:"risk-management-trends",bookSignature:"Giancarlo Nota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/146.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10232",title:"Prof.",name:"Giancarlo",surname:"Nota",slug:"giancarlo-nota",fullName:"Giancarlo Nota"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5859",title:"Qualitative versus Quantitative Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5ed2bf861d5745f24ef585da095d217",slug:"qualitative-versus-quantitative-research",bookSignature:"Sonyel Oflazoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5859.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187211",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonyel",surname:"Oflazoglu",slug:"sonyel-oflazoglu",fullName:"Sonyel Oflazoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5396",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Practice-Oriented Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"297a3f7f82b2fba856f51501cf3e6864",slug:"entrepreneurship-practice-oriented-perspectives",bookSignature:"Mario Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5748",title:"Theory and Application on Cognitive Factors and Risk Management",subtitle:"New Trends and Procedures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b1562b00413a902d3e060b18d00c92e",slug:"theory-and-application-on-cognitive-factors-and-risk-management-new-trends-and-procedures",bookSignature:"Fabio De Felice and Antonella Petrillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5748.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6535",title:"Contemporary Issues and Research in Operations Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cda5f95443dc740a295ff54da00793f",slug:"contemporary-issues-and-research-in-operations-management",bookSignature:"Gary P. Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for",title:"Erratum: COVID-19 Transmission in Children: Implications for Schools",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78823.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78823",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78823",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78823",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78823",chapter:{id:"77986",slug:"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools",signatures:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. Chang",slug:"aileen-y.-chang",email:"chang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"342718",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Torres",fullName:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres",slug:"evelyn-mendoza-torres",email:"evelyn.mendozat@unilibre.edu.co",position:null,institution:{name:"Free University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"427633",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",fullName:"Franklin Torres",slug:"franklin-torres",email:"dummy+427633@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427634",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales-Rada",fullName:"Wendy Rosales-Rada",slug:"wendy-rosales-rada",email:"dummy+427634@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427635",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Encinales",fullName:"Liliana Encinales",slug:"liliana-encinales",email:"dummy+427635@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lil",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño",fullName:"Lil Avendaño",slug:"lil-avendano",email:"dummy+427636@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427637",title:"Dr.",name:"María Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",fullName:"María Fernanda Pérez",slug:"maria-fernanda-perez",email:"dummy+427637@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427638",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Terán",fullName:"Ivana Terán",slug:"ivana-teran",email:"dummy+427638@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427639",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara",fullName:"David Vergara",slug:"david-vergara",email:"dummy+427639@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427640",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Osorio-Llanes",fullName:"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes",slug:"estefanie-osorio-llanes",email:"dummy+427640@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427641",title:"Dr.",name:"Paige",middleName:null,surname:"Fierbaugh",fullName:"Paige Fierbaugh",slug:"paige-fierbaugh",email:"dummy+427641@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427642",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Villamizar",fullName:"Wendy Villamizar",slug:"wendy-villamizar",email:"dummy+427642@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"457495",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Castellar-Lopez",fullName:"Jairo Castellar-Lopez",slug:"jairo-castellar-lopez",email:"dummy+427643@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"77986",slug:"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools",signatures:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. Chang",slug:"aileen-y.-chang",email:"chang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"342718",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Torres",fullName:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres",slug:"evelyn-mendoza-torres",email:"evelyn.mendozat@unilibre.edu.co",position:null,institution:{name:"Free University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"427633",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",fullName:"Franklin Torres",slug:"franklin-torres",email:"dummy+427633@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427634",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales-Rada",fullName:"Wendy Rosales-Rada",slug:"wendy-rosales-rada",email:"dummy+427634@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427635",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Encinales",fullName:"Liliana Encinales",slug:"liliana-encinales",email:"dummy+427635@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lil",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño",fullName:"Lil Avendaño",slug:"lil-avendano",email:"dummy+427636@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427637",title:"Dr.",name:"María Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",fullName:"María Fernanda Pérez",slug:"maria-fernanda-perez",email:"dummy+427637@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427638",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Terán",fullName:"Ivana Terán",slug:"ivana-teran",email:"dummy+427638@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427639",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara",fullName:"David Vergara",slug:"david-vergara",email:"dummy+427639@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427640",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Osorio-Llanes",fullName:"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes",slug:"estefanie-osorio-llanes",email:"dummy+427640@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427641",title:"Dr.",name:"Paige",middleName:null,surname:"Fierbaugh",fullName:"Paige Fierbaugh",slug:"paige-fierbaugh",email:"dummy+427641@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427642",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Villamizar",fullName:"Wendy Villamizar",slug:"wendy-villamizar",email:"dummy+427642@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"457495",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Castellar-Lopez",fullName:"Jairo Castellar-Lopez",slug:"jairo-castellar-lopez",email:"dummy+427643@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11867",leadTitle:null,title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) which causes heat trapping of the earth and contributes to the global climate change. This global issue led to the public concern and has become a serious problem in the developed and developing countries [1]. Accordingly, the increase of GHG in the atmosphere has led to a rise in the average global temperatures with a warming forecast of 1.8–4.0°C [2]. Recent surveys conducted, see [2–5], show that the CO2 concentrations has risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to present levels of ~380 ppm in the atmosphere and this increase in CO2concentration depends on world’s expanding use of fossil fuels. Further studies, according to the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power plants, represent the amount of emissions around 23 Gton-CO2 per year and 26% of the total emissions approximately[1, 2, 6]. Reports from on-road transportation emissions also indicate the high contribution of CO2 in atmosphere especially in urban areas. It contributes around 10% of the total global and 20% of the European atmospheric CO2 emissions [7]. Based on the Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in 2005, 72% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect is due to the CO2 emission and it is considered as the most important GHG contributor [1]. The Kyoto Protocol in 1997 also recommends that the nations minimize their CO2 emissions up to 95% of 1990 levels by 2012. In this regard, the mitigation options of the CO2 have been defined in many national and international scales and the scientists have been looking and developing for the techniques which reduce the CO2 emissions [8–11]. The options include reduction in using carbon-intensive fuels and improving energy efficiency in order to decrease the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere or carbon sequestration.
CO2 sequestration is the process of injecting CO2 into sub-surface to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic CO2. According to the IPCC 2005, the storage options are classified into three groups: (1) ocean storage, (2) mineralization, and (3) geological storage. Ocean storage consists of injecting the CO2 into deep oceans and immobilizing it by dissolving or forming a plume which is heavier than water under the ocean. The ocean is the largest storage option of CO2 and can contain 40000 Gton of carbon in contrast to the 750 Gton in the atmosphere. The ocean storage has not yet been considered as a pilot scale since it is still in the research phase and may also have dire consequences in marine life in case of leakage during and after the storage. [1, 12]. Mineralization process provides an opportunity to store the CO2 for a long period of time without any special concern about the permanent mitigation quality. It includes the CO2 conversion to a solid inorganic carbonates which is stable for a long time. The only considerable problem in this process is related to the high cost of implementation [13]. The CO2 geological storage (CGS) is considered as the main process for CO2 sequestration in the developed world [14–16]. The candidate CO2 storage facilities consist of deep saline aquifer and unmineable coal deposits, as well as depleted and mature oil and gas reservoirs which can contain 2200 Gton of carbon dioxide [17]. Based on an estimation reported by the European technology platform for zero emission fossil fuel power (ZEP), the contribution of each option for the storage potential of CO2 is shown in Figure1. [18]
The contribution of most important CGS techniques in the world’s CGS projects.
As for CGS’s regulation in Europe in 2009, the European Union approved that seven million tons of CO2 could be stored by 2020 and up to 160 million tons by 2030, assuming a 20% reduction in GHG emissions by 2020 [19]. Over the past decade, many developed countries have extensively investigated the potential of CO2 storage sites as well as understanding the behavior of CO2 and its interaction with different reservoir formations as a prerequisite to increase the effectiveness and integrity of the CGS projects. These comprise advanced scientific knowledge about CO2 behavior such as trapping mechanisms (physical and chemical), flow patterns, and interactions with formation rocks that can be achieved by improved techniques such as flow simulation, reservoir modeling, reservoir monitoring, and verification [20].
In recent years, there have been a number of surveys related to the storage capacity estimation methods in CGS fields [21]. The first groups of estimation assessments were simple with no technical component similar to the estimations held in Europe by Holloway and van der Straaten, in 1995, while the other recent ones have taken into account the complexities and more sophisticated methods of estimating the CO2 storage capacity [22–28]. One should keep in mind that the capacity estimation in any different scale (global, reservoir, basin, or region) and time frame is a difficult process due to our lack of knowledge about subsurface in most areas of the world and also the uncertainties and inaccessibility of the available data [29]. However, there is a wide variety of estimation techniques proposed by different authors (CSLF, IPCC, and Bradshaw et al.) which mainly rely on a simple algorithm depending on various storage mechanism [26, 28, 30].
In 1979 and 1988, the concept of resource pyramids was developed by Masters and McCabe for the first time and was later proposed to demonstrate the accumulation and quality of the CO2 storage potentials in the form of three pyramids as an important factor for capacity estimation, including (1) high level, (2) techno-economic, and (3) trap-type and effectiveness pyramid [31, 32]. This concept consists of the main aspects of CO2 storage such as different time scales and assessment scales, various assessment types, and different geological storage options [29]. For instance, as it has been demonstrated in Figure2, the techno-economic resource pyramid calculates the storage capacity in mass instead of the volume and includes the maximum upper limit of capacity estimate with various time and assessment scales. On the other hands, it reveals three levels of theoretical, realistic and viable estimates in which the theoretical portion includes the entire pyramid whereas the realistic and viable parts have covered the top two portions and only the top portion of pyramid respectively [28, 30].
Techno-Economic Resource Pyramid for capacity estimation in CO2 geological storage.
In an investigation which was performed by Kopp et al. in 2009, to estimate the effective storage capacity, some models were proposed by authors, including(1) CSLF model (proposed by Bachu et al. in 2007 in which the effective storage volume is calculated by reducing the capacity coefficient from theoretical capacity), (2) Doughty model (proposed by Doughty et al. in 2001 which estimated the effective capacity as a volume fraction for CO2 storage), and (3) Kopp model (based on Doughty model while the pores containing dissolved CO2 is much larger than those containing free gas [33]).
According to CO2 storage capacity estimation surveyed by Bachu et al., based on a summary of carbon sequestration leadership forum (CSLF), different timeframes and field scales are accounted considering various trapping mechanisms (physical and chemical mechanisms) [26]. Bachu et al. have demonstrated the approaches based on different geological potential with generally assessing the opportunity of other storage options like man-made underground cavity and the basalts such as Deccan Plateau in India; however, they need more investigations.
DOE (2006), ‘Methodology for development of carbon sequestration capacity estimates’ and CSLF (2007), ‘Estimation of CO2 storage capacity in geological media – phase II’ are the major investigations regarding the storage capacity estimation approaches in geological formations. The CSLF (2007) employs a techno-economic resource pyramid in the capacity estimation process for depleted oil and gas reservoir based on McCabe (1998), while the DOE (2006) utilizes volumetric equations and Monte Carlo approach to estimate the uncertainty and capacity storage by incorporating various trapping mechanisms in depleted oil and gas reservoirs [31]. Another integration of DOE and CSLF with simple version of SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineering) petroleum resource management system is proposed and called CO2CRC storage capacity classification [34, 35]. They have reported that on account of greater amount of data in term of oil and gas fields, the estimation process is the easiest among the geological formations. It should be noted that the other methods which are employed in saline aquifers can be used here for CO2 storage volume estimation: ‘volumetric-based estimation’ and ‘production-based estimation’ [35, 36].
Bachu et al., provided a good overview of storage capacity estimates in oil and gas reservoirs to compare the other geological formation such as coal beds and saline aquifers [26]. Based on Bachu et al., the capacity estimation in oil and gas reservoirs is more convenient than other geological formations, and these geological formations are discrete in contrast to the continuous coal beds and saline aquifers [26]. Estimation of the CO2 storage capacity is also difficult for a number of reasons: In estimation process, some assumption would be made, such as volume occupied by hydrocarbons is available for CO2 after production for pressure-depleted reservoirs with no hydrodynamic contacts. On the other hand, formation water influx as the consequence of pressure decline and water trapping can be inversed due to the CO2 injection and increase in the pore spaces which may cause some pores to be unavailable for CO2 storage. Thus, the original reservoir pressure has the maximum limitation for CO2 injection into the depleted reservoirs [37]. According to the volume of original oil and gas at surface conditions, theoretical mass storage capacity can be accounted through an equation proposed by Bachu et al.[26]. They also provided an extrapolation to account the theoretical storage capacity in another correlation. In some cases, the actual volume availability to CO2 storage can be reduced and would be stated by capacity coefficient (equation expressed by Doughty and Press, 2004) [38]. But based on Bachu and Shaw, in 2005, enough data are not available for assessing these coefficients, and estimations are mostly carried out by numerical simulations [9, 38]. One of the specific issues in CO2 storage in depleted reservoirs is CO2 flood-enhanced oil recovery. Because of some reasons, the capacity estimation in this case is already an effective estimation. The promising storage sites for CO2 enhanced recovery can be performed at regional and basin scales such that this criterion decreases the effective capacity to practical storage capacity [39–41].
As it has been illustrated in recent studies, deep saline aquifers are the most favorable storage option in comparison to the depleted reservoirs and coal beds [1, 27, 28, 39]. In contrast, the numbers of projects which have been conducted by the industries are not considerable due to some reasons, including availability of anthropogenic CO2 and the related data, site assessment difficulties, poor injectivities, and high cost of monitoring [42]. According to the DOE, a volumetric equation is proposed to CO2 storage estimation in saline aquifers, while each type of trapping mechanisms is also needed for calculation of the basin-scale assessments [35]. In CSLF methodology for deep saline aquifers, storage estimations based on structural and stratigraphic trapping mechanisms are similar to depleted oil and gas reservoirs, whereas the mass of CO2 related to the effective storage volume would be more difficult to calculate. Moreover, the storage estimation based on solubility trapping at the basin and regional scales can be calculated by the relation proposed by Bachu and Adams [36, 41].
Bachu et al. proposed a theoretical approach to CO2 storage estimation considering each type of trapping mechanism in deep saline aquifers [26]. They introduced a simple time-independent volumetric equation used for depleted oil and gas reservoirs in which the traps have been saturated by water rather than being occupied with hydrocarbons. Similar to equation mentioned above, a relation related to the CO2 mass storage limitation also has developed here for basin- and regional-scale assessments, which can be utilized for theoretical and effective capacity estimations. For residual gas trapping method, the storage volume can be calculated with a time-dependent equation proposed by the authors with regard to the concept of actual CO2 saturation at flow reversal by Juanes et al. [43]. The solubility mechanism is a time-dependent, continuous, and slow process which can be performed effectively after finishing the injection process. If this trapping system occurs in thick and high permeable aquifers, a convection cell can be constituted and the dissolution process will be improved, while in the case of thin aquifers, this mechanism is less efficient [44, 45]. Capacity storage at the basin and regional scale can be assessed through an equation proposed by Bachu and Adams whereas at the local and site scale, numerical simulation is required for precise estimation of the storage capacity [41]. Estimation through mineral trapping cannot be applied at the regional and basin scales due to the lack of available data and the complex intrinsic of mineral trapping and the chemical and physical related mechanisms. The only remaining approach is numerical simulation which is suitable for site and local scale during a long period of time. According to recent research, mineral trapping mechanism can be compared to the solubility mechanisms with regard to the long time period required here [46, 47]. Hydrodynamic trapping mechanism consists of all the mentioned features of the mechanism and it needs various time scales for acting. This process cannot be evaluated at regional and basin scale estimations due to the different acting time scales through various trapping mechanisms. Hence, it should be considered in a specific point of time and the numerical simulation applied to estimate the storage capacity at local and site scales [26, 48].
De Silva and Ranjith conducted a complete investigation related to the CO2 estimation methods on saline aquifers and assessed different aspects of the estimation process such as operating time frame, resource circles (pyramids), and trapping mechanisms and factors affecting the storage capacity [50]. The proposed equations in each trapping system are based on the relations recommended by Bachuet al. [26]. The evaluated parameters which can affect the storage capacity consist of
According to the IPCC 2005, the coal bed storage process is currently in the demonstration phase. MacDonald of Alberta Energy reported the storage in coal bed in 1991 for the first time [59]. One of the most prominent factors to guarantee the successful economic CO2 storage process is the permeability of coal and it should be more than 1 mD (miliDarcy) [60]. The main problem in CO2 storage in coal bed process is the limitation of available data about location and capacity of promising sites [30, 26, 28]. It should be noted that the main trapping mechanism in storage process regarding the coal beds is adsorption, and it is necessary to assess the rank, grade, and type of the coal in order to achieve more information about adsorption capacity of the coals [35].
The CSLF and DOE proposed models such as volumetric equation to estimate the coal capacity through substituting the intrinsic methane by injected CO2 process. Bachu et al. have reported the relation demonstrating the initial gas in place after coal adsorption process proposed by van Bergen et al. and White et al. [59, 61, 62]. One should keep in mind is that since the adsorption is one of the main parts of the storage process, adsorbed gas capacity estimation is also important to investigate [63]. Langmuir equation is a simple and efficient relation for single-layer adsorption capacity estimation in low-pressure conditions [64–66]. In case of high pressure and high temperature, other methods are more suitable such as Bi Langmuir, extended Langmuir, Sips, Langmuir-Freundlich, Toth, UNILAN, two-dimensional EOS, LRC (loading ratio correlation), Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) [59, 67–73]. A modified Langmuir and Toth correlation was expressed by Himeno et al. and Bae and Bhatia, which includes the substitution of pressure by fugacity high dense phase conditions [74, 75]. Another mathematical power equation proposed by Saghafi et al. can be used to estimate the adsorption capacity [66].
Storage capacity estimation for the stored gas content can be performed through the equation suggested by White, van Bergen et al., CSLF, and Vangkilde et al. [61, 76, 77]. Palarski and Lutynski expressed another relation to estimate the CO2 storage components in coal seams [78]. To estimate the large-scale storage capacity of 45 important coal basins during Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM) in China, Li et al. used an equation which can be modified to a simpler form without considering the different coal bed basins [63, 79].
To study the behavior of CO2 during and after the CGS process, numerical modeling is considered as the only effective tool prior to the experimental and field demonstrations instead of analytical and semi-analytical solutions on account of some limitations and simplifications [80–83]. In the past few years, various numerical modeling and reservoir simulations approaches have been documented in the literature at the pilot and commercial scales which are using common numerical methods such as finite difference, finite element, and finite volume methods. One of the most efficient means for reservoir modeling is TOUGH2 simulator developed by Pruess et al. and used successfully in Rio Vista reservoir. In this study, an extension of EOS7R and EWASG modules have been developed to simulate the gas and water flow called EOS7C [84-88]. Omambia and Li carried out a CO2 numerical modeling in a deep saline aquifer (Wangchang basin, China) using a fluid/property module of TOUGH2 called ECO2N which is adapted from EWASG module [89]. This module was evaluated in a separate study for the CGS process in saline aquifers by Pruess and Spycher [86, 90]. TOUGHREACT, a non-isothermal reactive geochemical transport code, was utilized to simulate the CO2 disposal in deep aquifers by Xu et al., which was performed by merging the reactive chemistry term into the TOUGH2 framework [91–95]. An efficiency evaluation of CGS was performed in Frio brine pilot project using the TOUGH2 simulator to identify the uncertainties related to nature of the earth by Hovorka et al. [96]. In a previous study at the University of Stuttgart, the MUFTE-UG simulator has been evaluated for CO2 sequestration in various fields of application such as simulation, CO2SINK, and CO2TRAP [97, 98]. At the Ketzin CO2 storage site, the ECLIPSE 100/300 and MUFTE-UG codes were employed to perform a history matching [99]. Pawar et al. have investigated a preliminary study to model and simulate the CGS in a depleted oil reservoir by ECLIPSE 100 [100]. Another 2/3 dimensional simulation survey with consideration of reactive flow and transport in deep saline aquifers has been performed by Kumar et al. with GEM simulator (computer modeling groups) [101]. ECLIPSE and DuMux simulators are also taken into consideration to understand the thermal effect during CO2 injection and movement in the porous medium.
According to the CGS simulation methods, there have been some comparative investigations between the various simulators, such as reported by David et al. and Jiang [102]. David et al. have compared six simulators for numerical simulation of CGS in coal beds: (1) GEM, (2) ECLIPSE, (3) COMET2, (4) SIMED II, (5) GCOMP, and (6) METSIM 2. Additional features are needed to be taken into consideration based on Law et al., such as coal matrix swelling, diffusion of mixed gas, non-isothermal effect, water movement, and so on [103]. According to the recent survey by David et al. GEM and SIMED II are suitable to consider multi-component liquids while ECLIPSE and COMET 2 can handle only two component fluids [103, 104]. In 2011, Jiang demonstrated an overview of the various simulator applications and their numerical features including TOUGHREACT, MUFTE, GEM, ECLIPSE, DuMux, COORES, FEHM, ROCKFLOW, SUTRA, and other types of simulators. Numerical methods and physical models play an important role in the simulators outcomes. Selecting the best simulator among those presented above is highly based on the desired application. For example, the ELSA simulator can be applied efficiently in semi-analytical estimation of fluid distributions; ROCKFLOW is suitable in the case of multi-phase flow and solute transport modeling; GEM is an aqueous geochemistry tool while for the low-temperature situation PHREEQC is more applicable; and for the multi-component, three phase, and 3D fluid flow simulation with consideration of reservoir heterogeneities, COORES would be a robust means [85, 102, 104, 105]. Zhang et al. had a quick look on different types of simulators mentioned earlier and have suggested a new parallel multi-phase fluid flow simulator for CGS in saline aquifers called TOUGH+CO2 which has been developed on the basis of a modified TOUGH2 family of cods, TOUGH+ and TOUGH2-MP including all the ECO2N features capabilities [83]. This brand new simulator has proved to be a successful and robust means, which has been used in a number of large-scale simulation projects [106–113].
Another group of surveys has focused on the direct modeling of some effective transport phenomena which are essential for predicting parameters that have an important role in underground gas sequestration process such as diffusivity and convection. Azin et al., in 2013, have conducted study regarding correct measurement of diffusivity coefficient [114]. The modeling was based on a method proposed by Sheika et al. to analyze pressure decline data and the impact of pressure and temperature on the measurement of diffusivity coefficient [114]. GholamiY., et al., in 2015, have also investigated the measurement of CO2 diffusivity in synthetic and saline aquifer solutions at reservoir conditions with emphasis on the role of ion interactions [114–117]. A non-iterative thermodynamic predictive model has investigated by Azin et al. to calculate the effect of gas solubility [118–120]. The effects of convective dissolution and diffusivity mixing have also been surveyed with finite-element method by GholamiY., et al. They have used Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method and crosswind artificial diffusion and found that the dissolution is controlled by convective dissolution in bulk water [115, 121]. Another numerical simulation was done by Azin et al. to predict the onset of instability in CO2 underground injection [114]. It was found that depending on Rayleigh number, there is a wave number at which instability occurs earlier and grows faster [114].
Precise monitoring and verification is required to have an appropriate risk management strategy for the CGS projects [1]. The monitoring and verification process should be commenced from site selection and characterization followed by atmospheric and remote sensing, near and deep surface methods, as well as well bore-monitoring techniques. Different types of monitoring tools are introduced and used in recent literature: acoustic velocity structure imaging by seismic, density distribution imaging by gravity, electrical resistivity structure imaging, and fluid content imaging of potential reservoir rocks by the electromagnetic methods [20, 122]. After injecting the CO2 into the sequestration sites, electromagnetic and gravitation sensors are employed for seismic surveys of storage integrity such as CO2 flow and transportation quality in porous media and behavior of cap rock in contact to the CO2. The leakage measurement in atmospheric level can be done by open path, flux tower, and InSAR systems (satellite-based infrared and interferometric synthetic aperture radar) [20].
Otway Basin Pilot project in Australia is the first CGS project in which monitoring techniques were used [122]. In 2010, the CSEM have considered landing base imaging and passive magnetotelluric in deep crustal scales surveys by Sreitch and colleagues [124]. According to the surveys performed by Arts et al. and Chadwick et al., the 4D gravity and seismic techniques have been successfully accomplished in Sleipner site [125–127]. The 4D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) has been commonly used to quantitative monitoring of the CO2 plume with tracer injection, well logging, micro-seismic and pressure–temperature measurements which is applied successfully at Frio and Nagaoka project [128–144]. In Frio Brine and Otway Pilot projects, tracer monitoring has been employed to assess the CO2 breakthrough [145, 146]. The Eddy covariance and hyperspectral imaging in a shallow subsurface site are important computational issues that were examined to monitor the CO2 leakage in Montana [147, 148]. Another successful surface monitoring technique tested at In Salah project was InSAR which was incorporated into other monitoring techniques such as seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic [149–153]. At Ketzin sequestration site, the monitoring methods included cross-hole resistivity, seismic, and microbiology with temperature and pressure profiling [154-160].
In summary, the methods of theoretical and effective capacity estimation of CO2 storage comprise volumetric and compressibility methods, flow mathematical and simulation models, dimensional analysis, analytical investigation and Japanese/Chinese methodology.
The CSLF model employs a techno-economic resource pyramid in the capacity estimation process for depleted oil and gas reservoir, while the DOE model utilizes volumetric equations and Monte Carlo approach by incorporating various trapping mechanisms. According to the CO2CRC, storage capacity classification in terms of oil and gas fields is the easiest among the other geological options due to the greater amount of data. A volumetric equation has been proposed to CO2 storage estimation in the most favorable storage option (saline aquifers) while each type of trapping mechanism is also needed for calculation of the basin-scale assessments. The CSLF methodology has been considered for deep saline aquifers as well as depleted oil and gas reservoir based on structural and stratigraphic trapping mechanisms. Estimation through mineral trapping cannot be applied at the regional and basin scales due to lack of data availability. The only remaining approach, numerical simulation, is suitable for site and local scale for a long period of time. Despite the application of the hydrodynamic trapping mechanism in various time scales, it cannot be evaluated at regional- and basin-scale estimation. To calculate the storage capacity based on compressibility concept, a more comprehensive equation has been addressed recently including flow simulation employing volumetric formulas and more reservoir parameters.
In coal bed capacity estimation, the Langmuir equation provides a simple and efficient relation for single layer low-pressure conditions. In the case of high pressure and high temperature, Bi Langmuir, extended Langmuir, Sips, Langmuir-Freundlich, Toth, UNILAN, two-dimensional EOS, LRC (loading ratio correlation), Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R), and Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) are more suitable.
One of the most efficient means for reservoir modeling is the TOUGH2 simulator developed in Rio Vista reservoir and an extension of EOS7R and EWASG modules also has been proposed to simulate the gas and water flow called EOS7C. A fluid/property module of TOUGH2 called ECO2N has been utilized for CO2 modeling in saline aquifers. TOUGHREACT, a non-isothermal reactive geochemical transport code, was utilized to simulate the CO2 disposal in deep aquifers by entering the reactive chemistry term into the TOUGH2 framework. MUFTE-UG simulator has been evaluated for CO2 sequestration in various fields of application such as simulation, CO2SINK, and CO2TRAP. Another survey with consideration of reactive flow and transport in deep saline aquifers has been performed using the GEM simulator. ECLIPSE and DuMux simulators are also taken into consideration in a study to understand the thermal effect during CO2 injection and movement in the porous medium.
Six simulators including GEM, ECLIPSE, COMET2, SIMED II, GCOMP, and METSIM2 have been compared for CGS in coalbeds. GEM and SIMED II simulators are suitable for multi-component liquids while ECLIPSE and COMET2 can handle only two component fluids. Other comparison studies including TOUGHREACT, MUFTE, GEM, ECLIPSE, DuMux, COORES, FEHM, ROCKFLOW, SUTRA, and other types of simulators have been carried out throughout the world. Selecting the best simulator among those presented is highly based on the desired application. The ELSA simulator can be applied efficiently in semi-analytical estimation of fluid distributions. ROCKFLOW is suitable in the case of multi-phase flow and solute transport modeling. GEM is an aqueous geochemistry tool, while for the low temperature situation PHREEQC is more applicable. For multi-component, three phase, and 3D fluid flow simulation with consideration of reservoir heterogeneities, COORES would be a robust means. The new parallel multi-phase fluid flow simulator for CGS in saline aquifers called TOUGH+CO2 has been developed on the basis of a modified TOUGH2 family of cods, TOUGH+ and TOUGH2-MP including all the ECO2N feature capabilities and has proved to be a successful and robust means in a number of large scale simulation projects.
The CSEM have considered landing base imaging and passive magnetotelluric in deep crustal scale surveys in 2007. The 4D gravity and seismic methods have performed well in the Sleipner project. The 4D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) has been commonly used for quantitative monitoring of the CO2 plume with tracer injection, well logging, and micro-seismic and pressure-temperature measurements with successful application at Frio and Nagaoka. In Frio Brine and Otway Pilot projects, tracer monitoring has been employed to assess the CO2 breakthrough. The Eddy covariance and hyperspectral imaging in a shallow subsurface site are important computational issues that were examined to monitor the CO2 leakage in Montana. Another successful surface monitoring technique tested at In Salah project was InSAR which incorporated to other monitoring techniques such as seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic. At Ketzin sequestration site, the monitoring methods included cross-hole resistivity, seismic, and microbiology with temperature and pressure profiling.
The use of renewable energy sources such as biofuels is a major thrust to combat the imminent crisis on energy security and climate change. With diminishing fossil fuel supply and global warming issues, a transition to cleaner and more secure fuel production is necessary. This led to the implementation of Republic Act 9367, otherwise known as the Biofuels Act of 2006. This Act primarily aims to lessen the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels by utilizing renewable and clean energy sources, thereby mitigating climate change while also promoting employment opportunities for the country’s economic growth [1].
Pursuant to the Biofuels Law, a mandate was implemented on blending locally sourced biofuels to all petroleum-based fuel sold in the country. After two years since the law took effect last 06 February 2007, the mandated minimum level of bioethanol blending to gasoline was 5% by volume while biodiesel blending to diesel was set to 2% by volume. The Department of Energy (DOE) is mandated to spearhead the implementation of the Act through the creation of the National Biofuel Board (NBB). To further promote the development of biofuels in the country, the Biofuels Act provides incentives to investments related to the production, distribution, and use of locally produced biofuels. These incentives include elimination of specific tax on local or imported biofuels additives, exemption of the sale of raw material used to produce biofuels such as, but not limited to, coconut, jatropha, cassava, sugarcane, corn, and sweet sorghum from the value added tax, exemption of water effluents derived from biofuels production from wastewater charges in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, and provision for financial assistance from government financial institutions for activities engaged in the production, storage, handing, and transport of biofuel and biofuel feedstock [2]. Primarily, high selling price of biofuels due to the high domestic cost of production is the main challenge facing the country’s biofuels industry. In response to this, development and implementation of various research studies were initiated by the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through the Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research and Development (PCIEERD) in support to identifying and developing sustainable and viable feedstocks as well as economically feasible conversion technologies for biofuels production and utilization.
At present, the bioethanol blending of 10% remains consistent with the mandate under the Act. From sugarcane as main biomass source for bioethanol fuel, a shift to use of molasses, a byproduct of sugar-making process, has been initiated. On the other hand, biodiesel in the country is solely sourced from coconut. Although NBB has recommended an increase in the biodiesel blend to 5% in 2015, it was indefinitely delayed owing to feedstock and pricing concerns causing the current blending scenario for biodiesel to remain stagnant at 2% [3]. With the plan of further increasing the country’s blending targets for biodiesel to 10% by 2020 and eventually to 20% by 2025 onwards, exploration of a more sustainable and economical feedstocks is necessary to meet the increasing biodiesel demand. Some of the feedstocks under study as potential sources for biodiesel production include coconut, oil palm, soybean, jatropha, used cooking oil, and microalgae. Hence, this book chapter provides an information on the suitability of different potential feedstocks in the Philippines that can be utilized for biodiesel production. Appropriate technologies for the conversion of these feedstocks to biodiesel fuel are also discussed. A brief overview of the current situation of the biodiesel industry in the Philippines is also provided in this chapter.
As the country foresees to become energy self-sufficient, the alarming energy crisis poses challenges caused mainly by heavy reliance on fossil fuels and imported energy as well as the continuously rising energy demand. With the average annual rate of 4.2% increase in energy consumption, the total final energy consumption of the country is expected to rise from 29.8 million metric tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2015 to about 54.9 Mtoe by 2030. Primarily, transport, industry, residential, commercial, and agriculture are the major energy-intensive sectors [4].
Following the implementation of the Comprehensive Automotive Resurgence Strategy (CARS) Program which aims to strengthen the Philippine automotive industry, local production and domestic sales or market for automotive vehicles are expected to significantly increase. As a result, the transport sector will continue to dominate the Philippines’ total final energy consumption with 35.7% average share annually [5]. Consequently, bulk percentage averaging to about 46% of the country’s total energy requirement is sourced from petroleum products. Particularly, gasoline and diesel account for average shares of 28.4 and 50.5% of the total oil requirement, respectively [4]. In 2018, it was reported that oil products’ consumption reached about 16.9 Mtoe [5]. A slightly lower consumption of 16 Mtoe was recorded in 2020 due to the halted activities especially the public and private transportation brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions [6]. Nonetheless, with the expected continuous increase in demand for petroleum products as transport fuel, the need for a more sustainable and cleaner alternative fuel such as biofuels is necessary.
Presently, DOE has maintained the implementation of 2% by volume biodiesel blends even though a 10% planned increase in blending must have been imposed for the year 2020 (Figure 1). Due to marginally higher pump prices, the recommended increase in blending target has been delayed. With the anticipated implementation of increased blending mandate, a total of 13 biodiesel accredited facilities operate as of December 2020, with a total production capacity of 707.90 million liters biodiesel per year (MLPY) (Table 1). With the current scenario, the total local biodiesel production as reported by DOE is 187.67 million liters in 2020 and an overall sale of about 160.42 million liters [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. This volume of local production translates to approximately 26.5% of the total biodiesel production capacity of the country.
Mandated biodiesel blending based on the Biofuels Act of 2006.
Biodiesel producers | Location | Plant Capacity (MLPY) |
---|---|---|
Chemrez Technologies, Inc. | Quezon City | 90 |
Golden Asian Oil International, Inc. | Pasig City | 60 |
Phil. Biochem Products, Inc. | Muntinlupa City | 40 |
Pure Essence International, Inc. | Pasig City | 72 |
JNJ Oleochemicals, Inc. | Lucena City, Quezon | 63.3 |
Mt. Holly Coco Industrial, Inc. | Lucena City, Quezon | 60 |
Tantuco Enterprises, Inc. | Tayabas, Quezon | 90 |
Archemicals Corp. | Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental | 33 |
Bioenergy 8 Corporation | Sasa, Davao City, Davao | 30 |
Ecoenergy Corporation | General Santos City, Cotabato | 30 |
Ecoenergy Corporation | Polomolok, Cotabato | 100 |
Freyvonne Milling Services | Toril, Davao City, Davao | 15.6 |
Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. | Villanueva, Misamis Oriental | 24 |
List of accredited biodiesel producers in the Philippines as of 31 December 2020.
Clearly, the local biodiesel production capacity is sufficient to meet the biodiesel demand since 2007 (Figure 2). However, amid excess supply of coconut which is the sole feedstock for biodiesel in the country, fluctuating feedstock cost remains a challenge resulting to limitation in feedstock supply for biodiesel. Consequently, higher fuel pump prices at increased blending rate continues to be the main concern impeding the implementation of the recommended increase in biodiesel blending mandates.
Biodiesel plant capacity utilization in the Philippines, 2007-2021.
As shown on Figure 3, the same trend was observed for biodiesel price and the local price of feedstock CNO. An increase in feedstock price results to a rise in the biodiesel selling price since total production cost for biodiesel is largely dictated by the cost of feedstock. On the average, a huge price difference can be observed between diesel and biodiesel prices. This entails that a further increase in the biodiesel blending rate would cause a significant rise in diesel fuel pump prices. Perhaps, this remains as the drawback of implementing the increased biodiesel blending. Hence, feedstock diversification is a great advantage to substantially improve the cost savings for higher biodiesel blends.
Comparative prices of diesel, biodiesel, and feedstock CNO, 2011-2020.
With the expected increase in diesel demand in the next 20 years, biodiesel requirement will hike up, more so with the implementation of the impending higher biodiesel blending mandates. At present, the production capacity of the country is about 384% of the biodiesel requirement for a 2% blending [11]. In 2022, the demand for biodiesel is projected to be 690 million liters if the 5% blending mandate will be imposed (Figure 4). At an 80% plant utilization rate, additional capacity of nearly 160 million liters is needed to meet this demand. In terms of feedstock availability, the target biodiesel supply even at the increased blending rate by 2022 only requires about 40% of the total coconut oil (CNO) available in the country. By the end of the planning period, further increasing the blending mandate to 20% will require around 6700 million liters biodiesel. This brings the target total production capacity of biodiesel to approximately 8400 million liters by 2040 and a feedstock requirement which is about four times the current local supply of CNO.
Biodiesel demand projection, 2020-2040.
Biodiesel derived from domestic renewable sources such as animal fats, vegetable oils, and algal oil has considerably similar properties and characteristics to petroleum-based diesel, making it a promising alternative fuel [12]. Edible oils are commonly produced from edible feedstocks such as coconut oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, corn oil, etc. Different non-edible oils including jatropha oil, petroleum nut oil, and castor oil can also be used for biodiesel production. In the case of waste oils, the possible feedstocks are waste cooking oil, fish oil, animal tallow oil, and pyrolysis oil while algal oil is usually sourced from
General process flow for biodiesel production.
Oil can be extracted from the raw material using mechanical extraction or solvent/enzyme extraction. Mechanical extraction usually uses a screw type machine to expel the oil through pressing (Figure 6). This process is relatively simple and is applicable to almost any kind of nuts and oilseeds, though, oil yield or recovery is oftentimes quite low [14]. Unlike mechanical extraction, solvent/enzyme extraction can result to significantly higher oil yields with oil reduction in meal to less than 1% by weight (Figure 7). However, this method has higher energy requirement and takes longer time. Another method that can be used for oil extraction is the enzymatic extraction method which uses suitable enzymes. As compared to other methods such as the solvent extraction method, it is more environment-friendly but disadvantageous in terms of costs and processing time [16].
General process flow of oil extraction via mechanical extraction.
General process flow of oil extraction via solvent extraction.
Crude oil, a product of oil extraction, is then refined to further improve the quality of the oil. Typically, oil refining process consists of several stages such as degumming, centrifugation, neutralization, oil bleaching, filtration, deaeration, and deodorization (Figure 8). Phospholipids are commonly removed by acid degumming using concentrated phosphoric acid at a temperature below 100°C. Phospholipids precipitated into gums are separated through centrifugation. Removal of free fatty acids (FFA) is done in the neutralization stage where alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide is made to react with FFA forming soap stock which is removed again by centrifugation. Bleaching using adsorbents is employed to further improve the quality of the oil through the removal of other impurities and contaminants such as residual soap and gums, chlorophyll, oxidation products, and trace metals causing impurity reduction from 1.2 to 0.84% by mass. The recommended dosage loading of adsorbents used in the bleaching process are 17 kg bleaching earth and 5 kg activated carbon per metric ton of oil fed. These adsorbents are then removed by filtration while the bleached oil undergoes deaeration and deodorization. These last two stages of refining process aid in moisture and FFA removal to attain the desired 0.15% by mass moisture content and 0.025% by mass maximum FFA content of refined oil to be fed for biodiesel production [14, 17].
General process flow of oil refining.
Transesterification is the main conversion technique for biodiesel production. This process involves the reversible reaction of oil or triglyceride to alcohol in the presence of a base catalyst forming fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel and glycerol. The process is usually carried out in a series of two batch transesterification reaction at 60°C (Figure 9). The initial reaction takes place for two hours causing a 96% conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel. Glycerol, a by-product of the reaction, is immiscible with biodiesel and eventually settles forming a layer below the biodiesel. The glycerol layer along with 60% of the unreacted methanol is allowed to settle for an hour before being withdrawn out of the reactor and processed for purification. The biodiesel layer is then subjected to the second reaction to convert the remaining triglyceride to biodiesel with about 99.95% conversion [14, 17].
General process flow of biodiesel production.
Conversion technologies have a significant impact on the competitiveness of biodiesel as alternative fuel since it relates to quality and productivity. Hence, development of advanced processing technologies for biodiesel has been the focus of many researches. More so, selection of a good complementary feedstock is important to bridge the gaps in the Philippine biodiesel industry.
Looking into feedstock development, three generations of biodiesel have been classified. The first-generation biodiesel is generally related to edible biomass sources such as food crops. However, with concerning issues and risks on food security, its implementation appears to have certain restrictions. Drawbacks of first-generation feedstocks led to growing interest on fuels produced from non-edible lignocellulosic biomass sources which are classified as second-generation biodiesel. These include fuels derived from forest and agricultural residues, animal wastes, and municipal solid wastes. Third generation biodiesel, on the other hand, include fuels that are produced from algal biomass or feedstocks which do not compete with food and arable lands [16].
The Philippines is known as the world’s second largest coconut producer and the top exporter of coconut products such as coconut oil. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), 348 million coconut trees can be found in around 70 out of more than 80 provinces in the country in 2019, covering approximately a quarter of the total agricultural lands in the Philippines [18].
Biodiesel from coconut is derived specifically from the extracted oil from
In the Philippines, a hectare of coconut plantation can yield 100 trees with an average nut yield per tree using the tall variety of 70 nuts annually. Equivalently, 1305 kg of
In the Philippines, soybean is used primarily as a main ingredient in livestock feed because of its high protein content. However, due to insufficient domestic production, the country has been importing huge amounts of soybeans to meet the local demand. In 2019, the country’s soybean gross supply was 178,772 metric tons in which only 659 metric tons or about 0.36% of the total supply was produced locally, and the remaining 178,113 metric tons (99.64%) was imported by the country. Domestic production of soybeans was reported to decrease at an average rate of −0.57% growth per year from 2017 to 2019 [19].
Aside from soybean meal, soybean processing also produces soybean oil as secondary product, making it one of the potential alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Solvent extraction is usually employed for an integrated soybean meal and biodiesel production system for a higher oil recovery and a more preferred soybean meal grade for animal feeds.
On the average, threshed soybean yield in the Philippines can reach 2.5 metric tons per hectare per cropping with a biodiesel potential of 100–129 liters per metric ton depending on the oil extraction method used. A total of 93,000–121,000 ha of soybean plantation, yielding about 233,000–302,000 metric tons threshed soybean per year is needed to supply the feedstock requirement for a commercial scale 30 million liter per year biodiesel plant [15].
Oil palm is a tropical tree crop typically grown in areas where rain is abundant. Normally, wild palms have a life span of up to 200 years while commercial palms only have 20–30 years economic life span [20]. Oil palm as a plantation crop is a high-yielding source of two distinct oils such as palm oil and palm kernel oil (lauric oil) which can be obtained from the fibrous mesocarp or flesh of the fruit and kernel of the nut, respectively.
Similar to coconut oil, oil palm is identified as one of the alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production because it contains highly saturated vegetable fats [21]. Processing of oil palm includes bunch reception followed by sterilization and threshing to remove the fruit from the bunch. The fruitlets are then digested and pressed to extract the crude palm oil which undergoes clarification before the oil refining process.
The average yield of oil palm is 135 trees per hectare. About 20 metric tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hectare is harvested annually with a biodiesel potential of 188 liters per metric ton. For a 30 million liters per year biodiesel capacity, about 8000 ha of oil palm plantation is required to produce 160,000 metric tons of FFB per year [20, 21].
Jatropha is locally known as tubang-bakod and is considered as a potential source for biodiesel production due to its suitability in tropical and subtropical regions as well as its higher seed productivity and rapid growth [22]. On the average, it has a productive life span ranging from 35 to 50 years. Unlike other crops such as palm and coconut which takes about eight and four years, respectively before the first harvest, jatropha can be harvested in just 14 months [23]. Since this crop is not used for food applications, its potential as a biodiesel feedstock in the Philippines has grown interest. With an oil content of about 20–60%, jatropha is found to have a higher oil content than that of other oilseed crops such as palm oil. However, the high content of free fatty acids (FFA) in jatropha is seen as a disadvantage for biodiesel production since this requires an additional transesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality [24].
On the average, the yield of jatropha is 2500 plants per hectare, producing about six to eight metric tons of seeds. With its biodiesel potential yield of 185 liters per metric ton, about 23,000 ha of jatropha plantation to produce approximately 160,000 metric tons of seeds is needed to supply the feedstock requirement for a commercial scale 30 million liter per year biodiesel plant [25, 26].
Used cooking oil has drawn considerable interest as a potential alternative source for biodiesel production due to its low cost and its availability at a huge quantity as waste. Though waste cooking oil has been used in soap production, most of its volume is discarded into the environment. Since feedstock cost is one of the primary concerns in biodiesel production, utilization of used cooking oil as feedstock can significantly contribute to cost savings.
At the optimum conditions of 6.51 mol/mol methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.171 mol/mol sodium hydroxide-to-oil molar ratio, 47.0°C, and 30-minute reaction time for the sodium hydroxide-catalyzed transesterification of used cooking oil, the percent mass yield of biodiesel is around 80. This means that approximately 8 kg of biodiesel can be produced from 10 kg of used cooking oil [27]. This results to a biodiesel potential yield of approximately 905 liters per metric ton. Hence, for a commercial scale 30 million liter per year biodiesel plant, about 34,000 metric tons of used cooking oil is required as feedstock annually.
Microalgae have emerged as a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production due to its high lipid content, rapid biomass growth, and cultivation which does not compete with food crops for arable land [28]. As compared to other crop-based biodiesel feedstocks, microalgae appear to have the highest oil productivity [29].
Parametric studies on microalgae (
As shown in Table 2, in terms of biodiesel productivity which assumes maximum biomass conversion to biodiesel for the given possible available land area, coconut has the highest potential among the potential feedstocks considering the huge plantation area for this crop of about a quarter of the total agricultural lands in the country. Even at a 5% blending mandate by 2025, the existing cropping area for coconut is almost four times greater than the area requirement to produce enough feedstock.
Feedstock | Maximum biodiesel potential yield (L/ton) | Biomass production yield (ton/ha) | Potential available area (ha) | Biodiesel productivity (L) | *Land area needed (ha) | Percent of existing cropping area | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coconut (copra) | 605 | 1.30 | 3.65 M | 2.87B | 1.02 M | 360 | [17] | |
Soybean (grains) | Solvent Extraction | 129 | 2.5 | 300 | 0.097 M | 2.49 M | 0.012 | [15] |
Mechanical Extraction | 100 | 0.075 M | 3.22 M | 0.009 | ||||
Oil Palm (fresh fruit bunch) | 188 | 20 | 0.1 M | 376 M | 0.21 M | 47 | [20] | |
Jatropha (seed) | 185 | 7.5 | 0.1 M (idle lands suitable for jatropha cultivation) | 139 M | 0.58 M | 17 | [26] | |
Used Cooking Oil | 905 | 0.04 million tons (MT) | — | 36.2 M | 0.89 MT | 4.50 | [27] | |
Microalgae ( | 896 | 128 | — | — | 6150 | — | [30] |
Biodiesel potential yield of different biodiesel feedstocks in the Philippines.
Moreover, oil palm is the second crop-based feedstock with the highest biodiesel productivity. Its utilization for biodiesel production in the Philippines has already been proposed as alternative to coconut oil, however, a more comprehensive study for its viability still needs to be conducted before its implementation as required by the Department of Energy (DOE) [31]. Once allowed as alternative feedstock, the potential available area for this crop can sustain almost half of the biodiesel requirement for a 5% blending rate in 2025.
Looking into the biodiesel potential, used cooking oil and microalgae have the highest maximum yield among the possible feedstocks. However, oil extraction from microalgae is still performed in lab-scale and no technology has been confirmed yet as to its practical application in large scale lipid extraction [16, 32]. Nonetheless, only around 6150 ha will be required as biomass cultivation area to achieve the biodiesel requirement in 2025 if microalgae will be used as feedstock. Similarly, utilization of used cooking oil for biodiesel production still requires further studies specifically on process optimization and raw material quality control [11]. Meanwhile, with the available quantity of used cooking oil, this feedstock can contribute about 4.50% of the total biodiesel requirement in 2025.
Along with issues on energy security considering the continuously increasing energy demand and diminishing fossil reserves, the alarming impacts of climate change also call for the adoption of sustainable development options. In response to this, the country committed for a 75% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction by 2030, in which 2.71% is unconditional and 72.29% is conditional based on the 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This is established against the forecasted business-as-usual cumulative emission of 3340.3 metric tons CO2e for the period 2020–2030 [33]. Hence, use of technologies that can substantially curb emissions, such as biofuels, is targeted. Compared to fossil fuel, biofuels can significantly lower carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions by 78 and 50%, respectively [33].
In the Philippine setting, the biodiesel industry carbon footprint results to 1.4634 kg CO2e per liter. This was obtained by conducting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and taking into account a cradle-to-grave system boundary starting from feedstock cultivation up to biodiesel end-use. In Ref. to the GHG emission of petroleum diesel equal to 3.12 kg CO2e per liter, a GHG reduction potential of about 53.05% can be achieved upon full displacement of petroleum diesel by pure coconut methyl ester or coco biodiesel [14]. Correspondingly, at varying blending rates of 2, 5, 10, and 20%, the GHG reduction potential that can be attained are 1.06, 2.65, 5.31, and 10.61%, respectively. In 2021, 2% biodiesel blending has a potential GHG savings of 289,380 metric tons CO2e per year considering the total diesel demand of 8750 million liters. Implementing the 5% blending rate in 2025 will result to a significant hike in the potential avoided GHG emissions to nearly 1.32 million metric tons CO2e per year from the diesel demand projection of 16,000 million liters.
Table 3 shows the carbon footprint and GHG reduction potential at varying blending percentages of different potential biodiesel feedstocks. Comparing the different feedstocks, biodiesel production from coconut has the lowest carbon footprint and highest GHG reduction potential, followed by oil palm. Oil palm biodiesel has a carbon footprint of 1.80 kg CO2e per liter and GHG reduction potential of 42% [20, 21]. This corresponds to a GHG savings of about 1.047 million metric tons CO2e per year for a 5% blending mandate in 2025 (Table 4). On the other hand, jatropha biodiesel and biodiesel derived from soybeans using solvent extraction results to a carbon footprint of 2.34 kg CO2e per liter and 1.93 kg CO2e per liter, which contributes about 25% and 38% reduction in GHG emissions, respectively [15, 34]. Potential GHG savings of the other feedstocks at varying biodiesel blending rates are also shown in Table 4.
Coconut | Oil Palm | Soybean | Jatropha | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blending rat (%)e | Carbon Footprint (kg CO2e/L) | GHG Reduction Potential (%) | Carbon Footprint (kg CO2e/L) | GHG Reduction Potential (%) | Carbon Footprint (kg CO2e/L) | GHG Reduction Potential (%) | Carbon Footprint (kg CO2e/L) | GHG Reduction Potential (%) |
2 | 3.0839 | 1.06 | 3.0908 | 0.84 | 3.0933 | 0.76 | 3.1014 | 0.50 |
5 | 3.0343 | 2.65 | 3.0515 | 2.10 | 3.0578 | 1.90 | 3.0780 | 1.25 |
10 | 2.9516 | 5.31 | 2.9861 | 4.20 | 2.9986 | 3.80 | 3.0391 | 2.50 |
20 | 2.7863 | 10.61 | 2.8552 | 8.40 | 2.8801 | 7.60 | 2.9612 | 5.00 |
100 | 1.4634 | 53.05 | 1.8079 | 42.00 | 1.9325 | 38.00 | 2.3378 | 25.00 |
Carbon footprint and GHG reduction potential of different biodiesel feedstocks at varying blending rates.
Blending rate | GHG Savings (thousand metric tons CO2e/year) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coconut | Oil Palm | Soybean | Jatropha | |
2% | 529.15 | 418.92 | 379.03 | 249.36 |
5% | 1322.88 | 1047.31 | 947.57 | 623.40 |
10% | 2645.76 | 2094.62 | 1895.14 | 1246.80 |
20% | 5291.52 | 4189.25 | 3790.27 | 2493.60 |
100% | 26,457.60 | 20,946.24 | 18,951.36 | 12,468.00 |
GHG savings of different biodiesel feedstocks at varying blending rates.
The cost of biodiesel production is highly affected by the feedstock which typically accounts for 70–80% of the total production cost [28, 32]. This led to a usually higher cost of biodiesel than petroleum-based diesel which is a major drawback for biodiesel commercialization in the country. Hence, selection of a more economically viable feedstock is a great advantage to boost the biodiesel industry in the Philippines.
In 2020, the average local price of crude CNO is Php 48.83 per liter. The price of biodiesel in the same year ranges from Php 35.00 to Php 71.00 per liter, whereas the diesel price is only around Php 35.16 per liter [11]. If sourced directly from copra based on farmgate price, a relatively lower biodiesel price can be achieved, ranging from Php 27.67 to Php 52.62 per liter [35]. In the case of oil palm as feedstock, a price equivalent to Php 22.72 per liter of commercially available crude palm oil results to a lower minimum selling price for biodiesel of Php 33.26 per liter, a return on investment of 14.44%, and a payback period of 5.75 years. Assuming the case of an integrated oil palm plantation and biodiesel plant, where the plantation is established from oil palm seeds, the biodiesel selling price is Php 33.53 per liter while the return on investment and payback period are 22.04% and 9.33 years, respectively [20, 21].
For jatropha biodiesel, sensitivity analysis revealed that at a seed price of Php 5.00 per kg, the selling price of biodiesel is Php 35.00 per liter to have a return on investment of 17.26% and a payback period of 3.85 years. However, use of crude jatropha oil as a bunker fuel is found more economically feasible than trans esterified crude Jatropha oil [36]. Similarly, biodiesel production from soybean appears to be economically unattractive as biodiesel price can go as high as Php 87.34 per liter depending on the crop yield and the prices of commodities. Soybean biodiesel production via solvent extraction results to a biodiesel price range of Php 48.49 to Php 84.52 per liter for manual farming and Php 33.36 to Php 67.71 per liter for mechanized farming. Using mechanical extraction, a price range of Php 38.93 to Php 87.34 per liter and Php 19.35 to Php 65.59 per liter can be obtained for manual and mechanized farming, respectively [15].
The use of biofuels in the Philippines, in pursuant to Republic Act 9367 (also known as the Biofuels Act of 2006), is a valuable initiative as the country envisions action plans towards energy security and climate change mitigation. However, feedstock availability and pricing concerns remains the primary challenges hampering the growth of the biofuels industry. At present, biodiesel in the country is solely sourced from coconut. The mandated biodiesel blending to petroleum diesel remains stagnant at 2% due to marginally higher pump prices at increased blending of coco biodiesel. Hence, research and development studies on the viability of different potential feedstocks for biodiesel has been initiated.
In this chapter, potential feedstocks for biodiesel such as coconut, oil palm, soybean, jatropha, used cooking oil, and microalgae were assessed in terms of feedstock availability and biodiesel potential yield, carbon footprint and GHG reduction potential, and economic viability. Among the feedstocks, oil palm (first generation), used cooking oil (second generation), and microalgae (third generation) have the highest biodiesel potential yield. Considering the potential available area, oil palm is the most recommended feedstock having the second highest biodiesel productivity of 376 million liters per year, next to coconut. It also has a relatively lower carbon footprint of 1.80 kg CO2e per liter and a GHG reduction potential of 42% which is higher than the other sources. Moreover, its economic viability makes it a good complementary feedstock to coconut for biodiesel production since it results to a potentially lower biodiesel selling price of Php 33.26 per liter. Although other sources such as used cooking oil and microalgae have emerged as suitable alternative feedstocks, more comprehensive validation studies still need to be conducted for its practical application in biodiesel production.
Hence, ensuring economic and environmental sustainability is the challenge facing the biodiesel industry in the Philippines. It is therefore crucial to develop and establish appropriate and efficient processing technologies and pricing mechanisms, as well as to utilize low cost and readily available feedstocks to sustain the industry’s growth.
Data presented in this book chapter are from research projects supported by the Philippine Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR), Department of Energy (DOE), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the University of the Philippines. Authors would also like to acknowledge the researchers, collaborators, and stakeholders that contribute to the success of the research projects.
IntechOpen will act in accordance with its published Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.
",metaTitle:"Refund Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen will act in accordance with its Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/refund-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\\n\\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\\n\\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\\n\\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\\n\\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\n\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\n\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\n\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\n\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22421},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33697}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135705},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12456",title:"Arthroscopis Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c8c783b20d7e2e1ee6cf53df3bf0750",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11999",title:"Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2af07109b13b76e5af9583532ab5bee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walter Salazar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11999.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236461",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Salazar",slug:"walter-salazar",fullName:"Walter Salazar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12058",title:"Future Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e7f4a1e57fab392b61156956c1247b9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Oropeza-Perez and Dr. Astrid Helena Petzold-Rodríguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12058.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit B Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12172",title:"Health Risks of Food Additives - Recent Developments and Trends in Food Sector",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6aa23b1045d266d0928fcef04fa3417",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sajid Arshad and Mr. Waseem Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12172.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12196",title:"Sepsis - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3590e6f6047122bd96d1d57da29c4054",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang, Dr. Youyu Zhang and Dr. Lingbin Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12196.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"842f84f308439c0a55c4e8e6a8fd9c01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adel El-Shahat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12113",title:"Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2387a4e0d2a76883b16dcccd452281ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nahum Rosenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"68911",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahum",surname:"Rosenberg",slug:"nahum-rosenberg",fullName:"Nahum Rosenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:467},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"658",title:"Volcanology",slug:"volcanology",parent:{id:"104",title:"Geology and Geophysics",slug:"geology-and-geophysics"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:206,numberOfWosCitations:153,numberOfCrossrefCitations:128,numberOfDimensionsCitations:284,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"658",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Progress in Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:"progress-in-volcanology",bookSignature:"Angelo Paone and Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9992",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9f71037866aa5450cf23c0fb74711d1",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-transdisciplinary-nature-of-volcano-science",bookSignature:"Károly Németh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7677",title:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5afd431dd1f4f5081355b017fd17f237",slug:"forecasting-volcanic-eruptions",bookSignature:"Angelo Paone and Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6104",title:"Volcanoes",subtitle:"Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a11586252b4ac42153a8b2bc9a8fcf08",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5311",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a579041bbfa682d2376a58326d0483e6",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",bookSignature:"Karoly Nemeth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5694",title:"6th International Maar Conference Abstracts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f96e1339bf34deb5cb0228dba907b1b3",slug:"6th-international-maar-conference-abstracts",bookSignature:"Jiaqi Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194433",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5104",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f91748e9b1463ce5e7352ea982c3128",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof. Dr. Maged",middleName:null,surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.-dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof. Dr. Maged Marghany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"409",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Approach to Volcanological Problems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39ff133e87b1d1f1a07d872ff755762b",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-a-comprehensive-approach-to-volcanological-problems",bookSignature:"Francesco Stoppa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57017",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Stoppa",slug:"francesco-stoppa",fullName:"Francesco Stoppa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25980",doi:"10.5772/25264",title:"Hydrovolcanic vs Magmatic Processes in Forming Maars and Associated Pyroclasts: The Calatrava -Spain- Case History",slug:"hydrovolcanic-vs-magmatic-processes-in-forming-maars-and-associated-pyroclasts-the-calatrava-spain-c",totalDownloads:2884,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"409",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-a-comprehensive-approach-to-volcanological-problems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - A Comprehensive Approach to Volcanological Problems"},signatures:"F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, M. Schiazza and A. Tranquilli",authors:[{id:"57017",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Stoppa",slug:"francesco-stoppa",fullName:"Francesco Stoppa"},{id:"62737",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluigi",middleName:null,surname:"Rosatelli",slug:"gianluigi-rosatelli",fullName:"Gianluigi Rosatelli"},{id:"62738",title:"Mr.",name:"Mariangela",middleName:null,surname:"Schiazza",slug:"mariangela-schiazza",fullName:"Mariangela Schiazza"},{id:"62739",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tranquilli",slug:"andrea-tranquilli",fullName:"Andrea Tranquilli"}]},{id:"51948",doi:"10.5772/64129",title:"Fumarolic Minerals: An Overview of Active European Volcanoes",slug:"fumarolic-minerals-an-overview-of-active-european-volcanoes",totalDownloads:2285,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The fumarolic mineralogy of the Icelandic active volcanoes, the Tyrrhenian volcanic belt (Italy) and the Aegean active arc (Greece) is investigated, and literature data surveyed in order to define the characteristics of the European fumarolic systems. They show broad diversity of mineral associations, with Vesuvius and Vulcano being also among the world localities richest in mineral species. Volcanic systems, which show recession over a longer period, show fumarolic development from the high-temperature alkaline halide/sulphate, calcic sulphate or sulphidic parageneses, synchronous with or immediately following the eruptions, through medium-temperature ammonium minerals, metal chlorides, or fluoride associations to the late low-temperature paragenesis dominated by sulphur, gypsum, alunogen, and other hydrous sulphates. The situation can be different in the systems that are not recessing but show fluctuations in activity, illustrated by the example of Vulcano where the high-temperature association appears intermittently. A full survey of the mineral groups and species is given in respect to their importance and appearance in fumarolic associations.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Tonči Balić-Žunić, Anna Garavelli, Sveinn Peter Jakobsson, Kristjan\nJonasson, Athanasios Katerinopoulos, Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos\nand Pasquale Acquafredda",authors:[{id:"183593",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonci",middleName:null,surname:"Balic-Zunic",slug:"tonci-balic-zunic",fullName:"Tonci Balic-Zunic"},{id:"183700",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Garavelli",slug:"anna-garavelli",fullName:"Anna Garavelli"},{id:"183701",title:"Dr.",name:"Sveinn Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Jakobsson",slug:"sveinn-peter-jakobsson",fullName:"Sveinn Peter Jakobsson"},{id:"183702",title:"Prof.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Katerinopoulos",slug:"athanasios-katerinopoulos",fullName:"Athanasios Katerinopoulos"},{id:"188833",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristjan",middleName:null,surname:"Jonasson",slug:"kristjan-jonasson",fullName:"Kristjan Jonasson"},{id:"188834",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Kyriakopoulos",slug:"konstantinos-kyriakopoulos",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos"},{id:"188835",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Acquafredda",slug:"pasquale-acquafredda",fullName:"Pasquale Acquafredda"}]},{id:"51105",doi:"10.5772/63486",title:"How Polygenetic are Monogenetic Volcanoes: Case Studies of Some Complex Maar‐Diatreme Volcanoes",slug:"how-polygenetic-are-monogenetic-volcanoes-case-studies-of-some-complex-maar-diatreme-volcanoes",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The increasing number of field investigations and various controlled benchtop and large‐scale experiments have permitted the evaluation of a large number of processes involved in the formation of maar‐diatreme volcanoes, the second most common type of small‐volume subaerial volcanoes on Earth. A maar‐diatreme volcano is recognized by a volcanic crater that is cut into country rocks and surrounded by a low‐height ejecta rim composed of pyroclastic deposits of few meters to up to 200 m thick above the syn‐eruptive surface level. The craters vary from 0.1 km to up to 5 km wide and vary in depth from a few dozen meters to up to 300 m deep. Their irregular morphology reflects the simple or complex volcanic and cratering processes involved in their formation. The simplicity or complexity of the crater or the entire maar itself is usually observed in the stratigraphy of the surrounding ejecta rings. The latter are composed of sequences of successive alternating and contrastingly bedded phreatomagmatic‐derived dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDC) and fallout depositions, with occasional interbedded Strombolian‐derived spatter materials or scoria fall units, exemplifying the changes in the eruptive styles during the formation of the volcano. The entire stratigraphic sequence might be preserved as a single eruptive package (small or very thick) in which there is no stratigraphic gap or significant discordance indicative of a potential break during the eruption. A maar with a single eruptive deposit is quantified as monogenetic maar, meaning that it was formed by a single eruptive vent from which only a small and ephemeral magma erupted over a short period of time. The stratigraphy may also display several packages of deposits separated either by contrasting discordance surfaces or paleosoils, which reflect multiple phases or episodes of eruptions within the same maar. Such maars are characterized as complex polycyclic maars if the length of time between the eruptive events is relatively short (days to years). For greater length of time (thousands to millions of years), the complex maar will be quantified as polygenetic. These common depositional breaks interpreted as signs of temporal interruption of the eruptions for various timescales also indicate deep magma system processes; hence magmas of different types might erupt during the formation of both simple and complex maars. The feeding dikes can interact with groundwater and form closely distributed small craters. The latter can coalesce to form a final crater with various shapes depending on the distance between them. This observation indicates the significant role of the magmatic plumbing system on the formation and growth of complex and polygenetic maar‐diatreme volcanoes.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Boris Chako Tchamabé, Gabor Kereszturi, Karoly Németh and\nGerardo Carrasco‐Núñez",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"},{id:"182834",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Chako Tchamabé",slug:"boris-chako-tchamabe",fullName:"Boris Chako Tchamabé"},{id:"183809",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Núñez",slug:"gerardo-carrasco-nunez",fullName:"Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez"}]},{id:"49656",doi:"10.5772/61974",title:"Optical Satellite Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone Environment — An Overview",slug:"optical-satellite-remote-sensing-of-the-coastal-zone-environment-an-overview",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Optical remote-sensing data are a powerful source of information for monitoring the coastal environment. Due to the high complexity of coastal environments, where different natural and anthropogenic phenomenon interact, the selection of the most appropriate sensor(s) is related to the applications required, and the different types of resolutions available (spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal) need to be considered. The development of specific techniques and tools based on the processing of optical satellite images makes possible the production of information useful for coastal environment management, without any destructive impacts. This chapter will highlight different subjects related to coastal environments: shoreline change detection, ocean color, water quality, river plumes, coral reef, alga bloom, bathymetry, wetland mapping, and coastal hazards/vulnerability. The main objective of this chapter is not an exhaustive description of the image processing methods/algorithms employed in coastal environmental studies, but focus in the range of applications available. Several limitations were identified. The major challenge still is to have remote-sensing techniques adopted as a routine tool in assessment of change in the coastal zone. Continuing research is required into the techniques employed for assessing change in the coastal environment.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Ana C. Teodoro",authors:[{id:"18485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Teodoro",slug:"ana-teodoro",fullName:"Ana Teodoro"}]},{id:"49851",doi:"10.5772/62122",title:"Detection of Tree Crowns in Very High Spatial Resolution Images",slug:"detection-of-tree-crowns-in-very-high-spatial-resolution-images",totalDownloads:3257,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The requirements for advanced knowledge on forest resources have led researchers to develop efficient methods to provide detailed information about trees. Since 1999, orbital remote sensing has been providing very high resolution (VHR) image data. The new generation of satellite allows individual tree crowns to be visually identifiable. The increase in spatial resolution has also had a profound effect in image processing techniques and has motivated the development of new object-based procedures to extract information. Tree crown detection has become a major area of research in image analysis considering the complex nature of trees in an uncontrolled environment. This chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part I offers an overview of the state of the art in computer detection of individual tree crowns in VHR images. Part II presents a new hybrid approach developed by the authors that integrates geometrical-optical modeling (GOM), marked point processes (MPP), and template matching (TM) to individually detect tree crowns in VHR images. The method is presented for two different applications: isolated tree detection in an urban environment and automatic tree counting in orchards with an average performance rate of 82% for tree detection and above 90% for tree counting in orchards.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Marilia Ferreira Gomes and Philippe Maillard",authors:[{id:"177110",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Maillard",slug:"philippe-maillard",fullName:"Philippe Maillard"},{id:"177172",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marilia",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Gomes",slug:"marilia-gomes",fullName:"Marilia Gomes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66703",title:"P-Wave Teleseismic Tomography: Evidence of Imprints of Deccan Mantle Plume below the Kachchh Rift Zone, Gujarat, India",slug:"p-wave-teleseismic-tomography-evidence-of-imprints-of-deccan-mantle-plume-below-the-kachchh-rift-zon",totalDownloads:2737,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The Indian plate had experienced the Deccan volcanism at 65 Ma when it moved over the Re-union hotspot, which has altered lithospheric structure below the Kachchh rift zone (KRZ). To quantify the influence of Deccan volcanism on the crust-mantle, the present chapter focuses on the delineation of the upper mantle structure below the KRZ, through the modeling of crust corrected P-residuals and P-wave teleseismic tomography. The crust corrected normalized P-residuals suggest dominant negative residuals associated with the central KRZ, indicating crustal and lithospheric thinning below the KRZ. A low velocity down to a depth of 170 km below the central KRZ is detected through the teleseismic tomography using these P-residuals. However, these residuals also show positive values for the surrounding un-rifted zones. Note that a low shear velocity zone extending from 100–120 km to 170–220 km depth beneath the central KRZ has already been revealed by the modeling of P-RFs. This reduction in seismic velocity in the upper mantle could be explained by the presence of trapped carbonatite/partial melts related to the Deccan volcanism. The influx of volatile CO2 emanating from the carbonatite melts in the asthenosphere might be generating lower crustal earthquakes occurring in the KRZ.",book:{id:"7677",slug:"forecasting-volcanic-eruptions",title:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions",fullTitle:"Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions"},signatures:"Prantik Mandal",authors:[{id:"279344",title:"Dr.",name:"Prantik",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"prantik-mandal",fullName:"Prantik Mandal"}]},{id:"49608",title:"Remote Sensing of Mountain Glaciers and Related Hazards",slug:"remote-sensing-of-mountain-glaciers-and-related-hazards",totalDownloads:2419,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Mountain glaciers are highly sensitive to temperature and precipitation fluctuations and active geomorphic agents in shaping the landforms of glaciated regions which are direct imprints of past glaciations, providing reliable evidence of the evolution of the past Cryosphere and contain important information on climatic variables. But most importantly, glaciers have aroused a lot of concern in terms of glacier area changes, thickness change, mass balance and their consequences on water resources as well as related hazards. The contribution of glacier mass loss to global sea-level rise and increasing number of glacier-related hazards are the most important and current socioeconomic concerns. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the changes and constant monitoring of glaciers are essential for studying climate, water resource management and hydropower and also to predict and evade glacier-related hazards. The recent advances in the techniques of earth observations have proved as a boon for investigating glaciers and glacier-related hazards. Remote sensing technology enables extraction of glacier parameters such as albedo/reflectance/scattering, glacier area, glacier zones and facies, equilibrium line, glacier thickness, volume, mass balance, velocity and glacier topography. The present chapter explores the prospective of remote sensing technology for understanding and surveying glaciers formed at high, inaccessible mountains and glacier-induced hazards.",book:{id:"5104",slug:"environmental-applications-of-remote-sensing",title:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Pratima Pandey, Alagappan Ramanathan and Gopalan\nVenkataraman",authors:[{id:"18342",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramanathan",middleName:null,surname:"Alagappan",slug:"ramanathan-alagappan",fullName:"Ramanathan Alagappan"},{id:"177179",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratima",middleName:null,surname:"Pandey",slug:"pratima-pandey",fullName:"Pratima Pandey"},{id:"178231",title:"Prof.",name:"Gopalan",middleName:null,surname:"Venkataraman",slug:"gopalan-venkataraman",fullName:"Gopalan Venkataraman"}]},{id:"60548",title:"Volcanic Glass and its Uses as Adsorbent",slug:"volcanic-glass-and-its-uses-as-adsorbent",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Volcanic glasses are an amorphous phyllosilicates formed by the fast cooling of the magma. The physicochemical properties of volcanic glasses are directly related to their chemical composition. Thus, the rhyolitic magma, which presents the highest SiO2 percentage, displays a high viscosity, which leads to explosive eruptions by the ex-solution of H2O, CO2, and SO2, when the pressure diminishes generates a macroporous structure with interesting applications in construction, as abrasive, acoustic, filter as well as in the agriculture field. The macroporosity of volcanic glass allows to host large molecules as biomolecules, tensoactives, or dyes. On the other hand, the existence of hydroxyl groups in this amorphous aluminosilicate also favors the adsorption of cations and anions, so the volcanic glass is an economical adsorbent to retain heavy metals or radioactive cations.",book:{id:"6104",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",title:"Volcanoes",fullTitle:"Volcanoes - Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health"},signatures:"Juan Antonio Cecilia, Miguel Armando Autie-Pérez, Juan Manuel\nLabadie-Suarez, Enrique Rodríguez Castellón and Antonia Infantes\nMolina",authors:[{id:"126325",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Castellón",slug:"enrique-rodriguez-castellon",fullName:"Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón"}]},{id:"57502",title:"The Characteristics of Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia",slug:"the-characteristics-of-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1879,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter discusses the unique characteristics of the volcanic eruptions in Indonesia. We know that Indonesia has 147 volcanoes and 76 of them are active volcanoes and spread along the islands of Java, Lesser Sunda, Sumatra, and Celebes. The characteristics of Indonesian volcanoes are quite unique in terms of the formation process, eruption phenomenon, and the resulting natural disasters. Most volcanoes in Indonesia consist of stratovolcanoes, but this does not mean that the resulting eruptions are always explosive and they have a long period. This can be seen from the activity of Semeru that always erupts effusively every day, Sinabung that has a very short eruption period, Tangkuban Perahu eruption that occurs suddenly with the lack of early signs, and Merapi and Kelud that have eruption period that is getting shorter. Based on the results of our study it can be known that the types of volcanic eruption are influenced by the structure of the constituent rocks of the volcanoes. However, the presence of external control factors in the form of large-scale earthquakes will affect their periodicity. The large earthquakes can affect the stability of the magma chamber that can trigger a premature eruption.",book:{id:"6104",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",title:"Volcanoes",fullTitle:"Volcanoes - Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Liliasari S",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]},{id:"51105",title:"How Polygenetic are Monogenetic Volcanoes: Case Studies of Some Complex Maar‐Diatreme Volcanoes",slug:"how-polygenetic-are-monogenetic-volcanoes-case-studies-of-some-complex-maar-diatreme-volcanoes",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The increasing number of field investigations and various controlled benchtop and large‐scale experiments have permitted the evaluation of a large number of processes involved in the formation of maar‐diatreme volcanoes, the second most common type of small‐volume subaerial volcanoes on Earth. A maar‐diatreme volcano is recognized by a volcanic crater that is cut into country rocks and surrounded by a low‐height ejecta rim composed of pyroclastic deposits of few meters to up to 200 m thick above the syn‐eruptive surface level. The craters vary from 0.1 km to up to 5 km wide and vary in depth from a few dozen meters to up to 300 m deep. Their irregular morphology reflects the simple or complex volcanic and cratering processes involved in their formation. The simplicity or complexity of the crater or the entire maar itself is usually observed in the stratigraphy of the surrounding ejecta rings. The latter are composed of sequences of successive alternating and contrastingly bedded phreatomagmatic‐derived dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDC) and fallout depositions, with occasional interbedded Strombolian‐derived spatter materials or scoria fall units, exemplifying the changes in the eruptive styles during the formation of the volcano. The entire stratigraphic sequence might be preserved as a single eruptive package (small or very thick) in which there is no stratigraphic gap or significant discordance indicative of a potential break during the eruption. A maar with a single eruptive deposit is quantified as monogenetic maar, meaning that it was formed by a single eruptive vent from which only a small and ephemeral magma erupted over a short period of time. The stratigraphy may also display several packages of deposits separated either by contrasting discordance surfaces or paleosoils, which reflect multiple phases or episodes of eruptions within the same maar. Such maars are characterized as complex polycyclic maars if the length of time between the eruptive events is relatively short (days to years). For greater length of time (thousands to millions of years), the complex maar will be quantified as polygenetic. These common depositional breaks interpreted as signs of temporal interruption of the eruptions for various timescales also indicate deep magma system processes; hence magmas of different types might erupt during the formation of both simple and complex maars. The feeding dikes can interact with groundwater and form closely distributed small craters. The latter can coalesce to form a final crater with various shapes depending on the distance between them. This observation indicates the significant role of the magmatic plumbing system on the formation and growth of complex and polygenetic maar‐diatreme volcanoes.",book:{id:"5311",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-from-volcano-modelling-to-volcano-geology",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - From Volcano Modelling to Volcano Geology"},signatures:"Boris Chako Tchamabé, Gabor Kereszturi, Karoly Németh and\nGerardo Carrasco‐Núñez",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"},{id:"182834",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Chako Tchamabé",slug:"boris-chako-tchamabe",fullName:"Boris Chako Tchamabé"},{id:"183809",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Núñez",slug:"gerardo-carrasco-nunez",fullName:"Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"658",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"83122",title:"New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106501",signatures:"Paul Edgardo Regalado-Infante, Norma Gabriela Rojas-Avelizapa, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Andrea Margarita Rivas-Castillo, Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández and Luz Irene Rojas-Avelizapa",slug:"new-perspectives-on-the-application-of-chito-oligosaccharides-derived-from-chitin-and-chitosan-a-rev",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83015",title:"Acute Changes in Lipoprotein-Associated Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106489",signatures:"Ngoc-Anh Le",slug:"acute-changes-in-lipoprotein-associated-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Anh",surname:"Le"}],book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83041",title:"Responses of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plant Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106590",signatures:"Vishwa Jyoti Baruah, Bhaswati Sarmah, Manny Saluja and Elizabeth H. Mahood",slug:"responses-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-to-plant-stress",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"83122",title:"New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106501",signatures:"Paul Edgardo Regalado-Infante, Norma Gabriela Rojas-Avelizapa, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Andrea Margarita Rivas-Castillo, Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández and Luz Irene Rojas-Avelizapa",slug:"new-perspectives-on-the-application-of-chito-oligosaccharides-derived-from-chitin-and-chitosan-a-rev",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83015",title:"Acute Changes in Lipoprotein-Associated Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106489",signatures:"Ngoc-Anh Le",slug:"acute-changes-in-lipoprotein-associated-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Anh",surname:"Le"}],book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83041",title:"Responses of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plant Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106590",signatures:"Vishwa Jyoti Baruah, Bhaswati Sarmah, Manny Saluja and Elizabeth H. Mahood",slug:"responses-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-to-plant-stress",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:4,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:18,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:755,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"