Summary of our results for the thin film couple phase-formation sequences, phase-formation temperatures, and dominant diffusing species during the respective phase growths in the Ni/Ge and Pd/Ge systems [10, 11].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"760",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - Basic Science Perspective",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Basic Science Perspective",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Worldwide, Ovarian carcinoma continues to be responsible for more deaths than all other gynecologic malignancies combined. International leaders in the field address the critical biologic and basic science issues relevant to the disease. The book details the molecular biological aspects of ovarian cancer. It provides molecular biology techniques of understanding this cancer. The techniques are designed to determine tumor genetics, expression, and protein function, and to elucidate the genetic mechanisms by which gene and immunotherapies may be perfected. It provides an analysis of current research into aspects of malignant transformation, growth control, and metastasis. A comprehensive spectrum of topics is covered providing up to date information on scientific discoveries and management considerations.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-812-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6640-5",doi:"10.5772/1268",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"ovarian-cancer-basic-science-perspective",numberOfPages:420,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"48d061c2a2d650206b6407634887e116",bookSignature:"Samir A. 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Farghaly is a Physician / Scientist and national and international expert in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine and the New York Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Cornell Medical Center- Cornell University, New York, NY – USA. He received his M.D. from London University and his PhD degree in molecular biology from London University. He was affiliated with major London University teaching hospitals, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons / Columbia University medical center, New York, NY-USA. He received several national and international clinical and research awards. He has been an invited speaker at several national and international conferences on Women’s health, Molecular genetic of female cancers, Gynecological cancer and oncologic radical surgical techniques. He is a member of several national and international societies, organizations, foundations of Women health and Cancer. He is the founder Editor-in Chief of Enliven: Challenges in Cancer Detection and Therapy Journal and The International Journal of Gynecological, Obstetrical and Reproductive Medicine Research. He acts as Senior Editor / Editor and member of editorial boards, editorial advisory boards of (18) international medical journals on Gynecological Cancers, Gene expression & Therapy, Women’s Health and Gynecology. He acted as guest editors of (3) special issues of international medical journals on oncology, gynecology and gene therapy. He is a reviewer for several medical journals on Obstetrics & Gynecology, molecular Genetics and therapy, Oncology, and Surgery. He has published 92 articles in reputed peer review journals. He has written several books chapters, and is an author and editor of (2) books on ovarian cancer published in 2012, and the third one published in Nov. 2013. The fourth book on endometrial cancer published in January 2015.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1066",title:"Gynecologic Oncology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-gynecologic-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"28393",title:"Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/27679",slug:"epidemiology-and-etiology-of-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:4642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ana Fernández Montes, Jesús García Gómez, Miguel Nuñez Viejo, Miguel Alonso Bermejo, Susana Alonso Urrutia and Jesús García Mata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28393",authors:[{id:"71077",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús G.",surname:"Gómez",slug:"jesus-g.-gomez",fullName:"Jesús G. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62485",title:"Interface Control Processes for Ni/Ge and Pd/Ge Schottky and Ohmic Contact Fabrication: Part Two",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79318",slug:"interface-control-processes-for-ni-ge-and-pd-ge-schottky-and-ohmic-contact-fabrication-part-two",body:'The fact that ohmic contacts provide an almost unimpeded transfer of majority carriers across an interface makes them an essential part of nanoelectronic device fabrication. The interface control processes of producing ohmic contacts in germanium-based technology, such as the local incorporation of dopant atoms at the metal-germanium interface and the insertion of an interlayer into the interface, result in contacts that have values of resistivity which are very sensitive to the interlayer thickness and the temperature of annealing used during the fabrication process. These aspects of the interface control processes will be examined in this chapter. We present a review of some of the novel interface control processes developed for the fabrication of NiGe/
There has been a lot of work reported on the solid-state interactions in the Ni/Ge system [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] but interactions in the Pd/Ge system have not been as extensively reported on [6, 7, 8]. The available reports agree on the second and the final phase NiGe formed in the Ni/Ge system, but there is some disagreement on the first phase. There is agreement that Pd2Ge is the first phase to be formed in the Pd/Ge system, the second and final phase to be formed is also agreed upon to be PdGe. These phases are generally reported to form sequentially [7, 9]. Our results [10, 11] for the phase-formation sequences, formation temperatures, and dominant diffusing species (DDS) during reactive diffusion in the Ni/Ge and Pd/Ge systems, obtained using in-situ (real-time) Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) are summarized in Table 1.
Phases observed | Ni5Ge3, NiGe, Pd2Ge, PdGe | |
Phase-formation sequence | 1st | Ni5Ge3, Pd2Ge |
2nd | NiGe, PdGe | |
Phase-formation temperatures | Ni5Ge3 | 150°C |
Pd2Ge | 140–150°C | |
NiGe | 250°C | |
PdGe | 180°C | |
Diffusing species | Ni5Ge3 | Ni |
NiGe | Ni is the DDS; Ge diffusion observed during the early stages of growth. | |
Pd2Ge | 60% Pd and 40% Ge | |
PdGe | 65% Pd and 35% Ge |
We see from Table 1 that in order to produce NiGe at an interface, the annealing temperature needs to be above 250°C. Below that temperature, Ni5Ge3 is produced. We also see that PdGe needs to be formed above an annealing temperature of 180°C, below which Pd2Ge is formed. One positive aspect from these results in terms of device fabrication is that the two phases of interest, which are NiGe and PdGe, are the final phases to be formed in the Ni/Ge and Pd/Ge systems, respectively. What this means is that annealing at temperatures above 250°C and 180°C in the Ni/Ge and Pd/Ge systems respectively would effectively avoid the formation of the other phases of the systems.
One of the concerns regarding NiGe contacts on
Cyclically stacked samples to suppress the interface reaction, upon annealing, between the deposited Ni and the Ge substrate.
Two samples of cyclically stacked Ni/Ge were produced, one with 8 Ni/Ge cycles (referred to as sets in the figures) and the other with 16 cycles. In order to see if cyclic stacking produces improved results, two other samples were prepared with Ni films of thickness 3.0 and 5.5 nm respectively on Ge substrates without cyclic stacking, for comparison. The four types of samples, including the cyclically stacked ones, were annealed in nitrogen (N2) gas at annealing temperatures that ranged from 200 to 500°C for 1 min. Four-terminal sheet resistance measurements were carried out on the samples as explained in Section 2.3 of the previous chapter. Figure 2 shows experimental results of the sheet resistivity (
Experimental results of the sheet resistivity (
Figure 3 shows the current-voltage characteristics of the cyclically stacked NiGe at various annealing temperature from 200 to 600°C. It is seen that the current density profile on a semilogarithmic scale in the reverse bias directions (negative anode voltage region) are very small compared to those in the forward bias direction, showing that the contacts are rectifying, which is typical Schottky diode behavior.
Current-voltage characteristics of the cyclically stacked NiGe at various annealing temperature from 200 to 600°C [
The height of the Schottky potential barrier,
Heights of the potential barrier and the ideality
It is seen in Figure 4 that the determination of both
A sample with 22 nm of Ni on an
Schematic illustration of a sample with 22 nm of Ni on an
Current-voltage characteristics were obtained at various annealing temperatures (for 1 min) for the two samples in order to extract the Schottky potential barrier heights, ΦBn using the thermionic emission model. The results are shown in Figure 6.
(a) Potential barrier heights at various annealing temperatures (for 1 min) for Ge Schottky contacts with a 30 nm-thick Ni3P film and with a 22 nm-thick Ni film. (b) The ideality
The ideality
Since we see from Figure 6 that the values of
(a) Current density profile on a semilogarithmic scale for the forward and reverse bias directions for Ni/
We see in Figure 7(a) that the current density profiles on a semilogarithmic scale for the forward and reverse bias (negative voltage region) directions are symmetric about the zero anode voltage axis for the Ni3P/
(a) A cross-sectional scanning electron micrograph of an as-deposited Ni3P/
The SEM micrograph in Figure 8(a) shows a regular thickness of Ni3P in the as-deposited contact. Figure 8(b) shows a much thicker reaction region up to a depth of 77.8 nm below the original interface. We saw in Figure 6 that ohmic behavior was not achieved for annealing temperatures that were less than 600°C. It appears that at 600°C, the P atoms penetrated enough into the
A thin 0.68 nm film of Ni3P was plasma deposited on an
Schematic illustration of sets of Ni/Ge (0.5 nm/1.3 nm) layers cyclically stacked seven times over a thin 0.68 nm film of Ni3P on an
Current-voltage characteristics were obtained at various annealing temperatures for 1 min. The potential barrier heights,
Potential barrier heights extracted at various temperatures for cyclically stacked NiGe with and without a thin 0.68 nm film of Ni3P [
It is seen in Figure 10 that the Ni3P film reduces the barrier height by about 0.51 at 500°C. We now focus on the current-voltage characteristics at the temperatures of 400 and 500°C for both the cyclically stacked samples with and without an Ni3P film. The results are shown in Figure 11.
Current-voltage characteristics at the temperatures of 400 and 500°C for both the cyclically stacked samples with and without an Ni3P film [
The sample without an Ni3P film is used as a control to compare with the one with an Ni3P film, the results from this sample are therefore labeled as “control” in Figure 11. It can be seen that both contacts are rectifying. Despite the reduction in the barrier height seen in Figure 10, the incorporation of a Ni3P film does not result in an ohmic contact in this case.
A silicon film with a varying thickness,
Schematic illustration of two types of cyclically stacked sample configurations with the insertion of a silicon film.
The current-voltage characteristics for samples without P incorporation (w/op) and with P incorporation (w/p), annealed at a temperature of 400°C for 1 min, are shown in Figure 13 for the different values of Si thickness,
Current-voltage characteristics for samples without P incorporation (a) and with P incorporation (b), annealed at a temperature of 400°C for 1 min and different values of Si thickness,
It can be seen in Figure 13 that ohmic characteristics are observed for the contact with P incorporation (w/p) and a silicon film thickness of 0.1 nm. Current-voltage characteristics were obtained for annealing temperatures between 200 and 600°C. The barrier heights were determined at these temperatures of annealing and are presented in Figure 14.
(a) Barrier heights at various temperatures of annealing and varying thickness of the Si film inserted, without the incorporation of P atoms. (b) A plot of results similar to the ones in (a) but with the incorporation of P atoms [
We see in Figure 14 that a silicon thickness of 0.1 nm gives the lowest barrier height for both types of samples. However, ohmic characteristics are only observed when P is incorporated and at an annealing temperature of 400°C, as seen in Figure 13. An annealing temperature of 300°C with
The four materials, Si, NiGe,
Figure 15(i) shows this energy band bending at the NiGe/
Schematic energy band diagrams of: (i) an NiGe/
Chawanda et al. [13] used
Room temperature forward and reverse bias current-voltage characteristics obtained for five of the Pd/
Rectifying characteristics are seen for all samples in Figure 16. The height of the Schottky potential barrier,
Room temperature Schottky potential barrier height distribution derived from forward bias I-V characteristics [
The effective potential barrier heights obtained from the I-V characteristics varied from 0.492 to 0.550 eV. A Gaussian distribution function was used to obtain fits to the histogram. The statistical analysis yielded a mean Schottky potential barrier height value of 0.529 eV with a standard deviation of 0.019 eV.
A histogram was also produced for the values of the ideality factors determined from the I-V characteristics. Figure 18 shows the statistical distribution of ideality factors from the forward bias I-V characteristics.
Statistical distribution of ideality factors from the forward bias I-V characteristics [
The ideality factor ranged from 1.140 to 1.950. A Gaussian distribution function was used to obtain a fit to the histogram. The statistical analysis of the ideality factor yielded an average value of 1.414 with a standard deviation of 0.270.
It is seen that the experimental effective potential barrier heights and ideality factors differ from contact to contact even though they were identically prepared in a single evaporation and on the same substrate. A plot of the effective potential barrier heights as a function of the respective ideality factors is shown in Figure 19.
A linear plot of the Schottky potential barrier heights against the ideality factors [
The experimental effective potential barrier height decreases as the ideality factor increases. We see a linear relationship and the straight line drawn in the figure is the least-squares fit to the experimental data.
Five Pd/
Schottky reverse bias C−2-V characteristics for five Pd/
We see in Figure 20 that each contact gives a straight line in the C−2-V graphs. The value of the capacitance-voltage derived potential barrier height,
where
The reverse bias C−2-V characteristics were obtained for several samples and a histogram was produced to show the statistical distribution of the capacitance-voltage-derived potential barrier heights, and this is presented in Figure 21.
Schottky potential barrier height distribution derived from reverse bias C−2-V characteristics [
The capacitance-voltage potential barrier heights for the Pd/
Descoins et al. [15] used Ge (001) substrates to form two types of Pd/Ge contacts. In the first type of samples the surface of the substrates were implanted with Se atoms at an energy of 130 keV as explained in section 2.2 of the previous chapter. The samples were then vacuum annealed at a pressure of 4 × 10−5 Torr using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) setup at 700°C for 30 min. This annealing was done to activate some diffusion of the Se dopant atoms further into the semiconductor surface, before metallization with Pd. A Pd film with a thickness of 20 nm was then deposited at room temperature onto the surface of the sample using magnetron sputtering at a base pressure of 10−8 Torr. The second type of samples was prepared in exactly the same way as the first type but with no Se implantation and activation. All the samples were then vacuum annealed at a pressure of 10−6 Torr to induce solid state reactions, resulting in the formation of the PdGe phase. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made in-situ. The heating ramp rate was 5°C per min steps and these steps were separated by 5 min-long XRD measurements at a constant temperature.
For the samples which were implanted with Se, the distribution of Se atoms in the surface region was determined at three stages of the sample preparation using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The distribution was first obtained immediately after the Se implantation (as implanted). It was also obtained after the rapid thermal annealing at 700°C for 30 min, which was done to activate some diffusion of the Se dopant atoms. The third SIMS determination of the Se distribution was carried out after the annealing ramp which resulted in the formation and growth of the PdGe phase. All secondary ion mass spectrometry results are presented in Figure 22. The Se SIMS profile measured immediately after the Se implantation is represented by open triangles. The profile after the activation annealing was performed at 700°C for 30 min and is represented by the open squares.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry results [
The Se SIMS profile measured after the annealing ramp to form PdGe is represented by open circles in Figure 22. If we compare this profile to the one obtained after the activation annealing was performed at 700°C for 30 min (open squares), we see that Se atoms did not diffuse any further into the depth of the substrate during the annealing ramp. The Se profile immediately after the implantation corresponds to a Gaussian distribution with a maximum concentration of about 5 × 1020 atoms cm−3, which is located at around 60 nm below the surface of the sample. As a result of the activation annealing, the Se atoms diffused further into the substrate decreasing the maximum Se concentration at a depth of 60 nm from 5 × 1020 to about 1 × 1020 at cm−3.
Figure 23(a) shows the in-situ X-ray diffractogram obtained from an Se-doped sample. This diffractogram evolved during the in-situ XRD annealing process. Initially only a single Pd(111) diffraction peak is detected at a diffraction angle of 2θ ≈ 40°. Upon annealing, the Pd2Ge(111) and Pd2Ge(002) peaks appeared at 2θ ≈ 37.5 and 53.7°, respectively. The intensity of the Pd(111) peak decreased during further annealing and that of the Pd2Ge(111) and Pd2Ge (002) peaks increased until the Pd(111) peak disappeared after which five new peaks corresponding to the PdGe(101), (111), (211), (121), and (002) planes appeared. The Pd2Ge then starts to get consumed, giving way to PdGe growth. This evolution is displayed in Figure 23(b) for the sample with Se doping and in Figure 23(c) for the sample without Se doping. To get the results in Figure 23(b) and (c), the XRD peak intensities corresponding to various phases were integrated and normalized. The normalized integrated intensities were then plotted against the temperatures of the ramp annealing. We see from Figure 23(b) and (c) that at the end of the experiment we have a layer of PdGe in contact with an Se-doped Ge substrate and another in contact with an Se-free Ge substrate. Sheet resistivity measurements were carried out on both, the samples with Se interface doping and those without Se doping. The resistivity of the PdGe film grown on the Se-free Ge substrate was found to be,
(a) In-situ X-ray diffractogram obtained from an Se-doped sample. (b) Pd(111), Pd2Ge(002) and PdGe(101) integrated and normalized XRD peak data extracted in-situ during the annealing of a sample with Se doping. (c) Integrated and normalized XRD peak data for a sample without Se doping [
Some of the novel interface control processes developed for the fabrication of NiGe and PdGe Schottky and ohmic contacts on
NiGe grown using the cyclic stacking of Ni/Ge films on an
A linear relationship was observed between the potential barrier heights and corresponding ideality factors for Schottky contacts of Pd grown on Sb-doped Ge(111) with a doping density of about 2.5 × 1015 cm−3. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics were obtained at room temperature. The effective potential barrier heights obtained from these I-V characteristics varied from 0.492 to 0.550 eV, while the ideality factor varied from 1.140 to 1.950. The barrier heights obtained from the reverse bias capacitance-voltage (C−2-V) varied from 0.427 to 0.509 eV. A Gaussian distribution function was fitted over the experimental potential barrier height distributions, resulting in average values of 0.529 and 0.463 eV from I-V and C−2-V characteristics, respectively.
The sheet resistivity of PdGe grown by Pd reactive diffusion on Ge substrates which had their surfaces implanted with Se atoms was two times lower than that for samples grown under the same conditions but without Se implantation. This result suggests that Se atoms at the Pd/
The three interface control processes analyzed, namely the interface incorporation of P atoms, the thin film insertion of Si at the interface, and the implantation of Se atoms into the surface of the semiconductor substrate, have been demonstrated to be effective, and are therefore recommended for the improvement of Ni and Pd contacts in the next generation of
The author would like to thank the Copperbelt University for the use of the institution’s facilities.
Critical care medicine offers many challenges for staff and patients. When admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients are critically ill and require life-saving intervention with the aim of disease treatment and maximising organ support and recovery. If the patient survives, there may be a prolonged period of rehabilitation. This level of medical intervention is usually coordinated by a specialist in critical care medicine and delivered by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals.
The range of disciplines that now contribute to the outcome of the patient has grown and includes clinical psychology, speech and language therapy, bioengineering and clinical pharmacy. As care has become more complex, the need for experienced professionals has increased, with a worldwide shortage of intensive care staff. Recruitment, training and retention of valuable ICU staff are important. Understanding what makes team members satisfied with their job is vital in keeping good staff, reducing disruptive staff turnover and improved continuity of high-quality care to patients. Emphasis on a healthy professional culture within the ICU can be helpful in encouraging personal and professional development, and positive interactions between staff and patients.
The term professionalism describes the attributes of a skilled competent practitioner. These qualities reassure the patient and their family that they can trust healthcare staff to do their best for them, be honest in their interactions and speak up when needed. Professionalism also encompasses an acceptance that a clinician participates in ongoing training and education, reflective practice, audit and assessment. Within its scope is a code of conduct which always prioritises the dignity and safety of the patient.
As we have moved from parallel practice to the concept of integrative multidisciplinary care, the intensive care team has evolved to include many physicians and healthcare professionals who share the common goal of delivering high quality, coordinated patient-centred care. Team members are highly skilled professionals who contribute from their diverse knowledge and experiences to improve patient care.
The structure of the team can vary depending on the needs of the patient and the availability of staff. During a typical admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) a patient can expect to receive care from the following team members; ICU doctor, ICU nurse, medical/surgical doctor, physiotherapist, dietician, occupational therapist, speech and language therapist, pharmacist, psychologist and social worker. The delivery of patient care is the result of a highly coordinated effort from each of these professionals. Many critical care units will be in teaching hospitals, so there will be students and trainees in each discipline present and participating in the team. With healthcare staff delivering care over 24-hour periods, there is a handover of patient information across shifts. This means relatively large numbers of trained staff are required to maintain safe care. To operate a large team in a cohesive fashion takes attention and a proactive approach to resolving differences in opinion. Excellent communication assists greatly in keeping a team together, with the common aim of giving good patient care.
There is an emerging body of research, which suggests that high-performance teams lead to improved outcomes in healthcare. Initially coined in the 1950s and adopted as a concept within organisation development, a high-performance team consist of a group of skilled individuals with a shared goal. The analogy has been drawn from Formula 1 motor racing and nuclear energy production. All high-performance teams are under pressure to deliver consistently high-quality results in a climate of significant risk. Through open communication, role expectations and group operating procedures, the high-performance team collaborate to produce reliable superior results.
Considering the wide variety of expertise amongst professionals involved in delivering critical care, the concept of a high-performance team seems appropriate to adopt. In this section, we discuss the essential components of high-performance teamwork and the potential barriers faced in the busy intensive care environment.
The ICU team must agree upon short- and long-term goals of care for each patient. These goals are individualised and reflect the priorities of the patient and their family. All team members, including the family, should be involved in the initial setting of goals of care. Ideally, these goals should be written down and be easily accessible to all team members. There should be regular and routine evaluation of progress and all team members must agree on amendment of processes if goals are not sufficiently reached.
Each member of the ICU team must have individual, discipline-specific roles, and responsibilities. It is important that team members are aware of each other’s functions, so each has a clear understanding of both individual and team obligations. Labour should be divided according to the expertise available to enhance team efficiency in realising common goals. Holding information in separate silos across the ICU team may cause difficulties in communication, especially out of usual working hours. For this reason, it is preferable if clinical records are contributed to and maintained centrally. This is easy to achieve when an electronic record is used.
High-performance teams must demonstrate individual and shared accountability. Individual accountability is dependent upon the personal values of each team member. It may be encouraged by setting personal goals for team members and regular feedback to the individual. Shared accountability can be achieved by agreeing upon group-wide operating rules and standards. Regular review and reinforcement of standards will encourage mutual accountability amongst the team. Open discussion of risk, adverse events and error is a key element in producing accountability: if critical care staff feel that they work in a climate of compassionate understanding of adverse events, they are more likely to be comfortable managing their personal responsibility for patient care.
Effective teams require a team leader who is responsible for overseeing group performance. The team leader should ensure provision of a cohesive and supportive team environment. Although traditionally the physician would be the team lead in ICU, the lead in any given scenario may be determined by the needs and experience of the team at that time, rather than in a hierarchical manner. Shared decision making is fundamental to a high-performance team. The team leader should abolish the top-down leadership style and encourage every team member to have a voice, regardless of their position. The value of this approach becomes clear as the team develops and leads to richer interaction. When a critical incident occurs that requires flat lines of communication and prompt action, prior investment of time and effort in professionalism development across the team delivers excellent results in terms of patient care and how team members feel after the event. If there is a poor outcome, follow up between the team leader and team members is important to support staff and extract learnings that can be shared with the aim of improving care.
Team members must commit to continual enhancement of their individual skills. This may involve participation in courses or further academic endeavours. The high performing team will encourage each member to enhance their skills and provide adequate time and support for such activities. Team-based education and simulation sessions can facilitate learning in an environment with considerable risk of serious adverse events [1, 2, 3]. Interdisciplinary education may also improve team bonding and communication [4].
Individual and team wellbeing must be acknowledged by the institution. High personal and collective morale may enhance job satisfaction. This can in turn improve collaborative processes, productivity, and staff retention.
To function at a high level, trust between team members is imperative. Psychological safety is the belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for making suggestions or admitting to error. This encourages transparency amongst team members. A no-blame culture is fostered where active participation and critical thinking can flourish, allowing the team to discuss and learn from their mistakes [5]. This collaborative approach will address deficits in the team’s processes to improve the safety of patient care. Maintaining the dignity of a patient in the critical care unit is central to good care. Placing an emphasis on the dignity of staff is important to staff psychological safety and retention. Each unit needs to have active measures in place to tackle bullying. Bullying is extremely damaging and contributes to high staff turnover, which impacts patient care. Focus on upstream measures is most effective—creating a positive culture of support for each other at a fundamental human level exposes those who begin to engage in bullying as being out of step with the ‘norm’ for this unit. This approach includes coaching and mentoring through addressing errors, and remediation to keep staff working safely. All team members should be encouraged to care for themselves emotionally and physically, with institutional promotion of self-care, good mental health and collegial conduct.
Open communication is essential for high-performing teams. A diverse multidisciplinary team may have conflicting individual ideas or priorities at times. Team members must feel comfortable and supported to communicate their concerns about team processes and direction of patient care. The team must have consistent channels for communication, ideally with regularly scheduled meetings. Conflicting ideas must be identified and discussed early. It is important for the team leader to embrace but depersonalise diverse views. They will manage relationships amongst the team members and address any obstacles that may hinder group performance. Professionalism supports should be funded and made available including specific training courses, facilitated debriefing, mentoring and referral to counselling. These measures may be co-facilitated by the human resources department in the hospital, as there may be overlap with employment issues.
Any high-performance team should have a measurement system in place to determine their success. This allows for timely and reliable feedback to the team regarding their successes and failures. Local metrics foster an environment of continual improvement and learning. Most intensive care units collect a vast amount of data on patient admissions, and this contributes to audits. Intensive care units may collaborate and combine their audit information to produce more robust targets and standards e.g., Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PicaNet) in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This means that measurable patient care processes can be audited against the group’s agreed standards and amendments made to local processes based upon results. An example of this is the assessment of an unplanned extubation event. Using data from a number of ICUs and from a number of years, it is possible to produce a standardised rate and compare individual units performance each year against this rate. Ideally, outcomes would be validated and internationally recognised to allow the team to compare themselves with similar units in other jurisdictions [6]. Patient’s outcomes can be tracked over time and communicated back to the team. Satisfaction of patients, their families and team members can also be measured and followed over time. Staff resigning from work should be offered a confidential interview to ascertain information which might assist in improving team-working and patient care.
Feedback to individuals and the team reinforces positive behaviours and allows for continual development of the team. It also provides an opportunity for deficits to be identified and remediated. A 360-evaluation process may be utilised whereby many colleagues, regardless of discipline or seniority, will provide evaluation for a team member [7]. Interpersonal skills and professionalism are the core emphasis of this approach.
ICU team members must keep up to date with the latest emerging evidence in their respective fields. Critical care medicine is a technology-dependent speciality which is rapidly evolving. Specific assessment of new techniques, medications and equipment should be incorporated into a local coordinated research agenda. This is necessary to achieve continuously improving, team-based healthcare. Team members must be provided with sufficient time and resources to engage in relevant research, and feedback their results into clinical practice.
Vital to a high-performing ICU team is the inclusion of the patient and their family as integral members of the team. This concept of shared decision-making is gradually replacing a more paternalistic style of directing care [8]. It is important to involve the family in clinical decision making and to allocate sufficient time to meet with them. The patient’s needs and expectations are the driving force for the team’s efforts, and some neonatal and paediatric intensive care units now facilitate unrestricted family visiting and limited participation in medical rounds.
As staff change from day to night shift and junior doctors rotate through training posts, the multidisciplinary ICU team is continually changing. Although some team members will be a constant presence, the changing nature of the team can threaten its performance [9]. It may be difficult for new team members to join a well-established and experienced team and it takes time and effort for team members to build a trusting relationship with each other. The rotation of care providers may also influence the continuity of care delivered to the patient. This highlights the importance of having established written goals for patient care.
With the amalgamation of many personalities and healthcare specialities, it is inevitable that conflict may occur within the ICU team. Tension may arise due to the existence of differing priorities or perspectives of team members [10]. Occasionally, the priorities of the team may not align with those of the patient or family. The relationship between team members and the patient and family is important in the overall delivery of care, job satisfaction and incidence of compassion fatigue. Tensions can be exacerbated by inefficient or infrequent communication between team members—this contributes to disharmony in the patient’s bedspace, especially if conflicting pieces of information and opinions are being passed onto the patient and their family. Although reaching an agreement between all team members is challenging, it can be facilitated with early and open communication. Senior team members must oversee conflict resolution with maturity and compassion [11, 12].
The ICU can be a demanding work environment which poses several challenges to team members. Caring for a critically unwell child and their family can be distressing. Team members are often faced with stressful resuscitations, emergencies, and death. Ethical dilemmas are often encountered and can have a psychological impact on the staff involved. A supportive environment is essential to allow staff members to manage these stressors and continue to function as a high-performing team. Debriefing should be used after critical incidents and staff should have access to a counselling service.
Whilst dependent largely upon the collaborative efforts of individual team members, a high-performance healthcare team does require organisational support to function maximally. Adequate resources must be in place to support the work of the team. Health informatics and technological resources should facilitate seamless communication between team members. Financial support should be in place to allow for education and research. Appropriate facilities should be provided for team meetings, education sessions and simulation. Medical equipment should meet minimum standards to deliver care. Team members should be provided with adequate time for completion of clinical duties, continual professional development, and rest.
Regulation of medical practice in any speciality should focus on ‘right touch’. This is a balance between onerous rules which may lead to defensive practice and light-touch regulation which may not be sufficient to guide good practice. Moving the emphasis of regulation upstream, to the issues which can positively impact a physician’s professionalism will potentially reduce the number and significance of breaches of conduct and competence. Many regulatory bodies around the world now use this ‘right touch’ approach to medical regulation. There has been a move away from self-regulation in many jurisdictions, with the establishment of statutory bodies with a non-medical majority. This is a deliberate action to give reassurance to patients that public protection is the key remit of regulation.
In consultation with the public and the profession, high standards of education and practice are developed. These high standards of medical undergraduate and postgraduate education, postgraduate and speciality training, medical ethics and communication are then applied to educational institutions and individual doctors. Following assessment, recommendations for domains of improvement are made by the regulatory authority and followed up in a cycle of appropriate, targeted regulation. Tailored guides to specific areas of medical practice may be produced by a medical regulator to inform doctors and the public of the standards expected e.g., Telemedicine. A regulator will usually maintain a register of doctors who are qualified in that profession. That register is open to the public for inspection and assurance.
The Intensive Care Unit is a key part of a hospital environment. Intensive or critical care medicine has expanded over the last 2 decades to include premature neonates (Neonatology), infants and children (Paediatric Intensive Care) and adults (Adult ICU). Most ICUs will provide education and training to medical practitioners as part of structured training programs. The curriculum and formal assessment of the training program are decided by the certifying professional body e.g., European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). A hospital and its medical staff will have a relationship with a medical regulatory body to ensure that there is protection of the public interest in its interactions with doctors employed within the hospital. All doctors must demonstrate their licence or registration with their regulatory body as part of their terms of employment. This provides the public with confidence that their doctor has the necessary medical qualifications to provide medical services.
Regulation extends into education and training with the setting of standards and the periodic evaluation of these standards by the regulatory body. In the ICU, all doctors are expected to meet a basic standard of medical practice and conduct, in addition to demonstrating ongoing learning. There may be overlap with individual training programs and a sharing of compliance data. Accreditation of training bodies by the regulator may be a feature of some healthcare systems, but the principles are the same. A doctor may be asked to demonstrate fitness to practice through a process of investigation if there is a significant complaint made against the doctor. Management of a complaint against a professional is outlined below in Section 2.7.
Each doctor working in the critical care environment has a professional and ethical obligation to keep up to date with clinical developments. Each year specific training courses may be mandated e.g., resuscitation procedures and algorithms. Professional competencies in communication are important in the ICU where giving patients and families bad news is a vital part of the senior medical role. Miscommunication is a common area of complaint where families have a grievance around how important information was imparted by a doctor. There are simulation modules and training drills in communication skills available.
All doctors in training programs must be supervised by a doctor senior in experience. Supervision is a skilled intervention, providing oversight of clinical activity, guidance and the capacity for feedback and debriefing. Doctors of all training levels and ability should have access to a supervisor. As critical care medicine is an acute speciality where patients’ clinical status can deteriorate rapidly, supervision should be accessible 24/7. Doctors returning to clinical practice in the ICU following a significant period of absence should be asked to work within a structured program of revalidation to ensure that the doctor is ready to return to full practice and deliver safe patient care. This revalidation program may be sourced from within larger intensive care units, or from the doctor’s professional body.
A mentor can have the capacity to listen and support a colleague and is a formal professionalism arrangement. Informal collegial behaviour is important but not guaranteed, so developing a mentoring relationship over time can assist a physician who needs career advice or advice on managing conflict or clinically challenging situations. Training programs frequently assign a formal mentor to new entrants, however comfortable mentoring relationships often grow organically.
In some countries or states, doctors have a legal obligation to disclose details of adverse clinical events to patients and their families. In most areas of clinical practice, there is an ethical duty on the physician to openly discuss significant events or information which could impact patient care. Doctors in the ICU are supported in disclosing information with the support of senior hospital management. Meetings with patients where such matters are disclosed should be documented clearly in the patient’s medical record. The patient should be offered psychological support and follow up after any adverse event.
All doctors have an ethical duty to document and voice concerns, with regard to clinical resources, patient care and community care of the patient. Safeguarding of patients involves a legal mandate in many countries to formally report a concern that a vulnerable patient is being subjected to abuse. Patients in ICU are vulnerable because of their critical illness and sedation levels which will generally compromise their capacity to advocate for themselves. If a doctor feels that they do not have access to the resources to safely care for their patients, they should clearly articulate this deficit in writing to senior management within their institution. Risk to patient’s care is an important issue in the critical care environment. There are many publications cataloguing incidences of preventable patient harm, and it is a significant cost to the healthcare system in terms of litigation.
Patients in ICU and their families may make a complaint about the care that they have received, or their outcome. Sometimes disagreements about direction of care or interventions can occur and it is wise to invest time into resolving potential disputes as soon as they arise. There are a small number of situations that will result in a formal complaint to hospital management even in the context of good quality patient care. Learning the tools to respond compassionately to a complaint, answer questions and give further information is vital to the doctor working in the high-pressure ICU environment. Having access to specific institutional supports is useful if they exist—some hospitals will have a Patient Support Unit or Complaints Department that can assist in open communication with patients and their families. When a complaint is received it is crucial to take adequate time to review the patient’s medical information and clinical course in ICU before responding. A calm response with an expression of empathy is essential. If possible, offer to meet the complainant to discuss the issue to their satisfaction. Both parties should have an accompanying support person, and the meeting should be documented. Open disclosure of facts is expected by complainants and their right to information must be respected. If there has been a poor outcome, this should be acknowledged, and further support offered.
Patients who have been in the ICU occasionally warrant a report on their course in ICU. This may be requested by insurance companies, legal representatives or the Coroner. Reports should be prepared by the senior critical care physician involved in the admission of the patient to the ICU. Adequate time should be assigned to the task, with full access to clinical records. It is wise for the report to confine itself to the facts of the case and refrain from opinion unless specifically asked for. Preparation of a report may elicit a request to attend a court hearing to present the information, and this should be allowed as part of the duties of a senior doctor working in ICU.
Professionalism and effective teamworking are key features of high-quality critical care medicine and contribute to improved patient care.
Understanding the regulation of educational and training standards in the intensive care unit is important to ensure that medical care is delivered in an environment which is routinely inspected and accredited.
No external funds were sought or obtained for the preparation of this manuscript.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
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\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
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\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Sample Preparation Techniques for Chemical Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:"sample-preparation-techniques-for-chemical-analysis",bookSignature:"Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349151",title:"Prof.",name:"Massoud",middleName:null,surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:193,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36171",doi:"10.5772/36942",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:9277,totalCrossrefCites:132,totalDimensionsCites:381,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko"}]},{id:"36178",doi:"10.5772/36323",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",totalDownloads:20869,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:260,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"maria-gonzalez",fullName:"María González"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas"}]},{id:"53973",doi:"10.5772/66927",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7324,totalCrossrefCites:77,totalDimensionsCites:170,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"36184",doi:"10.5772/36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",totalDownloads:7817,totalCrossrefCites:77,totalDimensionsCites:157,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9393,totalCrossrefCites:78,totalDimensionsCites:149,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55500",title:"Interpretation of Mass Spectra",slug:"interpretation-of-mass-spectra",totalDownloads:12503,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"The chapter includes an introduction to the main ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry and the way the resulting fragments can be analysed. First, the fundamental notions of mass spectrometry are explained, so that the reader can easily cover this chapter (graphs, main pick, molecular ion, illogical pick, nitrogen rule, etc.). Isotopic percentage and nominal mass calculation are also explained along with fragmentation mechanism. A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"57909",title:"Validation of Analytical Methods",slug:"validation-of-analytical-methods",totalDownloads:6989,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Method validation is a key element in the establishment of reference methods and within the assessment of a laboratory’s competence in generating dependable analytical records. Validation has been placed within the context of the procedure, generating chemical data. Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"55440",title:"Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts",slug:"solubility-products-and-solubility-concepts",totalDownloads:3090,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The chapter refers to a general concept of solubility product Ksp of sparingly soluble hydroxides and different salts and calculation of solubility of some hydroxides, oxides, and different salts in aqueous media. A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems.",book:{id:"5891",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",fullTitle:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds"},signatures:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, Aneta Spórna-Kucab and\nTadeusz Michałowski",authors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"},{id:"203867",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk",slug:"anna-maria-michalowska-kaczmarczyk",fullName:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk"},{id:"203868",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Spórna-Kucab",slug:"aneta-sporna-kucab",fullName:"Aneta Spórna-Kucab"}]},{id:"62736",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4543,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:8095,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"8",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83005",title:"Catalytic Behavior of Extended π-Conjugation in the Kinetics of Sensitizer-Mediator Interaction",slug:"catalytic-behavior-of-extended-conjugation-in-the-kinetics-of-sensitizer-mediator-interaction",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106511",abstract:"This chapter discusses the catalytic effect of extended π-conjugation on the electron transfer process between ferricyphen-ferrocyanide and ferricypyr-ferrocyanide in an aqueous medium. Ferricyphen and ferricypyr may be feasible options for the sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells due to their high reduction potential, stability, capability as an outer-sphere oxidant, and photosensitivity. Meanwhile, ferrocyanide could be used as a mediator in DSSCs instead of iodide to avoid iodate production and achieve a similar reduction potential and stability. This chapter compared the ability of competent putative sensitizers to oxidize the likely mediator in water. In contrast to the 2,2′-dipyridyl chelate, the extended π-conjugation in 1,10-phenanthroline accelerated the redox process by increasing the electron affinity of ferricyphen as compared to ferricypyr. The reactions had the same kinetics but different rate constants, indicating that the ferricyphen-ferrocyanide reaction was several times faster than the ferricypyr-ferrocyanide reaction, revealing and confirming the catalytic influence of extended π-conjugation on the redox process.",book:{id:"11217",title:"Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11217.jpg"},signatures:"Rozina Khattak"},{id:"83004",title:"Pyridine Heterocycles in the Therapy of Oncological Diseases",slug:"pyridine-heterocycles-in-the-therapy-of-oncological-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106406",abstract:"Oncological diseases pose a major challenge for modern medicine. Heterocyclic compounds play a vital role in modern medical and pharmaceutical science as most medicinal substances incorporate them. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles serve as the basis of numerous drugs and, therefore, are deeply involved in the design and synthesis of promising new therapeutic agents. Pyridine or pyrimidine scaffolds, with a number of substituents attached, comprise a large portion of FDA-approved drugs. They are chemically stable in the human body, manifest an affinity for DNA via hydrogen bonding, and present an opportunity for the development of novel anticancer agents. A large number of pyridine-based molecules are synthesized and tested for anticancer activity each year. The present chapter aims to introduce the most current synthetic approaches, published in scientific literature, and would also elaborate on structure-activity relationships described therein.",book:{id:"11562",title:"Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11562.jpg"},signatures:"Lozan T. Todorov and Irena P. Kostova"},{id:"82969",title:"Utilizing Photocatalysts in Reducing Moisture Absorption in Composites of Natural Fibers",slug:"utilizing-photocatalysts-in-reducing-moisture-absorption-in-composites-of-natural-fibers",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106543",abstract:"Due to growing environmental consciousness and the depletion of oil supplies, numerous efforts have been made to replace synthetic fibers in fiber-reinforced composites with natural fibers (NFr). The low cost and abundance of NFr and its biodegradability and low density have encouraged researchers worldwide to study their potential applications in several industrial sectors. However, NFr has several disadvantages: excessive moisture absorption and subsequent swelling and degradation, low chemical and fire resistance, and insufficient interfacial interactions with polymers. Consequently, there is great interest in modifying the surface of NFr using a variety of methods. This chapter presents an overview of the NFr, its characterization, the problems associated with adding NFr to polymer composites. This literature survey suggests an in-depth review of photocatalysis by utilizing photocatalysts nanoparticle (PHNPs) aimed at increasing the hydrophobicity and interfacial bonding between the NFr and the matrix Using a photo-induced oxidation mechanism to disassemble water molecules, pollutants, and bacteria in a wet environment. Additionally, we reviewed the effects of these PHNPs on the moisture absorption, mechanical characteristics, and dimensional stability of NFr composites. As a result, this review article may make a valuable contribution to researchers interested in coating and treating NFr to further enhance their surface characteristics.",book:{id:"11559",title:"Photocatalysts - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11559.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammed Mohammed and Rozyanty Rahman"},{id:"82853",title:"Revealing Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography: QSRR Approach",slug:"revealing-retention-mechanisms-in-liquid-chromatography-qsrr-approach",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106245",abstract:"One-factor-at-a-time experimentation was used for a long time as gold-standard optimization for liquid chromatographic (LC) method development. This approach has two downsides as it requires a needlessly great number of experimental runs and it is unable to identify possible factor interactions. At the end of the last century, however, this problem could be solved with the introduction of new chemometric strategies. This chapter aims at presenting quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) models with structuring possibilities, from the point of feature selection through various machine learning algorithms that can be used in model building, for internal and external validation of the proposed models. The presented strategies of QSRR model can be a good starting point for analysts to use and adopt them as a good practice for their applications. QSRR models can be used in predicting the retention behavior of compounds, to point out the molecular features governing the retention, and consequently to gain insight into the retention mechanisms. In terms of these applications, special attention was drawn to modified chromatographic systems, characterized by mobile or stationary phase modifications. Although chromatographic methods are applied in a wide variety of fields, the greatest attention has been devoted to the analysis of pharmaceuticals.",book:{id:"11557",title:"Chemometrics - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11557.jpg"},signatures:"Jovana Krmar, Bojana Svrkota, Nevena Đajić, Jevrem Stojanović, Ana Protić and Biljana Otašević"},{id:"82796",title:"A Revisit of the Underlying Fundamentals in the Laser Emission from BODIPYs",slug:"a-revisit-of-the-underlying-fundamentals-in-the-laser-emission-from-bodipys",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106334",abstract:"This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the laser performance of commercially available laser dyes based on the boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophore in a liquid state, as well as to remark the main underlying photophysical signatures triggering such photonic behavior. First, we describe their light absorption and fluorescence properties in solution. This spectroscopic study is supplemented with quantum mechanics calculations and electrochemical measurements. Afterward, the dyes are tested as active media of tunable lasers under transversal pumping. The recorded laser efficiencies and photostabilities are correlated with the registered photophysical properties identifying the main structural guidelines and photonic parameters, which rule the laser bands’ position, intensity, and stability. As a result, we provide a comparative dataset of the laser performance, not available hitherto. Besides, the unraveling of the complex molecular structure-photophysics-laser relationship should help in the rational design of new tunable dye lasers with an improved photonic response along the entire visible region and reaching eventually the near infrared.",book:{id:"12081",title:"Dyes and Pigments - Insights and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12081.jpg"},signatures:"Alaitz Peñafiel, Ainhoa Oliden-Sánchez, Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa, Leire Gartzia-Rivero, Rebeca Sola-Llano and Jorge Bañuelos"},{id:"82706",title:"Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Fish Value Chain",slug:"applications-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-nirs-in-fish-value-chain",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105736",abstract:"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has undergone a significant evolution in the last years due to the numerous scientific studies that revealed its potential for industrial applications, attracting a growing interest in the food sector. Furthermore, new advances have allowed the reduction in size and cost of the NIR devices, making them appropriate for on-site determinations. The complex structure of the fish value chain, combined to its high market value, makes this sector particularly vulnerable to fraud and adulteration practices. Also, the perishable nature of fish and fish products, as well as the lack of traceability, arises the urgent need for a fast, reliable and portable tool capable of precisely characterizing the quality and authenticity of the product while also ensuring its safety. In this chapter, the capabilities of NIRS combined to several chemometric techniques for quality, authenticity and safety applications are presented through an extensive review of the most recent research works.",book:{id:"11564",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11564.jpg"},signatures:"Sonia Nieto-Ortega, Rebeca Lara, Giuseppe Foti, Ángela Melado-Herreros and Idoia Olabarrieta"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:58},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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