Difference between SWCNTs and MWCNTs [19].
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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This book presents a structured collection of chapters, dealing with the subject and stressing the importance of E-learning. It shows the evolution of E-learning, with discussion about tools, methodologies, improvements and new possibilities for long-distance learning.\nThe book is divided into three sections and their respective chapters refer to three macro areas. The first section of the book covers methodologies and tools applied for E-learning, considering collaborative methodologies and specific environments.\nThe second section is about E-learning assessment, highlighting studies about E-learning features and evaluations for different methodologies. 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With the emergence of the field of nanotechnology, the carbon material (graphene, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes) where
Schematic representation of SWCNT (A) and MWCNT(B) along with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of (C) SWCNT and (D) MWCNT respectively [
Immense interest in CNTs lies in their fascinating mechanical [7], electrical and optical properties [8] and hence are widely used in multiple applications such as field effect transistors [9], fuel cells [10], hydrogen energy storage applications [11], quantum computing [12] nanosensors [13, 14, 15] and battery electrodes [16]. The superior mechanical properties of CNTs are attributed to the higher values of tensile strengths and young modulus, thus revealing their potential use as a composite material to be used in futuristic Mars operation by NASA. Its use in such type of missions is subjected to its 50 times higher specific strength than the steel and hence creates exceptional load-bearing supports when integrated in composites. Field emission properties of CNTs have noticed enough attention from the research community, where the generation of electrons takes place under extreme conditions of electric field similar to thermionic emission. In addition, CNTs have also offered excellent chemical stability, higher electrical conductivity, nanosize and structural smoothness and are potentially used in flat display panels [8]. One can also attribute the use of CNTs in energy storage and energy production application to their smaller size, higher electron transfer rates, and superior surface topology in nanotubes.
As discussed above, CNTs have shown extremely smaller sizes, superior conductivity, greater mechanical strengths and elastic behavior, that is why these are used in other technological applications such as nanolithography, sensors, high resolution imaging and drug delivery systems also [17, 18].
Keeping in view the above-mentioned intriguing properties of CNTs, it is imperative to discuss the possible routes of their synthesis and the ways to enhance purity of CNTs, as it will pave the way towards improved technological device applications.
The type of bonding among carbon atoms plays crucial role in determining its different allotropes with distinct physical properties. When carbon constitutes SP2hybridization, a layered structure is formed with weak van der Waal forces existing in out of plane carbon atoms, in contrast to stronger in-planes bonding among them. Ideal CNTs can be thought of nano-scaled graphene cylindrical shapes closing at each end via half fullerenes. In case of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, there exist at least two equicentered cylinders of graphene and theoretically, these numbers of cylinders can be infinitely large. It should be noticed that there must be regular spacing between any two concentric grapheme cylinders in MWCNTs. Previous studies have demonstrated a real spacing width of the order of 0.34 to 0.39 nm [19].
The real space analysis of multiwall nanotube images has shown a range of interlayer spacing (0.34 to 0.39 nm).it has been observed that the inner diameter of such nanotubes varies from 0.4 nm to roughly few nanometers, in comparison to its outer diameter ranging from 2 nm to 30 nm. MWCNTs are closed from both ends by pentagonal type of ring defect named as half-fullerenes, with significant axial size difference (1 μm- few cm) between both ends [19].
Previous studies on SWNTs has documented their length 109 times greater than their diameters [20]. SWCNTs can be combined together in the form of ropes, to give hexagonal crystalline structure [21]. SWCNTs can assume three different types of structures such as armchair, chiral, and zigzag (Figure 2B) depending upon their wrapping in cylindrical form. The structure of SWCNTs is categorized by a pair of indices (n, m) that define chiral vector, which has prominent effect on the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes. Unit vectors along both directions in the crystal lattice is determined by the integers
Schematic of three different forms of SWNTs (A), where the chirality factor determines the diameter of carbon nanotubes and the (B) shows three different models of perfect SWCNT in atomic form [
And other form is known as chiral structure.
The chiral vector can be defined as
Where
When m = 0, we get zigzag CNTs and if m = n, one ends up with armchair CNTs. For other values of m, chiral CNTs will be formed. If the difference of n-m is a number which is multiple of 3, then the nanotubes will show metallic behavior and will be of highly conducting nature, otherwise one will be dealing with semiconducting or semimetal types of nanotubes. Armchair type of SWCNTs are metallic in nature, while other structures can make the SWCNTs semiconductor also. The Russian model and Parchment model are two broadly used models to prepare the MWCNTs. In the
SWCNTS | MWCNTs |
---|---|
These are twistable but more flexible | These nanotubes cannot be easily twisted. |
Its evaluation and characterization is relatively simple and easy. | It has very complex structure and hence their evaluation is not easy. |
There are more chances of defect while working with SWCNTs. | The chances of defects are less but once occurred, are difficult to be removed. |
Purity of SWCNTs is poor | Purity of MWCNTs is high. |
Synthesis of SWCNTs on large scale is comparatively tough as it requires proper control over growth conditions. | Bulk synthesis is easy |
Single layers are present in SWCNTs. | Multiple layers are available in MWCNTs. |
The use of catalyst is compulsory for their synthesis. | MWCNTs can be prepared without using catalyst. |
Difference between SWCNTs and MWCNTs [19].
There are multiple methods to synthesis CNTs where gas phase processes are involved. These methods are mainly known as arc-discharge synthesis technique, laser-ablation method and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Laser ablation method involves the synthesis of CNTs under high temperatures, while in arc discharge technique, the synthesis of CNTs occurs at relatively low temperatures (<800°C). CVD method is currently in use, as it allows the control of nanotube’s length, diameter, alignment, density and purity with maximum accuracy [24] during the synthesis.
This method is implemented to synthesize the single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Figure 3) at a high temperature (above 1700°C).
The experimental set up of Arc discharge method [
The arc-discharge was initiated via applying a direct current of 200 A and a voltage of 20 V between the two electrodes. It was observed that the presence of iron, argon and methane was compulsory for the synthesis of SWNTs. The Arc discharge techniques is induced with the help of purest graphite electrodes having optical density of 6–10 mm and a diameter ranging from 6 to 12 mm. both of these electrodes were separated by 1–2 mm in a chamber containing helium gas at sub-atmospheric pressure. One can replace helium with hydrogen or methane gas. The working chamber consists of a graphitic anode and cathode, evaporated carbon [26] and minute amount of catalysts for example Ni, Co and Fe [27]. In arcing process is initiated by using direct current at pressure condition and the temperature of the chamber is raised up to 4000 K. In this procedure, half of the evaporated carbon is solidified on the tip of cathode. The rate at which evaporated carbon solidifies is set to be 1 mm/min and hence one gets “cigar like structure”. During this process, the anode is also consumed. A remaining carbon is now a hard-gray shell structure, which is deposited on the edges and further condensates in the ‘chamber soot’ in nearby vicinity of the chamber’s walls and ‘cathode soot’ on the negative graphite electrode (cathode). Furthermore, this inner material, anode soot and cathode soot (dark and soft materials) give rise to SWCNTS or MWCNTs along with nested graphene particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows two different morphologies and surfaces are seen in the study of cathode deposited material. The soft and dark inner core contains randomly oriented carbon nanotubes and the grey colored outer core is composed of grapheme layers.
In arc discharge synthesis technique, there are two different options to synthesized the carbon nanotubes; one with and other without using the catalyst precursors. Generally, the synthesis of MWCNTs is performed without using catalyst precursors. On the other hand, the synthesis of SWCNTs is subjected to the presence of different catalyst precursors. In order to expand the arc discharge, a complex anode [28], made of metal and graphite, is exploited. The metals used in complex anode range from Fe, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co-Pt, Ag, to a mixture of Ni-Ti Ni-Y, Co-Ni, Co-Cu. It is demonstrated to get highest yield (< 90%) of SWCNTs by using a complex anode, made up of a mixture of Ni-Y with an average diameter size of 1.4 nm [29] and this mixture is utilized worldwide to prepare SWCNTs on a large scale. This method is considered one of the most practiced method to synthesize SWCNTS in large quantities. But the main disadvantage of this method is least control over the chirality in the intended nanotubes.
A graphite block is heated in quartz tube via high power lasers in a furnace at a temperature of 1200°C in argon atmosphere [30]. Here the laser vaporizes the graphite target within the quartz tube and SWCNTs are formed in the presence of metallic catalysts. The diameter of prepared carbon nanotubes is manipulated as a function of laser power such as the diameter of the tube decreases upon increasing the power of laser pulses and vice versa. Some other studies have dictated that the ultrafast sub-picosecond lasers have the ability to produce single walled carbon nanotubes on a large scale too [31]. It is further reported to manufacture carbon nanotubes up to 1.5 g/h via laser ablation method.
To harness CNTS with desired structural and chemical features, one should monitor the effect of different properties of lasers (peak power, frequency, oscillation wavelength, cw versus pulse), chamber pressure, distance between graphite target and substrate, ambient temperature and the flow and pressure of the buffer gas. By using this process, one can achieve high quality (purity) SWCNTs in large quantities. The mechanism and principles of laser ablation is identical with the arc-discharge method. Here the required energy is provided by a laser which strike with pure graphite pellet holding catalyst material i.e. cobalt and nickel (Figure 4).
The laser ablation process [
The primary advantages of this method are the presence of the smaller amounts of metallic impurities and higher yield of CNTs. On the other hand, the carbon nanotubes produced via laser ablation method are not perfectly straight and uniform. This is an expense method due to the requirement of high purity graphite rod and the availability of two laser beams to produce CNTs. By using this technique, the yield of nanotubes per day is relatively smaller than the arc discharge technique.
One of the best techniques for the production of CNTs is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). There are different CVD techniques such as catalytic chemical vapor deposition either thermal [33] and water assisted [6], plasma enhanced oxygen assisted CVD [34, 35, 36] or hot filament CVD (HFCVD) [37]. But most extensively implemented CVD method for the production of CNTs is known as catalytic chemical vapor deposition. This route involves the Chemical breakdown of hydrocarbon on a specified substrate and helps expand the CNTs on different type of materials. Carbon atoms remain intact with the metallic catalytic particles, as was the case for arc discharge technique. After that carbon atoms are enabled to come in contact with metal particles and implanted with in the holes, initiating the production of carbon nanotubes (Figure 5).
Chemical vapor deposition [
This technique facilitates well aligned long carbon nanotubes and a layer of metallic catalyst particles are produced at 700°C. Most commonly catalyst metals are cobalt, nickel, iron and combination. The expansion of nanotubes carried out in fluidized bed reactor in the presence of a gas containing carbon such as ethylene, acetylene, methane, etc. and a process gas like H, Ne, or ammonia are used as well. The process gas reacts with the catalyst particles and disintegrates. Carbon atoms become prominent at the edges of nanoparticles where CNTs are created. CVD is very economical practical method for quite pure and large-scale production of carbon nanotubes as compare to laser ablation method. This method is easily controllable and give high purity of obtained materials, this is the main advantages of CVD [39].
Above mentioned as-synthesized methods of CNTs encounter certain impurities, such as smaller fullerenes, wrapped graphite sheets, metal catalyst particles, and amorphous carbon contaminations. It is observed that the percentage of these impurities generally enhances as long as the diameter of CNTs increases. Therefore, it is important to get rid of these impurities to obtain homogenously distributed CNTS in polymer or dispersion media due to their substantial effect on electro-mechanical properties of CNTs, interfering with the expected applications. It makes it unavoidable to apply certain purification techniques to get pure CNTs with better electrical and mechanical features [40, 41]. Due to the insoluble nature of CNTS, it is quite challenging to use liquid chromatography to get rid of these impurities. In addition, number of groups across the globe just characterize the commercially synthesized carbon nanotubes and do not have facilities to grow them. Due to the application of different analytical techniques such as Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), even SWCNTs have shown doubled, triple and multi-walls of a single sample along with the presence of above-mentioned impurities. Hence, one cannot rely on the specification provided by different companies. Subjected to these various analytical characterization and impurities, researchers have applied various purification techniques, leading to significant loss of CNTs [42, 43, 44]. It is further observed that the use of acid treatment or surfactants might result in CNTs with activated surfaces, putting comprehensive changes in their desired properties [45].
Depending upon the nature of the structure (single-walled or multi-walled) in hands, growth process, and metal catalysts, various purification techniques such as mechanical, chemical and physical routes are to get dispersed carbon nanotubes with maximum possible exclusion of impurities [23]. The chemical methods allow the variation in surface energy by introducing functionalization of carbon nanotubes. It leads to better wettability and adhesion of CNTs to the polymer target media and hence the tendency of agglomeration decreases. But the use of acids might deteriorate the structural quality of CNTs, attributing un-desired physical properties.
The chemical route of purification produces highly pure CNTs but fragile to structural defects and product losses [46]. However, CNTs with higher purity can be achieved by removing the metal catalyst particles in controlled reaction. Physical methods are attractive due to the possibility of adsorption of variety of functional groups, leaving behind similar pi (π)- graphene structure and are implemented when higher weight fraction of CNTs is desired. Physical method separates the yield products on the bases of the size of CNTs [47]. Physical methods. These methods cause low damages and are more complex as well as less effective as compared to chemical methods. Here we will only explain the chemical methods for purification [48]. The most commonly used chemical purification method involves oxidation of synthesized CNTs in gas phase as well as in liquid phase. Most common purification methods with high success rates are
Gas Phase
Liquid Phase
Intercalation Method
Purification can be done in dry gas oxidation. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and dry/wet air are commonly used oxidation gases for this method [49, 50, 51].
Air oxidation is one of the gas phase oxidation methods to purify CNTs. The impurities in CNTs are removed by the thermal air oxidation at moderate temperatures. The walls of the CNTs and the binding between the entangled CNTs are affected by the presence of oxygen. It is also known as a strengthening process which starts at 480°C and amorphous carbon usually decayed between 480 and 500°C [52, 53]. The reactivity rate is greater for structure and amorphous carbon than cylindrical wall of CNTs when oxidation is done in air. Due to this selective oxidation, the amorphous carbon can be bare-off from the cross-linked CNT collections. If the temperature is raised to 750°C during the annealing process, the loss rate of CNTs enhances to about 90% and the structure of CNTs is destroyed significantly.
As in gas phase oxidation methods, controlled rate heating of CNTs is implemented for a longer period of time. Here the disordered amorphous carbon that is coming from the tip, destructs the purification on the base of oxidation by
The route of the reaction is shown:
Amorphous carbon and metal catalyst particles coated with carbon may be removed by hydrogen gas treatment at high temperatures. Amorphous carbon is converted into the carbon dioxide in air and then transformed again into methane in the presence of hydrogen. Ammonia (NH3) is used to remove residual carbon impurities and repair the damaged in sidewalls of CNTs, instead of using hydrogen gas. Ammonia has advantages over hydrogen in terms of ease in handling. Only a small number of defects are observed in the CNTs when they were exposed to NH3 gas at high temperatures during purification process. In addition, strong van der wall forces are induced between CNTs after NH3 treatment, leading to a damage recovery of sidewall [52, 55] of CNTs.
Oxidation of amorphous carbon in gas phase is easy to control as compared to liquid phase oxidation techniques. Higher activation energies are required in gas phase oxidation processes. Gas phase oxidation can better oxidize the CNTs than the liquid phase oxidation without introducing defects. This yield purified nanotubes, arranged in tight bundles without forming clusters. Moreover, there is no need to use complicated/sophisticated equipment, filtration and separation processes required after the purification [56, 57].
Despite the fact that the advantages of gas phase oxidation are clear, it has some limitations. Metal particles cannot be eliminated straightaway, and further treatment is compulsory. In order to overcome this drawback, liquid phase purification treatments are developed to eliminate the amorphous carbon and metal catalysts [57, 58].
The oxidant and mineral acid, in the form of solution can uniformly react with the network of the raw CNTs samples. Therefore, processing with selective oxidizing agent with precise control can yield high-purity CNTs. The scientific community mostly uses HNO3, NaOH and H2O2 as an oxidizing agent for liquid phase oxidation.
Nitric acid is commonly used for purification of CNTs due to its capability of removing metal catalysts, nontoxicity and economy. It can remove the amorphous carbon selectively because of its mild oxidizing ability. A concentrated nitric acid is used to produce SWCNTs through laser ablation in a single step. The synthesized SWCNTs were sonicated in concentrated nitric acid for a few minutes, following the refluxing for 4 h under magnetic stirring process carried at 120–130°C. The product reached 30–50 wt. % of its raw samples and the metal defects were reduced up to app. 1@ wt. %. The purity of SWCNTs and its production totally depends upon the concentration of nitric acid and reflux time in nitric acid treatment. The elimination of metallic impurities can be confirmed via XRD analysis of CNTs. During the purification, the nitric acid reacts with the defected parts and intercalate into the CNTs to unzip the tube walls by further oxidative etching, which in turn causes an increase in nanotubes inter-layer spacing. Normally, the reactive carbons were eliminated through the following chemical reaction:
Most of the catalyst particles are removed in nitric acid’s treatment at high temperatures for 24 h. The unwanted impurities are removed and melted effectively from CNTs, and some oxidative defects in the sidewall of CNTs are also induced in this process. The intensity of the D-band spectrum produced by the defects and carbon particles in the sample after acid treatment, can be used to determine the disorder degree of the sample [57, 59].
It has been observed clearly from Scanning electron microscope (SEM) that silica and alumina support can be eliminated significantly after NaOH treatment. Based on the reaction between NaOH and carbon, a single-step method for simultaneous purification and opening of multi-walled carbon nanotubes has been formulated [48, 60]. The redox reactions between carbon and NaOH followed through the highly reactive sites of the material. As a result, NaOH only interacts with the carbon impurities and defects of the carbon nanotubes, that is with the tip while the uniform graphite layers of the nanotubes walls remain intact. This is because metallic sodium cannot be inserted into well-organized materials, and can only be carried out by highly disordered carbon impurities [61]. Therefore, in addition to the opening of tubes, NaOH treatment removed the catalytic support, amorphous carbon, and the catalyst metal particles. Its mild conditions removed the metal impurities without damaging the sidewalls of CNTs.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) attacks on the carbon surface and cannot eliminate metal particles due to its mild oxidization capability. It is inexpensive and green oxidizing agent and is commonly used with HCl. Generally, H2O2 can be transformed into a toxic salt. H2O2 with HCl has been examined to eliminate the metallic particles during purification of CNTs. Macro-scale purification consists of two parts such as refluxing treatment in H2O2 solution following the cleaning process performed with HCl. Particle size of Fe has a significant effect on the oxidation of amorphous carbon. The oxidation and removal of metal particles in this process is performed in a single container to make it simple. The purity and yield of the product in this treatment are better than NH3 treatment. Carbon coated iron impurities were liquified in an aqueous solution of H2O2 and HCl at 40-70°C for 4–8 h. The production of CNTs increased to approximately 50 wt. % and the purity raised up to 96 wt. % with this treatment [62].
Halogen may be intercalated into carbon nanotubes for selective oxidation of carbonaceous impurities. Brominating is one of the effective procedures in CNTs purification process. Graphite intercalation compounds are formed by the attachment of atomic or molecular layers of a different chemical species between layers in graphite host materials. The intercalation of bromine (Br2) in CNTs is confirmed by using HR-TEM [48]. The mixing of raw CNTs with pure liquid bromine under nitrogen atmosphere yielded Br. Under these conditions, charge transfer between Br and carbon occurred, enabling the formation of complex C-Br2 on CNT surface and at deformed sites. It was observed that the orientation of Br on CNT surface is like a rod of a wheel, which is perpendicular to the curve of graphitic layers on CNTs. Intercalation of Br usually, happens on the surface of CNTs, where large numbers of defected sites are available. Br will be more reactive to those regions where different types of defects (amorphous carbon and other disorder carbonaceous materials) exist. When brominated, CNTs were passed through the air combustion at 550°C, and it was observed that the layers of the graphite were damaged along the line in which Br collected, showing the effect on the reactivity of the tubes toward oxygen upon adding Br. The amorphous carbon can be effectively oxidized due to the oxidation difference between brominated regions and CNTs. The catalyst particles, which was bounded, were opened and removed at the same time. Due to the tube action, Br diffused into the tubular CNTs and caused in the breakage of inner graphite layers during oxidation [63, 64, 65].
A detailed overview of synthesis and purification of carbon nanotubes is presented in this chapter. Synthesis techniques (i.e., arc discharge synthesis, laser ablation of graphite/laser vaporization synthesis method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), high pressure carbon monoxide synthesis and flame synthesis) have been described in detail to highlight their importance as well as drawbacks. Arc discharge synthesis method is one of the most used technique for carbon nanotubes in large quantities. Its main drawback is the lack of control over the chirality in the nanotubes. Laser ablation method has the ability to produce CNTs in large quantities having small impurities. However, it is an expensive method as compare to arc discharge method for the synthesis of CNTs. A high purity CNTs can be obtained by using Chemical vapor deposition method. It is most suitable for large-scale manufacturing of CNTs at economical cost than laser ablation method. Chemical-based purification methods (i.e., gas phase, liquid phase and intercalation method) for CNTs are discussed comprehensively. These methods can efficiently eliminate amorphous carbon, polyhedral carbon and metal impurities at the cost of decreasing a significant amount of CNTs or damaging structure of CNTs. Gas phase purification is considered for purifying CNTs because it does not significantly grow sidewall defects in CNTs. However, it has limitation that it does not remove metal particles straightforwardly. Liquid phase oxidation produces defects on CNTs sidewall and may break-down CNTs into shorter ones with different lengths. The intercalation is best suitable for purifying CNTs without destroying their alignment. These features of synthesis and purification methods of CNTs will help researchers to select between these different methods according to their requirements.
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Therefore, we develop an efficient CTU decision method by combing temporal-spatial searching order algorithm (TSSOA) in BL and a fast inter-layer searching algorithm (FILSA) in EL to speed up the encoding process of SHVC. The simulation results show that the proposed efficient CTU decision method can achieve an average time improving ratio (TIR) about 52–78% and 47–69% for low delay (LD) and random access (RA) configurations, respectively. It is clear that the proposed method can efficiently reduce the computational complexity of SHVC encoder with negligible loss of coding efficiency with various types of video sequences.",book:{id:"5364",slug:"recent-advances-in-image-and-video-coding",title:"Recent Advances in Image and Video Coding",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Image and Video Coding"},signatures:"Chou-Chen Wang, Yuan-Shing Chang and Ke-Nung Huang",authors:[{id:"26337",title:"Dr.",name:"Chou-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"chou-chen-wang",fullName:"Chou-Chen Wang"},{id:"194121",title:"Mr.",name:"Yuan-Sing",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"yuan-sing-chang",fullName:"Yuan-Sing Chang"},{id:"194122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke-Nung",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"ke-nung-huang",fullName:"Ke-Nung Huang"}]},{id:"67911",title:"New Graphical Password Scheme Containing Questions-Background-Pattern and Implementation",slug:"new-graphical-password-scheme-containing-questions-background-pattern-and-implementation",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Security of authentication is needed to be provided superlatively to secure users’ personal and exchange information, since online information exchange systems have been developed according to internet speed. Therefore, aim of the chapter is to develop current graphical password scheme based on recall, create and implement a new graphical password scheme composed of three layer verification. We programmed our scheme in order to use in section of anonymous information exchange system and user’s registration of trading chat room. While we conducted survey on user by accessing participant to our system lied in participants’ local network and we analyzed in accordance with the average length of their created password and statistical significant of entropy bit. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 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\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
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