List of thermal method and its parameters.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-164-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-163-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-165-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"918540a77975243ee748770aea1f4af2",bookSignature:"Dr. Aakash Goyal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9651.jpg",keywords:"GWAS, Cereals, Breeding, Disease Resistance, Wheat, Rice, Maize, Drought Tolerance, Genetics, Production, Quality, Yield",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 21st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Elected fellow member of the International College of Nutrition (FICN) and Society of Applied Biotechnology (FSAB) with research experience at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bayer Crop Science, ICARDA, InnoTech Alberta, and Palm Gardens Inc.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-goyal",fullName:"Aakash Goyal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/97604/images/system/97604.jpg",biography:"Aakash Goyal was born in India, and graduated from MDU, Ajmer (Biology) in 1999, then obtained Master’s in Biotechnology in 2002 from GJU, Hissar specialization in Plant biotechnology & molecular breeding, and PhD. in Genetics and Plant Breeding in 2007 from CCSU, Meerut India, specialization in Wheat Breeding. After completion of PhD, he obtained NSREC Visiting Fellowship (in 2008) and thus, joined the wheat and triticale breeding program at Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB., Canada. In 2012, he achieved a position as a Wheat Breeder for Bayer Crop Science, Saskatoon, Canada. In 2014 he had the honor to obtain Senior Research Scientist position with International Center of Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). In 2017, he moved back to Canada and joined as Native Plant Research Scientist with InnoTech Alberta. In November 2019 he joined as an Agriculture Specialist with Palm Gardens Inc. to help in breeding and cultivation of Cannabis. In this time (2002-2020), he has published nine Books and 50 research papers, reviewed articles, book chapters and book reviews. He is also an elected fellow member of International College of Nutrition (FICN) and Society of Applied Biotechnology (FSAB).",institutionString:"Palm Gardens Inc. Canada",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"596",title:"Crop Plant",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f6c77633a473d10f044598b3768e23f",slug:"crop-plant",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/596.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-goyal",fullName:"Aakash Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5137",title:"Grain Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9af17ac91fc66472889985bd48d3fdb3",slug:"grain-legumes",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-goyal",fullName:"Aakash Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3357",title:"Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ed9774e3d9e1d7664640db03e659146",slug:"crop-production",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal and Muhammad Asif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-goyal",fullName:"Aakash Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72371",title:"The Antibacterial Activity of Mentha",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92425",slug:"the-antibacterial-activity-of-em-mentha-em-",body:'\nThe essential oils (EOs) are a group of several natural chemicals that are characterised by their volatility and aroma [1].
\nThe essential oils are produced by different plant parts (flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits and roots) as secondary metabolites [2]. The EOs are about 3000, 300 of which are used for pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sanitary, cosmetic and perfusion purposes [2]. They are a complex of natural mixtures of lipophilic substances and consist of two fractions: volatile (from 85 to 99%) and non-volatile, the second one being a heavier fraction than the first one (from 1 to 15%) [3]. Hydrocarbon compounds and oxygenated compounds prevail in the volatile fraction of EOs. The oxygenated fraction gives the characteristic flavour to the essences, while terpenes and sesquiterpenes perform a support function. The separation process of terpenes, as well as improving the stability of the essence, allows to concentrate the oxygenate fraction that it brings a superior contribution to perfume and aroma. The non-volatile fraction consists of many classes of substances such as high molecular weight hydrocarbons, fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids, waxes, coumarins, psoralenes and flavonoids [2]. Several EOs extracted from plants contain compounds that are responsible for their antimicrobial effects [4, 5, 6]. The mechanisms by which different EOs are capable of damaging bacteria depend on their composition. Generally, antimicrobial activity is derived not only from a single mechanism of action but also from a cascade of reactions that involve the entire bacterial cell because EOs have several chemical structures in their composition and, consequently, several functional groups. In general, Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects of EOs than Gram-negative bacteria, due to significant structural differences in the cell wall of these two groups of bacteria [7, 8]. The structure of Gram-positive bacteria facilitates the penetration of hydrophobic molecules into the cell and acts on the bacterial wall, cytoplasmic membrane or cytoplasm [1].
\nThe diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are a great concern all over the world [9]. Since the beginning of the 1980s, it is observed that the number of antimicrobial agents decreased considerably, while the resistance of the microorganisms to them has been growing in a fast way due to the development of new resistance mechanisms [10].
\nFor these reasons, nowadays, there has been a growing interest in the determination of the biological and antimicrobial properties of herb extracts derived from several medicinal plants [11]. Among the species of plants from which essential oils are obtained, there is mint (Mentha sp.), in fact, which is used all over the world as flavouring agent in cosmetics, in pharmaceutical products as well as food including candy and gum and for liqueur [12]. The genus Mentha, family Labiatae, consists of about 25 species. Native from the temperate areas of the world is common in Eurasia, North America, southern Africa, and Australia, mints are widely distributed throughout. Mint essential oil is produced by their leaves [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Mint essential oils (MEOs) are used as scents in perfumery. Some species are commonly used in herbal medicine. The antibacterial effects of mint species, in particular peppermint oil from Mentha piperita, spearmint oil from Mentha spicata var. crispa and corn mint oil from Mentha arvensis, have great antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and B. subtilis [1, 9, 21]. Mentha pulegium showed activity against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis [11].
\n\nMentha spicata and other Mentha species showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria; the former is active against biofilm cultures of Vibrio spp. [22]; Mentha longifolia is active against Salmonella typhimurium [23]; and Mentha pulegium inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas sp., E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [11, 24, 25].
\nThe essential oils from different Mentha species have been isolated by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus or pharmacopoeia distillation apparatus [26].
\nThe composition of MEOs that gives the characteristic peppermint aroma and flavour is menthol and pulegone [27], whereas for spearmint, it was reported that the flavour is due to carvone [28].
\nSeveral investigations have been carried out on the chemical composition of different samples of Mentha species from different geographical regions revealing that chemical composition and percentage varied depending upon the species and the harvesting time at different stages, and the geography as well as the extraction methods [29]. Some factors like physiological and environmental conditions, genetics and evolution also determine the chemical variability of Mentha essential oils [30]. Additionally, most of the species chemically characterised were rich in pulegone, menthone, menthol, carvone, 1,8-cineole, limonene and b-caryophyllene. For example, the chemical composition of the essential oil of M. piperita has abundant quantities of menthone, menthol and menthyl acetate, which varies based on different countries: in Serbia, menthone was 12.7%, menthol 37.4% and menthyl acetate 17.4% [31]. In Pakistan, the major components of M. piperita reported are menthone and menthol [32]. In India, menthol was (30–55%), menthofuran and menthyl acetate (1.0–9.2%) [33]. In Iran, M. piperita EO contains menthol (36.24%) and menthone (32.42%) as main constituents [34]. In Turkey, the reported chemical constituents of peppermint oil are menthone (44.1%), menthol (29.5%), menthyl-acetate (3.8%) and menthofuran (0.9%) [35]. However, in Korea, M. piperita leaves EO has different composition and include limonene (64.5 and 94.2%), 1,8-cineole (46.1%), p-menth-2-en-ol (34.5%), menthol (33.4%) and linalyl-acetate (28.2%) as main components [36]. These differences can influence the antibacterial capacity with respect to one pathogenic bacteria species; it is important to note that it is not a single compound but the combination of the chemical compounds that carries the specific antimicrobial activity [37, 38]. The hydrophobicity is one of the major distinctiveness of essential oils, which enables their assimilation into the cell membrane. The MEO oil rich in menthol and compounds similar to menthol shows that the hydroxyl group and the presence of a system of delocalized electrons are important for the antimicrobial activity. These similar compounds destabilise the cytoplasmic membrane and, also, act as a proton exchanger, thereby reducing the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting collapse of the proton motive force and depletion of the ATP pool eventually lead to cell death [39].
\nThe methods used for testing antimicrobial activity of EOs are the disc diffusion method, the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the vapour phase method. Another method is the use of TLC-bioautography.
\nIn the agar diffusion test, the EO to be tested is placed on the top of an agar surface. There are two techniques: in the first one, the essential oil is adsorbed onto a sterile paper disk; in the second one, the EO is put inside a hole into the agar surface. Then, the agar plates are incubated according to the physiological characteristics of the tested bacteria. The antimicrobial agent tested by spreading in the medium inhibits bacterial growth, thereby creating halos of inhibition around the bacterial colonies; the size of inhibition zone is regarded as a measure for the antimicrobial potency of an essential oil [40]. But some lipophilic compounds such as farnesol, although the compound results in a strong inhibition in the serial dilution test [41], cause only small inhibition zones, i.e. against Bacillus subtilis [42]. Thus, strong inhibitors having low water solubility gave a poor or even negative result in the agar diffusion test. For this reason, it is better to perform different tests. Similarly, it is important to interpret the size of inhibition zones, which depends on both the diffusion coefficient and antimicrobial activity of every compound present in an essential oil [43].
\nIn the dilution test, the essential oil to be tested is incorporated in a semisolid agar medium or liquid broth in several defined amounts. The absence of growth in agar plates or test tubes is determined with the naked eye after incubation. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the concentration of essential oil present in the ungrown agar plate or test tube with the highest amount of test material. When essential oils are tested, the main difficulty is caused by their low water solubility. The addition of solvents (e.g. dimethylsulfoxide and ethanol) or detergents (e.g. Tween 20) to the growth medium is unavoidable, which however influences the MIC [44, 45, 46]. Another problem is the volatilisation of essential oils during incubation. Furthermore, MIC-influencing test parameters are the size of inoculum, the pH of growth medium and the incubation time. Nevertheless, the serial dilution test in liquid broth was recommended for natural substances [47] and is standardised for the testing of antibacterial and antifungal drugs in liquid broth and agar plates [48]. Its use enables a link to data of pharmaceutical drugs and an easier interpretation of test results. All concentrations are recalculated in μg/ml [1, 49].
\nThe components of EOs and their relative volatilities determine the characteristics of their vapours, which in turn affect the antimicrobial potential [50, 51]. For this test, a standardised method for testing the antimicrobial activity of essential oils does not exist. Recently, several studies confirmed that vapour phases of EOs are more effective antimicrobials than their liquid phases [51, 52, 53] probably because the lipophilic molecules in the aqueous phase associate to form micelles and thus suppress the attachment of the EOs to the organism, whereas the vapour phase allows free attachment [54].
\nDirect bioautography combined with thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation is a rapid and sensitive screening method for the detection of antimicrobial compounds. Test microorganism cultures are capable of growing directly on the TLC plate, so each step of the assay is performed on the sorbent. Similar to the common antimicrobial screening methods, TLC bioautography must be carried out under controlled conditions, since the experimental conditions (e.g. solvent, sample application, resolution of compounds, type of microorganism and incubation time) may influence the result [55]. The advantages of direct bioautography are that it is suitable for evaluating complex plant extracts and facilitates rapid, economic and easy evaluation. The use of bioautography to detect antimicrobial compounds effective against plant and human pathogenic bacteria has been reported in the literature [56, 57].
\nThe mint species has always been widely used; the leaves, flowers, and stems of Mentha spp. are used traditionally in herbal teas or in several folk remedies for treatment [58, 59]. Recently, mint essential oil, as well as other plant essential oils, can be used as food preservative, in fact, there is a growing interest in the development of edible and biodegradable films for food made from bio-polymers, conservation and preservation instead of the synthetic preservatives and chemical additives once, that can cause intoxication, cancer and other degenerative diseases [60]. In addition, biobased active packaging facilitates continuous migration of active components into the food remaining at high concentrations for a prolonged time period [61]. Mint essential oil contains phenolic compounds such as α-pinene, citronellol, and methyl eugenol, which have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms and antioxidant activity; for these reasons, MEOs are widely used as food additives and in pharmaceutical industries because they are considered as potent film additives that help in preventing lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage of foods [62]. Another interesting idea was to add mint essential oil (MEO) into gelatin-based edible films with an effective inhibition of microbial growth on the film surface [63]. Moreover, MEOs are also used both in agriculture to fight bacterial and fungal diseases [64] and to give other examples and in aquaculture as an additive in fish feed to increase immune defences, but also as sedative and anaesthetic for farmed fish [65].
\nMEOs have antibacterial effects against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in humans, fish, and vegetables also. MEOs’ antibacterial activity is linked to their chemical composition rich in pulegone, menthone, menthol, carvone, 1, 8-cineole, limonene and b-caryophyllene and phenolic compounds also such as α-pinene, citronellol and methyl eugenol. For these reasons, MEOs are widely used as food additives and in pharmaceutical industries to prevent microbial spoilage of foods. The most used methods to test the antimicrobial activity of EOs are the disc diffusion method, the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the vapour phase method, and to have the most truthful analysis possible on the antibacterial characteristics, it is better to use more than one method. The use of MEOs, and in general of EOs, is very important because being natural substances and therefore easily biodegradable, it could be a promising alternative to synthetic materials to fight the increasingly common bacterial infections.
\nThe author declares no conflict of interest.
The surface area and porosity of the nanosilica are large and can be commonly used in products such as fillers [1], pharmaceuticals [2], catalysts [3], and chromatography [4]. Industrial silica production uses sodium silicate as the main ingredient of silicone. Nevertheless, a large amount of energy is required to produce sodium silicate via melting the quartz sand and sodium carbonate at 1300°C [5]. In the future, fossil fuel energy may not be viable. Thus, it is also fascinating to create a technique for producing nanosilica from a silicon-containing biomass content that will be economically feasible. Biomass is a significant resource for renewable energy and represents 15% of the worldwide power supply [6]. Rice husk (RH) is one type of biomass, which is effective heat deliver and lignocellulose rich for biological oils [7]. The global annual product of RH is about 100 million tons [8]. RH is rich in silica content (~20 wt%) and abundant in rice milling as waste. RH is not widely known due to lack of commercial utilization. Nanosilica precursor is an exciting future application for the preparation of advanced materials, such as carbon/silica composites [9], photocatalysts [10], hydrogen production as well as CO2 capture materials [11, 12], and metal ion removal adsorbents [13]. Nanosilica with porous RH composition can be prepared by various methods [14, 15, 16]. Kalapathy et al. [17] explored sodium hydroxide dissolved xerogel formation utilizing RH as raw resources. They discovered that combining the rice husk ash (RHA) acid with xerogel’s washing step can efficiently improve nanosilica sample purity. Following a pre-treatment with acid, Zhang et al. [18] utilized RH as a forerunner to acquire superfine 30–200 nm diameter nanosilica the pretreated sample. In the latest studies, biotransformed nanosilica with Fusarium oxysporum fungus [19] or via a bio-digestion process using worms [20]. Witoon et al. [21] utilized RHA as raw resources for the preparation of bimodal porous nanosilica and Chitosan as a template.
Meanwhile, nanofluid is comprised of nanometer-sized particles (nanoparticles) and fluids. Water, engine oil, ethylene glycol, and so on are usually used for base fluids in many industries including transport, power supply, manufacturing, and electronics [22]. Conventional base fluids suffer from low heat transfer performance, which limits its application [23]. In order to overcome the drawbacks, nanosized particles suspended in the base fluid can improve the transfer of heat and rheological properties, acting as property enhancer [24]. Moreover, most of the nanofluid studies underline the nanoparticle preparation methodology. A research from Rao et al. [25] found that nanofluids have greater thermal conductivity than conventional fluids, strongly nonlinear temperature dependence on effective thermal conductivity, improve or decrease heat transfer in single-phase flow, improve or decrease nucleate pool boiling heat transfer, and yield higher critical heat flows under pool boiling conditions. To the best of our knowledge, RH-derived nanosilica has not been reported elsewhere. In this context, the method of preparing nanosilica will be deliberated. Moreover, the method of nanofluid preparation from nanoparticle and the potential applications of nanofluids will be discussed.
Thermal and chemical methods are the two major methods that have been widely adopted for silica production from biomass. Figure 1 illustrated the methods used for producing nanosilica from biomass/agricultural waste.
Various treatments used to produce nanosilica from agricultural waste.
Thermal methods involve the utilization of furnace muffles, fixed bed furnace, fluidized bed reactor, and other thermal methods that consist of inclined step-grate furnace, cyclone furnace, and rotary kiln. The thermal technology does have a number of disadvantages such as required more time for reaction, hot spot formation, the absence of free-flowing air for full carbon oxidation, and many others [26].
Nanosilica is extracted from agricultural waste in a laboratory scale by electric/muffle furnace. The biggest disadvantage in using this technology is the long reaction time and a lower production rate. Patil et al. [27] investigated the biggest RH nanosilica extraction, consisting in thermal treatment with electric oven for 6 hours at 700°C at different temperatures. XRD and FTIR were used to characterize the sample. XRD information showed that the nanosilica acquired was amorphous in nature. About 95.55% pure nanosilica obtained from RHA with acid leaching preceded by the treatment of thermal heating with muffle oven at 600°C [28]. According to Bogeshwaran et al. [29], silica extracted from RH is highly pozzolanic when burned in the muffle furnace. By thermal treatment, Chen et al. [30] utilized wheat straw to effectively produce nanosilica products. The combustion of wheat straw ash was kept at 500°C for 8 hours. The collected sample was washed with distilled water after the combustion and followed by calcination at the temperature from 400 to 700°C in a muffle furnace. Nano-amorphous silica was characterized by using XRD, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and BET. Ahmad Alyosef et al. [31] investigated the use of thermo-chemical treatment for meso/macroporous biogenic silica (3–1500 nm) from biomass such as miscanthus, wheat straw, and cereal remnant pellets. The biomass (wheat straw) was leached by concentrated H2SO4 (5 M). The wheat straw proportion of H2SO4 was controlled at 1:10 (gmL−1). The treatment was performed under continuous stirring (1000 rpm) at 353 K for 24 hours. The ash of silica generated at various temperatures and times after heating by furnace. The combustion and acid leaching therapy of RH obtained pure amorphous silica. HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 leached the husk with different concentrations. The wheat-husk ash samples were positioned inside the muffle furnace at the temperature from 300 to 700°C for 24 hour after leaching treatment. The research proves that hydrochloric acid leaching treatment was more effective than any other acid to remove metal ions. Pure amorphous silica from acid-treated wheat husk ash was obtained at 500–700°C [32]. Yalcin and Sevinc [33] manufactured amorphous silica RH successfully at 600°C in a tubular stainless steel reactor for 4 hours in an electronic laboratory muffle furnace. In particular, electric/muffle furnace can increase the purity of silica contents obtained from incineration. Except that, amorphous silica structure can be obtained by incineration up to 425°C for 90 minutes. The structure of silica varies on the incineration temperature and time required [34].
The manufacturing of RH silica was also carried out using a fixed bed furnace. By using fixed bed furnace, Yang et al. [35] obtained amorphous silica in burst nano size. In this process, RH treated with raw and acid was conducted in fixed bed furnace for pyrolysis at 600–1200°C. The amorphous silica transforms into crystalline at 1000°C. Hamad [36] discovered RHA silica successfully using the 500–1150°C muffle furnace and fixed bed reactor.
The advantages of fluidized bed reactor are the distribution of uniform temperature, fast reaction time, efficiency of carbon conversion, low temperature operating range, high intensity of combustion, elevated reaction of gas-solid mixtures, and outstanding mixing characteristics [37, 38]. Huang et al. [39] manufactured RH silica white by utilizing fluidized bed reactor. RH amorphous silica can be obtained by using fluidized bed bubbling pilot plants at different temperatures and at different speeds [40]. Genieva et al. [41] obtained RH silica material that is produced by the rice-milling phase, and it is a large agricultural waste product by using and characterizing the fluidized bed reactor throughout the nitrogen atmosphere. Luan and Chou [42] found RH silica in a modified fluidized bed reactor throughout the existence of pilot flame. Therefore, outcome revealed that the high-activity silica product was acquired.
Inclined step-grate furnace is commonly used in the manufacturing of RHA. It consists of feeding component, chamber of combustion, and chamber of ash precipitation. The disadvantage of using this RHA manufacturing methodology is low yield quality and elevated unburnt carbon content. RH was provided from the upper part of the reactor as air flows from the lower part [43]. Moreover, cyclonic furnace was developed by Singh et al. [44]. In this furnace, the air kept the husk spinning and accelerated the combustion in the chamber. The benefit of using cyclone furnace to make husk ash is that the product has less carbon content. Subsequently, rotating kiln is a pyro-processing tool used in the ongoing process to increase calcination materials. Sugita [45] patented active RHA generated from rotary kiln. In this process, RH has been carbonized by an upstream rotary kiln that is heated at 300–400°C by electric heaters, burners, or other heat sources. Carbonized RH is supplied into rotating oven and burnt at 600°C after carbonization. These techniques effectively produced the husk ash. The disadvantage of using this technique was the need for additional fuel to avoid ash from being crystallized, longer reaction time, and high energy required.
Thermal method is one of the initial initiatives to obtain silica nanoparticle derived from RH biomass (Table 1). Muffle furnace helps in incineration of RHA to form nanosilica. The crystalline of nanosilica is dependent on the temperature and before incineration process takes place. Utilizing temperature around 500–700°C will form amorphous nanosilica. Alternatively, crystalline structure of nanosilica obtains above temperature of 900°C [46]. Chemical pre-treatment is vital to avoid any unburned material that leads to reduce the nanosilica’s purity. Fixed bed furnace has an ideal temperature of 600–700°C to obtain white RHA. Complete combustion of carbon content is the major benefit of this furnace. However, the heat loss during the process could affect the temperature, which leads to unstable production of silica structure [36]. Fluidized bed reactor has many benefits such as high combustion intensity, lower operating temperature range, simple operation and quick start-up, and easier ash removal. However, it appears hard to fluidize RH and husk char or otherwise blended with sand, mold, and ash to produce a multi-structure [47, 48, 49]. Inclined step grate furnace is simple in construction and process, but it is inefficient in combustion and separation of ash resulted smoke and spark partially drawing into the dryer plenum [43]. The rotary kiln carbonizes RH first by burning without flaming and transforms the carbonized RH into ash. This method easily produces white RHA, which has excellent chemical reactivity [45]. This furnace requires new improvement to the capacity part due to low production along the process. Soponronnarit et al. [50] prove that cyclone furnace able to increase the furnace efficiency by 16% rises the air by 90%. Observation made proves that the height of ash on the grate does not affect the efficiency of the furnace. However, incomplete combustion may occur because of too high airflow rate in tertiary duct that did not support combustion since the burning RH fell quickly from the grate. Among them, fluidized bed reactor suites the best requirement for producing silica due to its better purity (92–96%) and operating at optimum temperature (800–950°C), which is also in agreement with Soltani et al. [38].
Electric/muffle furnace | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Method | Material | Time | Temperature (after getting silica gel) | Size | Purity | Yield | References |
1 | Furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash | RH | 700°C | 6 hours | — | 95.55% | — | Patil et al. [27] |
2 | RH | 500°C | 8 hours | — | — | — | Chen et al. [30] | |
3 | RH | 80 | 24 hours | 3–1500 nm | Ahmad Alyosef et al. [31] | |||
Fixed bed furnace | ||||||||
1 | Material is heaped onto a grate, and preheated primary air (called under fire air) is blown from under the bed to burn the fixed carbon | RH | 600–1200°C | — | 1–10 nm | — | — | Yang et al. [35] |
RH | 500–1150°C | — | — | — | — | Hamad [36] | ||
Fluidized bed reactor | ||||||||
1 | A simple fluidized reactor consists of a room, which is assisted by a distributor plate, and contains a bed of inert particles like sand | RH | 800–950°C | 4–8 hours | — | 92–96% | — | Pitt [37] and Soltani et al. [38] |
2 | RH | 100°C | 4 hours | 20 nm | — | — | Genieva et al. [41] | |
3 | RH | 60–860°C | 4 hours | — | — | — | Luan and Chou [42] |
List of thermal method and its parameters.
Chemical techniques include techniques of alkaline extraction used to achieve pure and high silica quantities. However, this method is costly due to a slightly longer reaction time (24–48 hours) and involves different measures with the use of different sorts of chemicals. Usually, RH will go through thermal process (incineration) to obtain RHA before proceeding to any chemical process involvement.
Alkaline extraction and acid neutralization are an effective and easy technique of extracting amorphous silica from agricultural waste. Zulkifli et al. [51] utilized alkali extraction technique from RH to extract silica particles in order to remove metallic impurities. In a water bath, RHA was initially treated with HCl for 4 hours at 75°C. The filtration took place by constantly washing using distilled water until neutral state was reached and dried at 110°C for 12 hours. The NaOH was used to prepare a constantly stirring solution of sodium silicate for 1 hours at 90°C. The silicate sodium solution was then reacted to ethanol, and a steady 10-minute water mix was added. The whole mixture has been titrated 3 M H3PO4 until gel formation is carried out. The product after centrifugation of yellowish gel was washed with distilled water to clear away residual sodium silicate and phosphate, followed by calcination to produce silica nanoparticles. Hassan et al. [52] prepared nanosilica from rice husk in high surface area using the NaOH (alkaline extraction method). In their study, analyses of characterization of nanosilica were investigated by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The impact from their study states that more than 95% of nanosilica obtained. Liou and Yang [53] investigated various variables of silica derived from RHA processing via the alkali-extracted method. Acid and alkaline concentrations, gelation pH, aging time, and temperature have been optimized to prepare SiO2 nanoparticles from RHA. The effects on the surface area from various acids and silica particle size have also been assessed. Rehman et al. [54] synthesized nanosilica using silica source from RHA. Silica nanoparticles were obtained from RH through the use of NaOH alkaline sol-gel method. The application of H2SO4/water/butanol to pH 4 precipitated the silica. Thuc and Thuc’s [55] technique was used to obtain nanosilica particles with high-specific surface area. Their study continues to prepare zeolite Y in sodium form (NaY) derived from nanosilica. Awizar et al. [56] produced and used nanosilica as a green corrosion inhibitor by alkaline extraction. Haq et al. [57] obtained RHA silica with reflux condition for a varying period of time by NaOH solution. The RHA reaction mechanism mixed with NaOH was given as follows:
SiO2 | + | 2 NaOH | → | Na2SiO3 | + | H2O |
(white ash) | (sodium hydroxide) | (sodium silicate) | (water) |
Silica was precipitated by sodium silicate acid neutralization [55].
Na2SiO3 | + | HCl | → | SiO2 | + | NaCl | + | H2O |
(sodium silicate) | (hydrochloric acid) | (silica gel form) | (sodium chloride) | (water) |
Low surface microsphere silica can be achieved by alkaline and acid precipitation from wheat husk ash. Nano amorphous silica with a specific surface area of 8.23 m2/g was achieved after alkaline extraction with NaOH [58]. Masnar and Coorey [59] prepared silica nanoparticles by following the same step as Liou and Yang [53]. Silica nanoparticles obtained at 80°C for 48 hours after solids have been dried.
Selvakumar et al. [60] prepared silica from RHA by adopting pre-treatment process (acid process). Pre-treatment of acid was used to enhance the silica purity with the effective removal of the majority of metallic impurities and to produce silica (white color). From their study, RHA was pre-treatment by various acids (pH 1, 3, 5, or 7 using 6 N hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid). RHA amorphous nanostructured silica was produced using alkaline extraction technique with NaOH solutions (2.0–3.0 N). Their research showed that treatment with 2.5 N NaOH produced RHA containing 90.44% silica. Rungrodnimitchai, Phokhanusai, and Sungkhaho [61] prepared RHA silicate materials using 2.0 M of sodium hydroxide with the help of microwave (800 W) for 10 minutes. Zhang et al. [62] synthesized silica nanoparticles from RHA by involving acid pre-treatment. Na2CO3 solution was added after the pre-treatment to obtain nanosilica slurry. The precipitation was then cleaned with distilled water and dried for 24 hours in the vacuum oven at 120°C. Adam et al. [63] obtained spherical nano size silica from RH by using nitric acid (65%) and sodium hydroxide. No calcination for ash formation was required in this treatment.
Faizul et al. [64] prepared amorphous nanosilica with the size of 181.2 nm with mild acid solution (citric acid, acetic acid, and phosphoric acid) obtained from rice husk. Carmona et al. [65] used acid leaching to synthesize nanosilica of two kinds of rice husk, namely the agulhinha and the catetus. They believe that their method can be efficient in removing impurities (Zn, MN, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, and Al). Mahmud et al. [66] used hydrochloric acid for acid leaching to obtain high purity and high surface area of nanosilica. Rafiee and Shahebrahimi [67] prepared nanosilica from rice husk with high surface area by acid leaching treatment. The average size of nanosilica is 6–7 nm supported by the catalyst. Bakar et al. [68] prepared high purity silica by acid treatment followed by combustion. Pre-combustion rice husk was leached with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to achieve pure silica. Thus, XRF confirmed the purity of amorphous silica over 99%.
Many chemical treatments exist for the production of silica from bio-waste. Faizul et al. [69] obtained amorphous silica and activated carbon by three effective procedures by using toluene/ethanol, NaClO2, and KOH. The method of calcination was used in the production of nano amorphous silica (100–120 nm). The manufacturing of amorphous silica was carried out using organic acid leaching instead of strong acid [70]. Ionic liquid was also used in the manufacturing of silica from agricultural waste by Kumar et al. [71].
Chemical method is advisable to obtain high purity of amorphous nanosilica due to its effective chemical reaction (Tables 2 and 3). Basically, there are two types of extraction methods (alkaline extraction and acid extraction). In this review, alkaline extraction method is predominantly compared to acid extraction method in terms of nanosilica properties obtained. Hassan et al. [52] produced the preparation of silica nanoparticle by alkali treatment and obtained more than 95% purity of nanosilica. Furthermore, Liou and Yang [53] prepared nanosilica and obtained 99.48% of silica content throughout alkali treatment. For further improvement, Selvakumar et al. [60] used pre-treatment and result in high purity (85%) of silica contents. Similarly, Adam et al. [63] also reported acid pre-treatment before conventional alkaline method, where ~95% purity of nanosilica was obtained. As for pre-treatment is use to enhance silica purity and remove metallic impurities. Meanwhile, Rungrodnimitchai et al. [61] used 2.0 M sodium hydroxide assisted by microwave (800 W) to obtain high purity of nanosilica from RHA. The modification could enhance the properties of the nanosilica obtained from the conventional method in terms of morphology, size, and purities as presented in Table 2. Furthermore, acid leaching method has been presented in Table 3. It was found that acid leaching method produced high purity of nanosilica as reported by Bakar et al. [68], where 99% purity of nanosilica was obtained with 500–700 nm. Similarly, Mahmud et al. [66] also reported that acid leaching method produced 99% high purity of nanosilica using HCl. Referring to above, acid leaching improves the other metal removal and increases the purity of nanosilica. It is noticed that single method like alkaline extraction and acid leaching method required high temperature thermal process to acquire nanosized silica. While combination of acid leaching and alkaline method could provide high purity of nanosilica without high temperature thermal process, in another words, mild condition, as reported by Adam et al. [63] and Selvakumar et al. [60].
Alkaline extraction method | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Method | Material | Time | Temperature (after getting silica gel) | Size | Purity | Yield | References |
1 | Using alkali solution and followed by acid neutralization and undergo thermal process (calcination) | RH | 30 minutes | 550°C | 98–272 nm | — | — | Zulkifli et al. [51] |
2 | RH | 4 hours | 700°C | 20–25 nm | >95% | — | Hassan et al. [52] | |
3 | RH | 48 hours | 80°C | 20–30 nm | 99.48% | 91.91% @pH 3 | Liou and Yang [53] | |
4 | RH | 24 hours | 50°C | 10–20 nm | — | — | Awizar et al. [56] | |
6 | RHA | 24 hours | 60°C | — | — | 80% (NaOH concentration of 1.0 mol dm−3) | Haq et al. [57] | |
7 | Wheat husk ash | 1 hour | 550°C | 227 nm | — | — | Cui et al. [58] | |
8 | RHA | 48 hours | 80°C | — | 50.15% | — | Masnar and Coorey [59] | |
Alkaline modification method | ||||||||
1 | Acid pre-treatment before conventional alkaline extraction | RHA | 1 hour | 130°C | — | 85% (1.0 N NaOH) | — | Selvakumar et al. [60] |
3 | RHA | 24 hours | 120°C | 47 nm | 69–73% (250 ml Na2CO3 solution) | Zhang et al. [62] | ||
5 | RH | overnight | 110°C | 15–91 nm | ~95.5% | — | Adam et al. [63] | |
2 | Separating rice husk ash silica gel from microwave heating | RHA | 48 hours | 150°C | — | — | — | Rungrodnimitchai et al. [61] |
List of alkaline technique based on its parameters.
Acid leaching method | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Method | Material | Time (h) | Temperature (after getting silica gel) | Size | Purity | Yield | References |
1 | Raw material undergoes acid leaching at mild condition and followed by thermal process (calcination) | Palm ash | 30 minutes | 800°C | — | 92% (6% citric acid) | — | Faizul et al. [64] |
2 | RH | 1 hour | 650°C | 181.2–294.7 nm | — | — | Carmona et al. [65] | |
3 | RH | 2 hour | 700°C | 53–55 nm | 99.761% (HCl), 99.760% (citric acid) | — | Mahmud et al. [66] | |
4 | RH | 48 hours | 50°C | 6 nm | 98.801% | — | Rafiee and Shahebrahimi [67] | |
5 | RH | 2 hours | 600°C | 500–700 nm | >99% | — | Bakar et al. [68] |
List of acid leaching method based on its parameters.
As mentioned above, two major methods that have been widely adopted by researcher in nanosilica production are thermal and chemical methods. Fluidized bed reactor could produce high purity of nanosilica at 92–96% using thermal process at 800–950°C for 4–8 h [38]. While chemical method modified alkaline method showed promising properties, produced 95% purity nanosilica with 110°C (mild condition) [63]. It is noticed that thermal method used a lot of energy (high temperature and long reaction time) to acquire nanosilica, whereas chemical method required high usage of chemicals (acid and alkaline solution), which resulted in cost intensive. Moreover, high thermal and chemical methods also contributed some bad impact on environment due to releasing of nonfriendly gases and waste materials produced, respectively. Thus, low cost and environmental friendly method is required to idealize for industrial application. In recent year, Mor et al. [72] reported a low-cost method in preparing nanosilica using green technology. Initially, the RHA was dissolved in NaOH and placed to autoclave at 100°C for 2 h to obtain the mixture slurry and followed dilution with distilled water for phase separation. The supernatant proceeds for silica extraction with filtration process. The filtrate precipitated with HCl and followed by washing and oven dried at 50°C where high purity of nanosilica (99%) was obtained.
There are two main methods for preparing nanofluids, which are one-step and two-step methods. One-step method combines between synthesis and dispersion of nanoparticles into base fluid in one step. Several differences exist in these methods. In one of the conventional techniques called the one-step method of direct evaporation, the nanofluid is obtained inside the base fluid by solidifying the nanoparticles that are originally in the gaseous phase. Akoh et al. [73] created the one-step direct evaporation method and are referred to vacuum evaporation on the method of running oil substrates. The concept of this method was originally developed the nanoparticles in order to obtain dry nanoparticles. Particles are difficult to differentiate from liquids. The technique of laser ablation to obtain alumina nanofluids is another one-step technique [74]. Zhu et al. [75] used one-step technique to prepare copper nanoparticles in the medium of ethylene glycol.
The two-step method is widely utilized for nanofluid preparation, and most of the cases used nano powders (solid) during the preparation. The technique first produces nanoparticles; thereafter, the nanoparticles will be dispersed into the base fluids. Jena et al. [76] used hydrogen reduction techniques to prepare nanoparticles from the chemical precursor and dispersed them into fluid via two-step methods. The use of ultrasonic technique to disperse the nanoparticles into deionized water, which containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) during nanofluid preparation, is also one of the widely adopted technique [77].
Wei and Wang [78] synthesized copper nanofluids by using a constant flow microfluidic microreactor. Through this technique, the microstructure copper nanofluids can be synthesized continually by changing parameters such as additive and flow rate and reactant concentration. Using a new precursor conversion technique, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation can be used to synthesize CuO nanofluids with a better solid volume fraction (~10 vol%) [79]. Under microwave irradiation, the Cu(OH)2 precursor will entirely converted into CuO nanoparticles in H2O. The ammonium citrate stops nanoparticles from growing and aggregating, resulted in stable CuO nanofluid with a better heat conductivity than the ones produced by using other dispersive techniques. The easier way to acquire colloids of monodisperse noble metal is by using the technique of phase transfer [80]. The two-phase cyclohexane system, aqueous formaldehyde, is transmitted to cyclohexane in water through the dodecyl amine response to cyclohexane as an intermediate form reduction. Cyclohexane solution intermediates can reduce Ag or Au ions in aqueous solution to form dodecyl amine-protected Ag and Au nanoparticles at room temperature. Feng et al. [81] used phase transfer method in preparing Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles based on a reduction in solubility of PVP in water at increased temperature. The technique of phase transfer is also used to prepare stable Fe3O4 nanofluids based on kerosene. Oleic acid is effectively grafted in chemisorbed fashion on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, enabling Fe3O4 nanoparticles to be well compatible with kerosene [82]. The phase-transfer technique prepared Fe3O4 nanofluids not showing “time reliance of the characteristic of heat conductivity” as reported previously. The main problem is the production of nanofluids with a controllable microstructure. It is well recognized that nanofluid characteristics are highly dependent on nanomaterial structure and shape. Recent study demonstrates the improvement in conductivity and the stability of nanofluids when synthesized using chemical solution compared to other techniques [83]. This technique is differentiated by its controllability from others. The microstructure of nanofluids can be differed and manipulated by regulating the factors of synthesis, including acidity, radiation from the microwave and ultrasonic, temperature, acidity, concentrations, and types of reactor and the order of additives added to the solution.
Silica is widely used as both precursor and material for ceramic product manufactures. Silica has high abrasion resistance, high thermal stability, and electrical insulation [84]. Fazeli et al. [85] dispersed nanosilica into the distilled water, and the suspension was sonicated for at least 90 min in an ultrasonic bath. They discovered that silica nanofluids remained stable without visible settlement for 72 hours. Pang et al. [86] used ultrasonic to mix SiO2-pure methanol by ultrasonic (750 W, 20 kHz) and Al2O3-pure methanol to break the agglomeration through vibration during 2 hours. They examined the impact of the zeta potential and pH of methanol-based nanofluids in nanoparticles. They proved that the zeta potential is closely connected with the pH of the suspension. Al2O3 nanofluids have zeta potential >60 mV; meanwhile, SiO2 nanofluids have zeta potential >30 mV, which indicated that both nanofluids were well stable. The visualization and Tyndall effect (light dispersion study in nanoparticles) images show that nanofluids based on methanol are well dispersed. Bolukbasi and Ciloglu [87] have been using magnetic stirrer to prepare SiO2 nanofluids. The suspensions were continuously sonicated for 2 hours into an ultrasonic vibrator (600 W and 40 kHz). The researcher confirmed that no sedimentation was traced throughout the experimental period. Darzi et al. [88] applied distilled water to the specified quantity of SiO2 nanoparticles and mixed for half an hour with a magnetic stirrer. Afterward, the ultrasonic vibrator was dispersed for 2 hours to have the stable suspension. During the synthesis method, no surfactant/dispersant additives were added, otherwise affecting the thermophysical characteristics of nanofluid. Silica nanoparticles were used to function through grafting silanes directly on the silica nanoparticles surfaced by Yang and Liu [89]. For the functioning method, silane of (3-glycidoxylproyl) trimethyoxysilane has been used as the reacting silane and silica nanoparticles with a mass ratio of 0.115. Nanoparticles were successfully dispersed into water. Meanwhile, the solution was stored at 50°C for 12 hours of ambient temperature. Functional nanoparticles were discovered to continue to disperse even when the nanofluid remained at a mass concentration of 10% for 12 months. In addition, no sedimentation has been reported. They prepared traditional nanoparticles by dispersing and oscillating them to water. Powder of silica nanoparticles was first dissipated into deionized water and then oscillated in an ultrasound bath for 12 hours. Sedimentation was found after a few days. Anoop et al. [90] dispersed SiO2 nanoparticles with an ultrasound bath in deionized water for 30 minutes. In addition, the application of a sonicator type probe to the nanofluids intensified this colloidal suspension. The suspension was provided by cyclic ultrasonic pulses for around 15 minutes in order to obtain maximum particle de-agglomeration. By adding nitric acid reagent grade from the isoelectric pH value, the pH value of the suspension was kept at 4.5. Nanofluids have been indicated to show excellent stability over period. Qu and Wu [91] developed nanofluids Al2O3 and SiO2 water. The pH value of the nanofluids was modified as a first step to a value that was far from the respective isoelectric point (IEP) of silica (with pH ~ 3) or alumina (with pH ~ 9), then added to the water nanoparticles (with pH ~ 9) and with pH ~9. The dispersion solution was vibrated in an ultrasonic bath for about 4 hours afterward. Alumina nanoparticles have been discovered to be better dispersed. Hwang et al. [92] generated CuO, MWCNT, and SiO2 nanofluids by using an ultrasonic disruptor. For SiO2 and CuO nanoparticles, they acquired stable suspensions. Nevertheless, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been used as a surfactant to produce MWCNT nanofluids as the MWCNTs are entangled and aggregated into aqueous suspension.
Nanofluids have been proved in experiment and theory in enhancing heat transport and energy efficiency for various manufacturing purposes such as mechanical applications, electronic cooling, transportation, and many more in a range of thermal exchange technologies. In all applications, nanofluid performs a key position in creating the next device generation for various medical and engineering applications. Some of the following applications are discussed below.
The temporal difference between energy supply and energy requires rendered storage system design. Stocking of thermal electricity as in solar thermal installations as sensitive and latent heat, with an emphasis on an effective use as well as preservation of wastewater and solar energy in buildings and manufacturing, has become an significant element in energy planning [93]. Compared to the basic material, the PCMs contained extremely high thermal conductivity. Liu et al. [94] synthesized a new type of nanofluid phase change material (PCM) with a tiny portion of TiO2 nanoparticles suspended in aqueous saturated BaCl2 solution. The PCM nanofluids had relatively better thermal conductivity compared to base material. The cool storage/supply rate and the cool storage/supply capability have risen significantly compared with aqueous solution of BaCl2 without the need of additional nanoparticles. The greater thermal characteristics of PCMs show that in cool storage applications, they have the ability to replace standard PCMs. Copper nanoparticles are the additives that are efficient to enhance PCM cooling and heating levels. Shin and Banerjee [95] recorded an anomalous increase in nanofluid-specific heat capacity of high temperature. The researcher discovered that 1 wt% SiO2 nanoparticle-doped alkali metal chloride salt eutectic improves the specific thermal capacity of nanofluid by ~15% to be used in solar thermal energy storage facilities. One of the methods used to store solar energy is the use of PCMs. Paraffin is the most appropriate of many accessible PCMs because of its attractive features, including large latent heat capacity, insignificant super cooling, and low cost. The intrinsic low thermal conductivity (0.21–0.24 W/mK), however, avoids possible applications [96]. Wu et al. [96] numerically researched Cu/paraffin nanofluid PCM melting procedures. Their findings showed that the melting time with 1 wt% Cu/paraffin is saved by 13.1%. The study found that the addition of nanoparticles is an effective way for increasing the heat transfer of latent heat energy storage system.
Solar energy is an important factor in energy use because of a shortage of electricity generation. Lack of fossil fuel and environmental factors will limit future use of fossil fuels. Researchers are encouraged to discover alternative energy sources. This became even more widespread as fossil fuel prices continue to increase. In latest years, solar energy has had a notable advantage. In just 1 hour, the earth gets more sun energy than the world consumes for a year [97, 98].
Solar collectors are specific types of heat exchangers that convert solar energy to transport medium internal energy. This equipment absorbs incoming sunlight, which is converted into heat and transmitted the heat to a fluid that flows through the collector (generally oil, air, and water). The energy is collected directly from the working fluid to the hot water or space conditioning or thermal energy storage tank, for night or on cloudy days [99].
Taylor et al. [100] found that the use of the graphite/therminol VP-1 nanofluid with volume fractions around 0.001% or less could be of benefit for 10–100 MWe energy crops. In combination with a solar thermal power tower with 100 MWe of capacity in a solar resource such as Tucson, Arizona, the researchers estimated that $3.5 million more could be achieved each year. The supply of fresh water is more crucial arid distant areas of the globe. Solar desalination technologies are possible to overcome portion of the issue in these areas, where solar energy is accessible. The absence and untrustworthy drinking water is a main issue in developing countries. Global dryness and desertification are estimated to make drinking water a major problem in the world [101].
Greenhouse gas emission from fresh water production can be prevented by solar stills [102]. Many experts have researched solar stills and used different techniques to enhance their productivity. Gnanadason et al. [103] found that the productivity of solar system was influenced by nanofluids. The implications of putting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the water in a single solar basin were investigated. The findings have shown the addition of nanofluids that will enhance the efficiency by 50%. However, the quantity of nanofluid added to the water inside the solar was not yet mentioned. In addition to solar nanofluids, the economic growth should be perceived. Certain works in the literature disclosed the addition of dyes to solar stills could increase the efficiency. Nijmeh et al. [104] investigated that adding violet color to the solar water still improves the efficiency significantly by 29%. Furthermore, nanofluids (especially the CNTs) are more expensive, and this might therefore be a difficult task for the use of nanofluids in solar stills because the nanofluids in solar stills do not flow in a closed loop in order to recover them.
Adding nanotubes and nanoparticles to the conventional engine coolants (ethylene glycol and water mixture), nanofluid lubricants can boost their thermal conductivity and enhance heat change rates and fuel economy [105]. Tzeng et al. [106] have studied the impacts of nanofluids on automatic transmission cooling. They spread CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles and antifoams into the transmission fluid and then used four-wheel automatic transmission on a real-time basis. The findings indicate that CuO nanofluid has the lowest temperature distribution and the highest heat transfer impact on the rotating speeds [107]. CuO and nanofluids based on aluminum oxides were developed with the arc-submerged nanoparticle synthesis system along with the plasma charging arc system [108, 109]. Both types of nanofluids have increased the characteristics, including a greater boiling point, a greater viscosity, and a greater conductivity than conventional brake fluid. With greater viscosity, conductivity, and boiling point, the brake oil nanofluids reduce the vapor lock from occurring and offer greater safety in driving condition [110].
As IC (embedded circuit) and microelectronic parts decrease in size, the energy dissipation has risen dramatically. Better thermal management and cooling liquids are necessary for secure operation, with enhanced heat transport characteristics. Nanofluids were regarded as working liquids for electronic cooling applications in heat pipes. Tsai et al. [111] used water-based nanofluid as the operating channel for circular heat pipe. It was intended as a heat diffuser and applied in CPU of notebook or desktop PC. The findings exhibited that the nanofluid heat pipes have considerably lower thermal resistance than deionized water. The findings showed that the thermal strength of a vertical meshed heat tube differs respectively with nanoparticle size. Ma et al. [112] examined the impact of nanofluids toward oscillating heat pipe transport capability. The experimental results reveal that the temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser decreased from 40.9 to 24.3°C at an input energy of 80 W by 1 vol% nanoparticles. Lin et al. [113] examined nanofluids using silver nanoparticles in heat pulsating pipes and found supportive outcomes. The silver nanofluid enhanced the thermal transfer properties of the heat pipes. Vafaei et al. [114] found that nanofluids are efficient in engineering surface wettability and potentially surface tension. With a goniometer, the presence of a very small bismuth telluride nanofluid concentration significantly affected the wetting features of the surface. Concentrations as low as 3 × 10−6 improved the contact angle to more than 40°, showing clearly nanoparticles affect the force balance triple line vicinity. Experimental, numerical, and theoretical studies on nanofluid prove numerous prospective applications of nanofluids are present such as electronic cooling, displays, micro devices, cameras, thermal exchangers, military, spacecraft equipment, boats, medicine, atomic reactors, fuel cell and sensor applications. The stability of nanofluids is a major challenge for nanofluid commercialization. By solving the problems, significant developments are anticipated in many applications. Further study should be conducted on numerous heat and fluid applications.
Some special types of nanoparticles possess antibacterial activity or drug delivery properties, so that nanofluids that contain these nanoparticles have certain relevant properties [110]. Organic antibacterial products, especially at high temperatures or pressures, are often less stable. Consequently, inorganic materials such as metal oxides and metal have received considerable attention in the previous decade because they are able to resist severe process circumstances. ZnO nanofluid antibacterial behavior indicates that ZnO nanofluids are bacteriostatic to Escherichia coli. With the growing concentration of nanoparticles, antibacterial activity rises and the particle size decreases. Measurements of electrochemical show a direct interaction between ZnO and elevated ZnO levels of bacterial membrane (L. [115]). Jalal et al. [116] created ZnO nanoparticles with a green technique. An estimation of the reduction ratio of ZnO-treated bacteria was made on ZnO suspension activity of nanoparticles with E. coli, the bacteria’s survival ratio reduces with increased nanofluid ZnO levels and time. Silver nanoparticles were discovered to depend on the size of silver particles for their antibacterial activity. Antibacterial efficiency was achieved by the very small silver concentration of 1.69 mug/mL Ag [117]. Lyon and Alvarez [118] suggested that C60 suspensions exhibit ROS-independent oxidative stress in bacteria that show protein oxidation, modifications in cell membrane potential, and cellular respiration interruption. The mechanism needs direct contact between bacterial and nanoparticles as well as contrast from nanomaterial antibacterial processes earlier reported involving ROS generation (metal oxides), or leaching of toxic components (nanosilver).
It was found that nanoparticles added to the base fluid improve the characteristics of fluids such as structure, thermal conductivity, viscosity, convective heat transfer, density, and specific heat. In our review, we have narrowed down the application of nanofluids such as solar, automobile, electronic cooling, and biomedical application. It is noticed that the physical properties of nanoparticles such as size and crystallinity are influencing the nanofluid performance during its application. For instance, Micali et al. [119] explored the possibility to reduce temperature up to 13.6% on the exhaust valve seat and up to 4.1% on the exhaust valve spindle by 2.5% volume concentration on the cylinder head and the spindle of the exhaust valve. Al-Jethelah et al. [120] discovered improvements of solar thermal applications in terms of melting process through numerical and experimental by adding nanofluids into PCM. Said et al. [121] prepared 0.3% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanofluids and dispersed into distilled water and ethylene glycol as base fluid (ratio of 50:50) and discovered that it enhances the thermal performance by 24.21%. We believe that RH-derived nanosilica will provide similar performance compared to other semiconductor nanoparticles as mentioned above. Akilu et al. [122] attained ~27% thermal conductivity enrichment at 21.1% disparagement of specific heat by using hybrid nanofluids, and SiO2-CuO (0.5–2 vol%) dispersed into base fluid (Glycerol/EG). Yao et al. [123] did the research on the boiling efficiency of Al2O3, SiO2, and their mixture with water at the ratio of 1:1. The significance of their study was its impact of pressure on the performance of boiling nanofluids. Based on the outcomes, nanofluid efficiency increased the pressure reduction. Authors also regarded the effects of nanoparticle size on the heat flux posed tiny rise while raising the nanoparticle size between 30 and 50 nm.
This book chapter collectively reviews the preparation method of rice husk nanosilica, its application as nanofluids, and nanofluid application in the industry. There are two main methods in preparing nanosilica, namely thermal and chemical methods. It is noticed that chemical method is more preferable than thermal method in terms of nanosilica purity, which is critical. The popular chemical methods widely used by the researcher are alkaline extraction and acid leaching method. It has found that utilizing solely single chemical method must follow high thermal treatment and high operating cost, which is not feasible. Thus, a combination or modification of the chemical method is required to improve the purity of nanosilica. Pre-acid treatment followed by conventional alkaline extraction presented better purity of nanosilica. The purity of nanosilica is a crucial property in nanofluid preparation, which will affect the performance of the nanofluids. There are one-step and two-step methods, which are widely adopted by the researcher in preparing nanofluids. One-step technique combines the production of nanoparticles and dispersion of nanoparticles into the base fluid with a single step. Meanwhile, in two-step method, nanoparticles are first produced and then dispersed into the base fluids. However, two-step method is preferable for rice husk nanosilica-based nanofluid preparation, which involves ultrasonic method. The application of the nanofluids has been explored such as solar application, automobile application, electronic cooling application, and biomedical application. It was found that nanofluids could improve the base fluid performance due to the additional of the nanoparticles. Even though the review focused on semiconductor-based nanofluids, we believe that rice husk nanosilica-based nanofluids could also have the similar trends of performance. Gradually, the awareness on the usage of “green” material in the product is rising, and rice husk nanosilica could be an ideal candidate as nanoparticle and nanofluid application.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"14"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10666",title:"Noble Metals Recent Advanced Studies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7322b325b1276e2b4185a7db798d588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mousumi Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10666.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainable Concrete",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fahmina Zafar, Dr. Anujit Ghosal and Dr. Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10670",title:"Properties and Applications of Alginates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"062083e53cc5c808af597de6426cea06",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Irem Deniz, Dr. Esra Imamoglu and Dr. Tugba Keskin Gundogdu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10670.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"204855",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",surname:"Deniz",slug:"irem-deniz",fullName:"Irem Deniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10941",title:"Ferrite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6a323bfa4565d7c676bc3733b4983b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Maaz Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10941.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5227},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"329",title:"Microbiology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-microbiology",parent:{title:"Bromatology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:19,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-microbiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4653",title:"Food Production and Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"594525624cedb1e236bca2a13e2997cf",slug:"food-production-and-industry",bookSignature:"Ayman Hafiz Amer Eissa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32499",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",middleName:"Hafiz",surname:"Amer Eissa",slug:"ayman-amer-eissa",fullName:"Ayman Amer Eissa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48909",doi:"10.5772/60934",title:"Biotechnological Production of Oligosaccharides — Applications in the Food Industry",slug:"biotechnological-production-of-oligosaccharides-applications-in-the-food-industry",totalDownloads:3208,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:24,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Tathiana Souza Martins Meyer, Ângelo Samir Melim Miguel, Daniel\nErnesto Rodríguez Fernández and Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz",authors:[{id:"97955",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dellamora Ortiz",slug:"gisela-maria-dellamora-ortiz",fullName:"Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz"},{id:"162156",title:"Dr.",name:"Ângelo Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Melim Miguel",slug:"angelo-samir-melim-miguel",fullName:"Ângelo Samir Melim Miguel"},{id:"162157",title:"MSc.",name:"Tathiana Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Meyer",slug:"tathiana-souza-martins-meyer",fullName:"Tathiana Souza Martins Meyer"},{id:"174539",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Fernandez",slug:"daniel-ernesto-rodriguez-fernandez",fullName:"Daniel Ernesto Rodriguez Fernandez"}]},{id:"48827",doi:"10.5772/60877",title:"The Role of Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Production of Fermented Beverages in South America",slug:"the-role-of-yeast-and-lactic-acid-bacteria-in-the-production-of-fermented-beverages-in-south-america",totalDownloads:3761,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Fábio Faria-Oliveira, Raphael H.S. Diniz, Fernanda Godoy-Santos,\nFernanda B. Piló, Hygor Mezadri, Ieso M. Castro and Rogelio L.\nBrandão",authors:[{id:"95616",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:"Luis Silva",surname:"Faria-Oliveira",slug:"fabio-faria-oliveira",fullName:"Fabio Faria-Oliveira"},{id:"174630",title:"Prof.",name:"Rogélio",middleName:null,surname:"L. Brandão",slug:"rogelio-l.-brandao",fullName:"Rogélio L. Brandão"},{id:"174631",title:"Prof.",name:"Ieso",middleName:null,surname:"M. Castro",slug:"ieso-m.-castro",fullName:"Ieso M. Castro"},{id:"174632",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"margarete-saraiva",fullName:"Margarete Saraiva"},{id:"174633",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Piló",slug:"fernanda-pilo",fullName:"Fernanda Piló"},{id:"174634",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",middleName:"Hermano Santos",surname:"Diniz",slug:"raphael-diniz",fullName:"Raphael Diniz"},{id:"174647",title:"MSc.",name:"Hygor",middleName:null,surname:"Mezadri",slug:"hygor-mezadri",fullName:"Hygor Mezadri"},{id:"176135",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Godoy-Santos",slug:"fernanda-godoy-santos",fullName:"Fernanda Godoy-Santos"}]},{id:"48938",doi:"10.5772/60848",title:"New Cheese-Like Food Production from Soy Milk — Utility of Soy Milk Curdling Yeast",slug:"new-cheese-like-food-production-from-soy-milk-utility-of-soy-milk-curdling-yeast",totalDownloads:2180,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Makoto Kanauchi, Sakiko Hatanaka and Makoto Shimoyamada",authors:[{id:"85984",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Kanauchi",slug:"makoto-kanauchi",fullName:"Makoto Kanauchi"},{id:"175567",title:"Ms.",name:"Sakiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hatanaka",slug:"sakiko-hatanaka",fullName:"Sakiko Hatanaka"},{id:"175568",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Shimoyamada",slug:"makoto-shimoyamada",fullName:"Makoto Shimoyamada"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48827",title:"The Role of Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Production of Fermented Beverages in South America",slug:"the-role-of-yeast-and-lactic-acid-bacteria-in-the-production-of-fermented-beverages-in-south-america",totalDownloads:3765,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Fábio Faria-Oliveira, Raphael H.S. Diniz, Fernanda Godoy-Santos,\nFernanda B. Piló, Hygor Mezadri, Ieso M. Castro and Rogelio L.\nBrandão",authors:[{id:"95616",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:"Luis Silva",surname:"Faria-Oliveira",slug:"fabio-faria-oliveira",fullName:"Fabio Faria-Oliveira"},{id:"174630",title:"Prof.",name:"Rogélio",middleName:null,surname:"L. Brandão",slug:"rogelio-l.-brandao",fullName:"Rogélio L. Brandão"},{id:"174631",title:"Prof.",name:"Ieso",middleName:null,surname:"M. Castro",slug:"ieso-m.-castro",fullName:"Ieso M. Castro"},{id:"174632",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"margarete-saraiva",fullName:"Margarete Saraiva"},{id:"174633",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Piló",slug:"fernanda-pilo",fullName:"Fernanda Piló"},{id:"174634",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",middleName:"Hermano Santos",surname:"Diniz",slug:"raphael-diniz",fullName:"Raphael Diniz"},{id:"174647",title:"MSc.",name:"Hygor",middleName:null,surname:"Mezadri",slug:"hygor-mezadri",fullName:"Hygor Mezadri"},{id:"176135",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Godoy-Santos",slug:"fernanda-godoy-santos",fullName:"Fernanda Godoy-Santos"}]},{id:"48602",title:"Low-Fat Foods",slug:"low-fat-foods",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes and Alline Aurea do Amaral",authors:[{id:"160554",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzana",middleName:"Caetano Da Silva",surname:"Lannes",slug:"suzana-lannes",fullName:"Suzana Lannes"}]},{id:"48909",title:"Biotechnological Production of Oligosaccharides — Applications in the Food Industry",slug:"biotechnological-production-of-oligosaccharides-applications-in-the-food-industry",totalDownloads:3213,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:24,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Tathiana Souza Martins Meyer, Ângelo Samir Melim Miguel, Daniel\nErnesto Rodríguez Fernández and Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz",authors:[{id:"97955",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dellamora Ortiz",slug:"gisela-maria-dellamora-ortiz",fullName:"Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz"},{id:"162156",title:"Dr.",name:"Ângelo Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Melim Miguel",slug:"angelo-samir-melim-miguel",fullName:"Ângelo Samir Melim Miguel"},{id:"162157",title:"MSc.",name:"Tathiana Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Meyer",slug:"tathiana-souza-martins-meyer",fullName:"Tathiana Souza Martins Meyer"},{id:"174539",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Fernandez",slug:"daniel-ernesto-rodriguez-fernandez",fullName:"Daniel Ernesto Rodriguez Fernandez"}]},{id:"48671",title:"Alternative Foods — Marketing Perspectives on the Production and Distribution Systems",slug:"alternative-foods-marketing-perspectives-on-the-production-and-distribution-systems",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Mehdi Zahaf",authors:[{id:"94609",title:"Dr",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Zahaf",slug:"mehdi-zahaf",fullName:"Mehdi Zahaf"}]},{id:"48938",title:"New Cheese-Like Food Production from Soy Milk — Utility of Soy Milk Curdling Yeast",slug:"new-cheese-like-food-production-from-soy-milk-utility-of-soy-milk-curdling-yeast",totalDownloads:2181,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Makoto Kanauchi, Sakiko Hatanaka and Makoto Shimoyamada",authors:[{id:"85984",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Kanauchi",slug:"makoto-kanauchi",fullName:"Makoto Kanauchi"},{id:"175567",title:"Ms.",name:"Sakiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hatanaka",slug:"sakiko-hatanaka",fullName:"Sakiko Hatanaka"},{id:"175568",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Shimoyamada",slug:"makoto-shimoyamada",fullName:"Makoto Shimoyamada"}]},{id:"48903",title:"Safety and Quality in the Agricultural Product Chain in Brazil",slug:"safety-and-quality-in-the-agricultural-product-chain-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"food-production-and-industry",title:"Food Production and Industry",fullTitle:"Food Production and Industry"},signatures:"Elisa Y. Hirooka, Elisabete Y.S. Ono, Cássia R. Takabayashi-\nYamashita, Angélica T. Ishikawa, Douglas F. Barbin, Jaqueline G.\nBordini, Melissa T. Hirozawa, Wagner E. Risso, Ana L.S.M. Felício,\nArtur K. Bagatin, Tatiana Á. Miguel, Thiago M. Souza, Yumi Tabuchi,\nJosemarque L. Rosa, Leonardo F. Maciel, Dani L. D. Silva, Renata P.\nSobottka, André M. Prando, Sandra Garcia, Claudemir Zucareli,\nEmilia K. Kuroda, Elisabete H. Hashimoto, Diva de Souza Andrade,\nMartha Z. Miranda, Maria S. Miranda, Eliete S. Bispo, Adriana L.\nSoares, Massami Shimokomaki, Myrna Sabino, Eiko N. Itano,\nTomoaki Tsutsumi, Satoshi Nagata, Yoshitsugu Sugiura, Ken-Ichi\nHarada and Osamu Kawamura",authors:[{id:"95925",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Hirooka",slug:"elisa-hirooka",fullName:"Elisa Hirooka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-microbiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/118706/ivan-grbavac",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"118706",slug:"ivan-grbavac"},fullPath:"/profiles/118706/ivan-grbavac",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()