Entry parameters.
\r\n\tThis book will describe the self-assembly of materials and supramolecular chemistry design principles for a broad spectrum of materials, including bio-inspired amphiphiles, metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, and organic-inorganic hybrid materials. It will provide fundamental concepts of self-assembly design approaches and supramolecular chemistry principles for research ideas in nanotechnology applications. The book will focus on three main themes, which include: the self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry of amphiplies by coordination programming, the supramolecular structures and devices of inorganic materials, and the assembly-disassembly of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The contributing chapters will be written by leading scientists in their field, with the hope that this book will provide a foundation on supramolecular chemistry principles to students and active researchers who are interested in nanoscience and nanoengineering fields.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-702-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-701-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-703-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e9cc643ae0a219e91e445a1e61b33a22",bookSignature:"Prof. Hemali Rathnayake and Dr. Gayani Pathiraja",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11908.jpg",keywords:"Amphiphiles, Artificial Siderophores, Coordination Chemistry, Self-Assembly Design, Supramolecular Structures, Metal Oxides, Metal Particles, 2D Inorganic Materials, Supramolecular Devices, Stimuli-Responsive Materials, Assembly-Disassembly Design, Superstructures",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 1st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 30th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 18th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 17th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"17 hours",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Rathnayake is a pioneering researcher in self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry, with a Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, US. She is an inventor of three innovative technologies, including the Bioinspried Sub-7 nm self-assembled structures for patterning, and holder of multiple registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Gayani Pathiraja is a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN). She received her Ph.D. in Nanoscience from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 2021. Her research interests focus on the crystal growth mechanism and kinetics of metal oxide nanostructure formation via self-assembly.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"323782",title:"Prof.",name:"Hemali",middleName:null,surname:"Rathnayake",slug:"hemali-rathnayake",fullName:"Hemali Rathnayake",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323782/images/system/323782.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hemali Rathnayake, Associate Professor in the Department of Nanoscience at the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA, obtained her B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. She obtained her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass), Department of Chemistry in 2007. She was a Postdoctoral research fellow at Polymer Science & Engineering, UMass Amherst. \r\nDr. Rathnayake is a pioneer scientist and a chemist in the field of Nanomaterials Chemistry, with a focus on the interfacial interaction of nanomaterials, molecules, macromolecules, and polymers in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Her research on the design, synthesis, self-assembly, and application of well-defined superstructures in nanoelectronics, environmental remediation, and sustainable energy has impacted the scientific community with highly rated peer-reviewed journals publications, and more than 80 invited talks to scientific and non-scientific communities including colleges and high schools.",institutionString:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"427650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayani",middleName:null,surname:"Pathiraja",slug:"gayani-pathiraja",fullName:"Gayani Pathiraja",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003CCSN2QAP/Profile_Picture_1644217020559",biography:"Dr. Gayani Pathiraja is a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN). She received her Ph.D. in Nanoscience from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) in 2021. Her expertise area of focus is investigating the crystal growth mechanism and kinetics of metal oxide nanostructure formation via in-situ self-assembly design principles. \r\nDr. Pathiraja earned her master’s degree in electrochemistry/Environmental Engineering from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, and her Bachelor’s degree in Materials Science and Technology from Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka. Dr. Pathiraja started her academic career as a lecturer at the Department of Engineering Technology, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka in 2016. She is a co-author of several peer-reviewed journal publications and a book chapter, and she has presented her work at several regional, international, and national conferences.",institutionString:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60963",title:"Physical Therapy Based on Closed Kinematic Chain Patterns for Patients after Total Hip Replacement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76756",slug:"physical-therapy-based-on-closed-kinematic-chain-patterns-for-patients-after-total-hip-replacement",body:'This chapter deals with movement therapy management in patients after total hip joint replacement (THR). Primarily it is about setting movement patterns which are the most beneficial for patients in terms of postural reactivity, next about reducing subjective perception of pain, renewing functional abilities from the perspective of activities of daily living (ADL) and last but not least about satisfaction with surgery.
Degenerative changes of weight-bearing joints rank, without hesitation, among diseases of civilization of the musculoskeletal system. In the final stage of this disease the patients are significantly limited, in particular their movement abilities in ADL, and they suffer from strong pain which is frequently alleviated by pharmaceutical drugs. In the final stage total replacement of the afflicted joint, a hip joint in this case, is indicated in the patients. There is no doubt that postoperative care of the patients is a multi-branch matter and that rehabilitation managed by a qualified physiotherapist is its integral part [1, 2].
In total hip replacement the joint capsule is damaged, which results in the reduction of statesthetic and kinetic proprioception and aggravation of postural stability mainly in vertical positions and deterioration of locomotion skills. Postoperative recovery is accompanied by other problematic factors, e.g. pain caused by the surgical intervention itself or limited mobility of the operated limb due to anti-luxation regime. All the named factors reflect on the patient’s final movement expression.
The aim of the managed postoperative rehabilitation should be not only motor recovery of the operated lower limb but also setting stereotyped physiological movement concerning ADL. The selected movement patterns, which the patient performs within the therapy, should reflect on their daily performance. The therapy should not lack a principle of similarity, i.e. the patients are provided with such movement patterns that can be integrated in activities of daily living.
Many authors consider learning and mastering closed kinetic chain (CKC) activities as a factor indispensable for carrying out physiological movements in an open kinetic chain (OKC). It means that the therapy itself should always start in a position which is relatively easy for muscle chains activation, i.e. applying pressure. Closed kinetic chain movements optimize activity of the engaged muscle groups which besides other things helps reduce subjective pain perception [3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
For the purposes of our study we chose the Acral Coactivation Therapy (ACT) that meets all the above mentioned criteria for the management of high quality rehabilitation of the patients after total hip joint replacement.
This study also aims at pointing out that minimum objectivization means are used in the branch of rehabilitation, which results in interpretation of movement therapy as an empirical branch lacking objective values. The patients´ subjective feedback concerning evaluation of therapy results is certainly important, however, efficacy of therapy cannot be objectively assessed without recorded data. For this reason we chose a measurement system of a force plate by Tekscan or specific questionnaires tailor-made for patients with a given diagnosis in order to make the results objective.
The Acral Coactivation Therapy is a physiotherapeutic method based on neurophysiology. The founder of the ACT is PhDr. Ingrid Palaščáková Špringrová Ph.D. and the basic ideas are inspired by Roswitha Brunkow’s method.
One of the basic ACT principles is applying pressure on the acral parts of extremities (both upper and lower). Applying pressure on the acral parts leads to straightening the spine and activating posture against external forces. Setting and maintaining correct posture is fundamental for creating a physiological movement programme, thus part and parcel of a movement itself. Muscle contraction proceeds in the disto-proximal direction, i.e. from the acral parts toward the trunk. Applying pressure aims at co-activation of muscle chains (see Figure 1). In order to improve movement pattern quality, thus better co-activation of muscle chains, manual techniques are used. Muscle tone balance of co-activated muscle chains is achieved by exteroceptive and proprioceptive inputs [7].
Dorsal and ventral muscle chain.
The ACT works on the principle of repetition of a movement pattern based on applying pressure on the acral parts. These conscious repetitive presses form the basic element of mastering the practised movement skills (motor learning). Mastering new skills by means of conscious repetition of movement patterns is one of the basic principles of the ACT. Motor learning can be simply characterized as a set of processes connected with training or experience leading to relatively constant changes of the ability to react [7, 8].
The acres are significantly represented in human brain matter so they initiate motor activity in the ACT. Unlike proximally placed muscle groups, which are significantly represented in the pre-motor brain area, the acres are located mainly in the primary motor cortical areas [7, 8, 9, 10].
During the workout patients carry out planned (intentional) movements. It is presumed that applying pressure activates the limbic system. Motivation is indispensable for movement as well. Activation of the limbic system is followed by a sensory analysis of the movement, the function of which is to draw up an ideal plan of the press. While pressing up the central nervous system (CNS) uses peripheral information and assesses quality of the press, in particular straightening the spine apparatus. If the spinal alignment is not correct (the spine is not straightened), the posture is adjusted, i.e., the angle of the acres is changed. After adjusting posture, pressure is applied again and a new movement pattern with the identical objective of straightening the spine apparatus is ingrained [7, 9, 11, 12].
The ACT therapy exploits positions from ontogenetic development of human motor activity. The early motor activity of newborns manifests itself in open kinetic chains. However, during development the postural activity caused by confrontation of the CNS and external stimuli increases. Movement patterns in closed kinetic chains are involved. Due to increasing demand on movement patterns the CNS is forced to choose an adequate movement pattern in terms of its economy and function [7, 13, 14, 15].
The closed kinetic chain activities provide the basis for postural presumptions of all motor activities of a child. The open kinetic chain motor activity is focused mainly on movements with a particular purpose, i.e. teleological movements [3, 4, 7, 13].
Many authors consider learning and mastering closed kinetic chain (CKC) activities as a factor indispensable for carrying out physiological movements in an open kinetic chain (OKC). It means that the therapy itself should start in a position which is relatively easy for muscle chain activation, i.e. applying pressure. Closed kinetic chain movements optimize activity of the engaged muscle groups. Correct involvement of muscle groups as well as centration of key joints in closed kinetic chains requires correct physiological position of the trunk and the limbs. The ACT method uses mainly closed kinetic chain movements since many authors consider them more functional, thus more effective in the therapy [3, 4, 5, 7].
The Acral Coactivation Diagnostics (ACD) is irreplaceable in the Acral Coactivation Therapy. It includes evaluation of position of upper and lower extremities and straightening of the spine. The ACD exploits measuring instruments, e.g. PodoCam or Tekscan, thanks to which position of the acral parts of limbs can be objectively evaluated. If a pathological position of arches (of a hand or a foot) occurs, a press is not possible in the quality ensuring physiological muscle coactivation that results in straightening the spine and centration of root joints. The ACT uses also entry and exit questionnaires including, beside other things, basic case history, visual analog scale (VAS) and questions targeted at early motor development [7] (Figure 2).
Evaluation of arches of the hand and the foot by means of the ACD.
Thirty patients of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Přerov Hospital (SMN Přerov), branch of the business Středomoravská nemocniční a.s., took part in the study. In order to be included in the study the patients had to meet the following criteria: they had not undergone any endoprosthesis or lower extremities surgery in the past and they were not diagnosed with any mental illness or neurological disorder of central or peripheral nervous system.
“Only” 30 patients out of total 352 applicants who had undergone total hip joint replacement in Přerov Hospital met these criteria. Collecting data for this study took 12 months.
The CKC group consisting of 15 patients (7 men and 8 women) of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of SMN Přerov went through postoperative rehabilitation according to the Acral Coactivation Therapy principles. The average age of the patients was 59 ± 13.9 years.
Also the OKC group included 15 patients (8 men and 7 women) of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of SMN Přerov who underwent postoperative therapy, which is based mostly on open kinetic chain exercises, according to the standard procedures of SMN Přerov. The average age of the patients was 58 ± 9.7 years.
The probands were divided into individual groups by means of adaptive randomization. At the beginning of the study both groups of the patients did not differ considerably in terms of the observed parameters (Table 1). At-entry differences of the observed groups did not show any statistical significance.
Entry parameters.
The CKC group therapy followed the basic principles of the Acral Coactivation Therapy. The rehabilitation plan consisted of (on average) six 30-min workout units under the guidance of a qualified physiotherapist who supervised quality of the carried out motor patterns. The therapy itself began the second postoperative day and continued until the patients were discharged and took part in subsequent rehabilitation treatment.
The managed therapy took place only during working hours of the physiotherapist (i.e. working days). In order to improve quality the patients got an aid: Functional Hand Arch Support (only for the purpose of the managed therapy). These gloves, specially tailored for the ACT method, maintain optimum setting of arches of the hand. Outside the time set aside for the therapy (i.e. at weekends, in free time) the probands carried out autotherapy according to the ACT without the physiotherapist’s intervention. For these purposes the patients got the publication of The Acral Press Up Exercises for Straightened Spine where the ACT positions used in the therapy were marked. First, the patients carried out all the safe exercises in the managed therapy conducted under the guidance of a physiotherapist to avoid wrong fixation of motor patterns and subsequent errors in autotherapy. The therapy took place in SMN Přerov in the gym of the department of orthopedics and traumatology. This place was calm with suitable conditions for working out. Selected positions from the CKC group therapy are depicted in Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
A press up in the supine position variant of flexion: Static coactivation.
A press up on the healthy hip: Static coactivation.
A press up in the low oblique sitting: Static coactivation.
A press up on all fours: Static coactivation.
A press up in the sitting position, initial stage of dynamic transition from the sitting to the standing position.
A final stage of dynamic transition from the sitting to the standing position.
A press up in the standing position with 2 forearm crutches; putting a foot forward on the step: Static coactivation.
A press up in the standing position with 2 forearm crutches, extension against the wall: Static coactivation.
When selecting static positions for therapy in a closed kinetic chain we took into consideration regime measures (anti-luxation regime) that the patients had to observe. The applied positions were chosen from the publication of The Acral Press Up Exercises for Straightened Spine in order to make autotherapy easier [16].
A press up in the supine position and its variants:
gait movement pattern: alternating flexion and extension of lower extremities in the CKC (after mastering the OKC exercises)
alternating flexion of lower extremities in the CKC
A press up in the side-lying position (lying on the healthy hip) with neutral position of lower extremities and its variants:
abduction of the operated leg in the CKC after mastering OKC exercises
A press up in the side-lying position while pressing up the upper body with an arm.
A press up in the prone position and its variants:
alternating knee joint flexion
A press up in the position on all fours and its variants:
alternating flexion and extension of lower extremities
pressing up on all fours while lifting the knees above the floor
abduction of lower extremities while lifting the knees above the floor
A press up in the upright kneeling position.
A press up while sitting on the chair and its variants:
gait movement pattern: alternating flexion and extension of lower extremities in the CKC (after mastering the OKC exercises)
A press up while standing with two forearm crutches and its variants:
putting a foot forward on the step (alternating lower extremities) with subsequent support
training of extension while leaning against the wall (alternating lower extremities)
The patients carried out dynamic transitions from individual press up (static) positions. These were functional dynamic changes in positions according to the ACT principles. Two sets of dynamic transitions selected in advance were applied. Dynamic transitions were chosen on the basis of the similarity principle in order to evoke the movement patterns the patients used in ADL. The therapy was aimed at integration of physiological movement patterns into motor expression of the patients in ADL [16].
Dynamic transitions for verticalization from the supine to the standing position (i.e. getting up from the bed).
A press up from the supine to the side-lying position.
A press up from the lateral to the side-lying position while pressing up the upper body with an arm and having lower extremities hanging off the bed.
A press up from the side-lying position while pressing up the upper body with an arm to the sitting position with lower extremities hanging off the bed.
A press up from the sitting position with lower extremities hanging off the bed to the standing position (hands on thighs – the CKC).
Dynamic transitions for verticalization from the supine to the standing position (from the floor).
A press up from the supine to the lateral position.
A press up from the lateral to the prone position.
A press up from the prone position to the position on all fours.
A press up from the position on all fours to the upright kneeling position.
A press up from the upright kneeling position to putting the foot forward (i.e. the healthy leg); with support of 1 forearm crutch if needed.
A press up from the position of having a foot forward to the standing position (with support of a chair or a forearm crutch if needed).
Also the patients in this group went through managed (on average) six 30-min workout units. These patients worked out according to the standardized SMN Přerov rehabilitation plan intended for patients after total hip joint replacement. The exercises were analytical exercises mostly in an open kinetic chain, without a direct link to the ADL therapy. The beginning and the end of the therapy collided with the CKC group. In order to maintain the same conditions this group worked out in the same gym of the department of orthopedics and traumatology of Přerov Hospital as well. In their free time the probands performed autotherapy based on a list of standardized SMN Přerov exercises intended for patients after total hip joint replacement (see below). First, the patients carried out all the exercises under the guidance of a physiotherapist, next the exercises became part of their autotherapy.
In the supine position
point and flex your feet rhythmically
flex your feet, straighten your knees and squeeze your buttocks
move the extended leg sideways (on the bed) and back to the body axis
bend the knee (i.e. move the heel along the bed)
bend the knees, put a pillow between them and squeeze you knees together
bend your knees, lift your buttocks (hold for a few seconds), your arms rest along your body
lie on your side and raise your top leg
In the prone position
squeeze your buttocks and push your pelvis toward the floor
push your toes to the floor and straighten your knees
alternate flexion and extension of your knees
lift the entire extended leg
Sitting with legs hanging off the bed
straighten your knee while pushing your thigh toward the bed (hold for a few seconds)
put your hands on your thighs, squeeze your buttocks and then release
raise your feet slightly
Standing at the head of the bed:
stand on your toes
move your operated leg sideways and back
flex your operated hip (no more than 90 degrees)
extend your operated leg backwards
Both groups of probands went through the same locomotion training using stairs and mobility aids, i.e. two forearm crutches in this case. Another common therapy element was practising forward bends (picking things up off the floor) while extending the operated hip joint.
Postural stability and reactivity was evaluated by means of a force plate by Tekscan using the MobileMat™ programme. This programme works on the Balance Error Scoring System (B.E.S.S.) principle developed by researchers Guskiewitz, Riemann and Shields.
MobileMat™ programme was developed mainly in order to improve the accuracy of B.E.S.S. evaluation, which can be influenced by a human factor, i.e. subjective inputs of a testee. It is a computer-based evaluation of B.E.S.S. The studies show that the MobileMat™ programme can run a more precise analysis of B.E.S.S., in particular lifting a part of the foot off the force plate, lifting an arm from the base position or changing the position of a non-weight bearing hip (i.e. when standing only on the other leg). However, MobileMat™ programme cannot evaluate if the testee closes their eyes. In this case, this factor is supervised by a qualified physiotherapist [17, 18, 19].
Evaluation of postural stability took place in a calm environment of the department of orthopedics and traumatology in the gym of SMN Přerov. The measurement included three positions that were repeated three times by the probands. With regard to an early postoperative stage alternative positions were chosen (see below) which could be carried out by the patients without being exposed to dangerous positions or inadequate physical load of the operated leg. The patients held each position for 20 seconds and had their eyes closed during the whole measurement.
Standing with feet hip-width apart on both feet; the entire feet are in touch with the Tekscan force plate; standing straight with the hands on the hips.
Standing on both lower extremities, in tandem left forward position; the entire feet are in touch with the Tekscan force plate; standing straight with the hands on the hips.
Standing on both lower extremities, in tandem right forward position; the entire feet are in touch with the Tekscan force plate; standing straight with the hands on the hips.
Two physiotherapists made measurement while one of them operated the computer and the other one supervised correct posture of the probands in the selected positions. Due to personnel reasons the persons who were not familiar with classification of the probands into the test groups could not make measurement. Evaluation was carried out properly without any intervention leading to distorting results. Measurement was performed 1 day before surgery, the fourth postoperative day and finally on the tenth postoperative day (i.e. the last day of the managed rehabilitation). During evaluation of postural stability the measured values of the individual positions were counted up and the arithmetic mean was calculated.
Both groups had the same average values, i.e. 5.3 postural errors, during entry measurement. In the postoperative stage the CKC group showed 5.1 errors per patient, while the OKC group had 3.5 errors on average. The measured values were entered in a table (see Table 2). Graph 1 shows the differences in the reached B.E.S.S. values of the observed groups.
B.E.S.S. evaluation.
Results of the balance error scoring system explanatory notes: B.E.S.S. 1-evaluation of postural errors according to the balance error scoring system in the MobileMat™ programme (preoperative measurement), B.E.S.S. 2-evaluation of postural errors according to the balance error scoring system in the MobileMat™ programme (postoperative measurement), B.E.S.S. 3-evaluation of postural errors according to the balance error scoring system in the MobileMat™ programme (after termination of the managed rehabilitation), SK CKC-the CKC group, SK OKC-the OKC group.
The final measurement showed a significant statistical difference (p = 0.008975) between the entry values of the individual groups. The CKC group reached 1.2 error, while the OCK group had 4.1 errors on average. This difference shows also high effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.875). Non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance of two selected files.
A day before surgery a qualified physiotherapist evaluated functional skills of the patients according to the Functional Test Questionnaire (see Table 3). This specific questionnaire was developed solely for the purpose of this study. The Functional Test Questionnaire included those movement patterns that the patients used in ADL. Evaluation of functional movement skills consisted in assessment of a manner of execution of the selected movement patterns. Finally, these results were quantified in the questionnaires. The highest achievable score was 50.
Functional tests.
Functional skills were evaluated again on the fourth postoperative day in order to visualize the differences between the preoperative and postoperative physical condition of the patients. Exit measurement took place on the tenth postoperative day (i.e. the last day of the managed rehabilitation). The testing was done by one qualified physiotherapist in order to avoid data distortion.
Before surgery the CKC group patients reached 36.1 points on average. The fourth postoperative day the average value of functional skills fell to 11.1 points. However, the patients reached 38.1 points on average within the final measurement. The OKC group showed an average value of 35.5 points of functional skills at the beginning of the research. The average reached value after surgery was 7.3 points. However, the OKC group reached only 17.1 points on average within the final measurement.
Table 4 shows results of the individual measurements. In order to visualize the results a graph (see Graph 2) was developed in order to depict changes in the result values of both groups.
Evaluation of movement skills (Functional tests).
Results of the functional tests explanatory notes: FT 1-functional tests (preoperative measurement), FT 2-functional tests (postoperative measurement), FT 3-functional tests (final measurement after rehabilitation), SK CKC-the CKC group, SK OKC-the OKC group.
The difference between exit values (i.e. those measured after termination of rehabilitation) of the individual groups was statistically significant (p = 0.00001). This result showed also a significant effect size (Cohen’s d = 4.04). Non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance of two selected files.
The patients who took part in the study filled in a Harris Hip Score questionnaire before their surgery. This is a specialized questionnaire assessing skills within ADL in patients with hip joint diseases (arthrosis, necrosis of the ball). William H. Harris developed this questionnaire in order to evaluate level of pain and movement skills of patients before and after surgery. For the purpose of our study a modified version of the questionnaire was used, i.e. evaluation of the range of motion of the hip joint. The highest achievable score is 100. If a patient reaches 70 points or less, their physical condition is considered bad. Willim H. Harris considered a surgery successful when the score reached after surgery was at least 20 points higher than before surgery [20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
The patients filled in the Harris Hip Score questionnaire again on the fourth postoperative day in order to visualize the difference between the preoperative and postoperative physical condition. The final evaluation took place on the last day of the managed rehabilitation, i.e. on the tenth postoperative day.
Within the entry measurement of the Harris Hip Score the CKC group reached 48.4 points on average. The OKC group’s average score in the questionnaire was 52.8. Both groups reached equal values in the postoperative measurement, i.e. 40.5 points per patient on average. The measured values were entered in a table (see Table 5). Graph 3 shows the differences between the reached values of the individual group.
Harris hip score results explanatory notes: HHS 1 - Harris hip score (preoperative measurement), HHS 2 - Harris hip score (postoperative measurement), HHS 3 - Harris hip score (final measurement after rehabilitation), SK CKC – The CKC group, SK OKC – The OKC group.
The exit measurement showed a significant statistical difference (p = 0.00001), where the CKC group reached 78.4 points and the OKC group 54.2 points on average. This difference showed also a high effect size (Cohen’s d = 3.63). Non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine statistical significance of two selected files.
The Harris Hip Score questionnaire has been used in the department of orthopedics and traumatology of SMN Přerov since the beginning of 2015 and it replaced the Staffel Score questionnaire used formerly, which is not globally recognized and is less specific in terms of evaluation activities of daily living.
On the grounds of the two-year research efficacy of the therapy based on the ACT principles, i.e. therapy in a closed kinetic chain, was assessed. In order to get long-term results the time during which the patients filled in the questionnaire was modified.
The first time the patients filled in the questionnaires was standard, i.e. 1 day before surgery, next after termination of the managed rehabilitation in the department of orthopedics and traumatology of SMN Přerov (6 therapies on average) and the last time was 4 months after hip joint replacement, i.e. within a regular orthopedic check-up. The patients were observed from the beginning of 2015 until the end of 2016. During this period 168 patients who underwent total hip joint replacement went through the therapy based on the ACT principles. The measured values were entered into a table (see Table 6). Before surgery the patients had 43.3 points of Harris Hip Score, after termination of the managed rehabilitation they reached 74.3 points on average. After leaving the department of orthopedics and traumatology of SMN Přerov the patients started subsequent rehabilitation treatment, they followed up the existing therapy and went on improving their functional and conditional skills. Within the regular orthopedic check-up, i.e. during the fourth month after surgery, the patients reached on average 94 points in the Harris Hip Score questionnaire.
Harris Hip Score values.
Harris Hip Score results of two-year observation.
The benefit of the therapy applied in a CKC consists mainly in relatively easy performance and understanding of exercises which can be modified according to the skills and needs of an individual. The therapy based on the ACT principles helps to reduce subjective perception of pain and to improve motor skills in patients. Patient satisfaction with surgery depends on improvement of the quality of their life, i.e. on reduction or elimination of pain and renewal of motor skills they could do with a healthy hip joint [25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
The results of this study show that the managed rehabilitation in a closed kinetic chain has demonstrably better results compared to the therapy conducted in an open kinetic chain. The similarity principle, which integrates functional movement patterns into patients´ activities of daily living, is considered the key element. The patients agree that if the movement therapy is aimed at improvement of specific motion skills applicable in ADL, their motivation to perform the exercises is higher. Correctly set up CKC therapy leads to reduction of subjective perception of pain, which has already been proved in various studies. The results of our study show not only significant improvement of functional skills of patients in ADL but also significant reduction of a number of postural errors concerning standing positions and locomotion.
Patients undergo total hip joint replacement in particular in order to improve the quality of their life. On the grounds of our study’s results it can be stated that the ACT based therapy, compared with the open kinetic chain therapy, influences the quality of the patients´ life after total hip joint replacement in a significant way.
I would like to thank to my co-workers from the department of rehabilitation and the department of orthopedics and traumatology of SMN Přerov for their cooperation on development of this study.
Free radical reactions occur naturally in the human body. An over-production of these reactive species due to oxidative stress can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules and the development of chronic diseases such as aging, coronary heart disease and cancer [1]. The harmful action of free radicals can be inhibited by antioxidant substances which scavenge them and detoxify the organism. Current research has confirmed that dietary antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation [2]. Pomegranate (
Even a small number of clinical trials in humans have been reported until now, the results showed positive effects of pomegranate extracts on various vascular diseases.
\nEllagitannins (ETs) are esters of hexahydroxydiphenic acid (HHDP) and a polyol, usually glucose or quinic acid that when they are hydrolyzed transform through lactonization to the component ellagic acid [14] (Figure 1).
\nBasic structures of ellagitannins: (A) HHDP acid (R radical); (B) galloyl unit (G radical); (C) ellagic acid.
The variability in the chemical structures among ETs is associated with different physico-chemical properties, hydrolytic reactions, and biological activity in vivo [15]. The important structural diversity of ET structure is due to the different possible extent of galloylation and formation of aromatic C-glycosides, the number of intramolecular C-C coupling of galloyl groups and hydrolytic cleavage of galloyl-derived aromatic rings, the level of dehydrogenation, and oligomerization [16].
\nEllagitannins and ellagic acid with anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective effects are transformed by the gut microbiota to produce urolithins, bioavailable metabolites [17, 18] (Figure 2). There is, however, a large variability in health effects and can be associated with the different polyphenol glucuronide metabolic profiles. Differences in urolithin production, both quantity and chemical type, could explain, at least partly, the large variability in the health effects observed in vivo.
\nGut microbiota metabolism of ellagitannins and ellagic acid.
The effects of components of the pomegranate e.g. ellagic acid (EA) are also focusing on its potential protective action towards several neurodegenerative disorders. EA has been investigated as multi-target pharmacological drug on CNS in a review analysis [19]. Pomegranate metabolites such as urolithins prevented β-amyloid fibrillation in vitro and especially methyl-urolithin B (3-methoxy-6H-dibenzo [b, d] pyran-6-one), had a protective effect in
Urolithin A (UA) allayed hypoxia/reoxygenation abuse in myocardial cells, decreased myocardial cell death in mice after ischemia/reperfusion. UA enhanced antioxidant quantity in cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation reducing myocardial apoptosis [21]. The flavonoids naringin and narirutin have a significant beneficial effect in reducing diastolic blood pressure, in patients with hypertension [22]. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with ellagic acid and then incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The results indicated inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses, and attenuating oxLDL-induced Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) up-regulation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation. Lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as OLR-1, is a class E scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells. LOX-1 seems to represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human atherosclerotic diseases [23]. Adipocyte cells were pretreated with punicalagin and ellagic acid and that caused inhibition of lipolysis reducing MAO activity [24].
\nUrolithin C, a combination of urolithins A and B metabolites of pomegranate and ellagic acid also reduced cholesterol accumulation in the human monocytic cell line THF-1-derived macrophages, but were unable to promote cholesterol outflow. Atherosclerotic processes can be attenuated by urolithins, but future human intervention tests are needed to see if it translates in vivo [23]. The ability of punicic acid (PUA) to modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR activity was determined in 3 T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. PUA activates PPAR, increases PPAR -responsive gene expression and ameliorates diabetes and inflammation [25].
\nPJ concentrate reduced the activation of redox-sensitive genes (ELK-1 and p-JUN) and increased eNOS expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC) exposed to high shear stress in vitro [26]. In vitro study showed that pomegranate leaf, seed and juice repressed cholinesterase activity in a dose dependent manner. Pomegranate juice had also protective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in the
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages of the CNS. The immortalized murine microglial cell line BV-2 has been used frequently as a substitute for primary microglia. Urolithin B inhibited the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibited NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of a nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, IκBα. In addition, urolithin B suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and Protein kinase B Akt, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, which is associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes [28, 29]. In another study, lipopolysaccharide LPS-treated cultured astrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells were investigated for anti-neuroinflammatory effects of punicalagin (PUN). It was found that PUN inhibits LPS-induced memory impairment via anti-inflammatory and anti-amylogenic mechanisms through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NF-κB activation [30]. The above results may be a solution to Alzheimer Disease [31].
\nClinical studies in hypertensive and/or obese patients receiving pomegranate juice have shown a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure [32, 33, 34, 35, 36] and a concomitant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Juice intake also led to a significant reduction in the by-products of fat peroxidation and protein and inflammatory biomarkers. Patients taking pomegranate-containing nutrient supplements had lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels but the cardiovascular risk did not recover [37].
\nA number of clinical trials in humans proved the positive effects of pomegranate juice in the protection of central nervous system (CNS). Maternal pomegranate juice absorption in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) showed differences in the infant brain and structure [38].
\nWhen PJ was given in diabetic rats it was observed decreased blood glucose, lipid levels, and inflammatory biomarkers [39]. In another study using obese Zucker rats, intake of pomegranate juice (PJ) or fruit extract PFE caused a decrease of inflammation factors and increase of plasma nitrate and nitrite (NOx) [40] In a study involving diabetic rats, they were given pomegranate seed powder (PS). Increased blood cholesterol, LDL and HDL lipoprotein were found [39, 41] while systolic blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme coronary activity decreased [42]. Pomegranate peel (PPE), flower (PFE) and seed (PSO) given in obese mice decreased fasting blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 [43] and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) [25]. PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a role in various cellular functions as well as glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and avoidance of oxidative stress. Pigs with hypercholesterolemia were given a pomegranate extract which caused reduction of systemic oxidative stress [33]. Pomegranate supplementation also exhibits cardiovascular protection improving cardiac hypertrophy in cigarette smoke in sight animals [11].
\nPreclinical trials in animal models added research results to the positive effects of pomegranate in CNS. In a rat model of Parkinsonism induced by rotenone, pomegranate juice treatment resulted in protection against oxidative destruction and improvement of neuronal durability [44]. Besides, in a rat model of maternal inflammation, pomegranate juice caused inhibition of fetal brain apoptosis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB activation [45] (Table 1).
\nPomegranate part/substance | \nVasculoprotective effect (in vitro/in vivo) | \nRef. | \nNeuroprotective effect (in vitro/in vivo) | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Pomegranate juice/peel extract/seed | \nReduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (clinical studies/in vivo) Significant reduction in the by-products of fat peroxidation and protein and inflammatory biomarkers (clinical studies/in vivo) Decreased blood glucose, lipid levels, and inflammatory biomarkers (preclinical studies/in vivo) Improved insulin sensitivity, increased levels of interleukin-10 and activated PPARγ (preclinical studies/in vivo) Reduction of systemic oxidative stress (preclinical studies/in vivo) Reduced the activation of redox-sensitive genes (ELK-1 and p-JUN) and increased eNOS expression (in vitro) | \nAsgary et al. [32], Lynn et al. [35], Haghighian et al. [34], Asgary et al. [33], Moazzen and Alizadeh [36] Wu et al. [37] Taheri et al. [39], De Nigris et al. [40], Dos Santos et al. [42] Harzallah et al. [43], Hontecillas et al. [25] Asgary et al. [33] Nigris et al. [26] | \nProtection against oxidative destruction and improvement of neuronal durability (preclinical studies/in vivo) Inhibition of fetal brain apoptosis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB activation (preclinical studies/in vivo) Repressed cholinesterase activity, Inhibition COX-2 and MAO-A enzymes (in vitro) | \nKujawska et al. [44] Ginsberg et al. [45] Amri et al. [46], Les et al. [27] | \n
Ellagic acid, punicalagin, urolithin | \nInhibition of NADPH oxidase, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses, attenuating oxLDL-induced LOX-1 up-regulation and eNOS down-regulation (in vitro) inhibition of lipolysis reducing MAO activity (in vitro) Increased PPAR -responsive gene expression and amelioration of diabetes and inflammation (in vitro) | \nLee et al. [23] Les et al. [24] Hontecillas et al. [25] Yuan et al. [20] | \nProtective effect in neurotoxicity and paralysis (in vitro) Inhibition of the production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB activity, IκBα and Protein kinase B Akt (in vitro) | \nYuan et al. [20] Lee et al. [29], DaSilva et al. [28], Kim et al. [30], AlMatar et al. [31] | \n
Vasculoprotective and neuroprotective effects of pomegranate and their substances/metabolites in in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies.
Methods used are extensively described in literature (e.g. [21, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]).
\nThe in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the whole parts of pomegranate as well as its main components such as hydrolysable tannins, ellagic acid and urolithins had a positive influence on blood glucose, lipid levels, oxidation stress and neuro/inflammatory biomarkers.
\nThe reviewed studies emphasize the potential benefits and suggest of a wider use of pomegranate and its components as dietary supplements or as adjuncts in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease and Alzheimer disease.
\nThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this chapter.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Stress is any adverse environmental condition that hampers proper growth of plant. Abiotic stress creates adverse effect on multiple procedures of morphology, biochemistry and physiology that are directly connected with growth and yield of plant. Abiotic stress are quantitative trait hence genes linked to these traits can be identified and used to select desirable alleles responsible for tolerance in plant. Plants can initiate a number of molecular, cellular and physiological modifications to react to and adapt to abiotic stress. Crop productivity is significantly affected by drought, salinity and cold. Abiotic stress reduce water availability to plant roots by increasing water soluble salts in soil and plants suffer from increased osmotic pressure outside the root. Physiological changes include lowering of leaf osmotic potential, water potential and relative water content, creation of nutritional imbalance, enhancing relative stress injury or one or more combination of these factors. Morphological and biochemical changes include changes in root and shoot length, number of leaves, secondary metabolite (glycine betaine, proline, MDA, abscisic acid) accumulation in plant, source and sink ratio. Proposed chapter will concentrate on enhancing plant response to abiotic stress and contemporary breeding application to increasing stress tolerance.",book:{id:"9345",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production"},signatures:"Summy Yadav, Payal Modi, Akanksha Dave, Akdasbanu Vijapura, Disha Patel and Mohini Patel",authors:[{id:"186963",title:"Dr.",name:"Summy",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"summy-yadav",fullName:"Summy Yadav"},{id:"308004",title:"Ms.",name:"Payal",middleName:null,surname:"Modi",slug:"payal-modi",fullName:"Payal Modi"},{id:"308005",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Dave",slug:"akanksha-dave",fullName:"Akanksha Dave"},{id:"308006",title:"Ms.",name:"Akdasbanu",middleName:null,surname:"Vijapara",slug:"akdasbanu-vijapara",fullName:"Akdasbanu Vijapara"},{id:"308007",title:"Ms.",name:"Disha",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"disha-patel",fullName:"Disha Patel"},{id:"308008",title:"Ms.",name:"Mohini",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"mohini-patel",fullName:"Mohini Patel"}]},{id:"45540",doi:"10.5772/56621",title:"Genes and QTLs for Rice Grain Quality Improvement",slug:"genes-and-qtls-for-rice-grain-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:3737,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"3554",slug:"rice-germplasm-genetics-and-improvement",title:"Rice",fullTitle:"Rice - Germplasm, Genetics and Improvement"},signatures:"Jinsong Bao",authors:[{id:"52135",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinsong",middleName:null,surname:"Bao",slug:"jinsong-bao",fullName:"Jinsong Bao"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70658",title:"Factors Affecting Yield of Crops",slug:"factors-affecting-yield-of-crops",totalDownloads:4044,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"A good understanding of dynamics involved in food production is critical for the improvement of food security. It has been demonstrated that an increase in crop yields significantly reduces poverty. Yield, the mass of harvest crop product in a specific area, is influenced by several factors. These factors are grouped in three basic categories known as technological (agricultural practices, managerial decision, etc.), biological (diseases, insects, pests, weeds) and environmental (climatic condition, soil fertility, topography, water quality, etc.). These factors account for yield differences from one region to another worldwide. The current chapter will discuss each of these three basic factors as well as providing some recommendations for overcoming them. In addition, it will provide the importance of climate-smart agriculture in the increase of crop yields while facilitating the achievement of crop production in safe environment. This goes in line with the second goal of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of United Nations in transforming our world formulated as end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.",book:{id:"8153",slug:"agronomy-climate-change-food-security",title:"Agronomy",fullTitle:"Agronomy - Climate Change & Food Security"},signatures:"Tandzi Ngoune Liliane and Mutengwa Shelton Charles",authors:[{id:"313819",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliane",middleName:null,surname:"Tandzi",slug:"liliane-tandzi",fullName:"Liliane Tandzi"},{id:"314316",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles Shelton",middleName:null,surname:"Mutengwa",slug:"charles-shelton-mutengwa",fullName:"Charles Shelton Mutengwa"}]},{id:"40178",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",totalDownloads:23030,totalCrossrefCites:81,totalDimensionsCites:146,abstract:null,book:{id:"3060",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",fullTitle:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields"},signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang"}]},{id:"60074",title:"Pollen Germination in vitro",slug:"pollen-germination-in-vitro",totalDownloads:2759,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pollen germination in vitro is a reliable method to test the pollen viability. It also addresses many basic questions in sexual reproduction and particularly useful in wide hybridization. Many pollen germination medium ranging from simple sugars to complex one having vitamins, growth regulators, etc. in addition to various minerals have been standardized to germinate pollen artificially. The different media, successful pollen germination methods, procedures from pollen germination studies with wheat, rye, brinjal, pigeonpea and its wild relatives are discussed.",book:{id:"6659",slug:"pollination-in-plants",title:"Pollination in Plants",fullTitle:"Pollination in Plants"},signatures:"Jayaprakash P",authors:[{id:"235465",title:"Dr.",name:"Jayaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"P",slug:"jayaprakash-p",fullName:"Jayaprakash P"}]},{id:"62376",title:"Genotype × Environment Interaction: A Prerequisite for Tomato Variety Development",slug:"genotype-environment-interaction-a-prerequisite-for-tomato-variety-development",totalDownloads:2297,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world due to its high level of nutrition particularly in vitamins and antioxidants. It is grown in several ecologies of the world due to its adaptability and ease of cultivation. Besides field conditions, tomatoes are grown in controlled environments which range from hydroponics and simple high tunnel structures to highly automated screen houses in advanced countries. However, the yield and quality of the fruits are highly influenced by the environment. This results in unpredictable performances in different growing environments in terms of quality, a phenomenon known as genotype by environment (G × E) interaction which confounds selection efficiency. Various approaches are employed by plant breeders to evaluate and address the challenges posed by genotype by environment interaction. This chapter discusses various field and controlled environments for growing tomatoes and the effect of these environments on the performance of the crop. The various types of genotype × environment interactions and their effect of the tomato plant are discussed. Finally, efforts are made to suggest ways and methods of mitigating the confounding effects of genotype × environment interaction including statistical approaches.",book:{id:"6422",slug:"recent-advances-in-tomato-breeding-and-production",title:"Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production"},signatures:"Michael Kwabena Osei, Benjamin Annor, Joseph Adjebeng-\nDanquah, Agyemang Danquah, Eric Danquah, Essie Blay and Hans\nAdu-Dapaah",authors:[{id:"204223",title:"Dr.",name:"Agyemang",middleName:null,surname:"Danquah",slug:"agyemang-danquah",fullName:"Agyemang Danquah"},{id:"217531",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michael Kwabena",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"michael-kwabena-osei",fullName:"Michael Kwabena Osei"},{id:"217760",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Adjebeng-Danquah",slug:"joseph-adjebeng-danquah",fullName:"Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah"},{id:"217768",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Annor",slug:"benjamin-annor",fullName:"Benjamin Annor"},{id:"247378",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Danquah",slug:"eric-y.-danquah",fullName:"Eric Y. Danquah"},{id:"248095",title:"Prof.",name:"Essie",middleName:null,surname:"Blay",slug:"essie-blay",fullName:"Essie Blay"},{id:"248096",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Adu-Dapaah",slug:"hans-adu-dapaah",fullName:"Hans Adu-Dapaah"}]},{id:"45153",title:"Irrigation of Sandy Soils, Basics and Scheduling",slug:"irrigation-of-sandy-soils-basics-and-scheduling",totalDownloads:5600,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3357",slug:"crop-production",title:"Crop Production",fullTitle:"Crop Production"},signatures:"Mohamed S. Alhammadi and Ali M. Al-Shrouf",authors:[{id:"78245",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Salman",surname:"Alhammadi",slug:"mohamed-alhammadi",fullName:"Mohamed Alhammadi"},{id:"159904",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shrouf",slug:"ali-al-shrouf",fullName:"Ali Al-Shrouf"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"29",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81888",title:"Reducing Soil Compaction from Equipment to Enhance Agricultural Sustainability",slug:"reducing-soil-compaction-from-equipment-to-enhance-agricultural-sustainability",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104489",abstract:"The compaction of agricultural soils cannot be solved, only managed. As a compressible media, soil travel without causing some collapse of the existing structure is impossible. If left uncorrected, farmers can see up to a 50% reduction in yield from long-term compaction. This chapter will describe the effects of soil compaction on the environment, crop quality, and economic sustainability. The base causes will be examined, along with the engineering designs for vehicles that minimize the problem. The tracks versus tires debate will be thoroughly discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each system will be detailed. It will be shown that although tires represent the likely current best economic option for vehicle support, the potential of tracks to reduce compaction has been fully exploited. The advantages of four-wheel drive vehicles in reducing soil compaction will be shown, along with the mitigation potential of independently driven wheels and active soil interaction feedback loops. The design of crop production tillage equipment and tillage tool working points will be explored, along with the concept of critical tillage depth. Equipment for compaction relief will also be discussed, as will the sustainable agricultural protocols of cover crops, crop rotation, and controlled traffic farming.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Michael M. Boland, Young U. Choi, Daniel G. Foley, Matthew S. Gobel, Nathan C. Sprague, Santiago Guevara-Ocana, Yury A. Kuleshov and Robert M. Stwalley III"},{id:"81378",title:"Sustainability-Based Review of Irrigation Schemes Performance for Sustainable Crop Production in Nigeria",slug:"sustainability-based-review-of-irrigation-schemes-performance-for-sustainable-crop-production-in-nig",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103980",abstract:"Irrigated agriculture has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-economic development in the face of rapid population growth and climatic uncertainties. In northern Nigeria, irrigation has long been identified as the key to achieving the much-desired increase in food production to meet the ever-increasing population. However, the existing irrigation schemes encountered several challenges coming from different dimensions including economic, social, environmental, institutional and technological. To attain sustainable crop production, this paper attempts to uncover the underline challenges confronting irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria that cut across sustainability pillars. The findings revealed that irrigation schemes contributed immensely toward achieving food security and improving the wellbeing of rural dwellers. However, the huge investment in large- and medium-scale irrigation schemes have resulted in massive economic losses. This could be attributed to their under-utilization, poor management and abandonment although few ones are performing remarkably well. The study recommends the need to adopt new water allocation and application methods that can improve water use efficiency, users-managers join approach (participatory), effective and competent institutions which include improved monitoring, evaluation and surveillance systems, frequent policy review to suit the situation, law enforcement, and timely sensitization and awareness campaigns.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Nura Jafar Shanono, Nura Yahaya Usman, Mu’azu Dantala Zakari, Habibu Ismail, Shehu Idris Umar, Sunusi Abubakar Amin and Nuraddeen Mukhtar Nasidi"},{id:"81274",title:"Toward the Recent Advances in Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE): Strategies to Improve Phosphorus Availability to Plants",slug:"toward-the-recent-advances-in-nutrient-use-efficiency-nue-strategies-to-improve-phosphorus-availabil",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102595",abstract:"Achieving high nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and high crop productivity has become a challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environmental conditions. Higher NUE by plants could reduce fertilizer input costs, decrease the rate of nutrient losses, and enhance crop yields. Nitrogen and Phosphorus are the most limiting nutrients for crop production in many of the world’s agricultural areas, and their efficient use is important for the economic sustainability of cropping systems. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of N and P in soil-plant systems creates a unique and challenging environment for its efficient management. Although numerous fertilizer recommendation methods have been proposed to improve NUE, technologies and innovative management practices are still lacking. Therefore, maximizing crop phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) would be helpful in reducing the use of inorganic phosphorus fertilizers and their escape in the environment for sustainable agriculture. Improvement of PUE in cropping systems can be achieved through two main strategies: optimizing agronomic practice and breeding nutrient efficient crop cultivars that improves P-acquisition and -utilization efficiency. These strategies are needed for future food security and sustainable agriculture. The major revised points are the following: concept of NUE, application of nutrient stewardship, cereal-legume intercropping, regulating soil pH, etc., for enhancing phyto-availability of P and breeding P-efficient crop cultivars that can produce more biomass with lesser P costs and that acquire more P in P-stress condition. These approaches consider economic, social, and environmental dimensions essential to sustainable agricultural systems and afford a suitable context for specific NUE indicators.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Addisu Ebbisa"},{id:"81179",title:"Crop Diversification an Effective Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture Development",slug:"crop-diversification-an-effective-strategy-for-sustainable-agriculture-development",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102635",abstract:"Sustainable agricultural practices involve a variety of approaches. The most important approached for sustainable agriculture development is crop diversification. It allowing the farmers to employ biological cycles to minimize inputs, conserve the resource base, maximize yields and also reduce the risk due to ecological and environmental factors. It serves as an important opportunity to augment income and employment generation for rural communities. Crop diversification promotes the interaction of beneficial soil bacteria, interrupts the disease cycle, and reduces the quantity of weeds. Crop diversification boosts land-use efficiency and crop output by improving the physical and chemical qualities of soil. Crop diversification shows a lot of scope to alleviating the problems such as resurgence of insects-pests and weeds, soil degradation, environmental pollution, soil salinity, decline farm profit and climate change. Crop diversification through crop intensification system enhanced the net returns, B:C ratio, and overall system productivity of a farm. In order to achieve the benefits of crop diversification farmers are shifting from low value low yielding crops to high value high yielding crops. Thus, crop diversification has the sound capacity for achieving the goal of nutritional security, income growth, food security, employment generation and sustainable agriculture development.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Anamika Barman, Priyanka Saha, Shashank Patel and Anurag Bera"},{id:"80867",title:"Potential Applications of Rhizobacteria as Eco-Friendly Biological Control, Plant Growth Promotion and Soil Metal Bioremediation",slug:"potential-applications-of-rhizobacteria-as-eco-friendly-biological-control-plant-growth-promotion-an",totalDownloads:66,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102657",abstract:"Modern agriculture has an immense problem in the depletion of agricultural productivity owing to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Agriculture’s sustainability and safety are dependent on ecologically friendly practices. Plant rhizobia have been proven to have an important role in disease control, as well as promoting plant growth, productivity, and biomass. Rhizobacteria are soil bacteria that live on the root surface and either directly or indirectly contribute to plant development. Rhizobia are used to induce mediated immune resistance through the manufacture of lytic enzymes, antibiotics, phytoalexins, phytohormone, metabolites. It supports the growth of plants through nitrogen fixation, nutrient enrichment, phosphate solubilization and phytohormone synthesis. In addition, it supports plants during different stresses such as temperature, osmotic, heavy metal and oxidative stress. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have the ability to control heavy metal pollution of soils as well as enhancing plant growth in these soils. Efficient bioremediation is possible by using rhizobacterial inoculants, still, the distribution and functioning of microbes in the rhizosphere need to be fully explored. This review focuses on the effectiveness, biomonitoring processes and function in promoting plant development. Rhizobia application can be considered an alternative method for the improvement of biodiversity, agriculture, and the environment.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Nafeesa Farooq Khan, Aatifa Rasool, Sheikh Mansoor, Sana Saleem, Tawseef Rehman Baba, Sheikh Maurifatul Haq, Sheikh Aafreen Rehman, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Simona Mariana Popescu"},{id:"80653",title:"Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables and Their Toxic Effects on Human Health",slug:"heavy-metal-contamination-in-vegetables-and-their-toxic-effects-on-human-health",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102651",abstract:"Vegetables are a prevalent nutrition for people all over the world because they are high in important nutrients, antioxidants, and metabolites that function as buffers for acidic compounds created during digestion. Vegetables, on the other hand, absorbed both vital and poisonous substances through the soil. Possible human health concerns, including as cancer and renal damage, have been linked to the consumption of heavy metal-contaminated vegetables (HMs). Heavy metals like Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg were found in high concentrations in popular vegetables such as Amaranthus tricolour L., Chenopodium album L., Spinacia oleracea, Coriandrum sativum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum melongena. The toxicity, fortification, health hazard, and heavy metals sources grown in soil are detailed in this review study.",book:{id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg"},signatures:"Seema Manwani, Vanisree C.R., Vibha Jaiman, Kumud Kant Awasthi, Chandra Shekhar Yadav, Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Pritam P. Pandit and Garima Awasthi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"208123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari-Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe",slug:"mari-carmen-uribe",fullName:"Mari-Carmen Uribe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"