Cytoplasmic diversity in rice CMS.
\r\n\tOver the past few decades, there has been a rationalization for better classification of dystonia and paying more attention to understanding the different causes of dystonic movements from the advanced study of genetics, neurophysiology, and functional imaging in various forms of dystonia.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-478-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-477-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-479-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"1b011946aab26d18e0f4cfa61eb4249a",bookSignature:" Tamer Rizk",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12307.jpg",keywords:"Dystonia, Mutation, Genetic Variant, Exome Sequencing, Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Myoclonus Dystonia Syndrome, Dystonia-Hemolytic Anemia, Wilson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Neuroferritinopathy, Neurodegenerative Disorder",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Rizk’s research focuses on various subspecialties in the field of pediatric neurology, specifically movement disorders and spasticity. 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This phenomenon has aided agriculture and captivated geneticists for over centuries for the development of superior cultivar in many crops [1]. Suitable allelic combination and manipulation has made yield advantage in hybrid than HYVs. It covers large acreage for many crops, including rice, and has affected agrarian practices and the seed business across the world. Heterosis had been exploited in several practical ways for centuries before Darwin provided an early scientific explanation in maize. In rice, heterosis was first reported by Jonse [2]. However, owing to its self-pollinating nature (0.3–3.0% out-crossing), heterosis could be realized during middle of second half of the twentieth century after identification and development of the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) source. Subsequently, China, under the leadership of Yuan Long Ping, started work on the development of hybrid rice (HR) with a vision to make it possible to be commercial. He identified a natural male sterile mutant plant in rice (
In India, systematic research on hybrid rice was initiated during 1989 when the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched a special goal-oriented and time-bound project, “Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrids in Selected Crops,” for rice at 12 network centers. Around 4 years (1989–1993) of rigorous research efforts have rewarded substantially, and India became the second country after China to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. The first hybrid variety APRH-1 was released by APRRI, Maruteru, for Andhra Pradesh in 1993–1994. So far, 117 rice hybrids (36 from public organization and 81 from private sector) were developed, suitable for different ecology and duration ranging from 115 to 150 days, covering 3.0 mha, which accounted for ~7.0% of the total rice acreage in India (Varietal Improvement, Progress report) [3].
Hybrid rice technology has substantial yielding ability that is able to enhance farm productivity ~15–25% more than inbred varieties. Given its yield advantage and economic importance, several hybrids in rice have been commercialized in more than 40 countries, which has created a huge seed industry worldwide. Moreover, this venture also has great service opportunity and generates additional employment for the poorer [1]. However, it has some limitations in generation of hybrids, seed production, and marginal heterosis. Success of the hybrid depends on their parental combination, adaptability, and allelic interactions, and hence, faces several problems like unstable male sterility (MS), non-abundancy in cytoplasmic diversity, inherited CMS load, low seed producibility in seed parent, poor grain and eating quality, lack of responsive parents for biotic and abiotic stresses, hybrid sterility, marginal heterosis in
A schematic representation of hybrid rice technology (seed production, trait improvement, yield evaluation, etc.).
Rice is a strict self-pollinated crop; commercial exploitation of heterosis requires some parental specificity which could excludes manual emasculation. The invention of naturally occurred male sterility (MS) in rice thus played substantial role in realization of heterosis in rice. Following are the genetic tools as mentioned in various heads are required for development and commercialization of hybrid in rice:
The male sterility (MS) in plants is the condition where the male reproductive organ, anthers, loses its ability to dehisce and produce viable pollen and thus encourages the allogamous nature of reproduction. This is crucial breeding tools to harness heterosis that exclude additional efforts of emasculation which is cumbersome process. In plants, male sterility is conditioned either by mitochondrial or nucleus genome or in associations. The male sterility in plant was first observed by Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter in 1763 and later it was reported in >610 plant species. In rice, it was reported by Sampath and Mohanty [4] at ICAR-NRRI (formerly CRRI), Cuttack by studying the differences in male fertility in
CMS group | Associated ORF | Protein | Cytoplasm source | Representative CMS-line |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Cytoplasmic male sterile line | ||||
a. | ||||
BT-CMS (G) | Membrane protein | Chinsurah Boro II/Taichong 65 | Liming A, Xu 9201A | |
LD-CMS (G) | UK | UK | Lead Rice (Burmese | Fujisaka 5A |
Dian1-CMS (G) | UK | UK | Yunnan high altitude landrace rice ( | Yongjing2A, Ning67A |
HL-CMS (G) | Membrane protein | Red-awned wild rice ( | Yuetai A, Luohong 3A4 | |
b. | ||||
WA-CMS (S) | Membrane protein | Wild abortive rice ( | Zhenshan97 A, V20A, IR58025A, CRMS31A, etc. | |
Kalinga-I-CMS (S) | UK | UK | Kalinga-I ( | CRMS 32A |
D-CMS (S) | UK | UK | D-Shan A, D62A | |
DA-CMS (S) | UK | UK | Dwarf abortive rice ( | Xieqingzao A |
GA-CMS (S) | UK | UK | Gambiaca ( | Gang 46A |
ID-CMS (S) | UK | UK | Indonesia paddy rice ( | II 32A, You1A |
K-CMS (S) | UK | UK | K52( | K-17A |
CMS-RT102 (S) | Membrane protein | RT102A | ||
CMS-RT98A (G) | Membrane protein | RT98A | ||
LX-CMS | UK | UK | Luihui rice ( | Yue 4A |
Maxie-CMS | UK | UK | MS mutant of Maweizhan ( | Maxie A |
NX-CMS | UK | UK | Selected from F2 male sterile plants in the progeny of Wanhui 88 ( | Neixiang 2A, Neixiang5A |
Y-CMS | UK | UK | Yegong ( | Y Huanong A |
CW-CMS (G) | Mitochondrial protein | IR24A, IR64A | ||
2. Environment-sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) | ||||
PGMS | Noncoding RNA | Nongken 58S, PGMS mutant of | 7001S, N5088S | |
P/TGMS | noncoding RNA | Photoperiod and temperature sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) derived from Nongken 58S | Pei’ai 64S | |
TGMS | Nuclease enzyme | Spontaneous TGMS mutants of Annong S-1 and Zhu 1S | Guangzhan 63S5, Xinan S | |
rPGMS | MYB transcript regulator | Carbon starved anther | 9522S |
Cytoplasmic diversity in rice CMS.
Note: “S” stands for sporophytic male sterility and “G” stands for gametophytic male sterility.
The CMS is a maternally hereditary trait instigated by improper communication between cytoplasmic and nuclear genome [5]. Gene(s)/genic block(s)-conditioned cytoplasmic male sterility is chimeric construct, which evolved due to rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome (Figure 2). In rice, several types of CMS have been identified and characterized, having diversified mechanism in MS expression. Wild abortive (WA-CMS), a sporophytic MS system, is widely utilized in hybrid development. It is found to be caused by a constitutive mitochondrial gene WA352c located downstream of
Schematic presentation of rice CMS types, where WA stands for wild abortive, BT is for boro type, HL for Honglian, LD for lead rice, CW is for Chinese wild rice, RT102A and RT98A, respectively.
The GMS in rice is conditioned generally by recessive nuclear genes and exert showing normal Mendelian inheritance. Owing to difficulties in their maintenance (occurrence of only 50% sterility in F1), GMS could not be part of rice hybrid breeding program. Some GMS lines has shown threshold nature in MS expression where male sterility occurs in specific environmental regime (high temperature and long day length); hence called environment sensitive genetic male sterile (EGMS). The GMS line shows male sterility at elevated temperature, that is, >30°C is called temperature sensitive male sterility (TGMS) whereas male sterility in long day length, that is, >13.5 h is called photoperiod-sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS). The male sterility in EGMS line is found to be revert into male fertile in favorable temperature (<30°C) and day length (<12.5 h) which provide its unique opportunity to be utilized in hybrid rice breeding program. The rice lines exert MS impression under long photoperiod and elevated temperature are referred as P/TGMS, for example, Pei’ai 64S. The EGMS lines, PGMS-Nongken 58S (NK58S) and TGMS-Annong S-1 and Zhu1S or derivatives are utilized extensively in majority (>95%) of the two-line hybrid program. Among, derivatives of NK58S are exerts either P/TGMS or even TGMS (e.g., Guangzhan 63S), the mechanism underlying to such dramatic changes yet to be revealed. Recently, a novel type of EGMS (
The genetically engineered male sterile line M2BSin rice is developed by transformation of
The rice CMS is found to be restored by nuclear genome, that is, mono or oligo nuclear loci called restorer gene. In rice, a total of 10
S. No. | Locality | Marker | CMS system | Restorer line | Causative gene | Encoded product | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chr-10 | InDel-Rf1a | CMS-BT | BTR, IR24, MTC10R; C 9083 | PPR8–1, PPR791, | PPR | [13] | |
2 | Chr-2 | CAPS42–1 | CMS-LD | Kasalath, Minghui 63 | LOC_Os02g17380.1 | Gly. Rich protein | [14] | |
3 | Chr-1 | DRRM-Rf3–10 | CMS-WA | Swarna, PUSA 33 | — | PPR | [15] | |
4 | Chr-10 | RM6100 | CMS-WA | IR 24, Pusa 33, CRL 22R | PPR782a | PPR | [15] | |
5 | Chr-10 | RM3150 | CMS-HL | Milyang 23 | PPR791 | PPR | [16] | |
6 | Chr-10 & 8 | RM5373 | CMS-HL | — | — | — | [16] | |
7 | Chr-4 | AT10.5–1, SNP 7–16 | CMS-CW | CWR | PPR2 | RNA interference | [17] | |
8 | Chr-10 | UK | CMS-RT98A | RT98C | PPR762 | PPR | [18] | |
9 | Chr-12 | UN | CMS-RT102A | RT102C, K102- | UK | UK | [19] |
Restorer genes in rice plants.
Commercial hybrid seed production in rice where natural out-crossing (ranged only 0.3–3.0%) is very low, cumbersome, and an expansive task. To be practical and readily adoptable, it requires some specific parental requirements and agro-management practices. Invention of male sterile lines thus provided unique opportunity to start with the technology in rice. Based on mechanism of male sterility, threshold nature in male sterility expression and number of parental lines used, three types of hybrid seed production system namely three-line system (involving three parents, A, B, and R), two-line system (two parents, A and R), and one-line system (apomictic-based) exist. Among them, CGMS-based three-line system is more suitable, hence widely utilized (>90% of world’s hybrids developed utilizing this) in hybrid rice varietal development and seed production.
This system involves three parents such as male sterile line (A-line, cytoplasmic male sterile), B-line (maintainer), and R (restorer) lines and two steps in seed production, that is, CMS multiplication and hybrid seed production under strict isolation (spatial or temporal or physical barrier). Male sterile line (A-line), because of their eliminated manual emasculation needs, served as seed parent and facilitates large-scale seed production. A suitable CMS line to be utilized as seed parent should have complete and stable male sterility, substantial seed producibility, wide compatibility, and good combining ability with minimum CMS load. The wealthy panicle and narrow semi-erect leaf configuration in seed parent has additional impact, assures more seed production. In Indian perspective, hybrid seed production is a major dilemma, generally keen to
The maintainer (B-line), on the other hand, is an isogenic to the CMS line (differs only for fertility/sterility) in their genetic constitution, able to produce functional pollen and maintain the sterility in male sterile line/seed parent. The maintainer line can maintain 100% male sterility in seed parent thus utilized to perpetuate CMS with their inherent male sterile ability.
In contrast, restorer line can restore male fertility in F1s produced on male sterile parent, thus utilized as pollen parent in hybrid seed production. A good restorer should have substantial genetic distance with seed parent which is prerequisite and major determinant of the extent of heterosis in hybrids (more genetic distance more heterosis and
This system is a simple and more efficient hybrid breeding system in rice, involves only two parents, that is, A and R line in seed production, thus, referred as two-line system. This is a threshold of genetic male sterility (EGMS)-based hybrid rice breeding system, where male sterility is conditioned in specific environmental regimes such as long photoperiod (>13.5 h day length) and at elevated temperature (>30°C). In this system, male sterile parents are to be maintained by selfing under favorable conditions (below critical sterility point, i.e., <30°C temperature and at below CSP of photoperiod length, <12.5 h.).
Two-line hybrid seed production system is an easy and effective alternative to CMS and has specific advantages as it requires only one step for seed production. In this system, any good combiner genotype irrespective of their fertility restoration ability can be utilized as a pollen parent. EGMS system is normal and does not exert any ill effect in the growth and development of carrier plant, and thus, exploits comparatively higher extent of heterosis (up to 5–10%) in F1 than the CGMS-based three-line system. The EGMS traits are governed by major genes, thus are easily transferable to any genetic background; besides, no CMS load could be helpful in reducing the potential vulnerability among the hybrids. Because of its eliminating needs for restorer genes in the male parents, this is ideal for developing inter-subspecific (
In this system, seeds of rice hybrid once generated need not to be further produced in the hybrid seed production plot. This system is solely based on apomixes phenomenon (embryo developed apart from mixing of sexual gametes/fertilization) where the embryo developed without fertilization. In this system, hybrid seeds once generated will be maintained through apomixes in their original heterozygous form. The apomictic embryo is formed in the ovule via two fundamentally different pathways, sporophytic or gametophytic, which define the origin of the apomictic embryo [21]. In sporophytic apomixes, the embryo arises directly from the nucellus or the integument of the ovule in a process generally called adventitious embryony. In gametophytic apomixis, two mechanisms are generally recognized, diplospory and apospory. In both of these, an embryo sac is formed and the two mechanisms are distinguished by the origin of the cells that give rise to the apomictic embryo sac. In diplospory, the embryo sac originates from megaspore mother cells either directly by mitosis and/or after interrupted meiosis. In apospory, the embryo sac originates from nucellar cells. In both gametophytic mechanisms, the resulting nuclei forming the embryo sac are of the same ploidy as those found in the female parent because the reduction division cycle of meiosis does not occur. The embryo arises autonomously from one of the cells in the embryo sac.
In a recent adventure, Delphine et al. reported three genes such as SPO11–1, REC8, and OSD1 in the sexual model plant
Hybrid technology is one of the greatest innovations in the modern era, contributed greatly in yield enhancement in several important crops. Over the decades of rigorous research, Chinese could develop parental lines, that is, cytoplasmic male-sterile line, maintainer line, and restorer line which assisted in the realization of heterosis exploitation in rice. Subsequently, hybrid seed production system was refined and world’s first hybrid rice was released for commercial cultivation during 1974 AD. The first generation wild abortive CMS line, that is, Zhenshan 97A was widely utilized and several elite hybrid rice varieties were commercialized. Besides, several CMS with altered genetic mechanism of male sterility expression were also identified and characterized.
At beginning, low seed producibility with WA-CMS was a concern for its commercialization. However, with the keen interest of agronomist, management practices for hybrid seed production were sustainably rationalized. The Chinese government has supported this venture in pilot mode and established large and effective hybrid rice seed businesses in the late 1970s at all levels. Besides, intensive mechanization of hybrid seed production helped in modification of planting ratio (2R: A as 6–8 rows to 40–80 rows) and reducing the cost of production. Therefore, China could achieve seed yield by 2.7–3.0 t/ha on a large scale in hybrid rice seed production, which is further enhanced to 3400 kg/ha and maximizes their acreage.
Over past three decades, hybrid rice varieties have been substantial for national food security in the China which accounted for approximately 57% of the total 30-million-hectare rice planting area. The Ministry of Agriculture, China, has launched project on super hybrid rice development during 1996 which resulted altogether 73 super hybrids (52 three-line hybrids and 21 two-line hybrids) for commercial cultivation. Super hybrid P64S/E32 released recently has recorded new height of yield potential of17.1 t/ha with some striking characteristics [25].
Beside China, this technology has also been introduced and promoted by more than 40 countries around the world. At beginning, IRRI helped technically and supplied prerequisite parental materials. Later, most of the countries could establish their own hybrid rice breeding program and developed several heterotic hybrids. India was the second country after China that adopted this technology in 1989 and made substantial progress. At present, hybrid rice covers around 3.0 mha in India that has 6.8% of total rice area. Vietnam was the next to adopt this technology in 1992, harnessing yield of 6.3–6.8 t/ha from 0.7 mha, which covers around 10% of their rice area. In Philippines, it was introduced in 1993. Several popular hybrids like Magat, Mestizo, Mestizo 2, Mestizo 3, Bigante, Magilla, SL8H, Rizalina 28, etc. were developed and commercialized. Hybrid seed production in Philippines has been handled by “seed growers” cooperatives that are to produce around 60–70%. In Bangladesh, several rice hybrids were introduced and commercialized from China, India, and Philippines. They are almost self-sufficient in hybrid seed production, producing around 8000 tons to cover about 800,000 ha. In order, Indonesia also has substantial hybrid rice area, developed several good rice hybrids like Hipa7, Hipa 8, Hipa9, Hipa10, Hipa11, Hipa12 SBU, Hipa13, Hipa14 SBU, Hipa Jatim1, Hipa Jatim2 and Hipa Jatim3 were extensively commercialized, having yield superiority of 0.7–1.5 tons/ha over the lowland inbred varieties.
USA has adopted this technology during 2000 and has developed and commercialized several two-line and three-line hybrids. Most of the hybrid rice cultivars in USA employed Clearfield (CL) technology offering selective control of weedy red rice. Rice hybrids, viz., Clearfield XL729, Clearfield XL745, Clearfield XP756 (a late maturing) and Clearfield XP4534 (new plant type) has shown yield advantage ranging from 16 to 39% over inbred cultivars are being commercialized by RiceTec.
In India, systematic hybrid rice research was initiated in 1989.The first hybrid rice was released in Andhra Pradesh during 1993–1994 and India became the second country after China to commercialize hybrid rice. India has made substantial progress and developed total 117 (
Hybrids released in India having unambiguous specificity like specific to ecosystem, tolerant to several abiotic/biotic stresses and consumer preferences (Table 3). These hybrid varieties can be utilized to up scale the hybrid rice cultivation and productivity enhancement
S. No. | Stress | Promising hybrids |
---|---|---|
1 | Rain-fed upland | DRRH-2, Pant Sankar Dhan-1, Pant Sankar Dhan-3, and KJTRH-4 |
2 | Salinity | DRRH-28, Pant Sankar Dhan-3, KRH-2, HRI-148, JRH-8, PHB-71, and Rajalaxmi |
3 | Alkalinity | Suruchi, PHB-71, JKRH-2000, CRHR-5, DRRH-2, DRRH-44, and Rajalaxmi |
4 | Rajalaxmi, CRHR-4, CRHR-32, NPH 924–1, PA 6444, Sahyadri, and KRH 2 | |
5 | BB resistant | BS 6444G, Arize Prima, Rajalaxmi, Ajay, CR Dhan 701, PRH 10, etc. |
Rice hybrids tolerant to various stresses.
Hybrids like CRHR 105, CRHR 106, 25P25, 27P31 are suitable for high-temperature regime which has a more deleterious effect on seed development in hybrids. The hybrid varieties, US 382, Indam 200–17, US 312, DRRH3, and JKRH 401 having high N use efficiency are thus found suitable for cultivation in N-deficient soil. Besides, hybrids PNPH 24, RH 1531, and Arize Tej are under mid-early maturity group which can sustain substantially under drought situations. The problems of coastal and shallow lowland ecosystem sharing around 32% of total rice area can be addressed by adopting long-duration hybrids like CRHR 32, Arize Dhani, CRHR 34, CRHR 102, and Sahyadri 5 (Table 4).
Aerobic condition | PSD 3, PSD 1, Rajalaxmi, Ajay, ADTRH 1, PRH 122, DRRH 44, HRI 126, JKRH 3333, and KRH 2 |
Early duration | CRHR 105, CRHR 106, 25P25, 27P31 (heat-tolerant), US 382, Indam 200–17, US 312`, DRRH3, JKRH 401high N use efficient; PNPH 24 and RH 1531, Arize Tej-mid-early drought-tolerant; DRRH2, and KJTRH-4 (upland) |
Long duration | CRHR 32, CRHR 34, CRHR 100, and Sahyadri 5 |
SRI | TNRH CO-4, KRH 4 |
Idly making | VNR 2355+ |
MS grains | CRHR 32, DRRH 3, 27P63, 25P25, and Suruchi |
Aromatic | PRH 122 (slight aroma), PRH 10 |
Hybrids suitable for specific condition.
The ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack has been pioneer to start with the technology in late of seventh decade of last century, quite before the beginning of their project mode program in 1989 by ICAR. In the beginning, ICAR-NRRI has acquired all the prerequisite materials (CMS lines, viz., V 20A, Yar Ai Zhao A, Wu10A, MS 577A,
The latest release CR Dhan 701 (CRHR32) found suitable for irrigated-shallow lowland of Bihar, Gujarat and Odisha having MS grain type with an average yield capacity of 7.5 t/ha. This hybrid shows substantial tolerance to low light intensity, thus having great scope in eastern Indian states where low light limits the potential expression of hybrids/varieties during wet season. Moreover, hybrid Rajalaxmi (125–130 days) was developed utilizing native CMS line CRMS 32A, released by SVRC 2006/CVRC 2010 for irrigated-shallow lowland of Odisha and
To make this technology more sustainable and amenable to farmers, trait development strategy among the parental lines becomes mandatory. The parents of ICAR-NRRI bred hybrids Ajay, Rajalaxmi and CR Dhan 701 has been improved for bacterial blight, the most devastating disease of rice [26]. The submergence and salinity are the major abiotic stresses occur frequently in rain-fed shallow lowland area and causes substantial yield loss in rice. Hence, to cope up with the problems, and make hybrid rice more sustainable during these adversity, ICAR-NRRI has successfully stacked submergence and salinity-tolerant QTLs in the seed parents CRMS 31A and CRMS 32A. To enhance the seed producibility in seed parents, introgression of stigma exsertion trait from O. longistaminata into CRMS 31A and CRMS 32A, are under progress. To excavate the genetic region responding heterosis in rice, transcriptomic analysis of hybrids Rajalaxmi and Ajay are completed and interpreted. Availability of restorers for WA-CMS lines is very stumpy in nature, only 15% of total rice genotypes having the ability to restore complete fertility in WA-CMS-based hybrid rice [15]. Hence, good combiner genotypes having partial fertility restorers Mahalaxmi and Gayatri were improved by introgressing fertility restorer gene(s)
Recent advancement in molecular biology has offered tremendous opportunities to the breeder and breeding
Varietal identity of hybrids and parents is imperative to assure the ownership (IPR issue) and pure seeds to the stakeholders. The genetic purity testing of hybrid seed is done by conducting Grow-Out-Test (GOT) which is time taking (needs one full growing season), tedious and very expensive. Molecular markers in this context found to be a suitable alternative, provide an unbiased means of identifying crop varieties. Among available DNA-based markers, sequence-tagged microsatellites (STMSs), which are co-dominant in nature, are widely used for speedy genetic purity assessment of the hybrids and parental lines [27, 28]. Besides, ICAR-NRRI has developed another set of nine signature markers which can distinguish parents CRMS 31A, CRMS 32A; and hybrids Ajay, Rajalaxmi and CR Dhan 701, unambiguously.
Hybrid rice has been one of the innovations that led the quantum jump in rice productivity last century. However, the challenge of meeting the increasing demand for rice and making hybrid more sustainable under impeding climatic changes, trait development in parental lines for ideal plant type with substantial yield, grain quality, and resistance/tolerance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses is necessary. In this context, conventional breeding is more cumbersome, time taking and less précised. The advancement in molecular breeding techniques makes it convenient to improve the parents and hybrids for desirable traits with great precision. Marker-assisted selection/MABB has provided strong utensils for indirect selection/trace the trait of interest at any plant growth stage. The bacterial blight and blast are the two-major destructive diseases affecting rice plant at different growth stages and caused substantial yield loss. Resistant genes for BB diseases have been deployed successfully in popular hybrids like Rajalaxmi, Ajay [26], BS 6444G, PRH 10 [29], Shanyou 63, Guangzhan63-4S; seed parent of CR Dhan 701; restorers Minghui 63 and Mianhui 725 [5, 26], Zhonghui 8006 and Zhonghui 218, etc. The popular CMS line Rongfeng A, Pusa 6A female parent of popular basmati hybrids PRH 10, RGD-7S, and RGD-8S [30] were successfully stacked with blast and BB resistant gene(s). Besides, CRMS 31A and CRMS 32A were deployed with submergence and salinity tolerance QTLs (NRRI newsletter 2015). Grain and eating quality in hybrids are concerns which are addressed by stacking QTLs/genes for quality traits in parents. Zhenshan 97A seed parent of several hybrids in China has been stacked with QTLs of AC, GC and GT [31]. Efforts were made toward quality improvement of both the parental lines of popular indica hybrids, viz., Xieyou57, using marker-assisted selection for
Limited availability of fertility restorer system in rice makes three-line system very selective and less heterotic. Rice genotypes have fertility restorer ability can only be utilized as pollen parent in three-line hybrid breeding. Identification of genetically compatible, well combining restorers is tedious process, involve laborious test cross generation and evaluation steps. However, prior information on fertility restorer genes in the pollen parent excludes test cross steps thus make it convenient for saving time of hybrid development. Plenty of co-segregating molecular markers (tightly linked or functional markers) for fertility restorer gene(s) having functional specificity to diverse CMS systems are available (Table 2). The genic/functional markers, RM6100 and DRRM Rf3–10 of restorer gene(s)
Hybrid sterility is common nuisance menacing breeder to exploiting heterosis in inter-subspecific (5–10% more heterosis) hybrids. Generally,
Genetic distance and level of genetic gain/breeding value in parents are major determinants of extent of heterosis in the resulting hybrid. Molecular markers help in assessing the genetic diversity among parents and breeding values in progenies (through genomic selection, high-density SNP genotyping) with great convenient. There are abundant STMS and SNP markers available which can be utilized for assessment of genetic diversity/genetic distance between parents and genomic selection in progenies easily [37]. Hence, this is helpful in the selection of diverse parents with maximum breeding values in turn higher heterosis or genetic gain in hybrids.
The extent of genetic variation and selection strategies are keys to the success of heterosis breeding. Accurate assessment and assignment of parental lines into heterotic groups “group of genotypes (related or unrelated) having similar combing ability and heterosis response when crossed with the genotypes of other diverse group” are fundamental prerequisites. Usually it is evaluated by combining ability analysis of parents and hybrids in multi-environment trials. However, advances in molecular marker technology have made it possible to combine information on parental pedigree and field trials with molecular marker data to detect and establish heterotic groups. Several heterotic groups have been developed and utilized for three-line and two-line hybrid development in rice [38].
Omics techniques reported to have great potential in excavation of QTLs/gene(s) responses heterosis in rice. By utilizing genomics tools, many QTLs/genes for several important traits has been mapped, validated, and deployed in trait development in rice. The transcriptomics, an emerging technique helps in genome-scale comparisons of the transcripts of different individuals within the same species/population. It helps in understanding the level of variation for gene expression, as measured by transcript abundance that exists within plant species and between hybrids and their parents. This is useful for identification of transcript and gene
Despite of being remunerative and varietal abundancy, HR technology could not make substantial dent in the rice farming system outside China. The following are the inherited void led poor acceptability and acreage expansion of hybrids:
Outside China, WA-CMS or their lineages are commonly utilized as seed parent in more than 90%rice hybrids. Several alternative MS cytoplasmic sources such as BT-CMS, HL-CMS, and CW-CMS are identified in China, but the hybrid breeding program of other countries relied only on WA-CMS which has several inherited abnormalities. These narrowed genetics of sterile cytoplasm limits the extent heterosis exploitation and make hybrids vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic stresses.
Two-lines and inter-subspecific (
In hybrids, consumable parts are F2 grains, segregating for various quality traits hence very poor in quality limits its acceptability among stakeholders. Therefore, make hybrids more sustainable and popular, quality traits in hybrids needs to be addressed urgently in the country like India where people have vast category of food fondness. Hence, a strong breeding strategy for quality concern in hybrids is needs to be devised and implemented.
Although heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is widely exploited in agriculture, but despite extensive investigation, complete description of its molecular underpinnings has remained elusive. It appears that there is not a single, simple explanation for heterosis. Instead, it is likely that heterosis arises in crosses between genetically distinct individuals because of a diversity of mechanisms. Hence, mining factors responding heterosis in rice will have a substantial role in development and exploiting heterosis in most precise way.
Hybrid sterility is key nuisance in inter-subspecific hybrids, limiting development and commercialization of more heterotic
Inter-subspecific (
In three-line hybrid system, cytoplasm of CMS exerts various unwanted effect (called CMS penalty) and reduces the complete heterosis expression (up to 5–10%) in CGMS hybrids. Iso-cytoplasmic restorer is fertile transgressive segregant of CGMS hybrid, having same cytoplasm as of CMS. In combination with iso-cyto-CMS, it can normalize the fatal cyto-nuclear conflicts, hence enhances the heterosis to substantial extent. In rice, several iso-cytoplasmic restorers has been developed and utilized in hybrid rice research [39].
Low seed producibility (1.5–2.5 t/ha) in the CMS remains a concern, restricts seed abundancy, and area expansion in India. Trait development in seed parent for out-crossing traits like stigma exertion, complete panicle exertion is important and needs to be addressed strategically. Recently, a CMS line, IR-79156A possessing more than 50% out-crossing, developed by IRRI showed seed producibility of 3.5 t/ha.
To maximize genetic gain in rice, breeding of ideal plant type was started long back in Japan and subsequently adopted by China. Through morphological improvement and adopting inter-subspecific (
Inspite of being more cumbersome and high input intense practice, hybrid rice seed production is a profitable venture. It creates additional job opportunity (requires 100–105 more-man days) and provides more net income (around 1050 USD/ha net income, 70% more than the unit production cost) as compared to seed production of HYV (192.0 USD/ha, only 18% more than production cost) (Table 5). The market price of hybrid seed is 3.5–4.25 USD per kg. The farmers producing the hybrid seed get only 1.15–1.30 USD per kg. In case of low production (<5 quintal/acre) farmers get minimum 635.0 USD as compensation from seed production agencies.
Item | Quantity/number (per hectare) | Cost/income (USD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrid seed | HYV | |||
Seed cost | Male | 5 kg @ 0.71 USD/kg | 4 | 28 |
Female | 15 kg @ 5.65 USD/kg | 42 | Nil | |
Labor cost | 250/145 @ 2.83 USD/labor/day | 707 | 410 | |
FYM and fertilizer cost | N:P:K (100:50:50) (based on market price) | 76 | 76 | |
Irrigation | 18–20 Irrigation (weekly) @ 21.20USD/ha/irrigation | 425 | 425 | |
Gibberellic acid | 28 | Nil | ||
Others | 212 | 141 | ||
Total cost | 1494 | 1080 | ||
Average production | 2.0 t/ha | 4.5 | ||
Gross income | Price @ 1.27USD/kg and 0.28USD/kga | 2544 | 1272 | |
Net income | 1050 | 192 |
Cost analysis of hybrid rice seed.
Price of seed is the price given to the farmer.
Source: Verma et al., [40].
Hybrid technology has been substantial in enhancement of rice productivity
Since inception, this technology has a substantial impact in enhancing the productivity and production in crop plant and livelihood of the farming community. In rice, it is adopted worldwide over 40 countries; however, it could not make a substantial dent in outside of China. This chapter has represented the holistic status of hybrid technology in rice along with future research and developmental road map to make this venture more substantial and sustainable for benefiting all stakeholder involves. This chapter identifies the ambiguities held responsible for slow adoption of this technology and probable strategies to get rid of those. Therefore, this chapter will be helpful for researchers and students in planning of future hybrid rice breeding strategies.
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses the principle of scattering electromagnetic waves for its operation. A target buried in soil will have different dielectric properties as compared to soil. This change in dielectric constant will cause a change in amplitude and phase of the signal reflected from the soil with the target as compared to the signal reflected only by the soil. Thus, identifying the change in phase and amplitude of the reflected signal will assist in detecting a target buried in soil [1]. This simple theory may be utilised to design and fabricate a GPR prototype for detecting improvised explosive devices (IEDs) buried in the soil.
Studies related to GPR are being conducted in all advanced countries for almost about three decades. These studies resulted in the development of methodologies that can be employed to develop rugged, portable, and multipurpose GPR. However, all these studies and methodologies aim at producing GPR, which can detect targets, ascertain the depth of the target and provide its pseudo-image [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The final GPR product become complex and cost-prohibitive incorporating all these functions concurrently.
For small detachments of security forces deployed in remote operational areas, the primary requirement of GPR is only to detect the target buried in soil, especially the IEDs. The other functionalities, such as determining the depth of the target and providing the pseudo-image of the target improve the detection value of the GPR, however, they make the system complex and cost-prohibitive and thus making it difficult for all the small detachments to procure them. The requirement is felt to design a low-cost simple GPR system that can only detect IEDs buried in the soil. This chapter intends to present a design and develop a prototype of a low-cost simple GPR for detecting IEDs buried in the soil. To make the product simple and low cost, only capable of detecting buried targets, the proposed system operates on a single frequency as opposed to wideband frequencies used in other commercial products.
The work presented in this chapter includes designing a continuous-wave transmitter and receiver module at a centre frequency of 920 MHz, designing a microcontroller-based module for detection of phase and amplitude variation, designing appropriate transmitter and receiving antennas with enhanced isolation between them, designing a user-friendly frontend and display and make the system online. The final objective of the work is to produce a portable prototype of GPR, which can detect IEDs buried in soil, for use of security personnel. The product design has been validated to detect both metals and non-metals buried objects in different kinds of soils and sand. The product is sensitive enough to detect a small bunch of wire and the maximum depth of detection achieved is 65 cm in loose semi-dry soil for a circular steel target of a radius of 12.5 cm. These experiments demonstrate that the prototype fabricated is capable of detecting IEDs buried in the soil.
The focus of the work is to design a low-cost GPR and use it only for the detection of the buried target. Thus, instead of operating using a wideband of frequencies [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] which provide other functionalities, such as providing exact depth and pseudo-image of the target, only a single-frequency operation is chosen to make the system simple and low cost capable of only detecting the target. A major problem in detecting a small target by the GPR is the masking of the low-power target reflected signal by relatively high mutual coupling between the antennas. To solve this issue, software pre-processing techniques, such as Background subtraction algorithm [9, 10], Displacement-based technique [11, 12], blind sources separation (BSS) techniques [13, 14], and hardware-based pre-processing techniques, such as filtering [15, 16], antenna polarisation technique [17, 18] and time gating techniques [19, 20], have been reported. These techniques make the system complex and cost-prohibitive too. This chapter explains in detail a simple low-cost but highly effective technique of enhancing isolation between transmitting and receiving antennas to resolve the issue of mutual coupling between antennas affecting the detection capability of the GPR. It is demonstrated that by introducing a cavity-backing on a rectangular microstrip antenna a destructive interface between direct and scattered radiation from the cavity rim yields maximum isolation for an optimised combination of cavity height and separation between two antennas. The cavity-backing yields maximum isolation of 71.4 dB and a minimum of 49.1 dB within a narrow BW of 5% for the centre frequency of operation at 920 MHz. The use of this proposed antenna with enhanced isolation makes the GPR highly sensitive and effective. The cavity-backing technique has demonstrated enhancing isolation in wideband operation also in which a double cavity-backing yielded uniform high isolation of more than 40 dB for a BW of 64% for the centre frequency of operation of 2.6 GHz.
Following sections of the chapter cover system implementation, the concept of enhancing isolation between antennas and implementation of the same, prototype fabrication, and results of various experiments and discussions.
The design and implementation process of a homodyne continuous-wave (CW) GPR to be used in detecting IEDs is discussed in this section. The frequency of 920 MHz has been used as the operating frequency for the product designed because, at this frequency, the depth of detection can be nearly 1 m with good resolution [3]. The work intends to satisfy the optimum hardware requirement of GPR at the aforementioned frequency and hence concentrates on the design and integration of oscillator, filter, power divider, in-phase, and quadrature-phase (IQ) demodulator, antenna, etc. A block diagram depicting the various components of the designed system is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of a transmitter subsection, a receiver subsection, antennas, a data acquisition system, and an online display system which has been elaborated on in the following sub-sections.
Block diagram of the proposed low-cost GPR.
A single PCB has been designed for the transmitter, receiver, and microcontroller to make the system compact. The PCB is fabricated on a 1.6 mm FR-4 substrate with εr = 4.4 and tanδ = 0.02. The PCB designed along with all the components soldered is depicted in Figure 2(a). Figure 2(b) depicts Arduino Uno (microcontroller) and the 6 V DC, 48 AH battery connected to the PCB. Designing a transmitter, a receiver, and a data acquisition sub-system are discussed in the following subsections.
PCB design (a) All components soldered (b) Ardiono and battery connected.
The transmitter comprises a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which is designed to generate 920 MHz, as shown in Figure 2(a). The VCO unit has been designed using the BFP520 transistor in the Colpitts oscillator configuration [21]. BBY52 varactor diodes have been used for varying frequencies. A resistive power divider designed sends a part of this signal generated to the I-Q demodulator, which is used as a reference signal while demodulating.
It receives the reflected signal from the ground and passes it through the low noise amplifier (LNA) for amplification. SGL 0622 LNA [22] has been used which provides a noise figure (NF) of less than 1.5 dB at 920 MHz and offers a gain of 30 dB. Inductive biasing is used to reduce noise. Following the LNA, a microstrip based three pole bandpass filter [23] is placed which is designed at the centre frequency of operation. Following this bandpass filter, a demodulator acting as phase and amplitude detector is placed. AD8347 [24] is used as a direct quadrature demodulator. It receives a reference signal from the transmitter end and provides amplitude ratio and phase difference between the transmitted and received signal. The amplitude and phase information are digitised, and the information obtained is displayed on a laptop.
Two identical transmitting and receiving rectangular microstrip antennas (RMSAs) resonating at 920 MHz have been designed using formulas given in Ref. [25]. The design of antennas augmented with the cavity backing to enhance the isolation between transmitting and receiving antennas is given in detail in Ref. [26]. It is of paramount importance to have enhanced isolation between the transmitting and receiving antenna so that a weak target reflected signal is not masked by the comparative high mutual coupling between the antennas.
The concept used to enhance isolation between the antennas is that when a cavity is introduced in co-located antennas, it makes two RF coupling paths between the two co-located antennas; one is direct and the other is via the cavity wall, as depicted in Figure 3(a). With an optimised height of the cavity rim at a given separation between antennas, comparable electric fields from these two paths can be made out of phase (180°), cancelling each other, which can lead to maximising isolation between them. However, this technique will work only for narrowband operation because coupling path length is dependent on operating wavelength. For wideband operation, a multi cavity-backed structure is required where each cavity provides optimum path length for a particular narrow band of frequencies.
(a) Concept used to enhance isolation between antennas (b) Simulated structure of two cavity-backed antennas for measuring isolation (S21) between them.
Extensive simulations have been done using Microwave CST software to find this combination of optimum cavity height (h) and separation (x) between the antennas which yield maximum isolation. Figure 3(b) depicts a schematic diagram of two cavity-backed microstrip antennas with a separating distance of x for simulating isolation. Tables 1 and 2 give the results of these simulations. The work has been elaborated in Ref. [26].
Ser. no | x (mm) | |S21| (dB) | Ser no | x (mm) | |S21| (dB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
i. | 30 | 35 | vi. | 120 (0.36 λ) | 54.6 |
ii. | 60 | 41.1 | vii. | 130 | 51.26 |
iii. | 90 | 52 | viii. | 150 | 50 |
iv. | 110 | 52.5 | ix. | 210 | 47.3 |
v | 116 | 52.5 | x. | 240 | 46.8 |
Isolation (S21) obtained by keeping the cavity height (h) to 40 mm and varying the separation (x) between the co-located antennas at 920 MHz [26].
Ser. no | h (mm) | |S21| (dB) | Ser No | h (mm) | |S21| (dB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
i. | 20 | 33.7 | vi. | 42 | 47.4 |
ii. | 26 | 36.5 | vii. | 43 | 45.3 |
iii. | 30 | 39.9 | viii. | 50 | 37 |
iv. | 40 (0.12 λ) | 54.6 | ix. | 60 | 32.2 |
v | 41 | −50 | x. | 80 | 28.04 |
Isolation (S21) obtained by keeping the separation (x) between the antennas fixed to 120 mm and varying the cavity wall height (h) at 920 MHz [26].
From the tables, it is noted that maximum isolation is obtained only at a particular combination of the height of the cavity wall and separation between the antennas. For the cavity height of h = 40 mm and separation of x = 120 mm, the isolation obtained is 54.6 dB. It is noted that the isolation is not enhanced either by increasing or decreasing the separation (of 120 mm) nor by changing the optimum cavity height (40 mm) for the 120 mm gap. It is, therefore, inferred that at the operating wavelength, destructive interference between direct and scattered radiation from the cavity rim yields maximum isolation for this combination of cavity height and separation between two antennas.
The top view and cross-sectional side view of the proposed antenna geometry are given in Figure 4(a). The CST microwave software has been used to optimise the parameters. Optimised ground plane (GL × GW) of the antenna is 19.5 × 19.5 cm2 and the radiating patch (L × W) is 13.5 × 13.5 cm2 with the coaxial feed located 4.1 cm from the centre. A radiating patch is suspended in the air at a height (h1) of 1.4 cm from the ground plane. A cavity wall surrounds the patch antennas. The height (Wh1) of the cavity wall is taken to be 4 cm as obtained from Tables 1 and 2. Using these optimised design parameters, prototype transmitter and receiver cavity-backed RMSAs, as shown in Figure 4(b), are fabricated. The radiating patch is made of copper plate suspended in the air with two Teflon supports at the centre line, and the ground plane and the cavity backing are made of aluminium. A comparison of measured and simulated isolation between the rectangular microstrip antenna without cavity-backing and with cavity-backing is given in Figure 5.
(a) Top and cross-sectional side view of the proposed antenna configuration (b) photograph of fabricated cavity-backed antennas [
Measured and simulated isolation at 0.36 λ0 separation of cavity-backed RMSAs for a cavity wall height of 0.12 λ0 [
It is depicted in Figure 5 that the introduction of cavity-backing improves the isolation by 25 dB at 920 MHz. Measured isolation with and without cavity wall for
The I and Q information of the reflected signal are passed through a low-pass filter with a cut-off at 20 Hz before feeding them to the A/D converter. In this work, an open-source Arduino Uno module [27] has been used as an A/D converter and microcontroller. For displaying amplitude and phase information of the target detected in real time a graphical programming environment (LabVIEW) has been used. LabVIEW design software has been integrated with Arduino [28] and a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) has been designed as depicted in the result section, to demonstrate the results. GUI design can calibrate the system according to soil conditions, fine-tune the frequency, and control the overall gain of the receiver. A basic flow chart for displaying amplitude and phase information in real time and designing the GUI with detection and calibration features is shown in Figure 6.
Flow chart for online-display and calibration of the proposed low-cost GPR.
After fabrication and assembly of the single PCB and the integration of the power supply module, the final GPR system was integrated in such a way that there in minimum electromagnetic interference (EMI) amongst various subsystems. The unit was made compact and portable. In the final product, antennas are placed close to the ground at the base of the product. The antennas are grooved inside solid foam as shown in Figure 7(a). The separation between two antennas is fixed at 09 cm to maximise isolation between them. As obtained from Table 1, 09 cm separating gap yields 52 dB isolation (sim) which is comparable to the maximum isolation yield of 54 dB (sim) for a separating gap of 12 cm. Thus, to keep the overall system compact, the separating gap between the antennas is kept at 09 cm. The solid foam is sprayed with zinc oxide paint so that it acts as an EM radiation absorber and increases the isolation between the antennas. The PCB and the battery are placed at the back (the front surface is the surface facing the ground where antennas are placed) ensuring that the back lobe of the antennas does not interfere with them. The placement of the PCB and battery is depicted in Figure 7(b). The final product design is shown in Figure 7(c).
Prototype of the fabricated GPR (a) front view of the base (b) back view of the base (c) final product with antennas, PCB, and power module at the base close to the ground rested on wheels and the display unit close to the user.
To test the detection capability of the prototype GPR, various targets were buried in the ground. The first experiment was carried out to establish the maximum depth of detection of the GPR outside the laboratory in semi-dry soil. IEDs can be made of metals and non-metals and may be buried in different kinds of soils. Thus, experiments were conducted to detect a plastic box, a small bunch of wire, and a book (paper) buried in soil and a wooden slab and a steel scale buried in a sandpit.
To measure the maximum depth of detection of the product, an experiment as depicted in Figure 8(a), has been carried out. A circular steel target of a radius of 12.5 cm was buried in loose semi-dry soil with lots of small pebbles in it. The figure shows the target exposed but it has been buried in soil during the experiment such that the depth of soil over the target is about 65 cm. Next, the GPR prototype has been moved over the soil heap. Figure 8(b) depicts the detected signal. With no target present, the detected amplitude level varies from 0.3 V to 0.8 V. This variation is because of the presence of many small pebbles in the soil. When the unit moves and reaches the location below which the target is buried, the received amplitude becomes stable at the level of 1 V. After this, as the prototype is moved away from the target the amplitude level again starts varying. Also, it is noted that because the target is buried so deep and the target size is not so big, the amplitude level detected as compared to the reference level (i.e., when no target is present) is not much different (only it is more stable) and no phase information about the target is obtained. It is inferred that the GPR cannot detect a target smaller than the present one beyond the depth of 65 cm in this type of soil.
Determining the maximum depth of detection of the GPR (a) experimental setup (b) GUI screen-shot for detection of a target at depth of 65 cm in the soil.
After determining the maximum depth of detection of the GPR, various experiments have been conducted to ascertain its capability to detect IEDs buried in the ground. The blast effect of IEDs depends on their size i.e. explosive content, depth at which it is hidden, and type of medium in which it is kept. A particular target kept at the same depth will have more blast effect when kept inside sand than in soil. For the same kind of medium, a smaller target hidden at lesser depth may have the same blast effect as compared to a relatively bigger target kept at greater depth. Keeping these blast effects of IEDs into consideration, to make the experiments assess the detection capability of the GPR prototype in practical scenarios, the following experiments have been conducted for metal and non-metal targets.
A small plastic box of size 15 × 10 × 3 cm3, a bunch of wire, and a book (paper) of size 25 × 15 × 3 cm3 have been used as targets and placed at a depth of 20 cm inside the soil. Figure 9(a) depicts the result obtained using GPR for the plastic box target. The high-reflected power obtained here is on account of the difference between the dielectric constant of air (trapped in the plastic box) and the dielectric constant of the soil. Figure 9(b) depicts the result for detecting a bunch of wires. In this case, the reflected power is not stable because it is a bunch of wires, that is, it consists of many small plastic-coated copper wires with soil in between and is not a monolithic big target. Figure 9(c) depicts that the product can also detect paper buried in the soil. Next, the medium in which the targets are buried is changed. A dry wooden slab (10 × 10 cm) and a steel plate (15 × 15 cm) have been buried at a depth of 15 cm and 30 cm, respectively in a sandpit with a 50 cm horizontal separation between them. The result obtained is shown in Figure 9(d), which depicts that the product can detect both the targets buried in a sandpit.
GUI screen-shots of the received amplitude and phase response of targets buried in soil and sand (a) plastic box buried 20 cm in soil (b) bunch of wire buried 20 cm in soil (c) book (paper) buried 20 cm in soil (d) A wooden target (buried at 15 cm) and a steel target (buried at 30 cm) in a sandpit.
The detection capability demonstrated by the prototype GPR is given in Table 3. The table summarises the results of experiments conducted with the GPR operating at 920 MHz on the detection of various targets.
Ser. no. | Target type | Face area of target (cm2) | Land type | Detection depth (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(i) | Circular steel plate | 490 | Pebbled semi-dry soil | 65 |
(ii) | Plastic box | 150 | Semi-dry soil | 20 |
(ii) | Bunch of wire | 110 | Semi-dry soil | 20 |
(iv) | Book (paper) | 375 | Semi-dry soil | 20 |
(v) | Wooden slab | 100 | Sandpit | 15 |
(vi) | Steel scale | 225 | Sandpit | 30 |
The detection capability of the prototype GPR at 920 MHz.
The prototype single-frequency CW GPR successfully detected metal targets as small as a bunch of wire buried at 20 cm in soil and non-metal, such as wood, paper, and plastic, buried in the soil. For a metallic circular plate of a radius of 12.5 cm buried in semi-dry pebbled soil, an experiment has been carried out for successful detection up to the depth of 65 cm for low-transmitted power (−10 dBm). In general, IEDs are placed at a depth, not more than 50 cm inside the soil, to have a substantial blasting effect. To have the same effect of the explosion with an IED kept at a greater depth, more explosives occupying a larger volume, will be required. Thus, the prototype designed will be effective in detecting IEDs in the field.
The proposed system exhibits highly sensitive performance because of the use of high-isolation and high-gain antennas. High isolation between antennas ensures that the low-reflected power from the small targets is not masked by relatively high-mutual coupling between the transmitting and receiving antennas. Table 4 compares the cavity-backed antennas used with other related work in yielding high isolation. As evident from Table 4, the proposed simple low-cost antenna yields higher isolation than all the refereed antennas. The isolation obtained may be further increased by adding RF absorbent between the antenna.
Refs. | Centre frequency (GHz) | Isolation (dB) | Isolation method | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
[29] | 10.0 | 40 | RF absorber | Cost prohibitive |
[30] | 2.5 | 50 | Spatial notch | complex design |
[31] | 5.2 | 44 | Resonator between antennas | Narrowband & complex |
[32] | 2.6 | 50 | Metamaterial cavity | Inherent narrow band |
[33] | 3.2 | 42 | Metallic plates between antennas | Isolation less than 50 dB |
[34] | 4.4 | 48 | Circularly polarised cross dipole | Isolation less than 50 dB |
Comparison of Cavity-backed RMSA used in the low-cost GPR with other related works.
Most of the reported GPR uses software-based post-processing techniques, such as background subtraction algorithm [9, 10] to alleviate the issue of mutual coupling between antennas. However, the background subtraction algorithm assumes an environment without a target and subtracts it with the environment having the target. Thus, this algorithm is not suitable for real-life scenarios where it cannot be ascertained beforehand about the absence of the target. Considering the on-ground scenarios many works have reported hardware-based pre-processing techniques, such as filtering [15, 16] and time-gating techniques [19, 20]. However, all these techniques make the system complex and cost-prohibitive. In addition, the designed prototype work on a single frequency, unlike the other reported GPR systems [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] which operate on a wideband frequency. Hence, it is very simple and low-cost. However, due to a single-frequency operation, it cannot ascertain the depth of the target accurately, neither it can provide a pseudo-image of the target. Remote areas where this prototype is planned to be used are generally devoid of any unnatural foreign substances and thus detection of IEDs even without getting its pseudo-image fulfils the basic requirement. However, to find out the exact depth and pseudo-image of the buried target a band of frequencies would be required so that more information about the target is available. The broad bandwidth will also enable the required resolution in detecting targets. As the objective of the work is to have a simple low-cost device to be used by security forces working in remote areas, only a single operating frequency has been used to design the prototype.
For broadband continuous-wave operation, the band of frequencies has to be modulated so as to provide a marker for range estimation [1]. Frequency modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) utilising triangular wave [35] is one of the accurate methods for short-range detection. The transmitting and the receiving antennas also have to be designed broadband and high gain with uniform enhanced isolation throughout the band. The concept depicted in Figure 3(a) may be extended for providing broadband isolation by introducing multi cavity-backing. Multi-cavity backing has been demonstrated to be versatile in providing a wide BW of 64% for a centre operating frequency of 2.6 GHz, by introducing multi resonances and a high average gain of 12.6 dB by concentrating the RF energy in the desired direction [36]. Multi-cavity backing also demonstrates the potential to yield high uniform isolation of 40 dB [36] by each individual cavity-backing providing the optimum combination of cavity height and separation between the antennas to cause destructive interference as depicted in Figure 3(a) for a particular range of narrowband frequencies. The performance of a double cavity-backed antenna has been elaborated in Ref. [36]. Figure 10(a) depicts the fabricated double-cavity-backed antenna and Figure 10(b) depicts the isolation enhancement by introducing more than one cavity. As evident from Figure 10(b), single-cavity-backing enhances isolation at the lower frequency of operation, while the introduction of one more cavity to make it double-cavity-backed enhances isolation throughout the band of operation.
(a) Double-cavity-backed microstrip antenna [
This chapter presents the development and fabrication of a portable compact low-cost CW GPR prototype operating at a single frequency of 920 MHz. A concept of enhancing isolation between co-located antennas has been explained and implemented. The prototype using the enhanced isolation antennas demonstrates the capability to detect both metal and non-metal targets buried in soil as well as in a sandpit. It is sensitive enough to detect a small bunch of wire buried 20 cm in the soil and the maximum depth of detection in a semi-dry soil is 65 cm for a metallic circular plate with a radius of 12.5 cm being used as a target. The prototype is planned to be utilised for detecting IEDs buried in soil for use by security personnel in remote areas.
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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"
\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biochemistry",id:"11"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/117747",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"117747"},fullPath:"/profiles/117747",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()