Readiness assessment.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1568",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Photodetectors",title:"Photodetectors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book some recent advances in development of photodetectors and photodetection systems for specific applications are included. In the first section of the book nine different types of photodetectors and their characteristics are presented. Next, some theoretical aspects and simulations are discussed. The last eight chapters are devoted to the development of photodetection systems for imaging, particle size analysis, transfers of time, measurement of vibrations, magnetic field, polarization of light, and particle energy. The book is addressed to students, engineers, and researchers working in the field of photonics and advanced technologies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0358-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4982-8",doi:"10.5772/2033",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"photodetectors",numberOfPages:472,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"92efb7e38a0edd4d28c7dbb530b14212",bookSignature:"Sanka Gateva",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1568.jpg",numberOfDownloads:55544,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:133,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 5th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 3rd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103718",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanka",middleName:"Velichkova",surname:"Gateva",slug:"sanka-gateva",fullName:"Sanka Gateva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103718/images/2490_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sanka Gateva graduated from Sofia University with a Master’s degree in atomic physics, prepared her doctoral thesis at the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and specialized in development of diode lasers for spectroscopy of trapped ions at NPL, England. Her main areas of interest and her main publications are in the fields of development of different types of lasers (gas, dimer lasers and diode lasers), mode selection and frequency stabilisation in lasers, high resolution spectroscopy, coherent population trapping, and optical magnetometry. \nShe is an Associate Professor, Head of the Laser Systems Laboratory and she was recently assigned as Director of the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Institute of Electronics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1226",title:"Optoelectronics",slug:"optics-and-lasers-optoelectronics"}],chapters:[{id:"33509",title:"ZnO Metal-Semiconductor-Metal UV Photodetectors on PPC Plastic with Various Metal Contacts",doi:"10.5772/37963",slug:"zno-metal-semiconductor-metal-uv-photodetectors-on-ppc-plastic-with-various-metal-contacts",totalDownloads:3412,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"N.N. Jandow, H. Abu Hassan, F.K. Yam and K. Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33509",authors:[{id:"114957",title:"Ms.",name:"Nidhal",surname:"Jandow",slug:"nidhal-jandow",fullName:"Nidhal Jandow"}],corrections:null},{id:"33510",title:"UV-Vis Photodetector with Silicon Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/35984",slug:"uv-vis-photodetector-with-silicon-nanoparticles-",totalDownloads:3635,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"J.A. Luna-López, M. Aceves-Mijares, J. Carrillo-López, A. Morales-Sánchez, F. Flores-Gracia and D.E. Vázquez Valerdi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33510",authors:[{id:"102037",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariano",surname:"Aceves-Mijares",slug:"mariano-aceves-mijares",fullName:"Mariano Aceves-Mijares"},{id:"106625",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alberto",surname:"Luna López",slug:"jose-alberto-luna-lopez",fullName:"José Alberto Luna López"},{id:"106635",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Carrillo López",slug:"jesus-carrillo-lopez",fullName:"Jesus Carrillo López"},{id:"106637",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Morales",slug:"alfredo-morales",fullName:"Alfredo Morales"},{id:"106638",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana E.",surname:"Vazquez Valerdi",slug:"diana-e.-vazquez-valerdi",fullName:"Diana E. Vazquez Valerdi"},{id:"110643",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Flores-Gracia",slug:"francisco-j.-flores-gracia",fullName:"Francisco J. Flores-Gracia"}],corrections:null},{id:"33511",title:"Silicon Photodetectors Based on Internal Photoemission Effect: The Challenge of Detecting Near-Infrared Light",doi:"10.5772/36014",slug:"silicon-photodetectors-the-challenge-of-detecting-near-infrared-light",totalDownloads:3627,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maurizio Casalino, Luigi Sirleto, Mario Iodice and Giuseppe Coppola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33511",authors:[{id:"106767",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Casalino",slug:"maurizio-casalino",fullName:"Maurizio Casalino"},{id:"106792",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Coppola",slug:"giuseppe-coppola",fullName:"Giuseppe Coppola"},{id:"106793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Iodice",slug:"mario-iodice",fullName:"Mario Iodice"},{id:"106795",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Sirleto",slug:"luigi-sirleto",fullName:"Luigi Sirleto"}],corrections:null},{id:"33512",title:"Silicon Photomultipliers: Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/36455",slug:"silicon-photomultipliers-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:2158,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Ramilli, Alessia Allevi, Luca Nardo, Maria Bondani and Massimo Caccia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33512",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33512",authors:[{id:"62138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessia",surname:"Allevi",slug:"alessia-allevi",fullName:"Alessia Allevi"},{id:"110584",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ramilli",slug:"marco-ramilli",fullName:"Marco Ramilli"},{id:"110586",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Nardo",slug:"luca-nardo",fullName:"Luca Nardo"},{id:"110589",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Caccia",slug:"massimo-caccia",fullName:"Massimo Caccia"},{id:"110590",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Bondani",slug:"maria-bondani",fullName:"Maria Bondani"}],corrections:null},{id:"33513",title:"High Sensitivity Uncooled InAsSb Photoconductors with Long Wavelength",doi:"10.5772/35674",slug:"high-sensitivity-uncooled-inassb-photoconductors-with-long-wavelength",totalDownloads:2729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yu Zhu Gao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33513",authors:[{id:"105410",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu Zhu",surname:"Gao",slug:"yu-zhu-gao",fullName:"Yu Zhu Gao"}],corrections:null},{id:"33514",title:"Terahertz Emitters, Detectors and Sensors: Current Status and Future Prospects",doi:"10.5772/35898",slug:"thz-detectors-emitters-and-sensors-current-status-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:5593,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. Ghanashyam Krishna, Sachin D. Kshirsagar and Surya P. Tewari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33514",authors:[{id:"106267",title:"Dr.",name:"M Ghanashyam",surname:"Krishna",slug:"m-ghanashyam-krishna",fullName:"M Ghanashyam Krishna"},{id:"110476",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachin",surname:"Kshirsagar",slug:"sachin-kshirsagar",fullName:"Sachin Kshirsagar"},{id:"110478",title:"Prof.",name:"Surya P",surname:"Tewari",slug:"surya-p-tewari",fullName:"Surya P Tewari"}],corrections:null},{id:"33515",title:"Far-Infrared Single-Photon Detectors Fabricated in Double-Quantum-Well Structures",doi:"10.5772/35379",slug:"far-infrared-single-photon-detectors-fabricated-in-double-quantum-well-structures",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takeji Ueda and Susumu Komiyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33515",authors:[{id:"104153",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeji",surname:"Ueda",slug:"takeji-ueda",fullName:"Takeji Ueda"},{id:"104165",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",surname:"Komiyama",slug:"susumu-komiyama",fullName:"Susumu Komiyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"33516",title:"Broadband Photodetectors Based on c-Axis Tilted Layered Cobalt Oxide Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/36190",slug:"broadband-photodetectors-based-on-c-axis-tilted-layered-cobalt-oxide-thin-films-",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shufang Wang and Guangsheng Fu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33516",authors:[{id:"107422",title:"Prof.",name:"Shufang",surname:"Wang",slug:"shufang-wang",fullName:"Shufang Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"33517",title:"Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technologies",doi:"10.5772/37162",slug:"geiger-mode-avalanche-photodiodes-in-standard-cmos-technology",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anna Vilà, Anna Arbat, Eva Vilella and Angel Dieguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33517",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33517",authors:[{id:"111536",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Vilà",slug:"anna-vila",fullName:"Anna Vilà"},{id:"111584",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",surname:"Dieguez",slug:"angel-dieguez",fullName:"Angel Dieguez"},{id:"111685",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Arbat",slug:"anna-arbat",fullName:"Anna Arbat"},{id:"111891",title:"Ms.",name:"Eva",surname:"Vilella",slug:"eva-vilella",fullName:"Eva Vilella"}],corrections:null},{id:"33518",title:"Avalanche Process in Semiconductor Photo Detectors in the Context of the Feedback Theory",doi:"10.5772/35582",slug:"avalanche-process-in-semiconductor-photo-detectors-in-the-context-of-the-feedback-theory-",totalDownloads:2663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vasily Kushpil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33518",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33518",authors:[{id:"105064",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasily",surname:"Kushpil",slug:"vasily-kushpil",fullName:"Vasily Kushpil"}],corrections:null},{id:"33519",title:"Multiscale Computer Aided Design of Microwave-Band P-I-N Photodetectors",doi:"10.5772/34746",slug:"multiscale-computer-aided-design-of-microwave-band-p-i-n-photodetectors",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mikhail E. Belkin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33519",authors:[{id:"101486",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail E.",surname:"Belkin",slug:"mikhail-e.-belkin",fullName:"Mikhail E. Belkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"33520",title:"Mathematical Modeling of Multi-Element Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Based on the System ‘Photodiode – Direct-Injection Readout Circuit’",doi:"10.5772/34789",slug:"mathematical-modeling-of-multi-element-infrared-focal-plane-arrays-based-on-the-system-photodiode-di",totalDownloads:2867,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"I.I. Lee and V.G. Polovinkin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33520",authors:[{id:"101640",title:"Dr.",name:"Irlam",surname:"Lee",slug:"irlam-lee",fullName:"Irlam Lee"},{id:"120645",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Polovinkin",slug:"vladimir-polovinkin",fullName:"Vladimir Polovinkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"33521",title:"Ultrafast Imaging in Standard (Bi)CMOS Technology",doi:"10.5772/35767",slug:"ultrafast-imaging-in-standard-bi-cmos-technology",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wilfried Uhring and Martin Zlatanski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33521",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33521",authors:[{id:"105785",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilfried",surname:"Uhring",slug:"wilfried-uhring",fullName:"Wilfried Uhring"},{id:"111854",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Zlatanski",slug:"martin-zlatanski",fullName:"Martin Zlatanski"}],corrections:null},{id:"33522",title:"Photoconductors for Measuring Speckle Motion to Monitor Ultrasonic Vibrations",doi:"10.5772/36002",slug:"photoconductor-arrays-for-non-contact-sensing-of-motion",totalDownloads:2143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jonathan Bessette and Elsa Garmire",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33522",authors:[{id:"106724",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",surname:"Garmire",slug:"elsa-garmire",fullName:"Elsa Garmire"}],corrections:null},{id:"33523",title:"Remote Optical Diagnostics of Nonstationary Aerosol Media in a Wide Range of Particle Sizes",doi:"10.5772/35215",slug:"remote-optical-diagnostics-of-nonstasionary-aerosol-media-in-a-wide-range-of-particle-sizes",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Olga Kudryashova, Anatoly Pavlenko, Boris Vorozhtsov, Sergey Titov, Vladimir Arkhipov, Sergey Bondarchuk,Eugeny Maksimenko, Igor Akhmadeev and Eugeny Muravlev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33523",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33523",authors:[{id:"103487",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Kudryashova",slug:"olga-kudryashova",fullName:"Olga Kudryashova"},{id:"137557",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",surname:"Pavlenko",slug:"anatoly-pavlenko",fullName:"Anatoly Pavlenko"},{id:"137559",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Vorozhtsov",slug:"boris-vorozhtsov",fullName:"Boris Vorozhtsov"},{id:"137562",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Titov",slug:"sergey-titov",fullName:"Sergey Titov"},{id:"137566",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Arkhipov",slug:"vladimir-arkhipov",fullName:"Vladimir Arkhipov"},{id:"137567",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugeny",surname:"Muravlev",slug:"eugeny-muravlev",fullName:"Eugeny Muravlev"},{id:"137568",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugeny",surname:"Maksimenko",slug:"eugeny-maksimenko",fullName:"Eugeny Maksimenko"},{id:"137569",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Akhmadeev",slug:"igor-akhmadeev",fullName:"Igor Akhmadeev"},{id:"137570",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Bondarchuk",slug:"sergey-bondarchuk",fullName:"Sergey Bondarchuk"}],corrections:null},{id:"33524",title:"Atmospheric Clock Transfer Based on Femtosecond Frequency Combs",doi:"10.5772/34973",slug:"atmospheric-clock-transfer-based-on-femtosecond-frequency-combs",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lingze Duan and Ravi P. Gollapalli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33524",authors:[{id:"102443",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingze",surname:"Duan",slug:"lingze-duan",fullName:"Lingze Duan"},{id:"109415",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",surname:"Gollapalli",slug:"ravi-gollapalli",fullName:"Ravi Gollapalli"}],corrections:null},{id:"33525",title:"Measurement of the Polarization State of a Weak Signal Field by Homodyne Detection",doi:"10.5772/36403",slug:"measurement-of-the-polarization-state-of-a-weak-signal-field-by-homodyne-detection-",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sun-Hyun Youn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33525",authors:[{id:"108232",title:"Prof.",name:"SunHyun",surname:"Youn",slug:"sunhyun-youn",fullName:"SunHyun Youn"}],corrections:null},{id:"33526",title:"Spin Photodetector: Conversion of Light Polarization Information into Electric Voltage Using Inverse Spin Hall Effect",doi:"10.5772/35473",slug:"spin-photodetector-conversion-of-light-polarization-information-into-electric-voltage-using-inverse-",totalDownloads:3395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kazuya Ando and Eiji Saitoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33526",authors:[{id:"104599",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuya",surname:"Ando",slug:"kazuya-ando",fullName:"Kazuya Ando"}],corrections:null},{id:"33527",title:"Shape of the Coherent Population Trapping Resonances Registered in Fluorescence",doi:"10.5772/35281",slug:"shape-of-the-coherent-population-trapping-resonances-registered-in-fluorescence",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sanka Gateva and Georgi Todorov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33527",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33527",authors:[{id:"103718",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanka",surname:"Gateva",slug:"sanka-gateva",fullName:"Sanka Gateva"},{id:"137162",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Todorov",slug:"georgi-todorov",fullName:"Georgi Todorov"}],corrections:null},{id:"33528",title:"Photodetectors in Calorimeters for the Linear Collider",doi:"10.5772/35636",slug:"photodetectors-in-calorimeters-for-the-linear-collider",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jaroslav Cvach and CALICE Collaboration",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33528",authors:[{id:"105267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Cvach",slug:"jaroslav-cvach",fullName:"Jaroslav Cvach"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1505",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3305b759b0efc22e8ed16e9048818817",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy",bookSignature:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100815",title:"Dr.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Kazmiruk",slug:"viacheslav-kazmiruk",fullName:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2397",title:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bcc83fcd6b4bbfdaa677b37d94bdbdb6",slug:"advanced-aspects-of-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2018",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9f4716122beee57c42cff13c357a2cb",slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2245",title:"Plasmonics",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e74f79681a8c87bb027f48ad33a3e068",slug:"plasmonics-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3166",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Advanced Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7263978cf34e637a4b9592eb4975f3e",slug:"optoelectronics-advanced-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3710",title:"Advances in Solid State Lasers",subtitle:"Development and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-solid-state-lasers-development-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mikhail Grishin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4862",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Grishin",slug:"mikhail-grishin",fullName:"Mikhail Grishin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3581",title:"Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-optical-and-photonic-technologies",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"256",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Materials and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c0d6a2a51ac114edd58f2c667297503",slug:"optoelectronics-materials-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Padmanabhan Predeep",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36735",title:"Prof.",name:"P.",surname:"Predeep",slug:"p.-predeep",fullName:"P. Predeep"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"525",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Devices and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f444b982565b0c4be6117a35f7810047",slug:"optoelectronics-devices-and-applications",bookSignature:"Padmanabhan Predeep",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36735",title:"Prof.",name:"P.",surname:"Predeep",slug:"p.-predeep",fullName:"P. Predeep"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11793",leadTitle:null,title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn this book, the technological and functional properties of barley will be highlighted comprehensively. Moreover, Nutritional and bioactive profiles and barley utilization in different baking products will also be in the limelight of this book. This depiction will be valuable for all consumers from health points of view.
\r\n\r\n\tFood security is an alarming issue in developing countries as the population is increasing day by day. So, researchers have to think about alternative sources of staple diet(wheat) that should have the same nutritional composition as compared to wheat. Among cereals, barley is an alternative source because of its nutritional and functional properties, despite all the functional ingredients it is rarely used in the food industry. From different researches, it is revealed that it contains 24 % dietary fiber, so it is beneficial for CVDs and other health-related disorders. Now a day, barley consumption is very rare. There are many barley products in the food market such as malt flour, grits, flakes, pot, and pearled barley. Bread formulations also involve the usage of barley flour and cracked barley. The possibility of high fiber barley utilization in breakfast cereals production through blending with other grains, flaking, puffing, and extrusion is becoming common. So, there is a dire need to do value addition of barley into various products. Furthermore, the most important reason for wheat replacement with barley is its allergy-causing nature in some cases. Keeping in view all of the above facts, the present book has been designed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-924-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-923-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-925-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",keywords:"Cereal, Barley, Dietary Fibers, Nutritional Composition, Grains, Technology, Processing, Milling, Flour, Rheology, Bioactive Profile, Utilization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Farhan is an Assistant Professor at Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan where he finished his Ph.D. at the age of 28 years. He has an h index of 16 and has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with an impact factor of more than 140. His research focus is on finding innovative and effective practices to improve food production, quality, and safety, keeping in view the betterment of human health.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Muhammad Afzaal is working as an Assistant professor in the Department of Food Science. Government College University Faisalabad. He has 10 years of teaching and research experience. He has more than 40 publications in well-reputed journals and 5 book chapters published. His research interests are food science and technology, food microbiology and biotechnology, microencapsulation, probiotics, prebiotics & synbiotics, biopreservation, and waste value addition.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192244/images/system/192244.jpg",biography:"PERSONAL STATEMENT\r\nMy name is Farhan Saeed. During Master study, I received an Indigenous Fellowship from Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The selection process was a rigorous process starting from a GRE-based test. After being short listed by HEC, part of the Fellowship was the opportunity to complete doctorate degree mainly within Food Science and Technology field. I did my Doctorate thesis entitled 'Biochemical characterization of non-starch polysaccharides in relation to end-use quality of spring wheats” under the supervision of Dr. Imran Pasha. The doctorate research was focused on value addition of bioactive components extracted from spring wheats. The addition of extracted non-starch polysaccharides enhances the quality of baked products as well as important in nutraceutical point of view. The products under proposed study were thoroughly investigated for assessment of nutritional and end use quality of bread. The output of the proposed research work was highly beneficial to the consumers as well as Government of Pakistan for their intended purposes. The awareness about nutritional significance of non-starch polysaccharides enriched bread was really set the new horizons in product development in Pakistan. In 2012, I joined Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad as Assistant Professor. In 2014, I became HEC Approved Supervisor. During 2015, I have visited Massachusetts, Amherst, USA under Pakistan Program for Collaborative Research (PPCR), HEC Pakistan for two months training program for the development of innovative project. After that, I have been selected to receive a 2016 'Endeavour Research Fellowship” to undertake proposed program in Australia. I did work in Centre for Nutrition & Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia under the supervision of Professor Mike Gidley. The commencing date of current program is May 17, 2016 and the expiry is on November 15, 2016. In October, 2018. I was promoted to Tenured Associate Professor. I have published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with impact factor more than 140. I have 20 book chapters in international books. I presented research works in international level at Huazhong University Wuhan, China and Conference on Food Properties in Sharjah. I also got two research projects funds from Higher Education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan. I would like to be granted the KGSP because it will offer me with the opportunity to partake in Post-Doctoral program of Food Science and Biotechnology at Kyungpook National University (KNU) among the best universities in Korea. In my home country, vital issues stressed in this particular degree program are quite overlooked, and this scholarship program will bring me a great chance to come within reach of them. By taking this course, I am optimistic for finding innovative and effective practices to improve food production, quality and safety, keeping in view the betterment of human health; and moreover, to improve the end-product quality for maintenance of customer’s health. To sum up, winning the KGSP will enable me not only to broaden my knowledge, but also to gain experience from people and culture of both countries Korea and Pakistan. In the longer term, I sturdily desire to contribute to the cause of assuring food security and safety initially in my country and laterally worldwide. The main objective of applying here to get international exposure while working with world class food experts especially those working in the area of functional foods and nutraceuticals. The knowledge and expertise together with the international interaction developed through this project will finally be utilized for the development of laboratory of functional foods and nutraceuticals at my home institute.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"245894",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Afzaal",slug:"muhammad-afzaal",fullName:"Muhammad Afzaal",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSF1qQAG/Profile_Picture_1618812051691",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Afzaal, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. He is involved in various additional assignments as a Business Manager-BIC (Food & Services), and Lab Incharge (Food Safety and Biotechnology). He has about 10 years of teaching and research experience. Dr. Afzaal has been a part of many national and international research projects. His research interests are Food Science & Technology, Food microbiology & Biotechnology, Hydrogels, Encapsulation, Probiotics, and Biopolymer. Dr. Muhammad Afzaal completed his Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from GC University Faisalabad. His doctorate research focus was on the development of functional foods containing encapsulated probiotics with improved viability. Dr. Afzaal is also working on various carbohydrates, protein, and lipid-based encapsulation wall materials to elucidate their key role in the viability and stability of probiotics under stressed conditions. He is HEC approved supervisor since 2019. He has executed many research projects as a team member and Coordinator. Dr. Afzaal is a life member of the Pakistan Society of Food Scientists & Technologists (PSFST) and General Secretary of Faisalabad- PSFST chapter.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23633",title:"The Use of Biomaterials to Treat Abdominal Hernias",doi:"10.5772/24313",slug:"the-use-of-biomaterials-to-treat-abdominal-hernias",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23633.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23633",totalDownloads:8452,totalViews:318,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:91,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 4th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 28th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 16th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23633",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23633",book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine"},signatures:"Luciano Zogbi",authors:[{id:"56634",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Zogbi",fullName:"Luciano Zogbi",slug:"luciano-zogbi",email:"luciano.zogbi@gmail.com",position:"Professor",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1487",type:"book",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",publishedDate:"November 16th 2011",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-661-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4399-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:410,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"916"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23616",type:"chapter",title:"Bioactive Ceramics as Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Carriers",slug:"bioactive-ceramics-as-bone-morphogenetic-proteins-carriers",totalDownloads:2826,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sayed Mahmood Rabiee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50304",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Rabiee",fullName:"Sayed Mahmood Rabiee",slug:"sayed-mahmood-rabiee"}]},{id:"23617",type:"chapter",title:"Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives",slug:"collagen-vs-gelatine-based-biomaterials-and-their-biocompatibility-review-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:9462,totalCrossrefCites:63,signatures:"Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55577",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Kokol",fullName:"Vanja Kokol",slug:"vanja-kokol"},{id:"61285",title:"BSc",name:"Selestina",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgieva",fullName:"Selestina Gorgieva",slug:"selestina-gorgieva"}]},{id:"23618",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrogel Scaffolds Contribute to the Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis in the Small Osteochongral Defects",slug:"hydrogel-scaffolds-contribute-to-the-osteogenesis-and-chondrogenesis-in-the-small-osteochongral-defe",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miroslav Petrtyl, Jaroslav Lisal, Ladislav Senolt, Zdenek Bastl, Zdenek Krulis, Marketa Polanska, Hana Hulejova, Pavel Cerny and Jana Danesova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"60810",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Petrtyl",fullName:"Miroslav Petrtyl",slug:"miroslav-petrtyl"},{id:"60819",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Lisal",fullName:"Jaroslav Lisal",slug:"jaroslav-lisal"},{id:"60844",title:"Dr.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Šenolt",fullName:"Ladislav Šenolt",slug:"ladislav-senolt"},{id:"60845",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdenek",middleName:null,surname:"Bastl",fullName:"Zdenek Bastl",slug:"zdenek-bastl"},{id:"60846",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdenek",middleName:null,surname:"Krulis",fullName:"Zdenek Krulis",slug:"zdenek-krulis"},{id:"60847",title:"Dr.",name:"Marketa",middleName:null,surname:"Polanska",fullName:"Marketa Polanska",slug:"marketa-polanska"},{id:"60848",title:"Dr.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Hulejova",fullName:"Hana Hulejova",slug:"hana-hulejova"},{id:"60849",title:"MSc.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Cerny",fullName:"Pavel Cerny",slug:"pavel-cerny"},{id:"60850",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Danesova",fullName:"Jana Danesova",slug:"jana-danesova"}]},{id:"23619",type:"chapter",title:"Development and Applications of Varieties of Bioactive Glass Compositions in Dental Surgery, Third Generation Tissue Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery and as Drug Delivery System",slug:"development-and-applications-of-varieties-of-bioactive-glass-compositions-in-dental-surgery-third-ge",totalDownloads:3811,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Biswanath Kundu and Someswar Datta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi"},{id:"61615",title:"Mr.",name:"Biswanath",middleName:null,surname:"Kundu",fullName:"Biswanath Kundu",slug:"biswanath-kundu"},{id:"61616",title:"Mr.",name:"Someswar",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",fullName:"Someswar Datta",slug:"someswar-datta"}]},{id:"23620",type:"chapter",title:"Elasticity of Spider Dragline Silks Viewed as Nematics: Yielding Induced by Isotropic-Nematic Phase Transition",slug:"elasticity-of-spider-dragline-silks-viewed-as-nematics-yielding-induced-by-isotropic-nematic-phase-t",totalDownloads:1812,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Linying Cui, Fei Liu and Zhong-Can Ou-Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51812",title:"Ms.",name:"Linying",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Linying Cui",slug:"linying-cui"},{id:"51815",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhong-Can",middleName:null,surname:"Ou-Yang",fullName:"Zhong-Can Ou-Yang",slug:"zhong-can-ou-yang"},{id:"52000",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Fei Liu",slug:"fei-liu"}]},{id:"23621",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Low-Temperature Plasma Processes for Biomaterials",slug:"application-of-low-temperature-plasma-processes-for-biomaterials",totalDownloads:5027,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michael Schlosser Uwe Walschus, Karsten Schröder, Birgit Finke, Barbara Nebe, Jürgen Meichsner, Rainer Hippler, Rainer Bader and Andreas Podbielski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48929",title:"Dr.",name:"Birgit",middleName:null,surname:"Finke",fullName:"Birgit Finke",slug:"birgit-finke"},{id:"48930",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Nebe",fullName:"Barbara Nebe",slug:"barbara-nebe"},{id:"48934",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Schröder",fullName:"Karsten Schröder",slug:"karsten-schroder"},{id:"61229",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schlosser",fullName:"Michael Schlosser",slug:"michael-schlosser"},{id:"61240",title:"Mr.",name:"Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Walschus",fullName:"Uwe Walschus",slug:"uwe-walschus"},{id:"61241",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Bader",fullName:"Rainer Bader",slug:"rainer-bader"},{id:"61242",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Podbielski",fullName:"Andreas Podbielski",slug:"andreas-podbielski"},{id:"61243",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Hippler",fullName:"Rainer Hippler",slug:"rainer-hippler"},{id:"61244",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Meichsner",fullName:"Jürgen Meichsner",slug:"jurgen-meichsner"}]},{id:"23622",type:"chapter",title:"δ-Free FoF1-ATPase, Nanomachine and Biosensor",slug:"-free-fof1-atpase-nanomachine-and-biosensor",totalDownloads:2185,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jia-Chang Yue, Yao-Gen Shu, Pei-Rong Wang and Xu Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50443",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiachang",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",fullName:"Jiachang Yue",slug:"jiachang-yue"},{id:"61166",title:"Prof.",name:"Yao-Gen",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Yao-Gen Shu",slug:"yao-gen-shu"},{id:"61167",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Pei-Rong Wang",slug:"pei-rong-wang"},{id:"61168",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xu Zhang",slug:"xu-zhang"}]},{id:"23623",type:"chapter",title:"PLGA-Alendronate Conjugate as a New Biomaterial to Produce Osteotropic Drug Nanocarriers",slug:"plga-alendronate-conjugate-as-a-new-biomaterial-to-produce-osteotropic-drug-nanocarriers",totalDownloads:4056,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rosario Pignatello",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello"}]},{id:"23624",type:"chapter",title:"Complete Healing of Severe Experimental Osseous Infections Using a Calcium-Deficient Apatite as a Drug-Delivery System",slug:"complete-healing-of-severe-experimental-osseous-infections-using-a-calcium-deficient-apatite-as-a-dr",totalDownloads:2284,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"G. Amador Del Valle, H. Gautier, A. Gaudin, V. Le Mabecque, A.F. Miegeville, J.M. Bouler, J. Caillon, P. Weiss, G. Potel and C. Jacqueline",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"61659",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Amador",fullName:"Gilles Amador",slug:"gilles-amador"},{id:"62605",title:"Dr.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Gautier",fullName:"Hélène Gautier",slug:"helene-gautier"},{id:"62606",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Gaudin",fullName:"Alexis Gaudin",slug:"alexis-gaudin"},{id:"62607",title:"Ms.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Le Mabecque",fullName:"Virginie Le Mabecque",slug:"virginie-le-mabecque"},{id:"62608",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anne-Françoise",middleName:null,surname:"Miegeville",fullName:"Anne-Françoise Miegeville",slug:"anne-francoise-miegeville"},{id:"62609",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Bouler",fullName:"Jean-Michel Bouler",slug:"jean-michel-bouler"},{id:"62610",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Caillon",fullName:"Jocelyne Caillon",slug:"jocelyne-caillon"},{id:"62611",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Weiss",fullName:"Pierre Weiss",slug:"pierre-weiss"},{id:"62612",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Potel",fullName:"Gilles Potel",slug:"gilles-potel"},{id:"62614",title:"Dr.",name:"Cedric",middleName:null,surname:"Jacqueline",fullName:"Cedric Jacqueline",slug:"cedric-jacqueline"}]},{id:"23625",type:"chapter",title:"Nanocrystalline Diamond Films: Applications and Advances in Nanomedicine",slug:"nanocrystalline-diamond-films-applications-and-advances-in-nanomedicine",totalDownloads:3471,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ying-Chieh Chen, Don-Ching Lee and Ing-Ming Chiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58229",title:"Dr.",name:"Ing-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",fullName:"Ing-Ming Chiu",slug:"ing-ming-chiu"},{id:"61150",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Chieh",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ying-Chieh Chen",slug:"ying-chieh-chen"},{id:"61151",title:"Mr.",name:"Don-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Don-Ching Lee",slug:"don-ching-lee"}]},{id:"23626",type:"chapter",title:"Transfection of Bone Cells In Vivo Using HA-Ceramic Particles - Histological Study",slug:"transfection-of-bone-cells-in-vivo-using-ha-ceramic-particles-histological-study",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patrick Frayssinet and Nicole Rouquet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50905",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Frayssinet",fullName:"Patrick Frayssinet",slug:"patrick-frayssinet"},{id:"60751",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Rouquet",fullName:"Nicole Rouquet",slug:"nicole-rouquet"}]},{id:"23627",type:"chapter",title:"Magnetite Nanoparticles for Cell Lysis Implanted Into Bone - Histological and TEM Study",slug:"magnetite-nanoparticles-for-cell-lysis-implanted-into-bone-histological-and-tem-study",totalDownloads:2187,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Patrick Frayssinet, Didier Mathon, Marylène Combacau and Nicole Rouquet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50905",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Frayssinet",fullName:"Patrick Frayssinet",slug:"patrick-frayssinet"},{id:"60751",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Rouquet",fullName:"Nicole Rouquet",slug:"nicole-rouquet"},{id:"60749",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marylène",middleName:null,surname:"Combacau",fullName:"Marylène Combacau",slug:"marylene-combacau"},{id:"60750",title:"Dr.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"Mathon",fullName:"Didier Mathon",slug:"didier-mathon"}]},{id:"23628",type:"chapter",title:"Polysaccharides as Excipients for Ocular Topical Formulations",slug:"polysaccharides-as-excipients-for-ocular-topical-formulations",totalDownloads:4996,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ylenia Zambito and Giacomo Di Colo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ylenia",middleName:null,surname:"Zambito",fullName:"Ylenia Zambito",slug:"ylenia-zambito"},{id:"61639",title:"Prof.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Colo",fullName:"Giacomo Di Colo",slug:"giacomo-di-colo"}]},{id:"23629",type:"chapter",title:"Nacre, a Natural Biomaterial",slug:"nacre-a-natural-biomaterial",totalDownloads:4715,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Marthe Rousseau",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50051",title:"Dr.",name:"Marthe",middleName:null,surname:"Rousseau",fullName:"Marthe Rousseau",slug:"marthe-rousseau"}]},{id:"23630",type:"chapter",title:"Alumina and Zirconia Ceramic for Orthopaedic and Dental Devices",slug:"alumina-and-zirconia-ceramic-for-orthopaedic-and-dental-devices",totalDownloads:4847,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Giulio Maccauro, Pierfrancesco Rossi Iommetti, Luca Raffaelli and Paolo Francesco Manicone",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38492",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Maccauro",fullName:"Giulio Maccauro",slug:"giulio-maccauro"},{id:"54410",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Raffaelli",fullName:"Luca Raffaelli",slug:"luca-raffaelli"},{id:"61257",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierfrancesco",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi Iommeytti",fullName:"Pierfrancesco Rossi Iommeytti",slug:"pierfrancesco-rossi-iommeytti"},{id:"61258",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Manicone",fullName:"Paolo Francesco Manicone",slug:"paolo-francesco-manicone"},{id:"61259",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Spinelli",fullName:"Maria Silvia Spinelli",slug:"maria-silvia-spinelli"},{id:"61260",title:"Dr.",name:"Calogero",middleName:null,surname:"Graci",fullName:"Calogero Graci",slug:"calogero-graci"}]},{id:"23631",type:"chapter",title:"Natural-Based Polyurethane Biomaterials for Medical Applications",slug:"natural-based-polyurethane-biomaterials-for-medical-applications",totalDownloads:4299,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Doina Macocinschi, Daniela Filip and Stelian Vlad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56189",title:"Dr.",name:"Doina",middleName:null,surname:"Macocinschi",fullName:"Doina Macocinschi",slug:"doina-macocinschi"},{id:"59259",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Filip",fullName:"Daniela Filip",slug:"daniela-filip"},{id:"59260",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelian",middleName:null,surname:"Vlad",fullName:"Stelian Vlad",slug:"stelian-vlad"}]},{id:"23632",type:"chapter",title:"Collagen-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Tissue Engineering",slug:"collagen-based-drug-delivery-systems-for-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:3958,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Mădălina Georgiana Albu, Irina Titorencu and Mihaela Violeta Ghica",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50060",title:"Dr.",name:"Madalina Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Albu",fullName:"Madalina Georgiana Albu",slug:"madalina-georgiana-albu"},{id:"56578",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Titorencu",fullName:"Irina Titorencu",slug:"irina-titorencu"},{id:"56579",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica"}]},{id:"23633",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Biomaterials to Treat Abdominal Hernias",slug:"the-use-of-biomaterials-to-treat-abdominal-hernias",totalDownloads:8452,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Luciano Zogbi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56634",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Zogbi",fullName:"Luciano Zogbi",slug:"luciano-zogbi"}]},{id:"23634",type:"chapter",title:"Biopolymers as Wound Healing Materials: Challenges and New Strategies",slug:"biopolymers-as-wound-healing-materials-challenges-and-new-strategies",totalDownloads:12884,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Ali Demir Sezer and Erdal Cevher",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"129634",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Cevher",fullName:"Erdal Cevher",slug:"erdal-cevher"}]},{id:"23635",type:"chapter",title:"Cellular Systems and Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration in Neurotmesis Injuries",slug:"cellular-systems-and-biomaterials-for-nerve-regeneration-in-neurotmesis-injuries",totalDownloads:2856,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ana Colette Maurício, Andrea Gärtner, Paulo Armada-da-Silva, Sandra Amado, Tiago Pereira, António Prieto Veloso, Artur Varejão, Ana Lúcia Luís and Stefano Geuna",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48118",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Geuna",fullName:"Stefano Geuna",slug:"stefano-geuna"},{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio"},{id:"56287",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Armada-Da-Silva",fullName:"Paulo Armada-Da-Silva",slug:"paulo-armada-da-silva"},{id:"56288",title:"Dr.",name:"António Prieto",middleName:null,surname:"Veloso",fullName:"António Prieto Veloso",slug:"antonio-prieto-veloso"},{id:"56289",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Gartner",fullName:"Andrea Gartner",slug:"andrea-gartner"},{id:"56290",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Amado",fullName:"Sandra Amado",slug:"sandra-amado"},{id:"56291",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Varejão",fullName:"Artur Varejão",slug:"artur-varejao"},{id:"56292",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lúcia",middleName:null,surname:"Luís",fullName:"Ana Lúcia Luís",slug:"ana-lucia-luis"},{id:"99505",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Tiago Pereira",slug:"tiago-pereira"}]},{id:"23636",type:"chapter",title:"Extracellular Matrix Adjuvant for Vaccines",slug:"extracellular-matrix-adjuvant-for-vaccines",totalDownloads:2247,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mark A. Suckow, Rae Ritchie and Amy Overby",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56475",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Suckow",fullName:"Mark Suckow",slug:"mark-suckow"},{id:"56502",title:"Dr.",name:"Rae",middleName:null,surname:"Ritchie",fullName:"Rae Ritchie",slug:"rae-ritchie"},{id:"56503",title:"Ms",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Overby",fullName:"Amy Overby",slug:"amy-overby"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22914",title:"Galectins: Structures, Binding Properties and Function in Cell Adhesion",slug:"galectins-structures-binding-properties-and-function-in-cell-adhesion",signatures:"Christiane E. Römer and Lothar Elling",authors:[{id:"58706",title:"Prof.",name:"Lothar",middleName:null,surname:"Elling",fullName:"Lothar Elling",slug:"lothar-elling"},{id:"61746",title:"MSc.",name:"Christiane Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Römer",fullName:"Christiane Elisabeth Römer",slug:"christiane-elisabeth-romer"}]},{id:"22915",title:"Biomaterials and Epithesis, Our Experience in Maxillo Facial Surgery",slug:"biomaterials-and-epithesis-our-experience-in-maxillo-facial-surgery",signatures:"G. Fini, L.M. Moricca, A. Leonardi, S. Buonaccorsi and V. Pellacchia",authors:[{id:"61689",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Moricca",fullName:"Luca Maria Moricca",slug:"luca-maria-moricca"},{id:"61702",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Fini",fullName:"Giuseppina Fini",slug:"giuseppina-fini"},{id:"61703",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Leonardi",fullName:"Alessandra Leonardi",slug:"alessandra-leonardi"},{id:"61704",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Buonaccorsi",fullName:"Sara Buonaccorsi",slug:"sara-buonaccorsi"},{id:"61705",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Pellacchia",fullName:"Valentina Pellacchia",slug:"valentina-pellacchia"},{id:"61706",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"D",fullName:"Luciano D",slug:"luciano-d"},{id:"61707",title:"Dr.",name:"Elidon",middleName:null,surname:"Mici",fullName:"Elidon Mici",slug:"elidon-mici"},{id:"115981",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Frontero",fullName:"Laura Frontero",slug:"laura-frontero"}]},{id:"22916",title:"Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Ca-Aluminate Based Bioceramics",slug:"nanostructural-chemically-bonded-ca-aluminate-based-bioceramics",signatures:"Leif Hermansson",authors:[{id:"57192",title:"Prof.",name:"Leif",middleName:null,surname:"Hermansson",fullName:"Leif Hermansson",slug:"leif-hermansson"}]},{id:"22917",title:"Ulvan: A Versatile Platform of Biomaterials from Renewable Resources",slug:"ulvan-a-versatile-platform-of-biomaterials-from-renewable-resources",signatures:"Federica Chiellini and Andrea Morelli",authors:[{id:"60263",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Chiellini",fullName:"Federica Chiellini",slug:"federica-chiellini"},{id:"60747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Morelli",fullName:"Andrea Morelli",slug:"andrea-morelli"}]},{id:"22918",title:"Silanization with APTES for Controlling the Interactions Between Stainless Steel and Biocomponents: Reality vs Expectation",slug:"silanization-with-aptes-for-controlling-the-interactions-between-stainless-steel-and-biocomponents-r",signatures:"Jessem Landoulsi, Michel J. Genet, Karim El Kirat, Caroline Richard, Sylviane Pulvin and Paul G. Rouxhet",authors:[{id:"57300",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Rouxhet",fullName:"Paul Rouxhet",slug:"paul-rouxhet"},{id:"61024",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessem",middleName:null,surname:"Landoulsi",fullName:"Jessem Landoulsi",slug:"jessem-landoulsi"},{id:"61025",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel J.",middleName:null,surname:"Genet",fullName:"Michel J. Genet",slug:"michel-j.-genet"},{id:"61026",title:"Dr.",name:"Karim",middleName:null,surname:"El Kirat",fullName:"Karim El Kirat",slug:"karim-el-kirat"},{id:"61027",title:"Prof.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Richard",fullName:"Caroline Richard",slug:"caroline-richard"},{id:"61028",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylviane",middleName:null,surname:"Pulvin",fullName:"Sylviane Pulvin",slug:"sylviane-pulvin"}]},{id:"22919",title:"Human Dentin as Novel Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration",slug:"human-dentin-as-novel-biomaterial-for-bone-regeneration",signatures:"Masaru Murata, Toshiyuki Akazawa, Masaharu Mitsugi, In-Woong Um, Kyung-Wook Kim and Young-Kyun Kim",authors:[{id:"61607",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaru",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",fullName:"Masaru Murata",slug:"masaru-murata"},{id:"62246",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Akazawa",fullName:"Toshiyuki Akazawa",slug:"toshiyuki-akazawa"},{id:"62247",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaharu",middleName:null,surname:"Mitsugi",fullName:"Masaharu Mitsugi",slug:"masaharu-mitsugi"},{id:"62248",title:"Prof.",name:"In-Woong",middleName:null,surname:"Um",fullName:"In-Woong Um",slug:"in-woong-um"},{id:"62249",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyung-Wook",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Kyung-Wook Kim",slug:"kyung-wook-kim"},{id:"62484",title:"Prof.",name:"Young-Kyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Young-Kyun Kim",slug:"young-kyun-kim"}]},{id:"22920",title:"Comparative Metal Ion Binding to Native and Chemically Modified Datura innoxia Immobilized Biomaterials",slug:"comparative-metal-ion-binding-to-native-and-chemically-modified-datura-innoxia-immobilized-biomateri",signatures:"Gary D. Rayson and Patrick A. Williams",authors:[{id:"60445",title:"Prof.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Rayson",fullName:"Gary Rayson",slug:"gary-rayson"},{id:"60913",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Williams",fullName:"Patrick Williams",slug:"patrick-williams"}]},{id:"22921",title:"Decellularization, Stabilization and Functionalization of Collagenous Tissues Used as Cardiovascular Biomaterials",slug:"decellularization-stabilization-and-functionalization-of-collagenous-tissues-used-as-cardiovascular-",signatures:"Birzabith Mendoza-Novelo and Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"62414",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Valerio",surname:"Cauich-Rodríguez",fullName:"Juan Cauich-Rodríguez",slug:"juan-cauich-rodriguez"},{id:"62486",title:"PhD.",name:"Birzabith",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Novelo",fullName:"Birzabith Mendoza-Novelo",slug:"birzabith-mendoza-novelo"}]},{id:"22922",title:"Research on Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy as Degradable Biomaterial",slug:"research-on-mg-zn-ca-alloy-as-degradable-biomaterial",signatures:"B.P. Zhang, Y. Wang and L. Geng",authors:[{id:"54477",title:"Dr",name:"Baoping",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Baoping Zhang",slug:"baoping-zhang"},{id:"140304",title:"Dr.",name:"You",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"You Wang",slug:"you-wang"},{id:"140305",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",fullName:"Lin Geng",slug:"lin-geng"}]},{id:"22923",title:"Biomechanical Properties of Synovial Fluid in/Between Peripheral Zones of Articular Cartilage",slug:"biomechanical-properties-of-synovial-fluid-in-between-peripheral-zones-of-articular-cartilage",signatures:"Miroslav Petrtyl, Jaroslav Lisal and Jana Danesova",authors:[{id:"60810",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Petrtyl",fullName:"Miroslav Petrtyl",slug:"miroslav-petrtyl"},{id:"60819",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Lisal",fullName:"Jaroslav Lisal",slug:"jaroslav-lisal"},{id:"60820",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Danesova",fullName:"Jana Danesova",slug:"jana-danesova"}]},{id:"22924",title:"Charge Transport and Electrical Switching in Composite Biopolymers",slug:"charge-transport-and-electrical-switching-in-composite-biopolymers",signatures:"Gabriel Katana and Wycliffe Kipnusu",authors:[{id:"59195",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Katana",fullName:"Gabriel Katana",slug:"gabriel-katana"},{id:"61572",title:"Mr.",name:"Wycliffe",middleName:null,surname:"Kipnusu",fullName:"Wycliffe Kipnusu",slug:"wycliffe-kipnusu"}]},{id:"22925",title:"Biomimetic Materials as Potential Medical Adhesives – Composition and Adhesive Properties of the Material Coating the Cuvierian Tubules Expelled by Holothuria dofleinii",slug:"biomimetic-materials-as-potential-medical-adhesives-composition-and-adhesive-properties-of-the-mater",signatures:"Yong Y. Peng, Veronica Glattauer, Timothy D. Skewes, Jacinta F. White, Kate M. Nairn, Andrew N. McDevitt, Christopher M. Elvin, Jerome A. Werkmeister, Lloyd D. Graham and John A.M. Ramshaw",authors:[{id:"55499",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Ramshaw",fullName:"John Ramshaw",slug:"john-ramshaw"}]},{id:"22926",title:"Mechanical and Biological Properties of Bio-Inspired Nano-Fibrous Elastic Materials from Collagen",slug:"mechanical-and-biological-properties-of-bio-inspired-nano-fibrous-elastic-materials-from-collagen",signatures:"Nobuhiro Nagai, Ryosuke Kubota, Ryohei Okahashi and Masanobu Munekata",authors:[{id:"51544",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nagai",fullName:"Nobuhiro Nagai",slug:"nobuhiro-nagai"},{id:"61541",title:"Mr.",name:"Ryosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kubota",fullName:"Ryosuke Kubota",slug:"ryosuke-kubota"},{id:"61542",title:"Mr.",name:"Ryohei",middleName:null,surname:"Okahashi",fullName:"Ryohei Okahashi",slug:"ryohei-okahashi"},{id:"61543",title:"Prof.",name:"Masanobu",middleName:null,surname:"Munekata",fullName:"Masanobu Munekata",slug:"masanobu-munekata"}]},{id:"22927",title:"In Silico Study of Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass®: How Computational Science Sheds Light on Biomaterials",slug:"in-silico-study-of-hydroxyapatite-and-bioglass-how-computational-science-sheds-light-on-biomaterials",signatures:"Marta Corno, Fabio Chiatti, Alfonso Pedone and Piero Ugliengo",authors:[{id:"60583",title:"Prof.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Ugliengo",fullName:"Piero Ugliengo",slug:"piero-ugliengo"},{id:"60584",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Corno",fullName:"Marta Corno",slug:"marta-corno"},{id:"61350",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Chiatti",fullName:"Fabio Chiatti",slug:"fabio-chiatti"},{id:"61638",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Pedone",fullName:"Alfonso Pedone",slug:"alfonso-pedone"}]},{id:"22928",title:"The Use of Vibration Principles to Characterize the Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials",slug:"the-use-of-vibration-principles-to-characterize-the-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials",signatures:"Osvaldo H. Campanella, Hartono Sumali, Behic Mert and Bhavesh Patel",authors:[{id:"49546",title:"Prof.",name:"Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Campanella",fullName:"Osvaldo Campanella",slug:"osvaldo-campanella"},{id:"59818",title:"Prof.",name:"Behic",middleName:null,surname:"Mert",fullName:"Behic Mert",slug:"behic-mert"},{id:"59819",title:"Dr.",name:"Patel",middleName:"K",surname:"Bhavesh",fullName:"Patel Bhavesh",slug:"patel-bhavesh"},{id:"59820",title:"Dr.",name:"Hartono",middleName:null,surname:"Sumali",fullName:"Hartono Sumali",slug:"hartono-sumali"}]},{id:"22929",title:"The Effects of Endurance Running Training on Young Adult Bone: Densitometry vs. Biomaterial Properties",slug:"the-effects-of-endurance-running-training-on-young-adult-bone-densitometry-vs-biomaterial-properties",signatures:"Tsang-Hai Huang, Ming-Yao Chang, Kung-Tung Chen, Sandy S. Hsieh and Rong-Sen Yang",authors:[{id:"50557",title:"Prof.",name:"Rong-Sen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Rong-Sen Yang",slug:"rong-sen-yang"},{id:"59842",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsang-Hai",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Tsang-Hai Huang",slug:"tsang-hai-huang"},{id:"59843",title:"Mr.",name:"Ming-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ming-Yao Chang",slug:"ming-yao-chang"},{id:"109705",title:"Dr.",name:"Kung-Tung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Kung-Tung Chen",slug:"kung-tung-chen"},{id:"109709",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandy",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Sandy Hsieh",slug:"sandy-hsieh"}]},{id:"22930",title:"Effect of the Er, Cr: YSGG Laser Parameters on Shear Bond Strength and Microstructure on Human Dentin Surface",slug:"effect-of-the-er-cr-ysgg-laser-parameters-on-shear-bond-strength-and-microstructure-on-human-dentin-",signatures:"Eun Mi Rhim, Sungyoon Huh, Duck Su Kim, Sun-Young Kim, Su-Jin Ahn, Kyung Lhi Kang and Sang Hyuk Park",authors:[{id:"60471",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang Hyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Sang Hyuk Park",slug:"sang-hyuk-park"},{id:"61611",title:"Prof.",name:"Eun Mi",middleName:null,surname:"Rhim",fullName:"Eun Mi Rhim",slug:"eun-mi-rhim"},{id:"98423",title:"Dr.",name:"Duck Su",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Duck Su Kim",slug:"duck-su-kim"},{id:"98428",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun-Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sun-Young Kim",slug:"sun-young-kim"},{id:"98429",title:"Dr.",name:"Su-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahn",fullName:"Su-Jin Ahn",slug:"su-jin-ahn"},{id:"98431",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyung Lhi",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Kyung Lhi Kang",slug:"kyung-lhi-kang"},{id:"100775",title:"Dr.",name:"Sungyoon",middleName:null,surname:"Huh",fullName:"Sungyoon Huh",slug:"sungyoon-huh"}]},{id:"22931",title:"Elaboration and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications",slug:"elaboration-and-characterization-of-calcium-phosphate-biomaterial-for-biomedical-applications",signatures:"Foued Ben Ayed",authors:[{id:"50775",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben Ayed",middleName:null,surname:"Foued",fullName:"Ben Ayed Foued",slug:"ben-ayed-foued"}]},{id:"22932",title:"Fracture Mechanisms of Biodegradable PLA and PLA/PCL Blends",slug:"fracture-mechanisms-of-biodegradable-pla-and-pla-pcl-blends",signatures:"Mitsugu Todo and Tetsuo Takayama",authors:[{id:"56090",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsugu",middleName:null,surname:"Todo",fullName:"Mitsugu Todo",slug:"mitsugu-todo"},{id:"61234",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Takayama",fullName:"Tetsuo Takayama",slug:"tetsuo-takayama"}]},{id:"22933",title:"Cell Adhesion and Spreading on an Intrinsically Anti-Adhesive PEG Biomaterial",slug:"cell-adhesion-and-spreading-on-an-intrinsically-anti-adhesive-peg-biomaterial",signatures:"Marga C. Lensen, Vera A. Schulte and Mar Diez",authors:[{id:"56428",title:"Prof.",name:"Marga",middleName:null,surname:"Lensen",fullName:"Marga Lensen",slug:"marga-lensen"},{id:"98116",title:"Ms.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Schulte",fullName:"Vera Schulte",slug:"vera-schulte"},{id:"98118",title:"Ms.",name:"Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Diez",fullName:"Mar Diez",slug:"mar-diez"}]},{id:"22934",title:"A Preliminary In Vivo Study on the Histocompatibility of Silk Fibroin",slug:"a-preliminary-in-vivo-study-on-the-histocompatibility-of-silk-fibroin",signatures:"Lu Yan, Zhao Xia, Shao Zhengzhong, Cao Zhengbing and Cai Lihui",authors:[{id:"61256",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yan Lu",slug:"yan-lu"},{id:"61734",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhao",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Zhao Xia",slug:"zhao-xia"},{id:"61741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiao",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Jiao Wei",slug:"jiao-wei"}]},{id:"22935",title:"Histopatological Effect Characteristics of Various Biomaterials and Monomers Used in Polymeric Biomaterial Production",slug:"histopatological-effect-characteristics-of-various-biomaterials-and-monomers-used-in-polymeric-bioma",signatures:"Serpil Ünver Saraydin and Dursun Saraydin",authors:[{id:"54924",title:"Prof.",name:"Serpil",middleName:null,surname:"Ünver Saraydın",fullName:"Serpil Ünver Saraydın",slug:"serpil-unver-saraydin"},{id:"58334",title:"Prof.",name:"Dursun",middleName:null,surname:"Saraydin",fullName:"Dursun Saraydin",slug:"dursun-saraydin"}]},{id:"22936",title:"Facial Remodelling and Biomaterial",slug:"facial-remodelling-and-biomaterial",signatures:"G. Fini, L.M. Moricca, A. Leonardi, S. Buonaccorsi and V. Pellacchia",authors:[{id:"61689",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Moricca",fullName:"Luca Maria Moricca",slug:"luca-maria-moricca"}]},{id:"22937",title:"Biomaterials in Urology - Beyond Drug Eluting and Degradable - A Rational Approach to Ureteral Stent Design",slug:"biomaterials-in-urology-beyond-drug-eluting-and-degradable-a-rational-approach-to-ureteral-stent-des",signatures:"Dirk Lange, Chelsea N. Elwood and Ben H. Chew",authors:[{id:"56152",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Ben Chew",slug:"ben-chew"},{id:"61462",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Lange",fullName:"Dirk Lange",slug:"dirk-lange"},{id:"61463",title:"Dr.",name:"Chelsea",middleName:null,surname:"Elwood",fullName:"Chelsea Elwood",slug:"chelsea-elwood"}]},{id:"22938",title:"Candida Biofilms on Oral Biomaterials",slug:"candida-biofilms-on-oral-biomaterials",signatures:"Philippe Courtois",authors:[{id:"56756",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Courtois",fullName:"Philippe Courtois",slug:"philippe-courtois"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1486",title:"Biomaterials Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38aeff8880e6259e624707abda269b0f",slug:"biomaterials-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6280",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry - New Edition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d45002a20a9496ff80f5c0166d9be33",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry-new-edition",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello and Teresa Musumeci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73526",title:"Starting New Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Residency Programs in a Teaching Hospital",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93617",slug:"starting-new-accreditation-council-for-graduate-medical-education-acgme-residency-programs-in-a-teac",body:'In a report released by the Association of American Medical Colleges in June of 2020, United States could see a projected shortage of between 54,100 and 139,000 physicians, including gaps in both primary and specialty care, by 2033 [1]. The report also emphasizes the systematic differences in the annual use of health-care services by urban-rural location, insured-uninsured status, and race and ethnicity. US population is projected to grow by 10.4% from about 327 million to 361 million during the period of 2018–2033 [1]. The challenge of having sufficient doctors to serve our communities will get even worse as the nation’s population continues to grow and age [2]. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have short- and long-term consequences on the nation’s physician workforce. The gap between the country’s increasing health-care demands and the supply of physicians to effectively fill has become even more palpable during COVID-19 pandemic [1]. Thus, it is incumbent upon governments, academic institutions, hospital systems, and us as educators to work diligently toward addressing this problem. One such way is to increase the number of quality training opportunities for medical school graduates by initiating a residency and fellowship training program. Very less has been published on the steps and benefits of starting a new residency program accredited by ACGME. The ACGME is a private, 501(c)(3), and not-for-profit organization that sets standards for US graduate medical education (residency and fellowship) programs. [3] The ACGME renders accreditation decisions based on compliance with these requirements. The process is not without challenges, however, we have tried to create a guide built on personal experiences.
The community benefits of residency programs spread far outside the teaching hospital boundaries and provide profits far beyond the standard annual hospital reports. Graduate medical education residency programs provide an overall positive impact at various levels right from residents and institutions to communities and the nation as whole.
GME programs deliver a disproportionate share of the care to historically underserved minorities and patients requiring transfer from other institutions for advanced care [4, 5]. More than 50% of the nation’s health-care “safety net” is provided by the GME training programs in the university and community-based institutions which is an important justification of the “not-for-profit” status of these institutes [6]. The probability of a family physician settling in an underserved community increases by three to four times if they train in a community health centers affiliated with a teaching hospital-based program [7].
Besides imparting the medical knowledge to resident physicians, GME residency programs support the institution by continuing the medical education of the faculty, nursing staff, and other members of the health-care team, thus improving an overall quality of care in teaching hospitals [6, 8]. Major teaching hospitals were associated with lower 30-day mortality rates for common medical and surgical conditions ranging from pneumonia to hip replacement among hospitalizations for US Medicare beneficiaries [8]. The findings in another study suggest that mortality rates for even low-severity patients seem to be lower at teaching hospitals [9]. The attention to detail inherent in a teaching setting with a focus on innovation, frequent use of current medical literature to guide clinical decision-making, and more frequent and thorough case reviews may contribute to a lower incidence of adverse occurrences [2, 4].
Resident physicians not only provide around-the-clock coverage but also provide an economic advantage with lower Medicare spending at 30 days compared with Medicare patients at nonteaching hospitals [10]. Academic medical centers had slightly lower overall total costs compared with nonteaching centers mainly because of lower spending on post-acute care and readmissions. Better intensity of care during the index hospitalization, more integrated post-acute care, and/or more robust care management services during the period immediately after discharge in teaching hospitals could be the reasons for these differences. [11].
The teaching clinics affiliated with the hospital can increase the referral, hospital-based outpatient services, hospital admissions, and eventually revenue of teaching hospitals. [6, 12, 13] It can also help retain and recruit physicians in the health systems, especially at places with physician shortage areas. By hiring their own residency program-trained physicians, the hospitals can not only save the recruitment costs but these new physicians can also hit the ground running, thus saving both time and money for the institutions.
Data from a recent American Hospital Association survey suggest that teaching hospitals tend to have superior adoption rates of telehealth. [14] Compared with nonteaching hospitals, teaching hospitals have better odds of offering telehealth visits, chronic care management remote patient monitoring, post-discharge remote patient monitoring, telepsychiatry, and tele stroke [15].
Teaching hospitals tend to attract and cultivate people who are at the top of their fields and deeply committed. Patient care, medical education, and research come together at teaching hospitals to generate an environment that not only innovates health care but also benefits individual patients.
Examining the benefits of GME programs to the institutions and communities that sponsor them can provide a fundamental approach for preparation, resource distribution, improvement, and quality impacts within those institutions [6].
Per ACGME institutional requirements, “Residency and fellowship programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) must function under the ultimate authority and oversight of one Sponsoring Institution” [16]. The ACGME’s designated institutional official (DIO) will need to gain initial support from senior leadership and the board of trustees to embark on a new endeavor of starting a residency program at the institution. This support will be integral in successfully establishing the pillars that allow for a sustainable educational vision for the health network.
Hospitals or other health-care entities that seek to start new residencies/fellows have one of two options for sponsorship. Those options include partnering with an existing entity [hospital, medical school, federally qualified health center (FQHC), consortium, etc.] that sponsors ACGME accredited programs, or becoming its own sponsoring institution. There are pros and cons to each approach.
One advantage to partnering with an existing sponsoring institution (SI) is that the new teaching site could start a new residency application process without having to first obtain the ACGME institutional accreditation. Prior to applying for a new residency, the ACGME requires that there is a sponsoring institution to ensure the provision of resources and to foster a healthy learning environment. The mechanics to do this are straightforward; an existing sponsor’s program would identify the new teaching hospital as a “participating site.” The existing sponsor’s program initiates a program letter of agreement to govern the relationship between the two entities unless the new site is under the sponsor’s existing governance structure. Residents from the existing sponsor could start rotating at the new participating site, or the new participating site could apply for new residency programs.
This leads to the second advantage of partnering with an existing SI which is that resident rotations to a new participating site gives clinicians and administrators insight into what to expect when they decide to start their own residency programs. Many administrators like the idea of recruiting, training, and retaining their own workforce; however, few are aware of the cost/benefit analysis of such a venture. Thus, gaining experience in training residents without being fully committed is beneficial to all stakeholders.
A third advantage of partnering with an existing SI is that such an academic partnership could lead to a clinical affiliation, especially if the participating site has a strong and robust clinical scope within that given specialty (e.g., orthopedic hospital) and/or provides the sponsor with access to a new patient population (e.g., rural hospital or FQHC). In return, the new participating site receives the sponsorship needed to apply for new residency programs.
One downside of partnering with an existing sponsoring institution is that it can be confusing to the internal and external stakeholders as to who has the “ultimate authority” and “oversight” of the program. Governance structures are different from organization to organization and lines of accountability can be misplaced, misunderstood, or mislabeled. As a result, the question of “who has ultimate authority” can turn a once visionary proposition into a bureaucratic quagmire, especially when there are changes in leadership, organizational objectives, and internal politics. Ambiguity around “ultimate authority” and “oversight” dissipates if a site decides to sponsor its own residency programs and, as it turns out, is one of the advantages of becoming your own sponsoring institution of GME.
Sponsoring institutions are ultimately responsible for ensuring the provision of support systems, resources, and administrative structures and to foster the clinical learning and working environment. The SI’s execution of these responsibilities becomes essential when recruiting, training, and retaining the right residents for the community. The SI’s governing body has ultimate responsibility for GME activities and must weigh the rewards and risks of sponsoring GME programs. The risks being that the sponsor provides the necessary financial support for the administrative, educational, and clinical resources, including personnel. For example, each sponsoring institution of GME must identify a designated institutional official (DIO) and provide them with sufficient resources, time, salary, and professional development to effectively execute their duties [16]. A sponsoring institution must also ensure compliance with all ACGME institutional requirements while fostering a healthy learning environment, all of which can be additional costs as compared to partnering with the existing sponsor of GME.
Essentially, the decision of whether to partner with an existing sponsor or become one on your own comes down to three factors (the three Fs): faculty, finance, and facilities. Sponsors of GME are required to provide residents a broad, diverse, and in-depth training experience regardless if they own or partner with facilities that provide the clinic scope needed to comply with residency program requirements. The key is that the sponsor has “ultimate authority” and “oversight.” Although this can be obtained through affiliation agreements, it is challenging for a sponsor to enforce oversight when they lack control of the training sites. Sponsors of GME are also required to provide a sufficient number of faculties who are interested in, qualified to, and have the time for teaching and supervising residents. Lack of sufficient faculties can have serious consequences for a sponsor as demonstrated in the 2017 case when the emergency medicine residency at Summa Health lost their accreditation and the sponsor was placed on probation for not adequately negotiating for faculty coverage when replacing their ER contract with a new ER group [17]. Lastly, sponsors of GME need to ensure adequate financing of new programs either through grants, operations, or Medicare GME reimbursement, the latter having a unique set of challenges.
A key factor to the success in the budgeting process takes in all start-up costs and projected operating expenses of the new residency program. The bulk of these costs and expenses include resident salaries, faculty stipends for teaching, and administrative personnel, which creates an efficient system of management and program organization. The budgeting process includes accounting for costs such as protected time for program leadership [program director (PD) and associate program director], core faculty, along with faculty stipends that foster continuing education and research. Gathering data from other residency programs which are already in operation can be invaluable in terms of budgeting and forecasting costs for a new residency program start-up. It is pivotal that when starting the new program, the faculty costs are as accurate as possible. This can be achieved by using a fair market value (FMV) estimation when assessing the physician compensation.
The financing of GME programs mainly includes reimbursement from the federal government via Medicare that will, in turn, help sustain a residency program in the long term. For instance, the size of the federal investment in GME—estimated at $16 billion in 2015 [18], helps to spur the growth of maintenance and conception of residency programs. The reimbursement offered through Medicare can help create profitability of a new residency program. A hospital is categorized into a certain reimbursement rate based on the guidelines set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services due to location and other factors. “In general, Medicare direct GME payments are calculated by multiplying the hospital’s updated Per Resident Amount (PRA) by the weighted number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) residents working in all areas of the hospital complex (and at non-provider sites, when applicable), and the hospital’s ratio of Medicare inpatient days to total inpatient days” [19]. It is important to consider that if a resident were to spend time in two different hospitals, then each hospital would count the proportion of the FTE time spent at its facility for reimbursement.
To properly plan for the space and facilities needed for a new residency program, it is important to understand the inpatient and outpatient accreditation and certifying board requirements for training. Even if most residents spend the majority of their training within an inpatient setting, it is pivotal that a resident also trains in an outpatient setting due to the high probability that they will practice in an ambulatory and community-based setting [20]. The primary training site will need adequate facilities, patient volume, and faculty for resident education. Evaluating inpatient volume data and the case mix of the hospital ensures a quality and diverse mix of patient cases for residents. Also, analyzing the capacity and forecasted volumes for outpatient sites is critical to ensure ACGME compliance and quality of resident education.
Recently, St. Luke’s Hospital - Anderson Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, built state-of-the-art facilities for new resident education. During this phase of starting up new residency programs, the GME senior leadership incorporated a full-staffed GME administrative office with on-site private program director and faculty offices, research support resources, residency program coordinators (PCs), and additional conference rooms dedicated to education. The goal of this unique GME space design was to encourage interdisciplinary collaboration between different residency programs to create a dynamic and high-quality educational experience for residents. At the St. Luke’s Anderson Campus, the collaborative model allows for more open-door discussions and sharing of ideas between program directors in specialties such as internal medicine, psychiatry, neurology, family medicine, dermatology, and emergency medicine. Additional education facilities include a full simulation center, skills lab, and standardized patient rooms for trainees to learn. Collaborative space design is also another way to model interprofessional collaboration behaviors for trainees.
The GME office, in collaboration with the network business planning, offered a “first-cut analysis” of the business and workforce feasible of starting new and right-sizing the existing programs in the network. Readiness assessments determined how “ready” a department was to start or right-size its program, identify gaps, refine relevant/expected projections, and develop action plans including time lines (Table 1). After finding the leads for various departments like Accreditation/Project Management Office (PMO), Community/FQHC, Research Reimbursement, Capital/Operational Expense, and Clinical, Physician Leads received accreditation standards and application, while GME office helped them draft a rotation schedule prior to planning meeting. The goal of the meeting was to score the department’s readiness. The readiness assessment helped to structure the way we launched the change and minimize the time and resources spent on implementing the changes. Pro-forma development and workforce forecasting were also instrumental in the assessment. With the assessment, we learnt: (1) current state of department compliance, capacity, personnel, and resource, (2) what the curriculum rotation schedule could look like, and (3) the department’s experience and belief in the value of the change.
Stakeholders and recruitment | H-M-L |
---|---|
What will be the impact of the program on St Luke’s? | |
What will be the impact of the program on the community? | |
What is the medical student market demand for this program? | |
What is the quality of the department’s relationship with needed external partners? | |
What is the department’s level of interest? Evidence of prior success? See the benefit? | |
What is the program’s cost–benefit projection? | |
What is the program’s cost–benefit revision (after a rotation schedule draft)? | |
What is the capacity of the department to provide education? | |
To what degree does the department meet faculty requirements? | |
What is the department’s existing clinical capacity? | |
What is the department’s projected clinical capacity in 5-7 years? | |
What existing resources does St. Luke’s currently have to support this program? | |
What are the legal implications of the program (lower is worse)? | |
How many rotations will SLRA be able to host? (48 total months per resident) | |
% Compliant with accreditation standards: | |
What physical space does the department currently have to run the program? | |
What is the department’s expertise with this GME program? | |
What is the department’s experience in teaching residents? | |
What is the department’s performance in producing scholarly activity? | |
Does department’s attending meet current number of faculty needed? | |
Readiness assessment.
Rating scale: H = fully ready (7-9 pts), M = partially ready (4-6 pts), and L = not ready (1-3 pts).
The initial accreditation process should be started early as the application process is the “final product” and many things need to be discussed, outlined, and developed before the application is submitted. The DIO must initiate the application process in ACGME’s Accreditation Data System (ADS). The DIO must name the program director at this time. The program director is responsible for completing the application and submitting it through Accreditation Data System (ADS) for the DIO to approve. The program director is ultimately responsible for the application submission, but the advice and expertise of key faculty, department chair, and/or recent graduates should be utilized. It is strongly advisable to become well acquainted with the ACGME requirements and have them at hand while completing the application [21]. ACGME does have a video on “Completing an Application for ACGME Accreditation” that is a great resource, providing specific details on sections of the application [22]. The ACGME has a specific section for program directors on accreditation, which should be reviewed prior to starting the application as it provides an overview of the accreditation process[23]. If a requirement is not clear, the ACGME publishes “FAQs” that may be of assistance.
Each specialty has a specialty-specific application form. Read each question carefully and answer only that question in the space provided. Ensure the answer is complete, detailed, and if requested, provide specific examples on how something may be handled within the specific program. Many applications ask about hospital data and resources, including the number of beds, average daily census, faculty numbers, and patient care resources. Plan to include the expected schedule for the residents.
Many citations occur because the application is incomplete or inaccurate, required education experiences are not demonstrated in the schedule, scholarly activity requirements for the faculty have not been met, or the minimum number of core faculty is not identified.
Once the application is completed, fellow members like faculty, residents, educators, and/or DIO should read the application and propose their suggestions and offer amendments. This is helpful to ensure that all aspects of the residency/fellowship program have been correctly presented and the document is internally consistent. It is not uncommon to have slips and/or inconsistencies in a document that has been worked on for many months. Review should include an examination of all sections of the application for accuracy, including the faculty rosters and curriculum vitaes (CVs). [24] Before submission, the program should find someone not familiar with the program but familiar with the ACGME policies and procedures to review the requirements and applications. This person should read both documents fully and identify areas that may need more details or that do not make sense.
After the application is submitted, program staff should interact with RC team to confirm that the application has been received. The RC team can also help with information about deadlines for forthcoming meetings. These meeting dates are posted on the ACGME website and are typically 8–10 weeks in advance of the meeting date. The goal for submission is several months prior to the site visit [24].
This will take a year or more from finding a sponsoring institution to matching the first class of residents. In between those two bookends is the site visit from the ACGME. From our experience as newly accredited residency programs, there are pieces of the process, that on reflection, were key to our success.
Before thinking of the site visit, becoming familiar with the ACGME common program and program-specific requirements is essential. Having established, veteran program directors review the application in advance can give you the benefit of feedback and ability to troubleshoot.
One should think of the site visit as an open book test—good preparation should yield no surprises. Dr. Ingrid Philbert, Ph.D., MBA, Senior Vice President, Director, Field Activities for the ACGME, borrowed this analysis from the five stages of grief by Elizabeth Kubler Ross. Denial: “They not coming again, already”; Bargaining: “We can get a postponement”; Anger: “She says, we cannot get a postponement”; Depression: I will never be ready”; Acceptance: “We will be ready!”
In general, information gathering for the PIF should begin approximately 1 year before the application due date. Begin focused writing 6 months before the due date and finish the first draft 3 months prior to the due date (Table 2).
One year out | Review program and institutional requirements, preview the PIF, document education meeting attended by involved and faculty, revise goals and objectives as needed, and update and organize all program letter of agreements (PLAs) |
Six months | Reread the requirements and write the PIF. |
3 months | Once notified, reread requirements, complete PIF, schedule a meeting with institutional officials and key faculty, schedule appropriate room for meetings, schedule transport, lodging and meals, and select residents for meeting |
One month | Prepare residents and faculty, impress the importance of the meetings, share the PIF, and ask to read and ask any questions. Remind to answer questions from the site visitor clearly and accurately. If they do not know the answer, they should say so and ensure the site visitor that they will find the answer and get back to them before the end of the site visit. The program director should be notified so he/she can discuss further with the site visitor if necessary. Stress the importance of having a positive and productive attitude toward the establishment of the program. Reread requirements |
One week | Meet with faculty after they have reread the PIF and clarify any questions or concerns, reconfirm all dates, times lodging, and transportation logistics. A mock interview with faculty and the PD, with the DIO acting as the site visitor can be very helpful to ensure all questions have been well thought out and all documentations are well organized and readily available. PD should have a binder with the completed application with tabs to easily and quickly find information the site visitor may inquire about. The binder should include a copy of the PIF, educational goals and objectives, written supervisory lines of responsibility, acceptance/promotion/dismissal policies, planned conference schedules, template of resident/faculty /program evaluations and plan for filing this data, copy of internal review, resident contract and manual, copies of affiliation agreements, institutional letters of agreement, and PLAs. Additionally, one should have available a copy of the program and institutional requirements as well as a block schedule of resident rotations |
One day | REREAD REQUIREMENTS AND PIF, check all documentation twice, GET A GOOD NIGHT SLEEP! |
Day of visit | Day of the visit is typically 4-5 h. The site visitor usually meets with the program director and program coordinator first, then department chair, followed by the DIO, core faculty, possibly a tour of the hospital, and then meet with residents, sometimes over a lunch. At day’s end, the site visitor will have a final meeting with the program director. The site visitor typically reports a review of the program’s history review of institutional issues or citations. They may ask for clarification of the PIF or questions raised during faculty or resident interviews and anything else that is needed. They typically provide their perceived strengths and weaknesses of the program and answer any questions. |
Preparation of site visit timeline.
Start early on accumulating and updating faculty CVs. You can use a well-written PIF as a model template, which paints the program in clear and concise manner and have another experienced PD’s critique it along with other faculty.
After the respective resident review committee (RRC) has reviewed the program, an e-mail notification of the accreditation status will be sent within 5 days. This e-mail note will not provide any details about the findings from the review, only the status. The letter of notification is sent approximately 60 days after that. This letter outlines areas not deemed to be substantially compliant by the RRC (citations), other areas in need of improvement, and actions the program is asked to take. This letter should be read carefully and discussed with faculty, residents, and department as well as institutional leadership.
As the new program application to the ACGME begins with the designated institutional official (DIO) by submitting a program application to the ACGME’s Accreditation Data System (ADS),[24] the DIO also must select a program director (PD). PD is not only responsible for completing and verifying the accuracy of application information but also responsible for running the program successfully. The program director must be approved by the sponsoring institutions’ Graduate Medical Education Committee (GMEC) as well as the RRC. The program director must be appointed for the length of the program plus 1 year. The PD must have educational and administrative expertise as well as certification in their respective specialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The PD must also be currently licensed and have a medical staff appointment at the sponsoring institution. Additionally, the PD must demonstrate adequate scholarly activity and be 5 years removed from residency/fellowship training or have worked as an associate program director for 3 or more years. To successfully oversee a program, the ACGME recommends at least 20% protected time for the PD. To assist the PD in running the program, each program is required to have a designated program coordinator (PC). The PC is responsible for assisting the PD in the day-to-day administration of the training program. The ACGME website precisely dictates the academic requirements while also mandating that the PD “embody personal qualities of integrity, confidence, and model outstanding professionalism, high-quality patient care, educational excellence and promote an environment where respectful discussion is welcome, with the goal of continued improvement of the educational experience.” The above should be viewed as absolute requirements for a program director; however, for a PD to maximize the potential of those individuals under his or her charge, the PD must act as a disciplinarian while maintaining the confidence and respect of the trainees. To maximize trainee morale and a conducive educational environment, the PD may act as a confidant, counselor, and at times, therapist.
Furthermore, it is imperative for the PD to establish good working relationships with the other program directors. Aside from providing support and advice, PDs must often work together. Because the ACGME does not permit integration with another sponsoring institution with the same specialty, programs are often required to work together to meet requirements. For instance, medical residents are required to rotate through cardiology; if a poor relationship exists between the two program directors, there is no option for the medical residents to rotate through another institution’s cardiology training program.
ACGME sets standards for residency and fellowship programs that are comprised of common program requirements (CPR) that all programs regardless of specialty must meet and specialty-specific program requirements. Each program must provide program-specific details in the form of the program information form (PIF), which should be provided by the program director (PD) as they will know the program best and no one has a more significant stake in the program outcome. The PIF contains questions related to the CPR and the specialty-specific requirements and provides a clear understanding of why your program’s mission and vision should exist and how it will serve the residents/fellows, hospital, and community at large.
Each program must have an accredited institution as its sponsor and designated primary training site(s). The ACGME requires accredited residency/fellowship programs to operate under the authority and control of one sponsoring institution. The sponsoring institution must comply with the ACGME institutional requirements and must ensure that all accredited programs remain in compliance with institutional-, common-, and specialty-specific program requirements as well as ACGME policies and procedures. Additionally, the sponsoring institution retains responsibility for the quality of GME, including when resident/fellow education occurs at other sites. The sponsoring institution defines and regulates compliance through affiliation agreements. Master affiliation agreements (MAAs) are the overriding agreements between the sponsoring institution and all its major participating graduate medical education sites involved in residency/fellowship education. If training was to occur at sites not governed by the sponsoring institution’s primary training site’s Board of Directors, a program letter of agreement (PLA) is required. In contrast to MAAs, PLAs are program-specific, originating at the program level, and offer details on faculty, supervision, assessment, educational content, size of the assignment, and policy and procedures for each essential assignment that occurs outside of an accredited program’s sponsoring institution. These documents are designed to protect the program’s residents/fellows by confirming a proper educational experience under sufficient supervision and must be renewed every 5 years [26].
Following initial program accreditation by the ACGME, the Residency Review Committee in your given specialty will, in subsequent years, monitor key performance measures to determine programmatic effectiveness and value. Data points are derived from the resident and faculty surveys, and board certification pass rates and performance by program graduates will determine the program accreditation status. The program must also submit every year to the ACGME program information via the Accreditation Data System (ADS). This includes reports of trainee development as measured using the specialty-specific milestones. Site review intervals will extend to 10 years if the program continues to meet performance goals. Prior to the once-a-decade site visit, it is expected that the programs will conduct, at least yearly, self-studies to consider accomplishments and opportunities for improvement [27].
The ACGME and other medical societies, especially the Association of Program Directors for the specialty, have a robust collection of resources to assist program development for everything from preparation for an ACGME initial application to the 10-year accreditation site visit and everything in between.
Developing a “successful” curriculum means designing and implementing an effective program of study and discovery in a focus area. In graduate medical education, this “focus area” may represent a rotation, that is, cardiology, ambulatory rotation, critical care, etc. It may also represent an educational activity (i.e., grand rounds presentation) or research and scholarly activity (i.e., quality improvement project). A resident’s skill level within this area is then evaluated within the “lens” of the core competencies as established by the ACGME. This “lens” includes the ACGME core competencies and their associated milestones [28]. The six core competencies include patient care, medical knowledge, systems-based practice, professionalism, practice-based learning and improvement, and professionalism [29].
The curriculum that you design for each of your focus areas should include the skill set needed within the “lens” of the competencies and milestones. Your “curriculum format” should include the following key areas:
Overview
Goals and objectives
Methods of teaching/instruction
The educational content
Evaluation and feedback
For the purposes of providing a more concrete example, consider what a curriculum for a first-year internal medicine resident [30] who is about to begin a cardiology rotation would look like using this format.
This describes and sets the tone for your “focus area.” It would provide a little background about the focus area (in this example, cardiology) and may briefly describe aspects including the subject matter and clinical interactions. It may also briefly touch on other areas including educational content and methods of teaching that you will describe more in depth later in the curriculum [29].
The goals and objectives of a rotation or activity need to be clearly defined within the framework of the ACGME core competencies. For example, the goals and objectives of an internal medicine resident on the cardiology rotation would be defined within the framework of the six core competencies. Each of the core competencies should be listed in the goals and objectives section and the milestones can be further defined considering the respective competency discussed. Each core competency should be listed as a separate heading under your Goals and Objectives section. Two examples of a cardiology-focused goals and objectives under
Demonstrate updated knowledge of assigned patients on rounds.
Demonstrate an improvement in development of a treatment plan under the cardiologist’s supervision.
The wording of the goals and objectives should be in the active voice. The first word of each objective should be a behavioral verb like: define, develop, review, identify, obtain, demonstrate, correlate, present, use/utilize, and/or communicate. They are dynamic words that are important when trying to convey each of your individual goals and objectives. Communicate, for example, may be the initial “buzzword” under specific goals and objectives under the section on
Communicate effectively with patients and families.
Use effective listening, nonverbal, questioning, and narrative skills to communicate with patients and families.
Note that the resident must have access to the curriculum, especially the goals and objectives. Many residency programs maintain these on the residency management system, whether it is New Innovations or MedHub. Another option is to save them on a shared drive on the computer which is readily accessible. The resident should review the goals and objectives portion prior to the beginning of each rotation.
This section defines the methods by which the residents learn the different topic areas. Common examples of teaching methods germane to most resident rotations include:
Direct patient care.
Didactic conferences.
Daily teaching and management rounds with team and attending physician.
Assigned reading topics depending on the focus area.
Other topic areas depending on the specialty; for example, the resident in cardiology may have dedicated sessions regarding ECG interpretation and review.
This can be considered a separate area or be included in the above Teaching Methods section. Basically, what is the nature of the clinical exposure on the rotation? Is it an inpatient or outpatient rotation or a mix of both? If it is an inpatient rotation, would patients be seen by the resident on the general medical floor or also in the ICU/CCU? Is it a general cardiology rotation or are there specific patient populations the resident would encounter on this rotation, that is, patients with congenital heart disease?
After the Goals and Objectives section, this is probably the most important section. Two of the most common questions residents ask at the beginning of any rotation are: “How am I being evaluated?” and “Is feedback provided during the rotation? These are important questions to address in this section of the curriculum so that the resident has a clear understanding how s/he will be evaluated [31]. Important aspects to consider including this section:
Your resident should review the goals and objectives of the rotation at the beginning of the rotation and your resident has easy access to these goals and objectives.
Note that the rotation evaluations for the rotation should be directly related to the goals and objectives that you define in your curriculum initially.
The foundation for starting a residency program lies in the layering of the right faculty framework. Faculty remains one of the biggest assets for any training program. Dedication to teaching, commitment to education, and passion to share the love of learning are all aspects of academic medicine that propagate scholarly activity. Historically, there are many challenges to faculty development in any department, but most especially in new program development, in an academic setting. This issue was specifically addressed at the World Conference on Medical Education in 1988. It was intended to improve medical education worldwide. The Edinburgh Declaration made 12 recommendations, the fifth recommendation was to train forerunners as educators, not just content experts, and reward distinction in this arena as in biomedical research or clinical practice [32, 33]. This was also addressed as part of the ACGME Outcome Project initiative that faculty must be qualified to provide and evaluate education that is level-specific, competency-based, standardized, integrated, and accessible [34, 35]. The evolution of a physician into an educator does not happen overnight. The acknowledgement of the importance of faculty development cannot be overemphasized, especially in training of future physicians.
There are many challenges to a sustainable faculty development curriculum. The requirement for faculty development has increased as a result of growing demands by the regulatory agencies [36, 37, 38]. American Association of Directors and Psychiatry Residency Training membership reported lack of funding and lack of time as well as excessive clinical demands as the main barriers to seeking career in graduate medical education [36]. Clinically, the concerns for excellent patient care while teaching residents or students, with the demands of RVU production can be daunting. Other barriers noted in this survey included “faculty attrition, faculty burnout, lack of recognition, and paucity of GME positions within institutions”[36].
Traditional faculty development consists of faculty development workshops, grand rounds, leadership conferences, and faculty retreats. These sessions typically require faculty to block clinical hours to be present face-to-face in one designated location. These usually occur in larger group settings due to the cohort nature of the exercises. These sessions usually address faculty development competencies including education theory. Topics can include curriculum development, competencies, milestones, and EPAs. Other helpful topics to assess teacher effectiveness would include preparation and delivery of didactic teaching skills, clinical teaching skills, specific audience targeting, and incorporation of technology into teaching sessions. Topics specific to the resident evaluation would include assessment and evaluation, giving feedback, the 1-min preceptor, small group teaching, learner styles, and flipped classroom sessions. Other models include teaching and mentoring skills. Topics to be considered under this umbrella would include advising/mentoring techniques and evaluation of any resident expressing difficulty with academic or behavioral issues. Due to new curriculum and new roles for faculty as educators, management and leadership training should also be at the foreground of new faculty training in new programs. Management and leadership styles vary greatly depending upon the physician’s prior experiences, their own role models, and their own prior mentors. Useful topics under leadership areas include time management, work hours, delegation, emotional intelligence, networking, team building theory, work/life integration, communication skills, conflict management, strategic planning, and career development of an educator’s portfolio.
Another important component in faculty development includes the incorporation of research, especially early in residency design. The expectation of quality and process improvement (QI/PI) projects for both residents and faculty fosters a foundation of evidence-based medicine and quality standard measures for patient safety. Faculty education on research study design, statistical methodology, utilizing the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle for project implementation, presenting and writing study results, project feasibility, IRB submission, poster presentations, grants submissions, literature searches, publications, evidence-based medicine (EBM), and quality improvement are essential for propagation of scholarly environment. These faculty development workshops are all valuable resources for faculty to stimulate personal research opportunities but also ignite resident intellectual curiosity. New programs that initiate faculty development in all these areas show a commitment to education to the residents. Faculties are expected to have core knowledge in their specialties. This is maintained by board certifications, recertifications, Continue Medical Education (CME), faculty appointments, and recognition within the field of interest. However, a dedicated commitment by the residency programs to structured faculty education is essential to the success of the residency itself. Capturing all areas of research, leadership, education theory, and teaching skills will undoubtedly advance the program and the residents within it.
Innovative methods to faculty development can also be explored through other social platforms. Due to the explosive nature of technology in academic medicine, exercises in flipped classroom settings, online prep courses, Skype presentations, and lectures further help to spread the availability of resources outside the typical face-to-face lecture/conference settings. It is essential in the busy clinical setting to have flexibility in the location and timing of training activities. 2010 I-PASS study among 11 academic institutions was launched to determine the effectiveness of patient handoffs and patient safety [39]. It required faculty at multiple institutions to first be trained on best practices on patient handoffs, which then in turn would be taught to the residents. This study prompted the development of new faculty curriculum across multiple sites and the need for standardized training. Faculty development was in the lead to advance patient safety among various institutions through innovative modules, online conferencing, combined with live training workshops [39]. Another example is video observation with guided reflection using peer review of videotaped teaching encounters [40]. Another article from Klein and associates reviewed the use of social media with excellent participation, that is, Facebook in providing online faculty development for a larger venue. Participants were involved in knowledge exchange (discussing, questioning/answering, and learning new tools and opportunities) and social capital (networking, sharing ideas, and peer learning). Outcomes showed overall positive impressions with ease of use, rapport, and community building. The biggest challenges were the asynchronous nature of participation and concerns for privacy and professionalism using social media [41]. “Online learning in general is neither superior to nor inferior to other approaches, but simply a method that overcomes some challenges while creating others.” Educators should innovatively balance face-to-face and online approaches in teaching [42]. This mix of approaches offers the best combination for faculty adherence and feasibility.
Finally, the future recruitment of excellent faculty educators also lies in praising and rewarding those educators who are the role models for our new residents. These faculty members need to be recognized for the role they fulfill every day in teaching our future physicians and scholars. It will require making changes in academic policies and performance expectations, offering a well-defined career path and identity for educators, increasing faculty development programs, supporting health professions education scholarship units and academies of medical educators, and generating means to ensure high standards for all educators [32]. These resources need to be standardized and shared within the academic learning communities both in undergraduate and graduate forums. Many roles have shared responsibilities within the academic world. Professional development occurs at all levels in academic medicine with the same ultimate goals. “Ensuring that all educators receive the essential knowledge and skills for teaching should be a policy priority”[32]. Joining forces with other established programs can greatly help new program faculty development. This is evidenced in national meetings of educators who welcome shared input to advance both established and new programs for the ultimate advancement of excellent programs. The rewards of graduating a residency class with knowledgeable, compassionate, and competent future physicians remain the ultimate draw into a career of academic medicine.
The benefits of collaboration in industries from information technology to professional sports have been clearly demonstrated. “We are often better served by connecting ideas than protecting them”[43, 44]. Within medical education, residency collaboration has borne fruit in several fields [45, 46, 47]. A noteworthy example is the Preparing the Personal Physician for Practice (P4) project, an initiative undertaken by 14 family medicine residency programs tasked with seeking innovation in residency education [45]. The collaboration between these programs allowed for the sharing of “best practices,” while also granting participating programs latitude for experimentation that has led to significant advances in the education of residents [47, 48]. Similarly, a collaborative health advocacy training program developed by California’s pediatric residency programs allowed each of the constituent residencies to demonstrate clear adherence to the ACGME’s requirement on the subject [46]. In a publication that described this joint venture, the authors explain that the effectiveness of the project in accomplishing its goal has led the group to expand the scope of their collaboration [46].
New residency programs offer fertile ground for collaboration in several dimensions. First, the new residency may look at the other programs available for collaboration. Are there existing residencies of the same specialty in the health network or fellowships with ties to the new program’s field? What other new residency programs are starting in the network at the same time, or within several years, of the new program? Second, a new residency program should consider what domains are best suited for collaboration with other programs. Is it feasible and mutually beneficial to create collaborative educational content in the form of didactics and workshops? Would share clinical experiences offer growth opportunities that are missing in single-specialty or single-program scenarios? What research and scholarly activity might grow from inter-program collaboration? Exploring these questions and their answers allows the new residency program to capitalize on opportunities to collaborate and enhance training for all of the residents involved.
At St. Luke’s Hospital - Anderson Campus, several avenues of collaboration have been established. During the planning phase for the new family medicine and internal medicine residency programs at the Anderson Campus, the decision was made to collaborate in the implementation of a curriculum in lifestyle medicine. This approach to clinical medicine, with a focus on the modification of lifestyle as a first line for disease prevention and management, is attractive to both patients and prospective residents. Working together, with the help of lifestyle medicine-trained adjunct faculty, the family and internal medicine residencies were accepted as a pilot site for the American College of Lifestyle Medicine’s “Lifestyle Medicine Residency Curriculum,” (LMRC) which prepares residents for dual board eligibility in their core specialty as well as lifestyle medicine at the end of their training. Residents participate in shared lifestyle medicine didactics and will rotate together through a lifestyle medicine specialty clinic. It was the inter-specialty nature of this collaboration that distinguished St. Luke’s from other programs vying for acceptance as LMRC sites.
Residents in the new residency programs at St. Luke’s Hospital - Anderson Campus also participate in a scholarly activity collaborative; trainees enjoy joint sessions on foundational concepts in research and work together to develop quality improvement projects spanning inpatient and outpatient settings. In addition to the clear patient care benefits of this program, residents can enhance their skills in communicating with other health-care professionals and in considering the impact of a quality improvement initiative outside of their clinical domain.
Recruiting residents for a new program must be done in a strategic manner to allow for the best outcome for the trainees and the training institution. The first three classes of a residency program can help shape the program and the community it serves. It is important to bring in residents who will contribute to the program development and are flexible in working through the challenges a new program has to offer. Over the past decade, there have been multiple studies regarding resident selection that have seen an increasing trend that USMLE score do not correlate with performance during residency [49, 50, 51]. Many surgical and emergency medicine programs have started to look at “GRIT” as an important aspect of being successful in residency. GRIT is defined as growth, resilience, intensity, and tenacity. Identifying residents who are passionate about medicine and are willing to go beyond the job description, thus ensuring the highest patient care [52, 53, 54, 55]. This concept has been in existence since the conception of residency by William Halsted but has been forgotten as the field of medicine has become overburdened with an increasing number of applicants and more regulations in Graduate Medical Education (GME) [50, 55].
When recruiting future residents to a new residency program, it is vital to select candidates based on the following qualities: leadership ability, strong sense on comradery, willingness to adapt and learn, GRIT (resilience), and emotional intelligence.
Academic rigor and test scores will be a part of GRIT [55]. When evaluating candidates for a residency position, it is important to create a standardized procedure to prevent biases. In terms of resident leadership, we can use Kouzes and Posner’s approach to identify those who inspire a shared vision, enable others to act, and encourage contributions and positive outcomes [56, 57]. It is also important to select individuals that work well in team; candidates that have experiences of working in a team outside of medicine should be considered an important quality. High-quality teamwork will have resulted in a candidate who has effective communication skills and demonstrates a high degree of professionalism. Willingness to adapt and learn is an important quality for candidates in a new program as it requires a great degree of flexibility and the ability to learn from challenges that will be faced as a team. A well-respected psychologist who focuses on high-functioning teams, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, states: “Of all the virtues we can learn, no trait is more useful, more essential for survival, and more likely to improve the quality of life than the ability to transform adversity into an enjoyable challenge.”
GRIT, as previously mentioned, is defined as growth, resilience, intensity, and tenacity. This is a vital component of resident selection. It should include the resident’s previous academic abilities. A form of this characteristic was used as a part of the criteria of the original Halstead resident for training academic surgeons at Johns Hopkins. Selecting the right set of candidates will create a unique sense of community. It is also important to select candidates with a high level of emotional intelligence in a new program. Residents will be put in environments with staff who are not familiar with having physician trainees and will require residents to handle those situations with poise and humility.
A final important consideration when recruiting residents is promoting diversity. This can be done by selecting an interview panel that encompasses staff from different areas of health care with whom the residents will be required to interact. This inclusive interview team will also be responsible with creating a standardized and structured interview process. Faculty should also be trained to avoid anchoring bias based on the application or resume alone prior to interview [51].
Aside from the “3Fs” model (faculty, finance, and facilities), starting a new teaching hospital poses challenges around reimbursement and accreditation. Once sponsorship and training sites have been identified, the new teaching program must determine if it has the regulatory right to start and develop a GME resident FTE cap and to be reimbursed for the residency training through CMS. Building a resident FTE cap large enough to support the hospital and the health network’s needs, not only operationally and financially, but strategically, to provide workforce solutions in response to community health needs assessments. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) recently published an overview of how Medicare Graduate Medical Education Payments work [58]. CRS identified selected GME funding issues for the Congress to address including that Medicare GME payments do not reimburse hospitals for their up-front investment to begin new residency programs. Lack of up-front or even retro funding is a significant challenge to hospitals starting new residency programs as well as the increase in medical school enrollments and projected physician workforce shortages. As a result of absence of up-front funding, hospitals need to intertwine physician workforce initiatives into their strategic plans and business objectives rather than seeing residency training as separate from the strategy vision. By doing so, hospital executives incorporate residency training costs into their growth proformas and establish community-based recruitment, training, and retention goals as part of their growth outcomes. Hospital executives see the value of residency programs when viewing them as a workforce development initiative rather than solely an educational program that is part of a community mission.
There are many factors that determine if a hospital is eligible for Medicare GME reimbursement, which can be found at cms.gov. CMS regulations define a “new medical residency training program” simply as “a medical residency that receives initial accreditation by the appropriate accrediting body.” CMS will reimburse eligible hospitals for starting new residencies albeit under challenging and sometimes ambiguous guidelines. For example, as the end of a 5-year cap building period, CMS completes a balancing test to determine if a program is new for Medicare GME reimbursement purposes during a new teaching hospital’s 5-year cap-building window. In addition to obtaining ACGME initial accreditation status, CMS considers the following factors: (a) whether the program director is new, (b) whether the teaching staff is new, (c) whether residents came from an existing program, (d) relationship between hospitals, (e) degree to which hospital with an original program continues to operate its own program in the same specialty, (f) whether a program was relocated from a closed hospital and if so, whether it was part of that hospital’s caps, and (g) whether a program is part of any existing hospital’s caps [59]. While the balance test of “newness” might appear to be straightforward, every health-care system or entity struggles with some elements depending on their situation. There are numerous factors that could affect “newness” of a program, such as meaning all curriculum requirements, having sufficient number of qualified faculty, recruiting high quality candidates, etc. One area that programs can find challenging is recruiting residents with prior training. For a new program, this can put a damper on the depth of a recruitment pool. CMS’s guidance on the “new resident” has been that in order to maintain newness, most of the residents in the program must be residents who are also new, again, with no prior training, or the resident’s initial residency period (or IRP) not triggered.
Another CMS newness challenge faced by new programs is the comingling issues. As a new program, residents cannot participate in side-by-side training with other residents of the same specialty, as that is not deemed as “new.” Yet another area that programs can find challenging in passing the “newness” test is using new people, resources, and sites and not from existing programs. This poses a particularly significant hurdle when an organization likes to internally promote. If a health system has one family medicine program and wants to start a new family medicine program at another campus, promoting the associate program director from the existing residency to program director of the new residency can pose a problem. The keyword in this last paragraph is “can.” The CMS balance does allow for some wiggle room and, overall, much of a program should pass all elements of the balance test, hence the name “balance” in order to qualify to receive Medicare GME reimbursement.
A few tips for mitigating the risk of losing up-front investment to failure to pass the newness assessment include but are not limited to: (1) getting a Medicare GME reimbursement consultant to conduct a “newness” assessment of your new residency programs. This should be conducted at the beginning and all throughout the 5-year cap building process. (2) Hiring a project manager to help keep new program builds in sync with the larger objective which is ensure the provision of necessary financial support for administrative, educational, and clinical resources, including personnel. A project manager will also help programs remedy obstacles to pass the balance test of newness, which inevitably require logistical support. (3) Organizing the project in terms of faculty, facility, and finance tasks and activities. Accreditation work is assumed and a significant piece of the up-front feasibility study, for example, who would be interested? What rotations would we be able to keep in-house versus out-of-house? How much will things cost? etc. Physician Leads receive accreditation standards and application and work to draft a rotation schedule prior to a planning meeting. The goal of the planning meeting is to score the department’s readiness (Table 1). The readiness assessment will help to structure the way we launch the change and minimize the time and resources spent on implementing the changes. With the assessment, we can learn: (1) current state of department’s compliance, capacity, personnel, and resource; (2) what the curriculum rotation schedule could look like; and (3) the department’s experience and belief in the value of the change.
The process to start successful and dynamic residency programs appeared a bit overwhelming at times, but it was a meaningful experience. The main pillars of implementation for a successful graduate medical education program encompass all “3Fs”; program faculty, facilities, and finances to build and support a cutting-edge, competency-based medical education. The advice to other programs is to embrace the experience and help encourage growth in graduate medical training positions to create succession and increase the number of physicians to help prevent reduce of physician shortage.
IntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
",metaTitle:"STM Publishing and Free Peer Reviewed Articles | IntechOpen",metaDescription:"IntechOpen’s scientific advisors support the STM publishing team by offering their editorial input, ensuring a consistent output of free peer reviewed articles.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"scientific-advisors",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diana Kitala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12176",title:"Oligonucleotides - Overview and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365b4a84e87d26bcb24b7183814fba04",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arghya Sett",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"301899",title:"Dr.",name:"Arghya",surname:"Sett",slug:"arghya-sett",fullName:"Arghya Sett"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics - Regulation and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ee9205fd23aa48cbcf3c9d6634db42b7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tao Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461341",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Huang",slug:"tao-huang",fullName:"Tao Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12214",title:"Phagocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79d7747d6e3aa6a3623ab710a7634588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12214.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12332",title:"Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c796885b34b6727cb8fb36badef827f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Imran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12332.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12424",title:"X-linked Recessive Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"994eb9ea3fd11da881d369c3325b0d24",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12424.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"167",title:"Bioethics",slug:"medicine-bioethics",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:9,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:168,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitations:91,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"167",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10878",title:"Bioethical Issues in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6f32d3f2227df637fffd969a0cb5ed7",slug:"bioethical-issues-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Peter A. Clark",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58889",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter A.",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",slug:"peter-a.-clark",fullName:"Peter A. Clark"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9566",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f1f01dc302bf4f0042445f11965fa1",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston and Sujoy Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7798",title:"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis",subtitle:"Conceptual Foundations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c331b07083fed290d6be2ccf32f1118f",slug:"neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6615",title:"Nursing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec518aff724f10de937340ca865b5e94",slug:"nursing",bookSignature:"Nilgun Ulutasdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191796",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nilgun",middleName:null,surname:"Ulutasdemir",slug:"nilgun-ulutasdemir",fullName:"Nilgun Ulutasdemir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6568",title:"Reflections on Bioethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8da3f5e7819e769f07a77dc3f0f357c2",slug:"reflections-on-bioethics",bookSignature:"José Antonio Morales-González and María Eugenia Aguilar Nájera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6568.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Gonzalez",slug:"jose-antonio-morales-gonzalez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1743",title:"Contemporary Issues in Bioethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"978cee44b901ff59a20a088f7dcfdbc5",slug:"contemporary-issues-in-bioethics",bookSignature:"Peter A. Clark",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1743.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58889",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter A.",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",slug:"peter-a.-clark",fullName:"Peter A. Clark"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"250",title:"Bioethics in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08402b34b7f530af1fee59d8ad1b976e",slug:"bioethics-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Abraham Rudnick",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/250.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34793",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",middleName:null,surname:"Rudnick",slug:"abraham-rudnick",fullName:"Abraham Rudnick"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"498",title:"Global Bioethics",subtitle:"Perspective for Human Survival",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b97154fc118995c01d4a14e0f1d1cda",slug:"global-bioethics-perspective-for-human-survival",bookSignature:"Brunetto Chiarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/498.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39651",title:"Prof.",name:"Brunetto",middleName:null,surname:"Chiarelli",slug:"brunetto-chiarelli",fullName:"Brunetto Chiarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"242",title:"Euthanasia",subtitle:'The "Good Death" Controversy in Humans and Animals',isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"438ac92607fefc3261b3a36c835fdf04",slug:"euthanasia-the-good-death-controversy-in-humans-and-animals",bookSignature:"Josef Kuře",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30926",title:"Prof.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Kuře",slug:"josef-kure",fullName:"Josef Kuře"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:9,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59779",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74995",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:9711,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Nurses are critical in the delivery of essential health services and are core in strengthening the health system. They bring people-centred care closer to the communities where they are needed most, thereby helping improve health outcomes and the overall cost-effectiveness of services. Nurses usually act as first responders to complex humanitarian crises and disasters; protectors and advocates for the community and communicators and co-ordinators within teams. Communication is a core component of sound relationships, collaboration and co-operation, which in turn are essential aspects of professional practice. The quality of communication in interactions between nurses and patients has a major influence on patient outcomes. Increases in nursing communication can lessen medical errors and make a difference in positive patient outcomes. This chapter explores how effective communication and interpersonal skills can enhance professional nursing practice and nursing relationships with various stakeholders. It explains principles of communication, communication process, purpose of communication, types of communication, barriers to effective communication, models of communication and strategies of improving communication and guidelines for successful therapeutic interactions.",book:{id:"6615",slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"24279",doi:"10.5772/19684",title:"Speculative Ethics: Valid Enterprise or Tragic Cul-De-Sac?",slug:"speculative-ethics-valid-enterprise-or-tragic-cul-de-sac-",totalDownloads:2560,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"250",slug:"bioethics-in-the-21st-century",title:"Bioethics in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Bioethics in the 21st Century"},signatures:"Gareth Jones, Maja Whitaker and Michael King",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"},{id:"47645",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Robert",surname:"King",slug:"michael-king",fullName:"Michael King"},{id:"47646",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Whitaker",slug:"maja-whitaker",fullName:"Maja Whitaker"}]},{id:"19610",doi:"10.5772/20184",title:"Euthanasia: A Confounding and Intricate Issue",slug:"euthanasia-a-confounding-and-intricate-issue",totalDownloads:2854,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"242",slug:"euthanasia-the-good-death-controversy-in-humans-and-animals",title:"Euthanasia",fullTitle:'Euthanasia - The "Good Death" Controversy in Humans and Animals'},signatures:"Isabelle Marcoux",authors:[{id:"37725",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Marcoux",slug:"isabelle-marcoux",fullName:"Isabelle Marcoux"}]},{id:"31743",doi:"10.5772/35001",title:"Neuroenhancement - A Controversial Topic in Contemporary Medical Ethics",slug:"neuroenhancement-a-controversial-topic-in-medical-ethics",totalDownloads:3930,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1743",slug:"contemporary-issues-in-bioethics",title:"Contemporary Issues in Bioethics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Issues in Bioethics"},signatures:"Kirsten Brukamp and Dominik Gross",authors:[{id:"102555",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirsten",middleName:null,surname:"Brukamp",slug:"kirsten-brukamp",fullName:"Kirsten Brukamp"},{id:"105119",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominik",middleName:null,surname:"Groß",slug:"dominik-gross",fullName:"Dominik Groß"}]},{id:"31748",doi:"10.5772/33900",title:"Medical Ethics in Undergraduate Medical Education in Pakistan: Towards a Curricular Change",slug:"medical-ethics-in-undergraduate-medical-education-in-pakistan-towards-a-curricular-change-",totalDownloads:2782,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1743",slug:"contemporary-issues-in-bioethics",title:"Contemporary Issues in Bioethics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Issues in Bioethics"},signatures:"Ayesha Shaikh and Naheed Humayun",authors:[{id:"97665",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayesha",middleName:null,surname:"Humayun",slug:"ayesha-humayun",fullName:"Ayesha Humayun"},{id:"104368",title:"Prof.",name:"Naheed",middleName:null,surname:"Humayun",slug:"naheed-humayun",fullName:"Naheed Humayun"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59779",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:9701,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Nurses are critical in the delivery of essential health services and are core in strengthening the health system. They bring people-centred care closer to the communities where they are needed most, thereby helping improve health outcomes and the overall cost-effectiveness of services. Nurses usually act as first responders to complex humanitarian crises and disasters; protectors and advocates for the community and communicators and co-ordinators within teams. Communication is a core component of sound relationships, collaboration and co-operation, which in turn are essential aspects of professional practice. The quality of communication in interactions between nurses and patients has a major influence on patient outcomes. Increases in nursing communication can lessen medical errors and make a difference in positive patient outcomes. This chapter explores how effective communication and interpersonal skills can enhance professional nursing practice and nursing relationships with various stakeholders. It explains principles of communication, communication process, purpose of communication, types of communication, barriers to effective communication, models of communication and strategies of improving communication and guidelines for successful therapeutic interactions.",book:{id:"6615",slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"19615",title:"Everything Under Control: How and When to Die - A Critical Analysis of the Arguments for Euthanasia",slug:"everything-under-control-how-and-when-to-die-a-critical-analysis-of-the-arguments-for-euthanasia",totalDownloads:6603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"242",slug:"euthanasia-the-good-death-controversy-in-humans-and-animals",title:"Euthanasia",fullTitle:'Euthanasia - The "Good Death" Controversy in Humans and Animals'},signatures:"Josef Kuře",authors:[{id:"30926",title:"Prof.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Kuře",slug:"josef-kure",fullName:"Josef Kuře"}]},{id:"19620",title:"Debate For and Against Euthanasia in the Control of Dog Populations",slug:"debate-for-and-against-euthanasia-in-the-control-of-dog-populations",totalDownloads:12611,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"242",slug:"euthanasia-the-good-death-controversy-in-humans-and-animals",title:"Euthanasia",fullTitle:'Euthanasia - The "Good Death" Controversy in Humans and Animals'},signatures:"Antonio Ortega-Pacheco and Matilde Jiménez-Coello",authors:[{id:"30340",title:"Dr.",name:"Matilde",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Coello",slug:"matilde-jimenez-coello",fullName:"Matilde Jimenez-Coello"},{id:"30393",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega-Pacheco",slug:"antonio-ortega-pacheco",fullName:"Antonio Ortega-Pacheco"}]},{id:"61494",title:"Transcultural Nursing",slug:"transcultural-nursing",totalDownloads:2735,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Culture is defined as the sum of all the material and spiritual values created in the process of social development and the tools that are used to create and hand these values down to next generations and show the extent of the man’s authority and control over their natural and social environment. The term “culture”, which diversifies in each community and so is experienced differently, also affects the way individuals perceive the phenomena such as health, illness, happiness, sadness and the manner these emotions are experienced. The term health, whose nature and meaning is highly variable across different cultures requires care involving cultural recognition, valueing and practice. The nursing profession, which plays an important role in the health team, is often based on a cultural phenomenon. The cultural values, beliefs and practices of the patient are an integral part of holistic nursing care. The aim of nursing is to provide a wholly caring and humanistic service respecting people’s cultural values and lifestyles. Nurses should offer an acceptable and affordable care for the individuals under the conditions of the day. Knowing what cultural practices are done in the target communities and identifying the cultural barriers to offering quality health care positively affects the caring process. Nurses should explore new ways of providing cultural care in multicultural societies, understand how culture affects health-illness definitions and build a bridge for the gap between the caring process and the individuals in different cultures.",book:{id:"6615",slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Vasfiye Bayram Değer",authors:[{id:"228268",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vasfiye",middleName:null,surname:"Bayram Değer",slug:"vasfiye-bayram-deger",fullName:"Vasfiye Bayram Değer"}]},{id:"72954",title:"Value-Based Healthcare",slug:"value-based-healthcare",totalDownloads:840,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Value-based healthcare is a new health-care model in which what is important is value to the patient. Value is a broad term, but in essence, it is the best outcome for the patient per dollar spent. To provide value to the patient, the medical practice should be centered around conditions and care cycles and the results must be measured. We now know that the model we have right now, the fee-for-service model, is not linked to quality of the patient. All around the world, many hospitals and clinics are making the transition to this value-based model. To provide the best for the patient, we must have the best medical evidence to follow. In the following chapter, we will cover a few aspects of value-based healthcare, its reimbursement model, the integrated practice units, and the information technology necessary to implement it.",book:{id:"9566",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",fullTitle:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society"},signatures:"Patrick Rech Ramos",authors:[{id:"321359",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:"Rech",surname:"Rech Ramos",slug:"patrick-rech-ramos",fullName:"Patrick Rech Ramos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"167",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:245,paginationItems:[{id:"196707",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"mustafa-numan-bucak",fullName:"Mustafa Numan Bucak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196707/images/system/196707.png",biography:"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/117286",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"117286"},fullPath:"/profiles/117286",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()