Assumed simulated values of an aircraft.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9878",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications",title:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book highlights original research and high-quality technical briefs on electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering, and their applications in industry and biomedical engineering. It also presents recent research achievements in the theoretical, computational, and experimental aspects of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. The book is divided into three sections. Section 1 consists of chapters with general mathematical methods and approaches to the forward and inverse problems of wave propagation. Section 2 presents the problems of wave propagation in superconducting materials and porous media. Finally, Section 3 discusses various industry and biomedical applications of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering.",isbn:"978-1-83968-582-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-581-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-583-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87687",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"electromagnetic-wave-propagation-for-industry-and-biomedical-applications",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e57ef4b5bada0d966637cd303d76278f",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9878.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1739,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",biography:"Lulu Wang is a Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, China. Dr. Wang is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Physiological Society of New Zealand (PSNZ), and Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ). Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. Over the past five years, Dr. Wang has authored more than seventy peer-reviewed publications, two ASME books, seven book chapters, and ten issued patents. She is an active reviewer of numerous journals, books, and conferences. She has edited four books and three special issues of international journals. She has received multiple national and international awards from various professional societies and organizations. She is an active organizer of several international conferences, including the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition and the International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering Sciences. She has been selected as the World’s Top 2% Scientists 2021 (by Stanford University).",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"737",title:"Electromagnetism",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-electromagnetism"}],chapters:[{id:"76338",title:"Dyadic Green’s Function for Multilayered Planar, Cylindrical, and Spherical Structures with Impedance Boundary Condition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95834",slug:"dyadic-green-s-function-for-multilayered-planar-cylindrical-and-spherical-structures-with-impedance-",totalDownloads:139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The integral equation (IE) method is one of the efficient approaches for solving electromagnetic problems, where dyadic Green’s function (DGF) plays an important role as the Kernel of the integrals. In general, a layered medium with planar, cylindrical, or spherical geometry can be used to model different biomedical media such as human skin, body, or head. Therefore, in this chapter, different approaches for the derivation of Green’s function for these structures will be introduced. Due to the recent great interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials, the chapter will also discuss the generalization of the technique to the same structures with interfaces made of isotropic and anisotropic surface impedances. To this end, general formulas for the dyadic Green’s function of the aforementioned structures are extracted based on the scattering superposition method by considering field and source points in the arbitrary locations. Apparently, by setting the surface conductivity of the interfaces equal to zero, the formulations will turn into the associated problem with dielectric boundaries. This section will also aid in the design of various biomedical devices such as sensors, cloaks, and spectrometers, with improved functionality. Finally, the Purcell factor of a dipole emitter in the presence of the layered structures will be discussed as another biomedical application of the formulation.",signatures:"Shiva Hayati Raad and Zahra Atlasbaf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76338",authors:[{id:"18749",title:"Dr.",name:"zahra",surname:"atlasbaf",slug:"zahra-atlasbaf",fullName:"zahra atlasbaf"},{id:"313000",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shiva",surname:"Hayati Raad",slug:"shiva-hayati-raad",fullName:"Shiva Hayati Raad"}],corrections:null},{id:"76596",title:"A TLM Formulation Based on Fractional Derivatives for Dispersive Cole-Cole Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96378",slug:"a-tlm-formulation-based-on-fractional-derivatives-for-dispersive-cole-cole-media",totalDownloads:158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An auxiliary differential equation (ADE) transmission line method (TLM) is proposed for broadband modeling of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in biological tissues with the Cole-Cole dispersion Model. The fractional derivative problem is surmounted by assuming a linear behavior of the polarization current when the time discretization is short enough. The polarization current density is approached using Lagrange extrapolation polynomial and the fractional derivation is obtained according to Riemann definition of a fractional α-order derivative. Reflection coefficients at an air/muscle and air/fat tissues interfaces simulated in a 1-D domain are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from the analytic model over a broad frequency range, demonstrating the validity of the proposed approach.",signatures:"Mohammed Kanjaa, Otman El Mrabet and Mohsine Khalladi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76596",authors:[{id:"335735",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Kanjaa",slug:"mohammed-kanjaa",fullName:"Mohammed Kanjaa"},{id:"451607",title:"Dr.",name:"Otman El Mrabet",surname:"El Mrabet",slug:"otman-el-mrabet-el-mrabet",fullName:"Otman El Mrabet El Mrabet"},{id:"451608",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsine",surname:"Khalladi",slug:"mohsine-khalladi",fullName:"Mohsine Khalladi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74643",title:"Averaged No-Regret Control for an Electromagnetic Wave Equation Depending upon a Parameter with Incomplete Initial Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95447",slug:"averaged-no-regret-control-for-an-electromagnetic-wave-equation-depending-upon-a-parameter-with-inco",totalDownloads:173,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter concerns the optimal control problem for an electromagnetic wave equation with a potential term depending on a real parameter and with missing initial conditions. By using both the average control notion introduced recently by E. Zuazua to control parameter depending systems and the no-regret method introduced for the optimal control of systems with missing data. The relaxation of averaged no-regret control by the averaged low-regret control sequence transforms the problem into a standard optimal control problem. We prove that the problem of average optimal control admits a unique averaged no-regret control that we characterize by means of optimality systems.",signatures:"Abdelhak Hafdallah and Mouna Abdelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74643",authors:[{id:"330025",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelhak",surname:"Hafdallah",slug:"abdelhak-hafdallah",fullName:"Abdelhak Hafdallah"},{id:"339881",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Abdelli",slug:"mouna-abdelli",fullName:"Mouna Abdelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"76123",title:"Using Electromagnetic Properties to Identify and Design Superconducting Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97327",slug:"using-electromagnetic-properties-to-identify-and-design-superconducting-materials",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Superconductors have a wide array of applications, such as medical imaging, supercomputing, and electric power transmission, but superconducting materials only operate at very cold temperatures. Thus, the quest to engineer room temperature superconductors is currently a hot topic of research. To accomplish this mission, it is important to have a complete understanding of the material properties that are being used to create these superconductors. Understanding the atomic and electromagnetic properties of the prospective materials will provide tremendous insight into the best choice for the materials. Therefore, a theoretical model that incorporates electromagnetic field theory and quantum mechanics principles is utilized to explain the electrical and magnetic characteristics of superconductors. This model can be used to describe the electrical resistance response and why it vanishes at the material’s critical temperature. The model can also explain the behavior of magnetic fields and why some superconducting materials completely exclude magnetic fields while other superconductors partially exclude these fields. Thus, this theoretical analysis produces a model that describes the behavior of both type I and type II superconductors. Since there are subtle differences between superconductors and perfect conductors, this model also accounts for this distinction and explains why superconductors behave differently than perfect conductors. Therefore, this theory addresses the major properties associated with superconducting materials and thus will aid researchers in the pursuit of designing room temperature superconductors.",signatures:"Fred Lacy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76123",authors:[{id:"62715",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Lacy",slug:"fred-lacy",fullName:"Fred Lacy"}],corrections:null},{id:"78176",title:"Physics of Absorption and Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99037",slug:"physics-of-absorption-and-generation-of-electromagnetic-radiation",totalDownloads:270,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter discusses the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in different media with the help of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic waves with low frequency are suitable for the communication in sea water and are illustrated with numerical examples. The underwater communication have been used for the oil (gas) field monitoring, underwater vehicles, coastline protection, oceanographic data collection, etc. The mathematical expression of penetration depth of electromagnetic waves is derived. The significance of penetration depth (skin depth) and loss angle are clarified with numerical examples. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with human tissue is also discussed. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric, the material takes a finite amount of time to polarize. The imaginary part of the permittivity is corresponds to the absorption length of radiation inside biological tissue. In the second part of the chapter, it has been shown that a high frequency wave can be generated through plasma under the presence of electron beam. The electron beam affects the oscillations of plasma and triggers the instability called as electron beam instability. In this section, we use magnetohydrodynamics theory to obtain the modified dispersion relation under the presence of electron beam with the help of the Poisson’s equation. The high frequency instability in plasma grow with the magnetic field, wave length, collision frequency and the beam density. The growth rate linearly increases with collision frequency of electrons but it is decreases with the drift velocity of electrons. The real frequency of the instability increases with magnetic field, azimuthal wave number and beam density. The real frequency is almost independent with the collision frequency of the electrons.",signatures:"Sukhmander Singh, Ashish Tyagi and Bhavna Vidhani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78176",authors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"},{id:"421908",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashish",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"ashish-tyagi",fullName:"Ashish Tyagi"},{id:"421909",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bhavna",surname:"Vidhani",slug:"bhavna-vidhani",fullName:"Bhavna Vidhani"}],corrections:null},{id:"76372",title:"Electromagnetism of Microwave Heating",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97288",slug:"electromagnetism-of-microwave-heating",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Detailed electrodynamic descriptions of the fundamental workings of microwave heating devices are presented. We stress that all results come from Maxwell equations and the boundary conditions (BC). We analyze one by one the principal components of a microwave heater; the cooking chamber, the waveguide, and the microwave sources, either klystron or magnetron. The boundary conditions at the walls of the resonant cavity and at the interface air/surface of the food are given and show how relevant the BC are to understand how the microwaves penetrate the nonconducting, electric polarizable specimen. We mention the application of microwaving waste plastics to obtain a good H2 quantity that could be used as a clean energy source for other machines. We obtained trapped stationary microwaves in the resonant cavity and traveling waves in the waveguides. We show 3D plots of the mathematical solutions and agree quite well with experimental measurements of hot/cold patterns. Simulations for cylindrical cavities are shown. The radiation processes in klystrons and magnetrons are described with some detail in terms of the accelerated electrons and their trajectories. These fields are sent to the waveguides and feed the cooking chamber. Whence, we understand how a meal or waste plastic, or an industrial sample is microwave heated.",signatures:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76372",authors:[{id:"176210",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Zamorano Ulloa",slug:"rafael-zamorano-ulloa",fullName:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa"}],corrections:null},{id:"76524",title:"High-Frequency Electromagnetic Interference Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97613",slug:"high-frequency-electromagnetic-interference-diagnostics",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is becoming more troublesome in modern electronic systems due to the continuous increase of communication data rates. This chapter reviews some new methodologies for high-frequency EMI diagnostics in recent researches. Optical modules, as a typical type of gigahertz radiator, are studied in this chapter. First, the dominant radiation modules and EMI coupling paths in an explicit optical module are analyzed using simulation and measurement techniques. Correspondingly, practical mitigation approaches are proposed to suppress the radiation in real product applications. Moreover, an emission source microscopy (ESM) method, which can rapidly localize far-field radiators, is applied to diagnose multiple optical modules and identify the dominant sources. Finally, when numerous optical modules work simultaneously in a large network router, a formula based on statistical analysis can estimate the maximum far-field emission and the probability of passing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations. This chapter reviews a systematic procedure for EMI diagnostics at high frequencies, including EMI coupling path analysis and mitigation, emission source localization, and radiation estimation using statistical analysis.",signatures:"Ling Zhang, Yuru Feng, Jun Fan and Er-Ping Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76524",authors:[{id:"331035",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang"},{id:"355320",title:"Prof.",name:"Er-Ping",surname:"Li",slug:"er-ping-li",fullName:"Er-Ping Li"},{id:"356452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuru",surname:"Feng",slug:"yuru-feng",fullName:"Yuru Feng"},{id:"356453",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Fan",slug:"jun-fan",fullName:"Jun Fan"}],corrections:null},{id:"74935",title:"UHF RFID in a Metallic Harsh Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95611",slug:"uhf-rfid-in-a-metallic-harsh-environment",totalDownloads:244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of the UHF RFID system in a warehouse that contains steel coils is a challenge for the technology itself since there are countless reflections of the radio frequency waves in the environment causing the multipath effect, which represents one of the most complex problems for wireless communication. Thus, this effect must be managed with the hardware, such as the antenna radiation diagram, and with the software, in the middleware, the software developed for the application. In this chapter, an application of RFID in metallic items will be discussed, tracking them since the product’s hot rolling, controlling the receiving process, shipping, and inventory, working together with equipment such as overhead crane.",signatures:"Renata Rampim and Ivan de Pieri Baladei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74935",authors:[{id:"343131",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",surname:"Rampim",slug:"renata-rampim",fullName:"Renata Rampim"},{id:"345072",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"de Pieri Baladei",slug:"ivan-de-pieri-baladei",fullName:"Ivan de Pieri Baladei"}],corrections:null},{id:"74858",title:"RFID Applications in Retail",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95787",slug:"rfid-applications-in-retail",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is one of the latest product tracking technologies being utilized by retailers. Operations management improvements were among the first recognized applications of this technology earlier in the century. RFID applications in managing retail operations, such as inventory management and control, lead to significant benefits. However, RFID applications are not limited to operations management and go beyond the operations side to offer improvements in other areas in retail such as marketing and managing customers’ shopping experiences. In this research, we review the applications of RFID technology in retail since its introduction and how those applications have evolved over the last two decades to help retailers provide omnichannel services to their customers in the current market. We will demonstrate what strategic and tactical factors have helped retailers implement this technology and what factors have slowed down the process of adoption. 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In recent years significant quantity of research work have been done using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems (ES) to predict and estimate the faults in the system in order to investigate the complete health status of the system [1]. Soft computing technique is an intelligent computing approach which integrates the human reasoning ability with learning capability of uncertainty and imprecision of the system. The prime importance of the soft computing technique is the non-requirement of the well-defined mathematical model of the system. Therefore, soft computing is becoming more popular in the fault diagnosis and prognosis applications. The powerful machine learning techniques used for the current work are Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). A brief description and implementation of these techniques for fuel system health management is presented in this chapter. The general steps to determine the system health status are described as below:
Detecting the symptoms of faults by monitoring and analyzing
Identification of the cause of faults
Manual insertion of faults within the model of the system
Diagnosing the effect of the fault on the system and
Predicting the functional behavior of the system.
Figure 1 illustrates the health management architecture of the fuel system and its diagnostic and prognostic functioning process. This architecture comprises three main functions, such as monitoring, diagnosis and prognosis. The operation of the first function is to monitor the fuel flow rate and status of its co-operating components like pumps, the quantity of fuel in each tank, valve functioning, the rate of fuel consumption by the engine. Based on the initial fuel flow rate, the rate of fuel consumed by the engine is estimated by the monitoring function. Further, the required fuel flow rate from each tank is calculated by the prediction model. An artificial intelligence approach is implemented for the simulation of a typical small aircraft fuel system for fault analysis.
Fuel system health management architecture.
In the health management process initially, a comparison is done between the actual flow rate and the required fuel flow rate. If the flow rate is not in the desired range, an analysis is conducted to detect and determine the reason for this disagreement, which activates the fault analysis process. Further, it is used as the criterion of failure that leads to the diagnostic function. The prognostic function in the assumed fuel system is to forecast the fuel flow rate from each of the tanks. Thus, the monitoring function helps to predict the variations in the fuel flow rate and helps to assess the overall health status of the fuel system.
Many different approaches of fault diagnosis and prognosis are demonstrated in the literature with their pros and cons and it is difficult to say which is a better approach. It depends on the type of the complex system considered to model, available expert knowledge and data. AI techniques are very effective in pattern classification, decision making, pattern recognition and problem solving
The combination of AI techniques with model-based approaches has excellent efficiency for fault diagnosis. ANFIS takes advantage of the learning ability of ANN and knowledge representation of Fuzzy logic systems. Implementation of ANFIS as fault diagnosis tool was reported by [2, 3]. A method for faults diagnosis of induction motors using ANFIS and regression techniques was described by [4, 5] used recurrent NN and ANFIS to forecast the crack propagation in rotating machine and provided the comparison results of both predictors. Application of prognosis in aerospace industries is an evolving arena with very a smaller number of real-time implementations. Thus, implementation of a model-based methodology with the integration of AI techniques is considered for providing better representation of the complex system like aircraft fuel system.
The fuel level monitoring function is primarily used to manage and monitor the quantity of fuel in each tank. A platform for the study of the fuel system sequencing, a simulation of fuel management system was modeled by [6]. Fuel level sensors installed in each tank provides the quantity of fuel and also, transfer the signal to the fuel management system. The outer model of a typical small aircraft fuel system is shown in Figure 2. The Simulink model developed includes a tank model, tank parameters and fuel pump model as sub-models. The following are some assumptions made during the simulation using Simulink.
In the aircraft fuel tank, the fuel and gas temperature are homogeneous
The acceleration and deacceleration effect on the fuel is not considered while analyzing. Thus the sloshing is not interpreted for the simulation.
Tank geometry of cubic meter is considered without any fixed reference frame
The fuel properties are not affected by the changing ambient pressure and temperature
Snapshot of outer model of the typical aircraft fuel system.
The assumed typical small aircraft fuel system contains four fuel tanks and a total of eight fuel pumps as depicted in Figure 3. It consists of four main pumps of which two pumps are used for backup and remaining two pumps for delivery of fuel between wings at emergency conditions [7]. The flow of fuel in this aircraft is managed and monitored by the designed adaptive intelligent controller. The primary objective is to manage the fuel flow to the engine without fail and to reach the required engine fuel consumption rate. If any fault arises in any of the fuel tanks, the controller model detects it and reacts as per the fuel requirement of the aircraft’s engine. The typical fuel system consists of four tanks with a total fuel capacity of 2800 kg with each tank capacity of 700 kg respectively. The tanks are symmetrically located in both left and right wings.
Structure of a typical small aircraft fuel system.
The model of the aircraft fuel system is simulated based on the fuel system design [8], and the fuel system health management is analyzed using the hybrid fuzzy system. The efficiency ANN based controller is analyzed by comparing with ANFIS based intelligent tool. The total usable capacity of 2800 kg of fuel is sufficient for at least 30 minutes of operation of the assumed aircraft at full continuous power. Simulation of fuel pump is done using the properties of the Hyjet-4A fluid as fuel. The assumed temperature and the viscosity value of fuel are 22.72°C and 1, respectively. The fuel line is built and simulated in the same manner as in the practical fuel systems using the metal pipes that are firm and fixed. A pipe of length 500 mm is assumed which connects the internal wing-tip tanks. The length of pipe between the engines and the integral wing tanks is considered to be of 7200 mm. The pipes have an internal diameter of 10 mm, and the shape of pipes is decided with a geometry factor of 64. Figure 4 shows the Simulink model of the geometry of the fuel tank. An integral fuel tank of height 0.65 m, length 4.39 m and width of 2.0771 m is modeled. An axial pump containing an electric motor drive is selected, with an angular velocity of 1770 rpm and the correction factor of 0.8. Figure 5 shows the model of the fuel pump as well as the fuel line for the transfer of fuel between the wing tanks. In other words, the monitoring function helps to provide alert messages to the flight crew and provide data to the prediction model. Table 1 provides the simulated values assumed at normal operating conditions for linear motion of the aircraft.
Geometry of the aircraft fuel tank.
Fuel pump and fuel line model.
Sl. No. | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
1 | Mach number | 0.26 |
2 | Temperature of the ambient air | 22.72°C |
3 | Speed of sound | 314.8 m/sec |
4 | Aircraft speed | 81.9 m/sec |
Assumed simulated values of an aircraft.
The flight range of simulated typical aircraft was calculated based on steady linear motion. Substituting assumed values of Table 1 into the equation, for each tank the flight ranges are obtained. For a fuel system with four tanks each of 700 kg of fuel capacity, the flight range can be calculated as:
Where,
Figures 6 and 7 shows the level of fuel of a healthy tank and a faulty tank. The faults are introduced intentionally in the first tank by decreasing the fuel level which may occur due to leakage in the tanks, pipelines, valve stuck or maybe because of the filters blocks or icing within the fuel system. Figure 7 demonstrates the leakage in the fuel system for 5 seconds, which affects the operation of the engine. The decrease in the level of fuel in the first tank is detected and diagnosed effectively by the developed health management methodologies. The level of fuel decreases after 6.5 sec during simulation for a simulation time of 25 seconds as shown in Figure 7.
Level of fuel in healthy tank.
Level of fuel in fault tank.
This section discusses the diagnostic and prognostic function associated with the assumed fuel system. Prognosis is prediction of remaining useful life time of the system. Based on the available fuel quantity, engine fuel consumption and status of the components, the prognosis function generates the control signals to the fuel management system to predict and mitigate the faults within the system. Further, through the diagnosis function the obtained flow rate is matched with the control signals and corrective measures are taken to identify and detect the fault in the fuel system. In this way, using these functions health management of the fuel system can be achieved.
Soft computing techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are used for diagnostic and prognostic analysis of the aircraft fuel system. Health management process using ANN and ANFIS as a controller is illustrated in this chapter.
Backpropagation is considered to be the most efficient training algorithm among different artificial neural network algorithms [9]. Learning process in ANN is achieved by collecting the information and training them accordingly. For the assumed fuel system, ANN-based health management tool uses the fuel flow rate as input data and previous engine fuel consumption rate as the historical information. The ANN model has trained accordingly and generates output signals in relation to working condition of the fuel system. Figure 8 shows the structure of the assumed fuel system with ANN controller. Based on the present and previous instance fuel flow rate, it generates the output signal in the presence of faults. The ANN health management tool continuously monitors the flow rate of fuel to the engines and provides the require d fuel flow to both the engines.
Structure of the assumed fuel system with ANN as controller.
This section exploited the basics of ANN. Proper training of NN helps to perform fault analysis, detection, and diagnosis without the requirement of a complex mathematical model. The interpretation of the NN similar to human thinking and multiple parallel processing features of NN enhances the network performance [10].
Feedforward neural network is implemented which regulates the input parameters of the assumed fuel system to obtain the desired outputs. A simple model of the neural network is shown in Figure 9. The ‘n’ number of input signals are denoted as
A neural network model.
Backpropagation (BP) is a supervised learning algorithm [4]. By gradient descent, the algorithm calculates the error function in relation to the weights of the neural networks. Learning process in ANN is achieved by collecting the information and training accordingly. The following equations describe the implementation of a feed-forward neural network.
where,
For hidden layers according to the BP algorithm, the derivation error of backpropagation is expressed as:
Where,
For the assumed fuel system, ANN-based health management tool uses the fuel flow rate as input data and previous engine fuel consumption rate as the historical information. The ANN model has trained accordingly and generate the output signals in relation to the working state of the fuel system. The predictive output signal of the ANN model is obtained as:
Where,
Training of ANN with backpropagation algorithm calculates the gradient error and regulates the weights by the required flow rate to be consumed by the engines. Continuous updating of ANN model helps to maintain the required flow rate of fuel irrespective of malfunctioning of the any of the component within the fuel system. The disadvantage of the Feed Forward Neural Network with BP algorithm is the necessity of complex mathematical calculation, slow rate of error convergence and more amount of time required for a non-linear system operating condition. A hybrid ANFIS methodology is utilized to overcome this drawback. This methodology provides better performance results for non-linear and changing operating condition for the assumed aircraft fuel system.
ANN controller monitors and manages the flow of fuel without any limitations to meet the required flow rate. Fault occurrence within the fuel tanks are detected, and corrective measures are taken by the ANN. Any change in the data is identified by the unique property of the ANN algorithm that differentiate the data points in noisy conditions. The ANN controller calculates the gradient error, and accordingly the target signals are generated by adjusting the weights of the BP algorithm. Figure 10 shows the flowchart of the updation process of the ANN. Timely maintenance of the fuel tanks and fuel system helps to improve the performance of the aircraft. Faults in the tanks like leakage, filter blockage or pump failure during flight may degrade the operation of the aircraft. Under such circumstances, ANN algorithm continuously updates with the actual data and maintains the required flow rate.
Flowchart of ANN-based prognostic tool for the fuel system.
The two hidden layers of ANN model using Simulink is depicted in Figure 11. In this neural network four input samples and four target samples are used. The hidden layer consists of 100 neurons and output layer of four nodes for the assumed four-tank fuel system. The neural network toolbox of Matlab/Simulink utilizes the data points in three stages. In the first stage, the training data points are used for training the neurons and the gradient error is calculated by using the weights of successive layers. The upadated weights of the network reduces the error for the given value. During second stage, validation fail check is done. Testing process of data points is carried out in the third stage. The performance of the developed NN is then analyzed.
Developed ANN Simulink model.
The BP algorithm uses the Mean Square Error (MSE) procedure to compute the error in each step or iteration. MSE is the performance index of the BP algorithm. It is the error computed as variance between the network output and target output. The relation given in Eq. (8) computes the MSE in each step for each output,
Where,
During the training process of ANN after 4th iteration the performance of 4.33e-33 obtained which indicates the amount of minimized error. Gradient of 3.16e-12 indicates the variance occurred in the error rate, Mu of 1.00e-07 is the threshold value achieved after each iteration and validation check indicates reduced error after current (4th) iteration as compared to previous (3rd) iteration. The graph illustrated in Figure 12 shows the performance and status of the training process. It is a curve showing the plot of MSE versus four epochs. The blue line plotted represents the training result, green color line denotes the result of validation check and red line indicates the test result. During the ANN training process, as the MSE decreases, consequently the network output reaches to target output. The performance using ANN as fault diagnosis and prognosis process is assessed by computing the MSE based on the Eq. (8). The best validation performance achieved is of 1.6835 at four epochs. The graph with all the three results of training, testing and validation coincide is considered to be the best performance.
Training performance of ANN.
The gradient and validation plot determine a process of assessing the performance of the training and testing of ANN technique. The gradient of error and validation plot for four epochs obtained is as shown in Figure 13. It is observed that a smooth decrease in the gradient error at four epochs and maximum measures of validation check at four iteration fails to zero.
Gradient and validation performance plot of the ANN model.
Another important factor considered while evaluating the performance of the ANN is the correlation coefficient obtained for training, testing and validation. From the Figure 14, it is seen that the overall correlation coefficient is 0.6818. Table 2 provides the details of the ANN training data where intentional faults are inserted into the tanks and trained accordingly. Figure 15 shows the Simulink model of four tank fuel system with ANN as a controller. Due to faults, the input data points vary and such variations are trained consequently by updating the weights of the neural network. The ANN-based health management process is implemented by taking corrective measures in the presence of faults (Table 3).
Training performance plot of the ANN model.
Sl.No | Tank 1 | Tank 2 | Tank 3 | Tank 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.7000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.3000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 0.7000 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 0.3000 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 0.7000 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 0.3000 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
ANN training data.
The Simulink model of the aircraft fuel system with ANN as a controller.
Tank 1 | Tank 2 | Tank 3 | Tank 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
0.7000 | 1.3000 | 1 | 1 |
0.3000 | 1.4000 | 1.3000 | 1 |
0 | 1.5000 | 1.5000 | 1 |
1 | 0.7000 | 1.3000 | 1 |
1.4000 | 0.3000 | 1.3000 | 1 |
1.5000 | 0 | 1.5000 | 1 |
1 | 1.3000 | 0.7000 | 1 |
1.3000 | 1.4000 | 0.3000 | 1 |
1.5000 | 1.5000 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 1.3000 | 0.7000 |
1 | 1.4000 | 1.3000 | 0.3000 |
1.3000 | 1.3000 | 1.4000 | 0 |
Target data of ANN.
The simulated model of the fuel system can operate continuously for 30 minutes with full control and power. Fuel consumption test and fuel management test performed on the fuel system without a controller is shown in Figures 16 and 17 respectively. In the plot blue line indicates the required fuel flow rate and red line indicates the obtained flow rate without controller within the fuel system.
Fuel consumption by the engine of the aircraft fuel system without a controller.
Fuel management test without a controller.
As observed in Figure 17 for a simulation time of 20 seconds, within four seconds engine(s) get the required amount of fuel. The blue line indicates the required flow rate of 2800 kg/hr., which is fulfilled by delivering the fuel from all the four tanks with capacity of 700 kg per tank. It was obseverd that after a time period of 4 seconds, the level of the fuel in the first tank decreases indicating the presence of faults in the fuel tank. Because of faults the level of fuel in first tank decerases. Thus, when the quantity of fuel and level of fuel in the tank varies, it affects the flow rate of fuel to the engine. This may lead to the fuel starvation that causes the failure of the aircraft engine because of insufficient fuel supply to the engine. The existing aircrafts fuel system with automatic and programmed fuel management system may not identify sudden decrease in the level of fuel properly due to which the performance of the system gets degraded.
Figure 18 shows the fuel management test using ANN as a controller which identifies, detects the change in the fuel quantity and level of fuel in the first tank and correct it by fetching the required fuel from the second and third tanks. The ANN as controller predicts the required fuel by fetching the fuel quantity from the other tanks as per the Table 4.
Fuel management test with the ANN model as a controller.
Tank-1 | 70 kg | Required Fuel |
---|---|---|
Tank-2 | 960 kg | 2800 kg |
Tank-3 | 870 kg | |
Tank-4 | 700 kg | |
2600 kg |
Fuel fetched from each tank using ANN as controller.
The weight updating process of the BP algorithm during training process classifies the fault data, and testing process identifies the fault occurrence and mitigate it by predicting and fetching the required fuel from other tanks. Compared to the existing fuel management system, ANN as a controller in the presence of faults manages the fuel quantity and flow rate more efficiently. It detects the time of the fault, diagnoses it and mitigates it providing the complete health management of the fuel system. Minimizing the gradient of error for four iterations, the ANN model could be able to fetch the fuel flow rate of 2600 kg/hr. as shown in Figure 19. Using ANN as contorller during fuel managemnt test able to fetch 2600 kg/hr. of fuel where as the required flow rate by the engine is 2800 kg/hr. This variation in the flow rate is because of the drawbacks such as slow rate of error convergence and necessity of intensive calculation of BP algorithm for assumed operating conditions. Thus, an intelligent control model ANFIS as a health management tool is used to fulfill the engine fuel consumption requirement.
Fuel consumption by the engine using ANN as a controller.
ANFIS is a supervised gradient descent algorithm. In this, fuzzy rules configured upon the NN structure provide a qualitative description for the fault analysis of aircraft fuel system. In the resultant hybrid model, the NN recognize the fault pattern and adapt to the changing atmosphere. On the contrary, the FIS integrates the data and performs inferencing and decision making. The dynamic performance of the system can be represented by modeling the neuro-fuzzy method by extracting the numerical data from the model. Based on this approach, the system modeling serves two purposes. They are: the functional behavior of the assumed system can be predicted from the derived model, and the design of a controller is done using the resultant model. The ANFIS model is built first by initializing the input variables with the rules extracted from the input–output data of the assumed system. Later, the NN is utilized to fine tune the rules of the fuzzy model. The flow chart for ANFIS training procedure is as shown in Figure 20. In this work, ANFIS is used to detect and identify the presence of faults in the aircraft fuel system.
Flowchart for ANFIS training procedure.
The ANFIS structure developed is based on the model developed by [11]. The ANFIS network is mapping of input and output variables in a multi-layer network with a single target output [12]. The operating model of the ANFIS controller is depicted in Figure 21. The ANFIS methodology as a fault diagnosis and prognosis process for aircraft fuel system is briefly described in the following sub-sections. ANFIS is a structural plan that links expert’s knowledge and the knowledge capability of the neural networks. ANFIS builds a FIS whose membership function parameters are obtained by training appropriately. Consider FIS with two inputs ‘
Working model of the ANFIS controller.
The equivalent ANFIS architecture.
ANFIS is a five-layered feed-forward neural network,
where,
where the logical operator “and” is modeled as continuous term an in this case it is stated as a product. The individual o/p of all rules is obtained as a linear combination among parameters of the antecedents of every rule as signified by Eq. (10).
The output of the model
where,
The hybrid ANN signifying this inference is an adaptable network with five layers. All layers indicating the operation of the Fuzzy Inference System of the ANFIS is examined as follows.
In this method, every input layer is represented as an input variable, and it refers to the fuzzification layer. The input parameters
where,
This layer may be identified as the
In this layer each node of this layer is fixed which represents the “if” part of a fuzzy rule. It is process of normalization of the input weights that can complete the fuzzy “and” operation. In this layer, each node computes the ratio of the
where,
This is an adaptive layer that gives output membership function based on predetermined fuzzy rules. The node function is given by Eqs. (18) and (19).
where,
The output layer is symbolizing the THEN part of the fuzzy rule. This consists of one fixed node that computes the total output which is the summation of the input signals given by the following Eq. (20).
Where, f is the total output and the function of ANFIS is verified by considering a higher number of signals. Training the ANFIS model for the given inputs generate the control signals which help to maintain the fuel flow rate within the aircraft fuel system.
The important benefits of ANFIS are improved learning capacity, the ability to incorporate the non-linear structure of the system and rapid adaption capability. ANFIS can achieve exceptionally nonlinear mapping, far better than other techniques. Some of the drawbacks of this technique are: there are no standard methodologies to incorporate the changing human learning or experience into the base of a FIS and also there is a need for agent techniques used for tuning the membership functions to diminish or minimize the error during execution.
This section defines the simulation procedure of health management of aircraft fuel system using ANFIS as a controller. Figure 23 shows the model of aircraft fuel system with ANFIS as controller. It includes fuel tanks, pumps, pipelines that connects the tanks and pumps with the engines. The fuel system function is to distribute clean fuel at the required pressure and fuel flow rate to the engines in different operating conditions. The diagnostic and prognostic process of small aircraft fuel system is regulated by the ANFIS intelligent control model, that provides better fuel flow rate compared to ANN methodology. That is because of ANFIS’s significant features of significant reasoning ability and the low level of computational power during training process. The main purpose of the ANFIS control model is to direct the fuel flow to the engine and to access the essential engine fuel consumption rate. If a fault arises in any of the fuel tanks, the controller model detects the fault and activates the necessary actions as per the fuel requirement of fuel engine.
Structure of the aircraft fuel system with ANFIS as controller.
The ANFIS controller is concentrated on the optimization of parameters of the aircraft fuel system. Similar to the ANN controller, the ANFIS controller is assessed with the previous instance fuel flow and the engine fuel consumption value of the fuel system.
ANFIS’s learning ability carried out through the five-layer structure of the Fuzzy Logic system helps to approximate the non-linear functions which depends on the antecedent and consequent parameters. ANFIS is more robust and has better performance compared to conventional computing methods. These unique properties of the ANFIS such as improved computational power and high reasoning ability, permit it to be used in the fault diagnosis and prognosis of the fuel system to manage fuel flow rate as per engine consumption. The structure of the ANFIS process implemented for the health management of the fuel system is as depicted in Figure 24. The control signals generated are decided based upon the input parameters such as engine fuel consumption and previous instance fuel flow to the engine.
The structure of the proposed controller.
The rule structure of ANFIS is determined by the interpretation of the features of the variables of the fuel system model. ANFIS learn details of the input data points, calculate the membership function that best suits to track the input data and output data. The parameters related to the membership functions varies with the learning process of the fuzzy system which depends on the gradient vector. This gradient provides the measure to check the ability of the FIS for the given set of system parameters. The performance is evaluated by considering the error the difference between the actual and desired outputs. Table 5 shows the fuzzy inference rules framed for the four-tank fuel system. Based on these seven logical rules the learning of the system parameters related to the fuel system with the fault data is carried out. The training data points of input data and output data sets applied to the ANFIS scheme is configured similarly as applied to the ANN.
Input | Output | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rules | Tank 1 | Tank 2 | Tank 3 | Tank4 | Tank 1 | Tank 2 | Tank 3 | Tank4 |
1 | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal |
2 | Medium | Normal | Normal | Normal | Medium | High | Normal | Normal |
3 | Low | Normal | Normal | Normal | Low | High | High | Normal |
4 | Very low | Normal | Normal | Normal | Very low | Very high | Very high | Normal |
5 | Normal | Medium | Normal | Normal | Medium | High | Normal | Normal |
6 | Normal | Low | Normal | Normal | High | Low | High | Normal |
7 | Normal | Very low | Normal | Normal | Very High | Very low | Very high | Normal |
Fuzzy inference rules.
During the evaluation, the ANFIS structure enables the change in the rules of the FIS. This property of ANFIS helps to optimize itself for the given number of iterations by changing the shape of the membership function, rules and also removes the unnecessary rules during training. A suitable ANFIS Simulink model is designed and developed for the health management purpose of the aircraft fuel system. ANFIS as a controller is designed for the aircraft fuel system with two input parameters and five bell membership functions for each input unit. Figure 25 shows Simulink model of aircraft fuel system with ANFIS controller.
Snapshot of the Simulink model of a fuel system with ANFIS as a controller.
Table 6 gives the details of the target output generated by the ANFIS. Similar to the ANN, ANFIS performance is evaluated based on the MSE value. Figure 26 depicts the curve of convergence of the training data with ANFIS target data indicated as reduction of MSE error. As the number of iterations are increased the MSE reduces indicating the fulfillment of desired target data from the training process of the ANFIS.
Tank 1 | Tank 2 | Tank 3 | Tank 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
0.7500 | 1.3300 | 1 | 1 |
0.3500 | 1.4200 | 1.3300 | 1 |
0 | 1.5500 | 1.5500 | 1 |
1 | 0.7500 | 1.3500 | 1 |
1.4000 | 0.3500 | 1.3500 | 1 |
1.5500 | 0 | 1.5500 | 1 |
1 | 1.3500 | 0.7500 | 1 |
1.3000 | 1.4500 | 0.3500 | 1 |
1.5500 | 1.5500 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 1.3500 | 0.7000 |
ANFIS target data.
Training process of ANFIS.
Figures 27 and 28 shows the rate of fuel consumption and management test using ANFIS as a controller. The target output generated as control signal identifies the presence of a fault and provide 2700 kg/hr. of fuel flow rate which is almost near to the engine requirement 2800 kg/hr. Figure 27 also illustrates that the learning ability of the ANFIS reproduces accurately the desired output as compared to the ANN process. Thus, the error difference between the actual output value and the obtained output value is very small which is of 100 kg/hr. of flow rate. The ANFIS controller predicts the required fuel by fetching the fuel from the other tanks as per the Table 7.
Fuel consumption by the engine using ANFIS as a controller.
Fuel management test with the ANFIS controller.
Tank-1 | 70 kg | Required Fuel |
---|---|---|
Tank-2 | 990 kg | 2800 kg |
Tank-3 | 940 kg | |
Tank-4 | 700 kg | |
2700 kg |
Fuel fetched from each tank using ANFIS as controller.
The effectiveness of the ANFIS health management scheme is evaluated by comparing with ANN and fuel system without a controller. The details of the ANFIS based fault diagnosis process is presented in work of [15]. Both techniques uses similar fault conditions. In terms of comparison of training process using ANFIS and ANN techniques, it is clear from the Figure 29 that ANFIS provides better results. ANN and ANFIS methods detect the time of the fault, diagnose and predict the required flow rate by injecting the additional fuel from other tanks. However, the weight updation process of ANN is based on the historical dataset, which gives the mismatching results during the testing time. Due to this reason, the fuel flow rate obtained by the ANN method is 2600 kg/hr. and is not the desired requirement of fuel by the engine. Hence, it shows that ANFIS technique manage the health status of the aircraft fuel system by monitoring and managing the accurate fuel flow to the engine.
Comparisons of fuel consumption.
Soft computing methodologies like ANN and ANFIS are described in this chapter. A comparison study is made in [16]. All the simulation done is considered for the laboratory conditions only. Based on the theory of NN and FIS, the concept of hybrid five-layer ANFIS structure is implemented and simulated for the health management of the fuel system. Both the techniques help to monitor and manage the rate of fuel flow as required by the aircraft’s engine by generating the control signals. Further, based on an adaptive algorithm fault analysis is carried by the author in paper [17]. Diagnostic and prognostic process are carried out through managing the previous fuel flow and fuel consumption by the aircraft engine using ANFIS. ANFIS is a hybrid computational tool, which helps to tune and explain past data and predict future behavior of the system. The fuzzy inference rules that are created in ANFIS rely on both the input and the target output. Tuning can be accomplished with the learning ability of NN. To achieve flawless performance possible faults in the fuel system are detected and corrected by generating the appropriate control signals before the occurrence of massive damages in terms of economy and human life. In this scenario, health management tools have been encouraged.
First of all, I would like to thank the Supreme power, the Almighty, being with me and always guiding me to work on the right path of life. Without His grace, this would not have been possible. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Research Guide Dr. Vanam Upendranath, Senior Principal Scientist, Aerospace Electronics and Systems Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) Bangalore, Karnataka, India and Co-guide Dr. D. S. Jangamshetti, Prof. Dept. of EEE, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot, Karnataka. This work would not have been possible without their support, encouragement and able guidance.
Sigmoid activation function
Sigmoid function
Threshold activation function
Error derivation
Derivation of error
Corresponding target
Predicted outputs
Actual input
Output of the NN model
Number of iterations
Outputs of the fuzzy layer
Membership functions
Output of the third layer
Consequent parameters set
Total output
Regular hyperplane
Highest distance value
Geometry distance
Kernel function
Time taken by the fuel tank
Time taken by the fuel tank after fuzzification
Target time of fuel tank
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The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. 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Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81998",title:"Understanding the Neuropathophysiology of Psychiatry Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation",slug:"understanding-the-neuropathophysiology-of-psychiatry-disorder-using-transcranial-magnetic-stimulatio",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103748",abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and non-invasive tool that allows researchers to probe and modulate intracortical circuits. The most important aspect of TMS is its ability to directly stimulate the cortical neurons, generating action potentials, without much effect on intervening tissue. This property can be leveraged to provide insight into the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Using multiple patterns of stimulations (single, paired, or repetitive), different neurophysiological parameters can be elicited. Various TMS protocol helps in understanding the neurobiological basis of disorder and specific behaviors by allowing direct probing of the cortical areas and their interconnected networks. While single-pulse TMS can provide insight into the excitability and integrity of the corticospinal tract, paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) can provide further insight into cortico-cortical connections and repetitive TMS (rTMS) into cortical mapping and modulating plasticity.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Jitender Jakhar, Manish Sarkar and Nand Kumar"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:18},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"