Specifications of Lister 8.1 IDI diesel engine
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10818",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The world is currently experiencing the advent of new information technologies with dynamic changes, which can be considered as one of the greatest business threats today. Accordingly, international business and academia have claimed to be working towards developing innovations in accounting and finance that are useful for all stakeholders. The recent accounting and finance scholarship has moved forward toward new innovations that advance professional practice. This book introduces and discusses new innovations in accounting and finance, including management accounting, blockchain, E-business models, data analytics, artificial intelligence, cryptocurrency, bitcoin, digital assets, and associated risks. It also sheds light on how and why accounting and finance innovations have changed over time. This book will help practitioners and academics develop and introduce new accounting and finance tools and concepts. It is also a useful resource for those working in the accounting and finance fields.",isbn:"978-1-83968-571-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-570-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-599-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95115",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",numberOfPages:330,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dd81bc60e806fddc63d1ae22da1c779a",bookSignature:"Nizar M. Alsharari",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10818.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4467,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 28th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 25th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 26th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 13th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"231461",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",middleName:"Mohammad",surname:"Alsharari",slug:"nizar-alsharari",fullName:"Nizar Alsharari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/231461/images/system/231461.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nizar Mohammad Alsharari is an Associate Professor of Accounting and Finance, and Ph.D. supervisor at the Department of Accounting, Finance, and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Jackson State University, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. in Accounting and Finance from Durham University, UK. Dr. Alsharari has more than twenty years of experience in public sector management and academia. He has published more than forty articles in high-ranking journals emphasizing management accounting, institutional approach, and public sector management. Dr. Alsharari is a certified expert in QuickBooks Accounting and IMA Data Analytics and has good experience in artificial intelligence and cloud computing. He is also interested in studying accounting innovations, cloud accounting, budgeting, and government accounting. He has authored many peer-reviewed scientific papers and chapters and edited and reviewed several books and articles from international publishers.",institutionString:"Jackson State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Jackson State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"62",title:"Accounting",slug:"accounting"}],chapters:[{id:"79093",title:"Management Accounting Practices and E-Business Model in the US Walmart Corporation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100630",slug:"management-accounting-practices-and-e-business-model-in-the-us-walmart-corporation",totalDownloads:304,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to explain management accounting practices and E-Business model in the US Walmart Corporation. This study uses qualitative methods and websites methodologies underpinning the interpretive approach to explain a detailed case study in the United States. This study found that Walmart uses a management accounting system for efficient store planning, controlling, and other management-related activities to enhance organizational effectiveness and performance. The diffusion of managerial accounting information is very important for the budgeting process and costing of all departments. The efficiency of an accounting system is crucial for the performance and sustainability of Walmart’s business. This study can be considered one of the few studies examining the management accounting practices in the United States case study, Walmart Corporation. Integrating E-business technology with accounting practices and other organizational domains is excellent evidence for the 21st Century Approaches to Management and Accounting literature.",signatures:"Nizar Mohammad Alsharari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79093",authors:[{id:"231461",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",surname:"Alsharari",slug:"nizar-alsharari",fullName:"Nizar Alsharari"}],corrections:null},{id:"78469",title:"Accounting in a Social Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99911",slug:"accounting-in-a-social-context",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Accounting permeates all of society. Accounting information is not homogenous and varies not just from company to company but from user to user, meaning that the use of such accounting information is actually a social phenomenon within an organization. Accounting cannot therefore be understood simply in terms of its functional properties but more as a socially constructed set of actions taking place within the organization, the landscape of which is constantly transforming. Digital technologies in the form of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are expanding the organization’s data eco-system forcing the accountant to develop their digital technology skillset and forge links with the data scientist, the incumbent custodian of these growing data streams. Meanwhile, a rapidly expanding sustainability agenda is broadening the organization’s biophysical landscape leading to even more data flows and creating the need for management accounting and control systems which will help organizations to behave in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. This chapter explores each of these issues and calls for a deeper understanding of the relationship between accounting and big data, AI and sustainability.",signatures:"Orla Feeney",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78469",authors:[{id:"349514",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orla",surname:"Feeney",slug:"orla-feeney",fullName:"Orla Feeney"}],corrections:null},{id:"76874",title:"Survey on Blockchain Based Accounting and Finance Algorithms Using Bibliometric Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98207",slug:"survey-on-blockchain-based-accounting-and-finance-algorithms-using-bibliometric-approach",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of blockchain especially on accounting and finance functions, the strategic role of CFOs, and to the restructuring process of accounting and finance functions in the future. In this respect, a business model is recommended that finance, accounting, and audit professionals can benefit from. It is aimed to contribute to the literature by providing blockchain adaptation and implementation strategy via providing information about accounting, finance, and auditing algorithm samples for revolutionizing these functions. To the best of our knowledge, this will be a pioneering work that makes a survey by examining blockchain algorithm samples in the field of accounting, auditing, and finance by using Bibliometric Network Analysis. In this analysis, six major clusters are estimated for defining the impacts of blockchain in the literature based on “Co-citation” aspects for the period 2005–2021 considering the SSCI indexed articles. In addition, the ranking of the top three contributing countries is found to be China, USA, and the UK respectively. This indicates the power of these countries to shape the future of accounting, finance, and auditing standards by means of producing blockchain algorithms and determining innovation policies of these professions in the future.",signatures:"Sezer Bozkus Kahyaoglu and Tamer Aksoy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76874",authors:[{id:"347291",title:"Prof.",name:"Sezer",surname:"Bozkus Kahyaoglu",slug:"sezer-bozkus-kahyaoglu",fullName:"Sezer Bozkus Kahyaoglu"},{id:"347938",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamer",surname:"Aksoy",slug:"tamer-aksoy",fullName:"Tamer Aksoy"}],corrections:null},{id:"78745",title:"Analysis of Return and Risk of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Asset as Investment Instrument",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99910",slug:"analysis-of-return-and-risk-of-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-asset-as-investment-instrument",totalDownloads:542,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This study aims to explore the potential use of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as an investment instrument in Indonesia. The return obtained from bitcoin cryptocurrency is compared to other investment instruments, namely stock returns, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. The research period was carried out based on research data from 2011 to 2020. This study employee compares means test (t test) and analysis of variance (F test) on rate of return of bitcoin investment. The bitcoin return compare to the rate of return form the others investments instruments namely exchange rate, gold and stock. The study collected 120 data of each investments instruments: bitcoin, exchange rate, gold and stock from various of sources during 2011–2020. Then, we calculate the return and risk of individual investment instruments. The results showed that the bitcoin currency had the highest rate of return 18% with a standard deviation of 61% compared to exchange rate, gold and stock returns. While the rate of return for the others investment instruments showed less than 0.5% with standard deviation less than 5%. The rate of return bitcoin has significance difference compare to the rate of return of exchange rate, gold and stock. The study contribute for the investors who would like to invest on bitcoin. The investors should understand the characteristic of bitcoin in term of rate of returns and also the risk. This study also contributes to government of Indonesia on crypto currency development. The Indonesia government should adopt and regulate on crypto currency in the future to secure the investor and economic growth.",signatures:"Sunita Dasman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78745",authors:[{id:"348739",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunita",surname:"Dasman",slug:"sunita-dasman",fullName:"Sunita Dasman"}],corrections:null},{id:"75977",title:"The Economic Effect of Bitcoin Halving Events on the U.S. Capital Market",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96791",slug:"the-economic-effect-of-bitcoin-halving-events-on-the-u-s-capital-market",totalDownloads:435,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Bitcoin is a digital asset that was first mined in January 2009 after the global financial crisis of 2007–2008. Over a decade later, there is still no consensus across different market regulations on the classification, use cases, policies, and economic implications of bitcoin. However, there is an increasing demand for digital currency, as an alternative to fiat currency which would spur financial innovation and inclusion. This study reviews regulations on digital assets across countries. It further discusses some use cases for bitcoin to reduce financial risk and facilitate cross border transactions. The study also discusses challenges related to bitcoin such as: cryptocurrencies substitution, cross border financing, cyber risk and security, and benefits in terms of the effect of coronavirus on the speed of capital market innovation and hence bitcoin usage. The study concludes by examining the economic effect of bitcoin halving events on the U.S. capital market to better understand the influence of bitcoin on financial markets and key drivers of its intrinsic value. The empirical evidence from this study suggests that bitcoin halving events are associated with significant negative stock market reaction, signaling a trading tradeoff between cryptocurrencies and U.S. stock markets.",signatures:"Dina El Mahdy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75977",authors:[{id:"339219",title:"Dr.",name:"Dina",surname:"El Mahdy",slug:"dina-el-mahdy",fullName:"Dina El Mahdy"}],corrections:null},{id:"76574",title:"What Was Published in Accounting Education Journals about Accounting Teaching?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97463",slug:"what-was-published-in-accounting-education-journals-about-accounting-teaching-",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The curricular units related to the accounting area are essential for any student in business sciences. However, it appears that students generally experience great learning difficulties when faced with its study. Bearing in mind the stated problem and its consequent importance, both in academic terms and for society in general, this article aims to: (1) Identify how many studies related to Accounting Education in Higher Education Institutions have been published in Accounting Education journals since started its scientific activity; (2) List a ranking of articles having as a criterion the number of citations; (3) Describe the main conclusions and research methodologies used; (4) State the main research areas and topics and (5) List the research paradigms used in the articles. The systematic review of the literature shows concern in HEIs to promote quality education in general and the curricular accounting unit.",signatures:"Rui Jorge Rodrigues da Silva, Maria Margarida Mendes Rodrigues and Maria do Céu Gaspar Alves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76574",authors:[{id:"108390",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"do Céu Gaspar Alves",slug:"maria-do-ceu-gaspar-alves",fullName:"Maria do Céu Gaspar Alves"},{id:"325936",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Jorge Rodrigues da Silva",slug:"rui-jorge-rodrigues-da-silva",fullName:"Rui Jorge Rodrigues da Silva"},{id:"350033",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Margarida Mendes Rodrigues",slug:"maria-margarida-mendes-rodrigues",fullName:"Maria Margarida Mendes Rodrigues"}],corrections:null},{id:"77008",title:"Knowledge and Skills Required in Accounting Education: A Comparative Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97485",slug:"knowledge-and-skills-required-in-accounting-education-a-comparative-study",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accounting education should continually evolve in order to better prepare future professionals for the ever-changing needs. This study aims to ascertain the knowledge, skills and teaching methods considered to be the most important for the successful practice of Certified Public Accountants (CPA). For this purpose, we conducted a survey of 306 CPA and CPA trainees in Tunisia, focuses on four dimensions: knowledge (19 items), professional skills (22 items), technological skills (18 items), and teaching methods (12 items). Results indicated that there are significant differences among the tow subgroups responses regarding the perceived importance of such knowledge and skills. This research presents what the respondents agreed upon as being the most important in terms of knowledge, skills, and teaching methods for the accounting profession. The findings also revealed that there are a similarities and differences between the perceptions of Tunisian professionals and those of Americans and Chinese professionals.",signatures:"Rim Khemiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77008",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77008",authors:[{id:"347576",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Rim",surname:"Khemiri",slug:"rim-khemiri",fullName:"Rim Khemiri"}],corrections:null},{id:"79525",title:"Funded Pension Schemes in Aging Societies: A Pure Economic Argument?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101042",slug:"funded-pension-schemes-in-aging-societies-a-pure-economic-argument-",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study enables different angel to explore central planners’ considerations regarding pension systems in a modern western market with aging influence. In particular, considerable weight has been given to the effect of the crisis due to the pandemic and frequent market turmoil. This study expands the number of players analyzed in the field and takes into consideration different interests among the current and future generations. In addition, we allow differentiation among earning cohorts. By using the overlapping generation model and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that in a wide macroeconomic range, pension equilibrium surprisingly stands with unfunded pension schemes despite the heavy aging influence. Contrary to the classic economic arguments by the World Bank and IMF that were widespread during the 1980s and 1990s, the choice of a pension system is much more complex. We find that the central planner must take into account not only the aging rhythm and market yield but also other parameters, such as the current and future utility perspective, the government’s debt price, GDP per capita growth rate, risk aversion, and the possibility of market turmoil.",signatures:"Ishay Wolf and Smadar Levi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79525",authors:[{id:"426408",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishay",surname:"Wolf",slug:"ishay-wolf",fullName:"Ishay Wolf"},{id:"442574",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smadar",surname:"Levi",slug:"smadar-levi",fullName:"Smadar Levi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77232",title:"Investigating the Viability of Applying a Lower Bound Risk Metric for Altman’s z-Score",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97433",slug:"investigating-the-viability-of-applying-a-lower-bound-risk-metric-for-altman-s-z-score",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study aimed to build a risk metric for finding the lower boundary limits for Altman’s z-score bankruptcy model. The new metric included a volatility of Altman’s variables and predicted the riskiness of a firm bankrupting in adverse situations. The research examined whether the new risk metric is feasible and whether it provides satisfying outcomes compared to Altman’s z-score values during the same period. The methods to conduct the analysis were based on Value at Risk methodology. The main tools used in constructing the model were Monte Carlo simulation, Lehmer random number generator, normal and t-distribution, matrices and Cholesky decomposition. The sample firms were selected from FTSE 250 index. The important variables used in the analysis were all Altman’s z-score variables, and the period under observation was 2001–2007. The selected risk horizon was the first quarter of 2008. The first results were promising and showed that the model does work to the specified extent. The research demonstrated that Altman’s z-score does not provide a full and accurate overview. Therefore, the lower bound risk metric developed in this research, produces valuable supplementary information for a well-informed decision making. To verify the model, it must be back- and forward tested, neither of which was carried out in this research. Furthermore, the research elaborated on limitations and suggested further improvement options for the model.",signatures:"Hardo Holpus, Ahmad Alqatan and Muhammad Arslan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77232",authors:[{id:"348481",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Alqatan",slug:"ahmad-alqatan",fullName:"Ahmad Alqatan"},{id:"348488",title:"Mr.",name:"Hardo",surname:"Holpus",slug:"hardo-holpus",fullName:"Hardo Holpus"},{id:"348490",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Arslan",slug:"muhammad-arslan",fullName:"Muhammad Arslan"}],corrections:null},{id:"78432",title:"Informality and Entrepreneurship in Developing Economy: Case for Entrepreneurial Financing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99913",slug:"informality-and-entrepreneurship-in-developing-economy-case-for-entrepreneurial-financing",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over a decade ago, scholars in different domains of knowledge such as strategic management, economics, accounting, and finance have largely contributed to the theoretical and empirical studies of entrepreneurial financing. However, bridging of the domains or the theories that underly the domains, and expanding the frontier of the phenomenon in the context of informal entrepreneurship, are missing in the literature. This paper attempts to conceptualise and problematise various issues that confront informal sector entrepreneurship in accessing adequate financing for start-up opportunity, innovative products, services and technology in the informal markets, and explore how the ambiguity of the diverse domains of knowledge of entrepreneurial financing could be resolved by unifying and integrating the domains within a unique framework. Equally, this paper also aims to provide theoretical contributions to the extant literature of entrepreneurial financing by suggesting how management accounting research can bridge the gaps of informality problems that confront informal entrepreneurial financing. There is no doubt that informal businesses are saddled with legitimacy concerns such as non-conformity with legality and institutionalised policies. Similarly, the sector is also confronted with the issues of information asymmetry, moral hazard conflict, informal financial and ownership structure. Nonetheless, the informal entrepreneurship sector unarguably has a relevance to the opportunity discovery and innovativeness dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, with the consequence of positive contributions to the economy in terms of large-scale employment growth. Hence, the scholars in the accounting discipline can leverage on the emerging different financial technology and fund providers to expand the literature on how the untold hardships and complexity that surround the funding of informal entrepreneurial start-ups and innovation can be mitigated. Management accounting discipline, being an applied field of strategic management can play vital roles in mitigating the aforesaid problems of informal entrepreneurship funding, if it could focus on expanding the literature or methodology on goal congruence, information management and controls, financial contracting model, incentive modelling for regulatory policy and search and match model that focuses on informal entrepreneur, investors and financial intermediaries.",signatures:"Sule Omotosho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78432",authors:[{id:"322348",title:"Mr.",name:"Sule",surname:"Omotosho",slug:"sule-omotosho",fullName:"Sule Omotosho"}],corrections:null},{id:"78697",title:"Impact of Working Capital Management on Profitability: A Case Study of Trading Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99912",slug:"impact-of-working-capital-management-on-profitability-a-case-study-of-trading-companies",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The success of any business depends on its profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Liquidity plays an important role in the successful running of a business. Many prior studies have been conducted to measure the relationship between working capital and profitability. The results showed that the high investment in inventories and receivables is associated with lower financial performance. They found a negative relationship between Return on Assets and Inventory turnover and Cash conversion cycle the present study is designed to know the direct impact of working capital on profitability by choosing the days of collection, days of payment, days inventory converts to sales and finally the cash conversion cycle. This study examines the association between the profitability and working capital using the data of 15 US trading companies for the period of 2015 to 2019. The key points in this study are firstly there exists a negative relationship between the profitability and the average collection period, the lower the average collection period higher will be the profitability, indicating that a decrease in the number of days a firm receives payment from sales affects the profitability of the firm positively. Secondly there is a highly significant positive relationship between average payment period and profitability. This implies that the longer a firm makes the payment to its creditors, the more profitable it is. Thirdly the cash conversion cycle decreases it will lead to an increase in profitability of the firm, and managers can create a positive value for the shareholders which indicates that it has been maintained. The regression analysis showed the value for the R-squared in the model is 0.584, i.e., 58.4% of the variation in the dependent variable Net Profitability is explained by the independent variables.",signatures:"Rafathunnisa Syeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78697",authors:[{id:"350363",title:"Dr.",name:"rafathunnisa",surname:"Syeda",slug:"rafathunnisa-syeda",fullName:"rafathunnisa Syeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"78851",title:"The Effect of Internal Corporate Governance of the Firm’s Performance and Firm Value in Five GCC Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99909",slug:"the-effect-of-internal-corporate-governance-of-the-firm-s-performance-and-firm-value-in-five-gcc-cou",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A critical glance at the literature review of GCC countries, firm performance and firm value shows that the literature does not adequately consider the uniqueness of an institutional setting such as the presence of royal family members and government officials’ members on the board. Additionally, noticeable features are not accounted for in the previous literature, such as a large involvement of relatives and the presence of a female on the board of directors. It is important to understand whether these variables matter or not in this region as this then influences the firm’s performance and firm value. Thus, this study focuses on the effect of internal CG of the firm’s performance and firm value in five GCC countries. The final sample consists of 220 firms (1,096 firm-year observations) for the fiscal year 2009 to 2013. The main finding is that there is a positive significant relationship is seen between expertise factors and firm performance. The expertise factor encompasses royal family members on the board as well as hiring one of the Big 4-auditing firms. This result is in line with a theoretical claim (agency theory), the research question expectation and empirical evidence.",signatures:"Zahra AL Nasser",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78851",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78851",authors:[{id:"351104",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Zahra",surname:"AL Nasser",slug:"zahra-al-nasser",fullName:"Zahra AL Nasser"}],corrections:null},{id:"76495",title:"Organizational Culture: A Systems Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97466",slug:"organizational-culture-a-systems-approach",totalDownloads:352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The influence of organizational culture on performance is increasingly being recognized as a major force driving success in the 21st Century. Many models for organizational culture are widely employed by consultants worldwide. A fundamental weakness in most existing culture models is that they view culture as a stand-alone element within the organization. Accordingly, the tools used to provide insight to executives focus on the culture to the exclusion of other dynamic, interrelated, forces within the organization. We believe that this stand-alone view of culture contributes to the high failure rate of efforts to change the culture. This chapter introduces the Performance Triangle Model as a holistic approach to view organizational culture as part of an intricate, dynamic, interrelated triad of culture, leadership, and systems. We will describe the Performance Triangle and many underlying dimensions that comprise the triad and chart the emergence and development of the model. The later parts of the chapter will discuss practical applications that have been proven using a statistically validated diagnostic instrument that enable executives to recognize what is going in in their organizations then take effective, quick, targeted action. 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Based on a dataset collected by the World Bank, including 263 manufacturing enterprises in Turkey, we find that more well-experienced managers can positively improve the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. In contrast, this relationship will be reduced when the business has a female executive manager. This result adds to the empirical evidence and reinforces the theory of internationalization, especially in transition economies. 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The definition of accounting quality is mainly varying depending on the objective that the study pointed. Previous research revealed that many proxies describe the accounting quality but most of them from the financial perspective. Furthermore, this paper tries to expose this research issue in the behavioural approach and drive future research in the mixed method. It concludes that the behavioural issues can be a research model, triggering future research challenges in accounting quality. The authors support these triggers from the perspectives of political hegemony, bureaucracy ratcheting, cognitive distortion, and international accounting standard. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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NOx and soot emissions are of concerns to the international community. They have been judged to pose a lung cancer hazard for humans as well as elevating the risk of non-cancer respiratory ailments. These emissions react in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight to form ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is a major component of smog in our cities and in many rural areas as well. In addition, NOx reacts with water, oxygen and oxidants in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Furthermore, the indirect effect of NOx emission to global warming should be noted. It is possible that NOx emission causes an increase secondary emission formation and global warming.
Stringent exhaust emission standards require the simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx for diesel engines, however it seems to be very difficult to reduce NOx emission without increasing soot emission by injection timing. The reason is that there always is a contradiction between NOx and soot emissions when the injection timing is retarded or advanced.
Split injection has been shown to be a powerful tool to simultaneously reduce soot and NOx emissions for DI and IDI diesel engines when the injection timing is optimized. It is defined as splitting the main single injection profile in two or more injection pulses with definite delay dwell between the injections. However, an optimum injection scheme of split injection for DI and IDI diesel engines has been always under investigation.
Generally, the exhaust of IDI diesel engines because of high turbulence intensity is less smoky when compared to DI diesel engines [1]. Hence, investigation the effect of split injection on combustion process and pollution reduction of IDI diesel engines can be quite valuable.
In an IDI diesel engine, the combustion chamber is divided into the pre-chamber and the main chamber, which are linked by a throat. The pre-chamber approximately contains 50 % of the combustion volume when the piston is at TDC. This geometrical represents an additional difficulty to those deals with in the DI combustion chambers. Fuel injects into the pre-combustion chamber and air is pushed through the narrow passage during the compression stroke and becomes turbulent within the pre-chamber. This narrow passage speeds up the expanding gases more.
In the recent years, the main studies about the effect of the split injection on the combustion process and pollution of DI and IDI diesel engines are as follows.
Bianchi et al [2] investigated the capability of split injection in reducing NOx and soot emissions of HSDI Diesel engines by CFD code KIVA-III. Computational results indicate that split injection is very effective in reducing NOx, while soot reduction is related to a better use of the oxygen available in the combustion chamber.
Seshasai Srinivasan et al [3] studied the impact of combustion variations such as EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and split injection in a turbo-charged DI diesel engine by an Adaptive Gradient-Based Algorithm. The predicted values by the modeling, showed a good agreement with the experimental data. The best case showed that the nitric oxide and the particulates could be reduced by over 83 % and almost 24 %, respectively while maintaining a reasonable value of specfic fuel consumption.
Shayler and Ng [4] used the KIVA-III to investigate the influence of mass ratio of two plus injections and delay dwell on NOx and soot emissions. Numerical conclusions showed that when delay dwell is small, soot is lowered but NOx is increased. In addition, when delay dwell is large, the second injection has very little influence on soot production and oxidation associated with the first injection.
Chryssakis et al [5] studied the effect of multiple injections on combustion process and emissions of a DI diesel engine by using the multidimensional code KIVAIII. The results indicated that employing a post-injection combined with a pilot injection results in reduced soot formation; while the NOx concentration is maintained at low levels.
Lechner et al [6] analyzed the effect of spray cone angle and advanced injection-timing strategy to achieve partially premixed compression ignition (PCI) in a DI diesel engine. The authors proved that low flow rate of the fuel; 60-degree spray cone angle injector strategy, optimized EGR and split injection strategy could reduce the engine NOx emission by 82 % and particular matter by 39 %.
Ehleskog [7] investigated the effect of split injection on the emission formation and engine performance of a heavy-duty DI diesel engine by KIVA-III code. The results revealed that reductions in NOx emissions and brake-specific fuel consumption were achieved for short dwell times whereas they both were increased when the dwell time was prolonged.
Sun and Reitz [8] studied the combustion and emission of a heavy-duty DI diesel engine by multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code with detailed chemistry, the KIVA-CHEMKIN. The results showed that the start of late injection timing in two-stage combustion in combination with late IVC timing and medium EGR level was able to achieve low engine-out emissions.
Verbiezen et al [9] investigated the effect of injection timing and split injection on NOx concentration in a DI diesel engine experimentally. The results showed that advancing the injection timing causes NOx increase. Also, maximum rate of heat release is significantly reduced by the split injection. Hence, NOx is reduced significantly.
Abdullah et al [10] progressed an experimental research for optimizing the variation of multiple injections on the engine performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine. The results show that, the combination of high pressure multiple injections with cooled EGR produces better overall results than the combination of low injection pressure multiple injections without EGR.
Jafarmadar and Zehni [11] studied the effect of split injection on combustion and pollution of a DI diesel engine by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The results show that 25 % of total fuel injected in the second pulse, reduces the total soot and NOx emissions effectively in DI diesel engines. In addition, the optimum delay dwell between the two injection pulses was about 25ºCA.
Showry and Rajo [12] carried out the effect of triple injection on combustion and pollution of a DI diesel engine by FLUENT CFD code and concluded that 10° is an optimum delay between the injection pulses for triple injection strategy. The showed that split injections take care of reducing of PM without increasing of NOx level.
As mentioned, the effect of split injection on combustion and emission of DI Diesel engines has been widely studied up to now. However, for IDI diesel engines, the study of split injection strategy in order to reduce emissions is confined to the research of Iwazaki et al [13] that investigated the effects of early stage injection and two-stage injection on the combustion characteristics of an IDI diesel engine experimentally. The results indicated that NOx and smoke emissions are improved by two-stage injection when the amount of fuel in the first injection was small and the first injection timing was advanced from -80 to -100° TDC.
At the present work, the effect of the split injection on combustion and pollution of DI and IDI diesel engines is studied at full load state by the CFD code FIRE. The target is to obtain the optimum split injection case in which the total exhaust NOx and soot concentrations are more reduced than the other cases. Three different split injection schemes, in which 10, 20 and 25 % of total fuel injected in the second pulse, have been considered. The delay dwell between injections is varied from 5°CA to 30°CA with the interval 5°CA.
Calculations are carried out on the closed system from Intake Valve Closure (IVC) at 165°CA BTDC to Exhaust Valve Open (EVO) at 180°CA ATDC. Fig. 1-a and Fig. 1-b show the numerical grid, which is designed to model the geometry of combustion chamber of IDI
a. Mesh of the Lister 8.1 indirect injection diesel engine; b. Top view of the mesh; c. Grid dependency based on the in-cylinder pressure
engine and contains a maximum of 42200 cells at BTDC. As can be seen from the figure Fig. 1-c, Grid dependency is based on the in-cylinder pressure and present resolution is found to give adequately grid independent results. There is a single hole injector mounted, which is in pre-chamber as shown in fig. 2-a. In addition, details of the computational mesh used in DI are given in Fig. 2-b. The computation used a 90 degree sector mesh (the diesel injector has four Nozzle holes) with 25 nodes in the radial direction, 20 nodes in the azimuthal direction and 5 nodes in the squish region (the region between the top of the piston and the cylinder head)at top dead center. The ground of the bowl has been meshed with two continuous layers for a proper calculation of the heat transfer through the piston wall. The final mesh consists of a hexahedral dominated mesh. Number of cells in the mesh was about 64,000 and 36,000 at BDC and TDC, respectively. The present resolution is found to give adequately at DI engine. Initial pressure in the combustion chamber is set to 86 kPa and initial temperature is calculated to be 384K, and swirl ratio is assumed to be on quiescent condition. Boundary temperatures for head, piston and cylinder are 550K, 590K and 450K, respectively. Present work is studied at full load mode and the engine speed is 730 rpm. All boundary temperatures were assumed to be constant throughout the simulation, but allowed to vary with the combustion chamber surface regions.
a. Spray and injector coordinate at pre-chamber; b Computational mesh with diesel spray drops at 350°CA, single injection case for DI engine.
The numerical model is carried out for Lister 8.1 indirect injection diesel engine and OM355 DI engine with the specification given on tables 1 and 2, repectivily. The governing equations for unsteady, compressible, turbulent reacting multi-component gas mixtures flow and thermal fields are solved from IVC to EVO by the commercial AVL-FIRE CFD code [14]. The turbulent flow within the combustion chamber is simulated using the RNG k-ε turbulence model, modified for variable-density engine flows [15].
The standard WAVE model, described in [16], is used for the primary and secondary atomization modeling of the resulting droplets. At this model, the growth of an initial perturbation on a liquid surface is linked to its wavelength and other physical and dynamical parameters of the injected fuel at the flow domain. Drop parcels are injected with characteristic size equal to the Nozzle exit diameter (blob injection).
Cycle Type | Four Stroke |
Number of Cylinders | 1 |
Injection Type | IDI |
Cylinder Bore | 114.1 mm |
Stroke | 139.7 mm |
L/R | 4 |
Displacement Volume | 1.43 lit. |
Compression Ratio | 17.5 : 1 |
Vpre-chamber/VTDC | 0.7 |
Full Load Injected Mass | |
Power at 850 rpm | 5.9 kW |
Power at 650 rpm | 4.4 kW |
Initial Injection Pressure | 90 bar |
Nozzle Diameter at Hole Center | 0.003m |
Number of Nuzzle Holes | 1 |
Nozzle Outer diameter | 0.0003m |
Spray Cone Angle | 10° |
Valve Timing | IVO= 5° BTDC |
IVC= 15° ABDC | |
EVO= 55° BBDC | |
EVC= 15° ATDC |
Specifications of Lister 8.1 IDI diesel engine
The Dukowicz model is applied for treating the heat up and evaporation of the droplets, which is described in [17]. This model assumes a uniform droplet temperature. In addition, the droplet temperature change rate is determined by the heat balance, which states that the heat convection from the gas to the droplet either heats up the droplet or supplies heat for vaporization.
Cylindrical bore | Piston shape |
4 | No. of nozzles/injector |
195 (bar) | Nozzle opening pressure |
6, In-line-vertical | Cylinders |
128 (mm) * 150 (mm) | Bore * stroke |
179 (kw) at 2200 (rpm) | Max. power |
16.1:1 | Compression ratio |
824 N m at 1400 (rpm) | Max. torque |
11.58 (lit) | Capacity |
61ºCA after BDC | IVC |
60ºCA before BDC | EVO |
250(bar) | Initial Injection Pressure |
Engine Specifications of OM-355 Diesel
A Stochastic dispersion model was employed to take the effect of interaction between the particles and the turbulent eddies into account by adding a fluctuating velocity to the mean gas velocity. This model assumes that the fluctuating velocity has a randomly Gaussian distribution [14].
The spray/wall interaction model used in this simulation was based on the spray/wall impingement model [18]. This model assumes that a droplet, which hits the wall was affected by rebound or reflection based on the Weber number.
The Shell auto-ignition model was used for modeling of the auto ignition [19]. In this generic mechanism, six generic species for hydrocarbon fuel, oxidizer, total radical pool, branching agent, intermediate species and products were involved. In addition, the important stages of auto ignition such as initiation, propagation, branching and termination were presented by generalized reactions, described in [14, 19].
The Eddy Break-up model (EBU) based on the turbulent mixing is used for modeling of the combustion in the combustion chamber [14]. This model assumes that in premixed turbulent flames, the reactants (fuel and oxygen) are contained in the same eddies and are separated from eddies containing hot combustion products. The rate of dissipation of these eddies determines the rate of combustion. In other words, chemical reaction occurs fast and the combustion is mixing controlled. NOx formation is modeled by the Zeldovich mechanism and Soot formation is modeled by Kennedy, Hiroyasu and Magnussen mechanism [20].
The injection rate profiles are rectangular type and consists of nineteen injection schemes, i.e. single injection and eighteen split injection cases(as shown in table 4). To simulate the split injection, the original single injection profile is divided into two injection pulses without altering the injection profile and magnitude. Fig. 3 illustrates the schematic scheme of the single and split injection strategy.
For the single injection case, the start of injection is at 348°CA and injection termination is at 387°CA. For all split injection cases, the injection timing of the first injection pulse is fixed at 348°CA. Three different split injection schemes, in which 10-20-25 % of total fuel injected in the second pulse, has been considered. The delay dwell between injections is varied from 5°CA to 30°CA with the interval 5°CA.
Schematic scheme of single and split injection strategy.
Indicated work per cycle is calculated from the cylinder pressure and piston displacement, as follows:
Where θ1, θ2 are the start and end of the valve-closed period, respectively (i.e. IVC= 15° ABDC and EVO= 55° BBDC). The indicated power per cylinder and indicated mean effective pressure are related to the indicated work per cycle by:
Where n=2 is the number of crank revolutions for each power stroke per cylinder, N is the engine speed in rpm and Vd is volume displacement of piston. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is defined as:
In Equation (1), the work is only integrated as part of the compression and expansion strokes; the pumping work has not been taken into account. Therefore, the power and (ISFC) analyses can only be viewed as being qualitative rather than quantitative in this study.
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the verification of computed and measured [21] mean in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate for the single injection case. They show that both computational and experimental data for cylinder pressure and heat release rate during the compression and expansion strokes are in good agreement.
Comparison of calculated and measured [
The peak of cylinder Pressure is 4.88 Mpa, which occurs at 366°CA (4°CA after TDC). The start of heat release is at 351°CA for computed and measured results; in other words, the ignition delay dwell is 3°CA. It means that the ignition delay is quite close to the chemical ignition delay and that the physical ignition delay is very short, because of the rapid evaporation of the small droplets injected through the small injector gap at the start of injection. The heat release rate, which called “measured”, is actually derived from the procured in-cylinder pressure data using a thermodynamic first law analysis as followed:
Where p and V are in-cylinder pressure and volume versus the crank angle θ, and γ=1.33.The main difference of computed and measured HRR is due to applying single zone model to combustion process with assuming γ=1.33 and observed at premixed combustion. The peak of computed HRR is 59J/deg that occurs at 364°CA, compared to the peak of measured HRR that is 53J/deg at 369°CA. The main validation is based on pressure in cylinder.
As a whole, the premixed combustion occurs with a steep slope and it can be one of the major sources of NOx formation.
Table 3 shows the variation of performance parameters for the single injection case, compared with the experimental data [21]. In contrast with the experimental results, it can be seen that model can predict the performance parameters with good accuracy.
Comparison of calculated and measured [
Brake Power [kW] | 4.53 | 4.65 |
BMEP [Bar] | 5.33 | 5.47 |
Bsfc [g/kW.h] | 310.72 | 302.7 |
Comparison of calculated and measured [21] performance parameters, single injection case
Fig. 6 indicates that the predicted total in-cylinder NOx emission for the single injection case, agrees well with the engine-out measurements [21]. Heywood [22] explains that the critical time for the formation of oxides of nitrogen in compression ignition engines is between the start of combustion and the occurrence of peak cylinder pressure when the burned gas temperatures are the highest. The trend of calculated NOx formation in the prechamber and main chambers agrees well with the Heywood’s explanations. As temperature cools due to volume expansion and mixing of hot gases with cooler burned gas, the equilibrium reactions are quenched in the swirl chamber and main chamber.
As can be seen from the Fig. 7, the predicted total in-cylinder soot emission for the single injection case agrees well with the engine-out measurements [21].
Comparison of calculated and measured [
Comparison of calculated and measured [
Table 3 presents the exhaust NOx and soot emissions and performance parameters for the calculated single injection, and split injection cases. As can be seen, the lowest NOx and Soot emissions are related to the 75 %-15-25 % and 75 %-20-25 % cases respectively. In order to obtain the final optimum case, i.e. the case that involves the highest average of NOx and Soot reduction, a new dimensionless parameter is defined as:
The more of the total average emission reduction percentage results to the better optimum split injection case. Hence, it is concluded that the 75 %-20-25 % scheme with the average reduction percentage of 23.28 is the optimum injection case.
In addition, it can be deduced from the table 4 that in general, split injection sacrifices the brake power and Bsfc of the engine. This result is more apparent for the 80 %-20 % and 75 %-25 % cases. The reason is that with reduction of the first pulse of injection and increase of delay dwell between injections, premixed combustion as the main source of the power stroke is decreased. Hence, Bsfc is increased as well. As can be seen, the lowest brake power and highest Bsfc are related to the 75 %-30-25 % case.
Fig. 8 shows the NOx versus Soot emission for the single injection and split injection cases. As can be seen, the 75 %-20-25 % case is closer to origin, I, e. zero emission. Hence, this confirms that the case of 75 %-20-25 % is the optimum case.
NOx versus soot emission for the single injection and split injection cases
It is of interest to notify that the optimum injection scheme for DI diesel engine at full load state is 75 %-25-25 % [11]. It means that the first and second injection pulses for the DI and IDI diesel engines are the same. The difference is related to the delay dwell between injections. I.e. the delay dwell for the optimum IDI split injection case is 5°CA lower than that of DI because of high turbulence intensity and fast combustion.
It is noticeable to compare the spray penetration, in-cylinder flow field, combustion and emission characteristics of the single injection and optimum injection cases to obtain valuable results.
The normalized injection profile versus crank angle for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases is shown in the fig. 9. In this profile, actual injection rate values divided to maximum injection rate and this normalized injection rate profile is used by CFD code.
NOx (ppm) | Soot (mg/lit) | NOx Reduction (%) | Soot Reduction (%) | Average reduction (%) | Pb (kW) | Bsfc (gr/kw.h) | |
Single Inj | 320 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.53 | 310.72 |
90%-5-10% | 316 | 1.9 | 1.25 | 20.83 | 11.04 | 4.51 | 312.1 |
90%-10-10% | 309 | 1.75 | 3.43 | 27.08 | 15.25 | 4.4 | 319.9 |
90%-15-10% | 300 | 1.62 | 6.25 | 32.5 | 19.37 | 4.32 | 325.8 |
90%-20-10% | 311 | 1.72 | 2.81 | 28.33 | 15.57 | 4.37 | 322.1 |
90%-25-10% | 303 | 1.69 | 5.31 | 29.58 | 17.44 | 4.33 | 325.08 |
90%-30-10% | 305 | 1.7 | 4.68 | 29.16 | 16.92 | 4.35 | 323.58 |
80%-5-20% | 318 | 1.99 | 0.6 | 17.08 | 8.84 | 4.36 | 322.84 |
80%-10-20% | 303 | 1.81 | 5.31 | 24.58 | 14.94 | 4.31 | 326.58 |
80%-15-20% | 303 | 1.74 | 5.31 | 27.5 | 16.4 | 4.2 | 335.14 |
80%-20-20% | 302 | 1.64 | 5.62 | 31.66 | 18.64 | 4.14 | 340 |
80%-25-20% | 303 | 1.62 | 5.31 | 32.5 | 18.9 | 4.13 | 340.82 |
80%-30-20% | 300 | 1.59 | 6.25 | 33.75 | 20 | 4.12 | 341.65 |
75%-5-25% | 306 | 2 | 4.37 | 20 | 12.18 | 4.29 | 328.11 |
75%-10-25% | 305 | 1.93 | 4.68 | 19.58 | 12.13 | 4.18 | 336.74 |
75%-15-25% | 1.58 | 6.87 | 34.16 | 20.51 | 4.12 | 341.65 | |
75%-20-25% | 299 | 6.56 | 40 | 4.04 | 348.41 | ||
75%-25-25% | 302 | 1.52 | 5.62 | 36.66 | 21.14 | 4 | 351.9 |
75%-30-25% | 299 | 1.56 | 6.56 | 35 | 20.78 | 3.97 | 354.55 |
Exhaust emissions and performance parameters for the single injection and split injection cases
The normalized injection profile versus crank angle for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases
Fig. 10-a and Fig. 10-b represent respectively front and top views of the evolution of the spray penetration and velocity field at various crank angles in horizontal planes of the pre and main combustion chambers and planes across the connecting throat for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases. It can be seen that the maximum velocity in throat section are lower at all crank angles because of the large area this section than the other data in the literatures [23]. Generally, for all the cases, the maximum velocity of the flow field is observed at the tip of the spray, swirl chamber throat and some areas of the main chamber that is far from the cylinder wall and cylinder head.
As can be seen, at various crank angles, the main difference of the in-cylinder flow field between the single injection and split injection cases is due to the fuel injection scheme. In other words, the amount of the fuel spray and the crank position in which the spray is injected. The aerodynamic forces decelerate the droplets for the both cases. The drops at the spray tip experience the strongest drag force and are much more decelerated than droplets that follow in their wake.
At 370°CA, air entrainment into the fuel spray can be observed for the both cases. Hence, Droplet velocities are maximal at the spray axis and decrease in the radial direction due to interaction with the entrained gas.
Although the amount of the fuel spray for the single injection case is higher than the 75 %-20-25 % case at 370°CA, the flow field difference is not observed obviously. The more quantity of the fuel spray for the single injection case causes the maximum velocity of the single injection case to be higher by about 1m/s than the 75 %-20-25 % case.
At 380°CA, the fuel spray is cut off for the 75 %-20-25 % case. Since the entrained gas into to the spray region is reduced, the flow moves more freely from the swirl chamber to the main chamber. Hence, as can be seen from the front view, the maximum flow field velocity for the 75 %-20-25 % case is higher compared to the single injection case.
At 390°CA, from the top view, the distribution of the flow field in the whole of the main chamber is visible. In addition, some local swirls can be seen in the main chamber that are close to the swirl chamber. From the front view, it is observed that the gas coming from the pre-chamber reaches the opposite sides of cylinder wall. This leads to the formation of the two eddies occupying each one-half of the main chamber and staying centered with respect to the two half of the bowl.
The start of the second injection pulse for the 75 %-20-25 % case is observed At 400°CA. since the swirl intensity in the swirl chamber is reduced at this crank position, the interaction between the flow field and spray is decreased to somehow and flow in the pre-chamber is not strongly influenced by the fuel spray. Hence, the maximum velocity of the flow field for the 75 %-20-25 % case remains lower compared to the single injection case.
Fig. 11 indicates the history of heat release rate, cylinder pressure, temperature, O2 mass fraction, NOx and soot emissions for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases.
a. Comparison of spray penetration and velocity filed at various crank angles for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases, front view; b. Comparison of spray penetration and velocity filed at various crank angles for the single injection and 75 % -20-25 % cases, top view.
Fig. 11-a shows that the amount of heat release rate for the both cases is to somehow equal until 380°CA. It is due to the fact that the first injection pulse for the 75 %-20-25 % case, lasts to 377°CA. Hence, the premixed combustion for the both cases does not differ visibly. For the 75 %-20-25 % case, The second peak of heat release rate occurs at 410°CA and indicates that a rapid diffusion burn is realized at the late combustion stage and it affects the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and soot oxidation.
Comparison of HRR, cylinder pressure and temperature, O2 mass fraction, NOx and soot histories for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases
Fig. 11-b shows that the second injection pulse of the 75 %-20-25 % does not cause to the second peak of the cylinder pressure. It is because the rate of decrease of cylinder pressure due to the expansion stroke is almost equal to the rate of increase of cylinder pressure due to the diffusion combustion.
Fig. 11-c compares temperature trend for 75 %-20-25 % and single injection cases. As can be seen, for the 75 %-20-25 % case, the peak of the temperature advances about 11°CA compared to the peak of the temperature of the single injection case. In addition, the temperature reduction reaches to 90°K.
Fig. 11-d presents the in cylinder O2 mass fraction. It can be seen that after 385°CA, the O2 concentration for the 75 %-20-25 % case is higher than that for the single injection case. In other words, oxygen availability of 75 %-20-25 % case is better.
As Fig. 11-e and Fig. 11-f indicate, the reduction of the peak of the cylinder temperature for the 75 %-20-25 % case, causes to the lower NOx formation. In addition, soot oxidation for the 75 %-20-25 % case is higher compared to that for the single injection case. It is because for the 75 %-20-25 % case, the more availability of oxygen in the expansion stroke compensates the decrease of temperature due to the split injection. Hence, soot oxidation is increased.
Fig. 12-a and Fig. 12-b represent respectively front and top views of the contours of equivalence ratio, temperature, NOx and soot emissions at various crank angles in horizontal planes of the main combustion chamber and planes across the connecting throat for the single injection and 75 %-20-25 % cases.
At 400°CA, for the both cases, the majority of NOx is located in the two half of the main chamber, whilst soot is concentrated in the swirl chamber, throat section and main chamber. For the both cases, a local soot-NOx trade-off is evident in the swirl chamber, as the NOx and soot formation occur on opposite sides of the high temperature region. Equivalence ratio contour of the 75 %-20-25 % case confirms that injection termination and resumption, causes leaner combustion zones. Hence, the more reduction of soot for the 75 %-20-25 % is visible compared to the single injection case.
NOx and soot formation depend strongly on equivalence ratio and temperature. It is of interest to notice that the area which the equivalence ratio is close to 1 and the temperature is higher than 2000 K is the NOx formation area. In addition, the area which the equivalence ratio is higher than 3 and the temperature is approximately between 1600 K and 2000 K is the Soot formation area. The area from 1500 K and equivalence ratio near to 1 is defined as soot oxidation area [24, 25].
At 410°CA, due to the second injection pulse, increase of the equivalence ratio is observed in the swirl chamber of the 75 %-20-25 % case. Hence, the enhancement of the soot concentration close to the wall spray impingement is observed. For the other areas, soot oxidation for the 75 %-20-25 % case is higher compared to the single injection case. In addition, NOx reduction tendency is visible in the right side of the main chamber of the 75 %-20-25 % case compared to the single injection case. It is because more temperature reduction occurs for the 75 %-20-25 % case due to the lower premixed combustion. The diffusion combustion of the second injection pulse does not affect NOx formation significantly.
The final form of the distribution of equivalence ratio, temperature, NOx and soot contours can be seen at 420°CA. The reduction of soot and NOx for the 75 %-20-25 % case is clear compared to the single injection case. This trend is preserved for the both cases until EVO.
a. Contours of equivalence ratio, temperature, NOx and Soot at different crank angles, front view b. Contours of equivalence ratio, Temperature, NOx and Soot at different crank angles, top view
Fig. 13 shows the cylinder pressure and the rate of heat release for the single injection case. As can be seen from HRR curve, the peak of the heat release rate occurs at 358ºCA (2ºCA before TDC). The premixed combustion occurs with a steep slope and it can be one of the major sources of NOx formation. The good agreement of predicted in-cylinder pressure with the experimental data [27] can be observed.
HRR and Comparison of calculated and measured [
Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 imply that the predicted total in-cylinder NOx and soot emissions for the single injection case, agree well with the engine-out measurements [27].
Comparison of calculated and measured [
Fig. 16 shows the trade-off between NOx and soot emissions at EVO when the injection timing is varied. As indicated, the general trends of reduction in NOx and increase in soot when injection timing is retarded can be observed and it is independent on injection strategy. The reason is that it causes the time residence and ignition delay to be shorter, resulting in a less intense premixed burn and soot formation increases; in addition, the less temperature in different parts of combustion chamber keeps the soot oxidation low but decreases the formation of thermal NOx.
Comparison of calculated and measured [
The effect of injection timing on NOx and Soot trade-off, single injection case.
To simulate the split injection, the original single injection profiles are split into two injection pulses without altering the injection profile and magnitude. In order to obtain the optimum dwell time between the injections, three different schemes including 10 %, 20 % and 25 % of the total fuel injected in the second pulse are considered.
Fig. 17 shows the effect of delay dwell between injection pulses on soot and NOx emissions for the three split injection cases. For all the cases, the injection timing of the first injection pulse is fixed at 342ºCA.
The variation of soot and NOx at different delay dwells, split injection cases.
The variation trend of curves in Fig. 17 is very similar to the numerical results obtained by Li et al [28]. As can be seen, the optimum delay dwell between the injection pulses for reducing soot with low NOx emissions is about 25ºCA. The evidences of Li, J. et al. [28], which has used a phenomenological combustion model, support this conclusion. Table 5 compares Exhaust NOx and soot emissions for the single injection and optimum split injection cases for the optimum delay dwell. As shown, for the 75 % (25) 25 % case, NOx and soot emissions are lower than the other cases. It is due to the fact that the premixed combustion which is the main source of the NOx formation is relatively low. The more quantity of the second injection pulse into the lean and hot combustion zones, causing the newly injected fuel to burn rapidly and efficiently at high temperatures resulting in high soot oxidation rates. In addition, the heat released by the second injection pulse is not sufficient to increase the NOx emissions. Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 confirm the explanations.
Case | NOx (ppm) | Soot (mg/lit) |
Single inj | 1220 | 0.82 |
Split inj- 90% (25) 10% | 1250 | 0.697 |
Split inj- 80% (25) 20% | 1230 | 0.614 |
Split inj- 75% (25) 25% | 1180 | 0.541 |
Comparison of NOx and soot emissions among the single injection and optimum split injection cases for the optimum delay dwell (25ºCA)
Fig. 18 shows the cylinder pressure and heat release rates for the three split injection cases in the optimum delay dwell i.e. 25ºCA. As shown, split injection reduces the amount of premixed burn compared to the single injection case in Fig. 13. The second peak which appears in heat release rate curves of split injection cases indicates that a rapid diffusion burn is realized at the late combustion stage and it affects the in-cylinder pressure and temperature. The calculated results of the cylinder pressure and HRR for the optimum split injection cases show very good similarity with the results of the reference[28].
Cylinder HRR and pressure curves, optimum split injection cases.
Fig. 19 indicates the cylinder temperature for the single injection and optimum split injection cases. For the split injection cases, the two peaks due to the first and second injection pulses in contrast with the one peak in the single injection case can be observed. As shown, for the 75 % (25) 25 % case, the first and second peaks which are related to the premixed combustion and NOx formation are lower than the other cases. In addition, after the second peak, the cylinder temperature tends to increase more in comparison with the other cases and causes more soot oxidation. Hence, for the 75 % (25) 25 % case, NOx and soot emissions are lower than the other optimum cases.
Figure.20. shows the isothermal contour plots at different crank angle degrees for the 75 % (25) 25 % case at a cross-section just above the piston bowl. The rapid increase in temperature due to the stoichiometric combustion can be observed at 355ºCA. At 360ºCA, the injection termination can be observed which the in-cylinder temperature tends to be maximum. At 370ºCA, the fuel injection has been cut off and the cylinder temperature tends to become lower. As described, injection termination and resumption prevents not only fuel rich combustion zones but also causes more complete combustion due to better air utilization. The resumption of the injection can be observed at 380ºCA which causes the diffusion combustion and increases the temperature in the cylinder. At 390ºCA, the increase of cylinder temperature creates bony shape contours and soot oxidation increases.
Comparison of cylinder temperature among the single injection and optimum split injection cases.
Isothermal contour plots of 75 % (25) 25 % case at different crank angle degrees.
Contour plots of NOx, temperature, equivalence ratio, and soot with fuel droplets at 380°CA for the single injection and 75 % (25) 25 % cases.
Fig. 21 compares the contour plots of NOx, temperature, equivalence ratio and soot for the single injection and 75 % (25) 25 % cases in a plane through the center of the spray at 380ºCA. As explained above, 380ºCA corresponds to a time when the second injection pulse has just started for the 75 % (25) 25 % case. For the two described cases, it can be seen that the area which the equivalence ratio is close to 1 and the temperature is higher than 2000 K is the NOx formation area. In addition, the area which the equivalence ratio is higher than 3 and the temperature is approximately between 1600 K and 2000 K is the soot formation area. A local soot-NOx trade-off is evident in these contour plots, as the NOx formation and soot formation occur on opposite sides of the high temperature region. It can be seen that for the 75 % (25) 25 % case, NOx and soot mass fractions are lower in comparison with the single injection case. Because of the optimum delay dwell, the second injection pulse, maintains the low NOx and soot emissions until EVO.
At the present work, the effect of the split injection on combustion and pollution of DI and IDI diesel engines was studied at full load state by the CFD code. The target was to obtain the optimum split injection cases for these engine in which the total exhaust NOx and soot concentrations are the lowest.
Three different split injection schemes, in which 10, 20 and 25 % of total fuel injected in the second pulse, was considered. The delay dwell between injections pulses is varied from 5°CA to 30°CA with the interval 5°CA.The results for IDI are as followed:
The calculated combustion and performance parameters, exhaust NOx and soot emissions for the single injection case showed a good agreement with the corresponding experimental data.
The lowest NOx and Soot emissions are related to the 75 %-15-25 % and 75 %-20-25 % cases respectively. Finally, optimum case was 75 %-20-25 % regarding the highest average of NOx and soot reduction.
The lowest brake power and highest BSFC quantity is due to the 75 %-30-25 % case.
Because in the literature, the optimum split injection scheme for DI diesel engines at full state was defined as 75 %-25-25 %, it was concluded that the difference of the optimum split injection scheme for DI and IDI diesel engines was related to the delay dwell between the injections.
The main difference of the in-cylinder flow field between the single injection and split injection cases is due to the fuel injection scheme.
For the 75 %-20-25 % case, the more availability of oxygen in the expansion stroke compensates the decrease of temperature due to the split injection. Hence, soot oxidation is increased.
The final form of the NOx and soot at 420°CA which preserve it\'s trend until EVO, confirms the more reduction of NOx and soot for the 75 %-20-25 % case in comparison with the single injection case.
In addition, the results for DI engins are as follow:
A good agreement of predicted in-cylinder pressure and exhaust NOx and soot emissions with the experimental data can be observed.
Advancing or retarding the injection timing can not decrease the soot and NOx trade-off by itself. Hence split injection is needed.
The optimum delay dwell between the injection pulses for reducing soot with low NOx emissions is about 25ºCA. The results of phenomenological combustion models in the literature support this conclusion.
The calculated results of the cylinder pressure and heat release rate for the optimum split injection cases show very good similarity with the numerical results obtained by phenomenological combustion models.
For the 75 % (25) 25 % case, NOx and soot emissions are lower than the other cases. It is due to the fact that the premixed combustion which is the main source of the NOx formation is relatively low. The more quantity of the second injection into the lean and hot combustion zones, causing high soot oxidation rates. In addition, the heat released by the second injection pulse is not sufficient to increase the NOx emissions.
Contour plots of NOx, temperature, equivalence ratio and soot for the single injection and 75 % (25) 25 % cases at 380ºCA show that the area which the equivalence ratio is close to 1 and the temperature is higher than 2000 K is the NOx formation area. In addition, the area which the equivalence ratio is higher than 3 and the temperature is approximately between 1600 K and 2000 K is the Soot formation area.
BTDC `before top dead center
ATDC after top dead center
EVO exhaust valve opening
IDI indirect injection engine
CA crank angle
SOC start of combustion
HRR heat release rate
ID ignition delay
BSFC brake specific fuel consumption
ABDC after bottom dead center
BBDC before bottom dead center
BMEP brake mean effective pressure
For a long time, physical activities have been regarded as bio-energetic acts. It is until Marcel Mauss work that we discovered that bodily practices are cultural social phenomenon. Marcel Mauss defines body techniques as “the ways in which men, society by society, in a traditional way, know how to use their body” [1]. The ways of playing and moving one’s body are not universal but as diverse as languages, clothes and dwellings. Adding to cultural aspect of body, there is diversity in practice movement. For examples, swimming is practiced differently from one society to another and even from one generation to another. In short, “each society has its own unique habits”. Mauss Marcel [1] everything is not innate, but transmitted, learned and acquired through education. Everyone must learn to use their body according to what they learn from their family, their environment and their society. Everything is acquired. We are in the presence of a “phenomenon-biological-sociological. This emphasizes the strong impact of society individual’s behavior. In fact, physical activities reflect their social context. P. Parlebas a pioneer of the praxiology-motrice sums up this phenomenon with the concept of “ethnomotricity” which is defined as the set of “fields and nature of motor practices considered from the angle of their relationship to their cultures and to the social environments in which they are located, developed” [2].
Likewise, we see “the game as a system” [3]. There is interaction between the players themselves, and between the players and the environment. Thus, the player is continuously in interaction and in communication with others, whether it is his partner or his opponent, and in relation with the external environment which is the space where the game takes place, and it is in these interactions that the game makes sense [4].
Thus, playful practices are not only physical acts, but they are also nourished by social representations, norms and values of a given group. Although, the richness, study of the games, there have been a little interest even ignored. A few classical authors have taken an interest in play and have studied it as an object. Among them, Johan Huizinga, in his seminal work Homo-ludens [5]. He defined the game as follows: “A free action, felt as ‘fictitious’ and situated outside of everyday life, capable nevertheless of fully absorbing the player. An action devoid of any material interest and any utility that is accomplished in a time and in an expressly circumscribed space, taking place in order according to given rules.” Thus, gambling is a leisure and entertainment activity which allows the player to escape from work and obligations. But this freedom is achieved within the limits of time and within the framework of the circumscribed space. The game is rich, it has a meaning,. For Huizinga, play is older than culture and is the core of culture. He writes: “Culture in its primitive phase is played out. It does not arise from the game as a living fruit that separates from the mother plant, but it unfolds in the game and as a game.” He adds: “However, it is important to characterize it as a basis and a factor of culture. This approach is shared by Caillois [6]. According to the author, this activity is unrestricted. Gambling as a leisure hobby is opposed to well-spent working time. If the working time is paid and productive, the game is characterized by free and unproductive. “Indeed, the game produces nothing: neither good nor work. It is essentially sterile”. Another author Lévi-Strauss in (1962) devoted part of “Α wild thought” to the analysis of an exotic game, with P. Bourdieu [7, 8, 9] who leaned on the question of the sociology of sporting tastes linked to style and social class. Much has been done since then, and the sociology of games has now established itself as a discipline in its own right. She therefore considers games to be a phenomenon that can be justified by a scientific approach, which attempts to objectify the movements of the human body, to understand how it develops and flourishes in a social environment.
The neglect of traditional games in the sports practices of daily life of leisure time and the predominance of sport raise the question of our identity. It could be described as invasion that require awareness. According to Hall, in order to Preserve the cultural aspect, and to escape the latent constraints of a naturalized culture “is to become actively and consciously involved in those aspects of one’s existence that seem most natural to him.” [10].
In fact, to escape the predominance of sport, there must be an awareness of the crucial role of traditional games as a cultural and socializing phenomenon. In fact, Socialization plays a crucial role in the development of a child’s personality. Through the socialization we are filling in the child by by the means of the bodily practices the standards to be respected, the values to be adopted, namely courage, strength, wisdom… All these aspects structure to model of the behavior of the person in accordance with society’s expectations.
We take up the idea of P. Parlebas who emphasizes in this regard that the “process of socialization is in the play pact shared and internalized in the body” [3]. Through traditional games, the child comes into contact with rules and codes; in its very body, it shares the collective norm in all conformity and legitimacy. He continues his idea by noting that “the assimilation and internalization of these bodily practices as a code of behavior and in connivance with the way of life of this society directly affect the social aspects of social life: forms of communication , exchange, type of relationship with the body, conception of success, relationship to rules of authority…
Borhane Errais and Mohamed Ben LarBi have deepened their studies on playful practices in the Maghreb, qualifying them as changing practices.
In an article entitled Ethnography of bodily practices in pre-colonial Tunisia [11], all stress that: “In all certainty, we will answer that the colonial situation is at the origin of the disintegration and the dissolution of this bodily tradition. “(1986). Indeed, colonialism has substituted a universal model of bodily practices which is the sport, at the expense of traditional games which are put under wraps. B. Errai’s point of view associated this fact to the forms of colonial and post-colonial domination which are “the determining factors of this mutation and which have contributed to the disappearance of traditional bodily practices by virtue of the culminating hegemony of sport which triumphs with panache in the Maghreb.
In French colonial schools, the Algerian child was exposed to French culture. In the playgrounds, he played French games introduced by French teachers, such as the game of “Sadraqqa” which is none other than the game of the Four Coins, or the game of Chechia which is none other than the game “Beret game”.
This idea is also shared by Kent Edwards in his article “Traditional games of a timeless land: Play cultures in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities” According to Kent, the impact of the European colonizer has transformed even participating in the disappearance of many Aboriginal games. According to Kent, when a culture is under attack, it is always the traditional games that are most affected. It change both inter-group relations and cultural practices. When the colonizer strikes down their material resources, the games take second place in the sense the preoccupation of the group is more to survive than enjoy leisure [12].
Classification is a key step in the construction of the object. It is often attached to a philosophy, a theory adopted by the researcher. Taking classification as a thread of analysis and a technique, it makes it possible to classify and organize the world of games. Roger Caillois, in his book “Les jeux et les hommes [6]”, divides the games into four headings according to the role of competition, chance, simulacrum or vertigo. He calls them Agon, Alea, Mimicry and Ilinx. He writes on this subject: “We play football or marbles or chess (Agon), we play roulette or the lottery (Alea), we play pirate or we play Nero or Hamlet (Mimicry), we play to provoke in oneself, by a rapid movement of rotation or fall, an organic state of confusion and disarray (Ilinx)” [6].
Caillois associates Agon with dueling, rivalry, competition; sporting events are an ostentatious illustration of this category. On the other hand, Alea is associated with the game of chance where fate and luck are major factors of success; we find this in the example of the games of roulette, tossing a coin. The Mimicry represents role-playing games where the player plays to pretend, such as disguise games or mask games. The last category is the Ilinx game which alludes to vertigo, where the player seeks for a moment to detach himself from stability and enter a world of spasms, trance, dizziness, as for example the “dervishes seek the” ecstasy by turning on themselves”.
The Caillois classification has the merit of identifying the games according to roles and criteria; on the other hand the last criterion (Ilinx) is put in reserve, because the player is in continual control of his actions. The vertigo is only a final sensation, but after controlled movement and ability, as the examples of acrobatics and sliding prove.
The person who plays is a person who adopts attitudes, chooses strategies, and invents behaviors that take shape in motor actions. Therefore, the player is in a system of interaction with the environment and with other players. This system of interaction is at the heart of motor action. As Parlebas points out, “every sport game is a system. There are double interactions: the players between themselves and the players with the environment”. [13]. The key factor present in any situation is the notion of uncertainty: the informational dimension therefore takes on a major importance, insofar as it determines the behavior of the players. In an environment with uncertainty, the informational dimension is capital, because all decisions and all behaviors depend on it. In the case of outdoor games (forest, wood, large rivers), the player is in contact with the environment, he faces the forces of the world. Recognition of the terrain and training may nevertheless reduce the hazard. It is also important to note that a beginner and a professional player do not have the same perception of the pitch. In a ski descent, the professional player has prior information about the terrain, which allows him to choose the best strategy and succeed, while the beginner, lacking information, makes his decisions in a completely different direction. In fact, it is not the space, but the player’s relationship to the space that determines the appropriate strategy for the game.
When we observe children playing different kinds of games, we see different behaviors. These are not chosen by the players, they are intrinsic to the rules of the game. However, if two players are opponents in the fighting game, they can be partners in a team game. It is the network that codifies the type of motor communication, which is none other “than the web of these possible interactions that will weave the socio-motor dynamic”, namely who is with whom and who is against whom. “, (P. [2]) in reality, internal logic is a system of constraints which largely determines the motor behavior of the players. It presents a system of norms that the player assimilates and literally internalizes in his body when playing.
In studies on table mores, Elias Norbert makes a whole study of the norms that shape behavior. By civilizing table manners, it is all human behavior that is modeled according to this scheme. Norbert believes that standards are self-monitoring processes. He underlines that “the social norms which have been imposed on the individual from outside are then reproduced smoothly by self-restraint which to a certain degree operates automatically even if, at the level of consciousness, the person in question refuses it” (973). Hence the idea “to analyze the behaviors that a given society proposes to its members and for which it intended to condition them”. (Elias [14]).
A priori, the structural constraints of a game form the model that guides motor interactions in the game. Still, the rules that organize the symbolic universe of sports games represent a major issue. On the other hand, players are free to interpret the practices in their own way, according to their own aspirations. In fact, the structure of the game can be interpreted from the outside by logic, an external logic, which attributes symbolic meanings to it. For example, for a long time soccer (football) was an exclusively male sport. Today, it is a game played by girls too. The same goes for the game of hopscotch, which in the middle Ages was exclusively a popular adult game. Today hopscotch is a snap, plus again, a little girl’s game.(P.Parlebas,(2005) Internal logic is at the heart of the external logic game. These two levels of the game lead to a social reality which is that of the socialization of the child. As Joseba Extxebeste underlines in his study on Basque sports games: “The two logics (internal and external) are part of the cultural reality of play, but they are two different levels of the same social reality [15].
To better understand these two types of logic, we will take as a reference the cockfight in Bali (Indonesia). The American anthropologist Clifford Geertz reveals in his article “Deep play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight”, (973), where he describes the cockfight, all the social dynamics where the two logics combine and coexist. By representing the internal logic, we see that the game is an opposing duel between two players (the two roosters). It takes place in a boxing ring surrounded by a crowd of spectators. A coconut in a bucket of water is used to mark the start and end of each encounter. The duration of the game is indefinite. The show takes place in the afternoon and continues until sunset. The rules that accompany each part of the game are followed and passed down from generation to generation. The game leader is responsible for enforcing the rules and his authority is absolute. About nine to ten games make up the program, and each game looks like the others.
Cockfighting is part of the Balinese way of life. Apparently it’s just a cock fight, but in reality it’s a men’s fight. This fight scene is a matter of society [16]. Engaging a rooster in a fight is a duty for every citizen. What makes this game so serious is not the money, but what is happening on the sidelines: the shift from the status hierarchy to the cockfight corps. Sociologically speaking, this cockfighting game is a representation of a complex tension field, wagered, controlled and ceremonially exposed, but in its depth refers to the context of everyday life. Each people cultivate its own violence. This cock game, which is observed, played, and fascinating, is an illustration of the violence of the Balinese. However, Bali’s deep psychological identification with their roosters is inexplicable. If in everyday language the rooster is a symbol of virility and heroes, it is the subject of attention and admiration. The cockfight for the Balinese consists of playing with fire without being burned. It ignites rivalries and hostility between groups and individuals, but these are camouflaged in the game. What is forbidden in everyday life and presented in broad daylight, after all, is “just a fight. Of roosters”. (
According to the author, what is significant is not the combat in itself, but the social meanings, the symbols, in short the culture which, according to Clifford Geertz, “is only a set of texts”which goes beyond written and verbal material. From a sociological point of view, to read the game as a text is to show its aspect as a rite or a hobby, it is to take a step which allows to understand the emotions and the sensitivities which show through the excitement of the game. Crowd, like the despair of loss and the pleasure of triumph. These exteriorized emotions are spread over a common text. To attend and participate constitute for the Balinese a kind of sentimental education which reflects their own violence and all the themes associated with it: cruelty, animosity, male narcissism, rivalry for status, gambling, sacrificed blood. As such, it is clear that any collective phenomenon aims to “say something, to signify something” Our objective is to study Kabyle culture through their traditional games, a way of getting to know the Kabyles and discovering their culture. To use Geertz’s phrase, it is “saying something to someone else”.
In this paper, our purpose is to understand traditional games in their sociological meaning and to define them in the context of Kabylie society. A corpus of traditional games were collected from the Kabylie region located in Algeria. A mountain region in northern Algeria bordering the Mediterranean, located east of Algiers and Mitidja whose main city is Tizi-ouzo. We found out many, among these types of games, Radjma (target shooting). It is a game that is played during big events (marriage, circumcision). Before the departure of the bride, the men of the wedding procession (Iqeffafen) execute the target shooting under the sly gaze of the crowd coming to attend the show. It is about throwing the stone a certain distance to crack an egg. The players take turns attempting to hit the target. Another example of the game is “Thaverninte” (wooden spinning top or Zerbout). A piece of wood is cut with a knife into the shape of a spinning top. After having planted a nail at the point, the shooter must throw the router up and down with the palm of the hand in the direction of the movement, and before it comes out of the string, pull to give it a trajectory. Another games, the sliding game. It is played on large areas of land located on the average slopes of mountainous regions which are usually used for growing olives and figs. Covered with snow in winter, they become a field of attraction for children. This game consists of climbing to the top of an icy slope and then descending using the leaves of prickly pears, because its thickness and its richness in water make it easier to slide.
Although these games are psychomotor, played in solo. There are many quasi-games among them that players indulge in without concern for competition and without specific rules. As an example, the “Tiferfarine” game is a manufacturing game in which a reel must turn directed by the wind. The children choose a few figs that are not yet ripe and very firm but already big enough. They dig four diametrically opposed holes that communicate in the center of the fig. This is then pierced with a thorn that is fixed in a thatch held vertically. The child, using another straw, blows in the direction of the holes and the fig begins to spin rapidly on itself. There are others games sociomoteurs, played in group. For example, the games.
“Tikare”, which is similar to karate (sport),in which two players kick each other hard. We also find the game of Matreg el-lil, where two players stand face to face with a stick. A player throws his stick high in the sky, and the opponent must then aim and hit it before it falls to the ground. Another sociomotures games is.
“Takhatoumt-el Khatem”. Two groups of players face each other. All the players in one of the groups have their hands under a sheet or blanket, and one of them hides a ring in one of his hands. The opposite group tries to guess who has the ring. We scrutinize everyone’s reactions because there are often people who hesitate and are afraid of being discovered.
If the ring is found, they switch roles. The hiding of information is the criteria of this game. There are also festival games, for example, in the game Maafra, which takes place at every Eid festival; players separated by a river throw stones or pomegranate fruit at each other. All these games a part of daily life and rituals.
Daily life in Kabylie requires a lot of physical effort and a hard-working, strong and resilient body. The man must support himself thanks to the resources of the earth: cultivate, harvest the fruits, the grains… The woman must also be strong and provide for the needs of her family (weaving, grinding wheat, making pottery, draw water from the fountain…).
In addition, the work in the fields for men and women is done in groups. We see this community in the case of women who go to the fountain in groups of relatives and neighbors to carry water, and who also help each other to lift and put on their heads the huge sheaves from the harvest.
These agricultural works bring the children together. During these days in the fields, moments of relaxation are reserved for games, for the children who accompany their mothers to the fields, and for the young shepherds (Ameksa) who take their cattle to the pastures. Games are part of daily life and nourish the body and structure the behavior with expected social norms.
Horma for the Kabyles means honor, which symbolizes the woman and the house. The respectability of the man, which is symbolized by the ‘Nif”, consists in protecting this honor from all defilement. Failure to meet this standard is for the individual to condemn himself to social suicide (isolation and shame). In this “Qochra” game, the sociological weight of this value is indisputable and is played by children.
Flat terrain
Material: A cork ball and a curved end stick
Period: The first days of spring
Social network: One against all
Gender: Male
Start of the game:
A group of players with a curved end stick in a circle around a cork ball. At the draw, they designate the father. The latter is placed near the ball (his daughter).
Procedure: The father’s goal is to defend the ball by trying to prevent it from going outside the circle, which represents the house. The opponents, with their sticks, instead try to push the ball out of the circle. If the ball or the father (with his stick) directly touches a player saying, “This is your daughter,” the affected player becomes the father of the ball. In the event that a player grabs the lost girl and takes her to wife without the father managing to bring her home, the other players say that he is getting old, and they taunt his weakness by singing: “He got old, he got old, he went to Beni Kelleb and he ate a whole cake with a gourd of whey”. They also sometimes tie the ball under the shirt of the loser, who is then identified with a girl who has been made a child. The emotions in this game are very strong, and it happens that the father humiliated by the words of his opponents retires in.
Tears, also affected by the dishonor of the illegitimate pregnancy.
From the previous descriptions, it turns out that games are a form of socialization which is transmitted through the rules of conduct approved by society.
In traditional games, socialization is at the heart of motor action insofar as it plunges the child back into his environment, and as a result the child subtly internalizes the systems of norms secret by society. The body in the game is not only a mechanical, biological object, but also a reservoir which absorbs all symbols, cultural rites. This is not done in a brutal way, but in a process of social learning.
In the game “qochra”, for example, the child in his driving behavior while defending the ball (the girl) from the opponents, thereby becomes acquainted with the norms and values - which are required and which he must respect at all times. What is expected from a child to defend and protect his honor which is the sacred domain (the woman, the house). Any offense is an attack on honor in the Kabyle language (Nif). Hence, the purpose of the Kabyle games is to integrate the child into the social bath which is the village life. This process of “kabylization” of motor behavior, mediated by the body, is only a means of interiorizing social behavior specific to the Kabyle communities.
It is clear that traditional games constitute a heritage of great wealth and a major source of information for the ethnologist.However; it is surprising that it has not been further exploited. It could be due to the mentality that prejudges traditional sports games as optional, uninteresting and old-fashioned objects; According to the general expression of those interviewed about traditional play practices in children’s leisure games today, the answer is often: “Times have changed, this is a game from before.”
The loss of traditional games is a factor of considerable cultural impoverishment which creates emptiness and boredom in the villages and reinforces the importation of another model of foreign entertainment: football, cinema, radio, TV (Warnier, Laburthe: Ethnology, Anthropology) [17].
Reinventing these games, taking them out of memory, instilling them in state institutions (schools, sports clubs), making them known to this new generation ... require that we question the mentality that believes that sport is the unique model of excellence. To change this dilemma, it is up to sports managers and school educators to find solutions to reinvent games in children’s sports activities as an identity cultural heritage, so that they know themselves as well as others. As Joseba Extxebeste suggested it so rightly: “It is not a question of seeing with nostalgia a time gone by, but of reinventing the traditional playful culture by adapting it to the needs and to the reality of our days. ”(Extxebeste Joseba, [15]).
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The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82757",title:"Seed Dormancy: Induction, Maintenance and Seed Technology Approaches to Break Dormancy",slug:"seed-dormancy-induction-maintenance-and-seed-technology-approaches-to-break-dormancy",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106153",abstract:"Dormancy is the major cause of erratic germination, patchy emergence and uneven seedling establishment in the field. These traits are exceedingly undesirable in crop production as future phases of growth and development are strongly linked to uniform seedling development at early growth phases. Variations in maturation time, and difficulty in managing abiotic and biotic stresses during pre- and postharvest are common consequences of uneven germination and seedling emergence. Minimizing this negative impact of dormancy in a seed lot is the major concern of all seed production companies. Generally, mature seeds show some considerable dormancy during which embryo growth is halted momentarily because one or more internal and external stimuli for growth resumption is/are absent. If the inhibition of seed germination is solely due to insufficient or complete absence of external signals, then the seed is in a state of quiescence. Otherwise, if linked to internal factors, then the seed is in a state of dormancy. Induction, maintenance, and release of dormancy are therefore related to Seed-dependent factors such as morphology, hormones, state of embryo maturity at seed dispersal and chemical inhibitors. This chapter focuses on species-dependent methods currently used to break dormancy, reduce germination time and improve emergence and seedling establishment.",book:{id:"11322",title:"Seed Biology Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11322.jpg"},signatures:"Tabi Kingsley Mbi, Ntsomboh Godswill Ntsefong and Tatah Eugene Lenzemo"},{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83043",title:"Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Selective Sequencing and Clinical Diagnostics",slug:"applications-of-crispr-cas9-for-selective-sequencing-and-clinical-diagnostics",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106548",abstract:"In this chapter, we will discuss the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of clinical diagnostics. We will provide an overview of existing methods and their use cases in the diagnostic field. Special attention will be given to selective sequencing approaches using third-generation sequencing and PAM-site requirements. As target sequences in an AT-rich environment cannot easily be accessed by the commercially available SpCas9 due to rarity of NGG PAM-sites, new enzymes such as ScCas9 with PAM-site requirements of NNG will be highlighted. Original research on CRISPR/Cas9 systems to determine molecular glioma markers by enriching regions of interest will be discussed in the context of potential future applications in clinical diagnostics.",book:{id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Evers, Björn Brändl, Franz-Josef Müller, Sönke Friedrichsen and Stephan Kolkenbrock"},{id:"83012",title:"Cotton Based Cellulose Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application",slug:"cotton-based-cellulose-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-application",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106473",abstract:"Nanocellulose is a renewable natural biomaterial which has risen to prominence due to its biodegradability and physiochemical properties making it a promising candidate to replace non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. Due to its profound qualities, nanocellulose extracted from cotton fibers have tremendous application potential and have been intensively studied particularly in the generation of nanofillers and as reinforcement components in polymer matrixes. Deposition of inorganic nanoparticles on cotton fabric result in antimicrobial textiles with multifunctional use particularly in manufacture of PPE and as filtration devices against environmental pollutants and pathogens. This chapter compiles three main sections. The first section gives an overview of the extent of work done in the creation and application potential of cotton-based nanocomposites. The second section describes the in situ and ex situ methods of nanoparticle deposition and self assembly on cotton fabrics to generate multifunctional cotton-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial potential while the final section describes the incorporation of cotton nanofibers in polymer matrices, their reinforcing properties, as well as surface modification to assist their incorporation. Finally in the conclusion, a summary of the up-to-date challenges and progresses is presented postulating the undiscovered arenas and future undertakings of this venture.",book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob"},{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",slug:"agroforestry-an-approach-for-sustainability-and-climate-mitigation",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",abstract:"Agroforestry Systems (AFS), or the association of trees with crops (or animals), is a strategy for land management and use that allows production within the sustainable development: (a) environmentally (production environmentally harmonic); (b) technically (integrating existing resources on the farm); (c) economically (increase in production), and (d) socially (equality of duties and opportunities, quality of life of the family group). As an intentional integration of trees or shrubs with crop and animal production, this practice makes environmental, economic, and social benefits to farmers. Given that there is a set of definitions, rather than a single definition of Agroforestry (AF) and AFS, it is justified to explore the historical evolution and the minimum coincidences of criteria to define them and apply them in the recovery of degraded areas. Knowing how to classify AFS allows us to indicate which type or group of AFS is suitable for a particular area with its characteristics. The greatest benefit that AFS can bring to degraded or sloping areas lies in their ability to combine soil conservation with productive functions. In other words, AF is arborizing agriculture and animal production to obtain more benefits including climate change adaptation and mitigation by ecosystem services.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Ricardo O. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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