\r\n\t1. 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years. \r\n\t2. 70% of women are screened with a high-performance test by 35 years and again by 45 years \r\n\t3. 90% of women identified with cervical disease receive treatment (90% of women with precancer treated, and 90% of women with invasive cancer managed
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book “glows in teal”, committing itself, to the noble task of elimination of HPV infections and related cancers. This book has, well experienced and dedicated scientists from all over the world, contributing chapters in the fields of Epidemiology of HPV; HPV Vaccination – Efficacy – acceptance, affordability and policies; Pathophysiology and carcinogenesis of HPV; Hi-Tech screening protocols, methodologies for HPV testing; Diagnosis and treatment of Pre cancers and invasive cancers due to HPV; Prevention and control of Papillomaviridae infections and related Cancers of Cervix, Vagina, Vulva, Penis, Anus and Oropharynx.
\r\n
\r\n\tWe, firmly hope that the knowledge shared in this book would immensely contribute to the global goal of elimination of Papillomavidae and related cancers, and serve as a beacon of “teal light” symbolizing cancer eradication, from the lighthouse of Scientific wisdom and Social welfare, The InTech publishers."
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1. Introduction
Increasing in computing power has provided a platform for developers to build numerous computing applications that “would have been impossible just a few years ago” (Seltzer, 2005, p. 50). Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are computer-based healthcare applications used to integrate clinical and patient information to provide support for decision-making in patient care as well as to generate case-specific advices (Bonney, 2009; Kotze & Brdaroska, 2004). CDSS aid in clinical decision-making not only by providing physicians and other healthcare stakeholders with computerized advice regarding drug doses, medications, laboratory results and diagnosis but also by enhancing a clinician’s ability to process data and information (Bonney, 2009; Kaushal, Shojania, & Bates, 2003; K. Kawamoto, Houlihan, Balas, & Lobach, 2005). However, there is growing evidence that when poorly designed, deployed and/or used, CDSS may lead to more harm than good (Coiera, Westbrook, & Wyatt, 2006; Kotze & Brdaroska, 2004; Toth-Pal, Wårdh, Strender, & Nilsson, 2008).
This paper aims to explore the significant impacts and risks of adopting CDSS in clinical practice. Whereas the impact factors will explore how the use of CDSS has impacted clinical decision-making, clinical practice guidelines, efficiency of healthcare delivery, and patient safety and outcomes; the risk factors will focus on the CDSS dependence on repositories, knowledge management, misinterpretation of clinical datasets, and failure to fit routine works of clinicians.
2. Methodology
A literature review is used to highlight the relevant impacts and risks of adopting CDSS in clinical practice. The methodology involves a systematic review of relevant publications, found and accessed with the help of ProQuest (with multiple databases option) and EBSCOhost databases. Additional sources were retrieved using the ScienceDirect, PubMed and ACM digital libraries. Whereas the impact factors explore how the use of CDSS has impacted clinical decision-making, clinical practice guidelines, efficiency of healthcare delivery, and patient outcomes and safety; the risk factors focus on the CDSS dependence on repositories, knowledge management, misinterpretation of clinical datasets, and failure to fit routine works of clinicians.
3. Overview of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
CDSS have been recognized as promising tools for influencing healthcare provider performance to improve and streamline the quality of healthcare delivery (Bassa et al., 2005; Pearson et al., 2009). CDSS originated from Decision Support Systems (DSS). According to Donzelli (2006), DSS simply “combine individuals’ and computers’ capabilities to improve the quality of decisions” (p. 67). These functionalities and capabilities of DSS have contributed to its popularity and use in the healthcare domain. Hwang, Chang, Hung, Sung, and Yen (2004) asserted that a “DSS that supports physicians with the potential to minimize practice variation and improve patient care” (p. 240) is known as CDSS.
Throughout their inception in the medical arena in the early 1970s, CDSS have evolved immensely to support the workflow of clinicians and improved the effectiveness of decision outcomes (Bassa et al., 2005; Hwang et al., 2004; Pearson et al., 2009). Although several challenges are facing the use and adoption of CDSS in the healthcare setting, the technology still remains promising when it comes to its ability to support evidence-based practice and enhancing the clinical decision-making process of healthcare providers. It is in this regard that Kawamoto et al. (2005) noted that CDSS provide “clinicians with patient-specific assessments or recommendations to aid clinical decision making” (p. 765). Examples of CDSS include technologies such as Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) systems that provide patient-specific recommendations as part of the order entry process; outpatient systems that attach care reminders to the charts of patients in need of specific preventive care services; and laboratory alerting systems that page physicians when critical laboratory values are detected (Kawamoto & Esler, 2006).
The architecture components of CDSS consist of knowledge base, inference/reasoning engine, and user communication/interaction (Kola, n.d.; O\'Kane et al., 2010). Figure 1 shows the architecture components of CDSS. Whereas the knowledge base is made up guidelines, rules, and probabilistic models, the inference/reasoning engine combines the data in the knowledge base with that of the patient data. The user communication component of the architecture consists of a simple way of getting data into the system and getting results to the user (O\'Kane et al., 2010; Berner & La Lande, 2007). The fact that the architecture of the CDSS depends on knowledge bases means that inappropriate representation of data, information, and knowledge present enormous threats to the adoption of CDSS in clinical practice.
Figure 1.
Architecture components of CDSS (Kola, n.d.)
4. Impact factors
The impact factors associated with the use and adoption of CDSS could be categorized under five broad themes: clinical decision-making, clinical practice guidelines, efficiency of healthcare delivery, and patient safety and outcomes.
4.1. Clinical decision-making
CDSS has a significant impact on the quality of decision making by healthcare providers. According to Kawamoto et al. (2005), CDSS provide “clinicians with patient-specific assessments or recommendations to aid clinical decision making” (p. 765). However, this goal of achieving quality decision making is not an easy endeavour. Clinical decision-making is a “complex task requiring a knowledgeable practitioner, reliable informational inputs, and a supportive environment” (O\'Neill, Dluhy, & Chin, 2005, p. 69). According to Buckingham (2002), clinical decision-making consists of classification tasks “where cues are used to assign patients to one of a number of potential categories” (p. 238). This complexity of achieving quality clinical decision making by healthcare providers is often facilitated with the use of CDSS as a supportive tool.
In an attempt to improve the use of CDSS to support quality decision making in clinical practice, Buckingham (2002) proposed a gelatean model with the goal of linking “intuitive explanations of clinical expertise with empirical data analysis to enhance judgement accuracy” (p. 250). Buckingham (2002) identified this relation as a symbiotic relationship between clinicians and computers. Whereas the clinicians are responsible for using their psychological validity, the computers’ side of the symbiosis comes with its powers of data storage and analysis (Buckingham, 2002, p. 249). Enhancing judgement accuracy of clinicians is critical in ensuring that information emanating from the CDSS are interpreted well by the attending clinicians and not misinterpreted. Physicians can enhance their clinical judgement accuracy by combining their experiential knowledge with the use of CDSS so that a symbiotic relationship can be established.
4.2. Clinical practice guideline
Many healthcare providers depend on clinical practice guidelines for quality and evidence-based healthcare delivery. Clinical practice guidelines are “systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances” (Kotze & Brdaroska, 2004, p. 361). According to Kotze and Brdaroska (2004), clinical practice guidelines have “little influence upon clinician practice and patient outcomes unless they are effectively implemented and integrated into the clinical setting” (p. 362).
One approach for effectively integrating clinical practice guidelines into medical practice is the use of CDSS. The use of CDSS has facilitated clinicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines, thereby improving patient outcomes (Kotze & Brdaroska, 2004; Kwok, Dinh, Dinh, & Chu, 2009). Kotze and Brdaroska (2004) noted that the “ability of computers to store, search and sort large volumes of data rapidly, as well as the everexpanding knowledge, access and use of computers, have paved the way for the incorporation of clinical practice guidelines into computer-based decision support systems” (p. 362). This is because not only does the use of CDSS demand clinical practice guidelines but it also makes it easier for programmers to develop rule-based and/or case-based reasoning to support the advices emanating from the CDSS.
The encoded rules in the clinical practice guidelines provide the framework in which programming rules are encoded and used in the development of CDSS. For example, Kwok et al. (2009) found that the use of an integrated and dynamic electronic decision support system (EDSS) at a single emergency department promoted strict adherence to asthma clinical guidelines and improved clinical documentation and discharge management plans for asthma management. It is in this regard that Kotze and Brdaroska (2004) indicated that CDSS are “crucial elements in long-term strategies for promoting the use of clinical practice guidelines” (p. 362).
4.3. Efficiency of healthcare delivery
In a study conducted to assess the impact of CDSS on the management of patients with Hypercholesterolemia, Bassa et al. (2005) found that “it is possible to optimize the efficiency of the management of hypercholesterolemia in standard practice by the implementation of a CDSS” (p. 71). In a similar study, Cobos et al. (2005) found that the use and adoption of CDSS in clinical practice “was as effective as usual care and induced important savings in the management of hypercholesterolemia” (p. 431). The above two studies contribute to our understanding about the need to implement CDSS in clinical practice so as to support the efficiency of healthcare delivery.
Healthcare providers stand to gain enormously and streamline the workflow of physicians by adopting CDSS. For example, Pomerleau (2008) noted that the use of CDSS allow “nurses to have information and unit policies at their fingertips, which help them adhere to standards while at the bedside” (p. 154). Successful implementation of CDSS in clinical settings will reduce waiting times, minimize the length of stay in hospitals, and enhance the efficiency of healthcare delivery.
4.4. Patient safety and outcomes
Improving patient outcomes requires the use of efficient decision-making process and evidence-based practice that can only be best achieved through the utilization of CDSS. One of the ultimate uses of CDSS is to improve patient safety and outcomes. CDSS have consistently shown great promise for reducing medical errors and improving patient care, safety, and outcomes (K. Kawamoto et al., 2005; Mahoney, Berard-Collins, Coleman, Amaral, & Cotter, 2007; Pomerleau, 2008; Sintchenko, Coiera, Iredell, & Gilbert, 2004; Subramanian et al., 2007). When it comes to the use of medications and diagnostic testing in clinical settings, CDSS has emerged as a technology to reduce medication errors, “improve diagnostic accuracy, provide easier and more rapid access to patient information and more complete medical records” (Courtney, Alexander, & Demiris, 2008, p. 692).
According to Mahoney et al. (2007), medication errors are deleterious, prevalence and costly. Hence the need to use robust healthcare information systems to monitor, track, and manage medications administered to patients is of prime concern to many healthcare providers. Mahoney et al. (2007) found that the use of integrated clinical information system technology “decreased selected types of medication errors throughout the medication-use process in a health care system and improved therapeutic drug monitoring in patients” (p. 1969). In the context of identifying the potential adverse drug events (ADEs) at the medication ordering stage, Roberts et al. (2010) noted that successful implementation of CPOE and other advanced CDSS tools “significantly increased the number of potential ADE alerts for pharmacist review and the number of true-positive ADE alerts identified per 1000 admissions” (p. 1845).
Moreover, in a randomized control trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CDSS in reducing potentially inappropriate prescribing to older adults, Terrell et al. (2009) found that CPOE with decision support “significantly reduced prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications for seniors” (p. 1389). In another study, Subramanian et al. (2007) found that the increasing use of CPOE has facilitated the “elimination of handwriting identification problems, reductions in error associated with similar drug names, faster delivery of orders to the pharmacy” (p. 1451). These studies and others from the literature affirm the significant impact of CDSS in reducing medical errors in clinical practice, thereby, improving the quality of care, patient safety, and patient outcomes (Pearson et al., 2009).
5. Risk factors
The risk factors focus on the CDSS dependence on repositories, knowledge management, misinterpretation of clinical datasets, and failure to fit routine works of clinicians.
5.1. Dependence on repositories
One of the critical architecture components of all CDSS is the knowledge base. The knowledge base depends on a centralized clinical data repository (K. Kawamoto, Lobach, Willard, & Ginsburg, 2009; Roberts et al., 2010). The fact that CDSS depends on good quality clinical data repository reinforces the need for standardized data representation, storage, and retrieval that can be centrally managed in the knowledge base repositories. Lack of good clinical data warehouse could have significant impact on the quality of advices emanating from CDSS. Data mining algorithms require good quality clinical data repositories to be able to extract knowledge to support clinical decision-making.
CDSS also depend profoundly on large volumes of readily-accessible, existing clinical datasets (Bonney, 2009). These large volumes of data are usually extracted from the repository content of EHR, EMR and PHR. Lack of standardized data capture by these systems will lead to corrupt datasets. When the entries in these data repository are not coded appropriately, there is tendency that the resulting datasets will not be a good representative of the patient population (Bonney, 2009). It is therefore essential that standardized data representation are used for leveraging the knowledge base repositories contained in the CDSS so as to facilitate the generation of patient-specific care recommendations at the point of care (K. Kawamoto et al., 2009).
5.2. Knowledge management
CDSS depend on appropriate implementation of knowledge management. According to Kalkan (2008), the whole concepts of data, information and knowledge are generally misunderstood. Acknowledging the fact that information results from replacing data within some meaningful content, Kalkan (2008) noted that knowledge is an “organized and transformed combination of information, assimilated with a set of rules, procedures and operations learnt through experience and practice” (p. 391). This definition of knowledge emphasizes the need to manage knowledge appropriately. Without proper set of rules, guidelines and operations, knowledge cannot be assimilated. Thus the need for knowledge management in CDSS cannot be ignored.
Knowledge management is defined as a “systematic management of knowledge-related activities, practices, programs and policies within the enterprise” (Kalkan, 2008, p. 392). Knowledge management has gain popularity in the IT industry because of its emphasis on how to articulate, capture and distribute explicit and tacit knowledge in different formats (Herschel & Jones, 2005; Kalkan, 2008). Knowledge management activities aim to “effectively apply an organization’s knowledge to create new knowledge to achieve and maintain competitive advantage” (Kalkan, 2008, p. 392). Creating new knowledge in the medical field is crucial in helping healthcare providers in combating new diseases and symptoms. However, when the newly created knowledge is based on poor quality data, the resulting outcome could be very devastating in clinical settings.
The fact that CDSS have “become increasingly sophisticated by matching patient characteristics with computerised knowledge bases and using algorithms to generate patient-specific assessments or treatment recommendations” (Pearson et al., 2009, p. 155) demand that appropriate management of knowledge is implemented in the CDSS to ensure that the patient-specific assessments and/or treatment recommendations are not based on poor quality data. It is therefore important that narrative information emanating from the CDSS is further processed and analyzed by healthcare providers before clinical decisions are made (Pearson et al., 2009).
5.3. Misinterpretation of clinical datasets
Clinical information stored in the CDSS are often misrepresented and misinterpreted. This is partly due to the inconsistencies in data coding and extraction of poor quality data. According to Coiera et al. (2006), the use of CDSS can “improve the overall safety and quality of health care delivery, but may also introduce machine-related errors” (p. 20). Coiera et al. (2006) noted that the use of poor quality data could lead to wrong medications and misdiagnosis. Coiera et al. (2006) also noted that automation biases and using evidence-retrieval systems may generate decision errors that might not necessarily correlates with the experiential knowledge of the physicians.
Acknowledging the fact that inference rules forms the basic building blocks of any given CDSS and are usually extracted by data mining existing clinical datasets, Bonney (2009) noted that the “trustworthy of CDSS is based on how effective the extracted inference rules correlates with the experiential knowledge of domain experts” (p. 116). Chaudhry (2008) also emphasized the misrepresentation of clinical datasets by noting that, “real clinical data from patient interviews or medical records are far less structured and would likely alter the performance of the system considerably” (p. 86), if not extracted appropriately. This has a significant effect on the quality of data used in developing CDSS. Poor quality data will lead to misinterpretation of clinical datasets. The use of health information standards such as ICD-10, SNOMED, LOINC and UMLS will ensure uniformity and consistency of the health datasets, used in generating the inference rules (Bonney, 2009).
5.4. Failure to fit routine works of clinicians
According to Hwang et al. (2004), accessing CDSS in a computer by medical practitioners is not a smooth process for actual usage/implementation. Hwang et al. (2004) attributed the complexity of the process to the fact that in actual clinical settings, integrating CDSS with the routine work of clinicians will demand that the physicians “run back and forth from point of care to computer station to complete their diagnosis” (p. 240). This approach could be daunting considering the workload of average physicians. Moreover, the routine use of CDSS during consultation could alienate patients from the direct contact with their physicians.
When it comes to the use and adoption of technology, medical practitioners with experiential knowledge are more likely to override the decisions and advices presented by CDSS. For example, Dowding et al. (2009) noted that nurses are “less likely to use CDSS for telephone triage decisions that they feel they have experience in making” (p. 1160). These attitudes of medical practitioners towards CDSS often impede their overall acceptance and adoption in clinical practice.
Acknowledging the fact that perceived usefulness of medical information is a function of its relevance, validity, and the effort involved in searching for it, Sintchenko et al. (2004) noted that physicians often “choose not to use available evidence at the time of decision making but rely on what they know and choose the strategy requiring least effort” (p. 75). Hence clinicians’ attitudes and the environment in which decisions are made influence the overall acceptance and adoption of decision support tools (Sintchenko et al., 2004; Toth-Pal et al., 2008). It is therefore recommended that the development and deployment of the CDSS should fit the workflow of clinicians so as to ensure that the system is enabling without constraining (Ash, Gorman, Lavelle, & Payne, 2003; Bonney, 2009).
6. Discussion and conclusion
In a qualitative study conducted to explore general practitioners’ (GPs) handling of a CDSS during the implementation process, Toth-Pal et al. (2008) found that despite their benefits in medicine, CDSS are rarely used in clinical practice. Toth-Pal et al. (2008) attributed CDSS barriers to “limited computer skills, shortage of time during consultation, problems with interpreting the recommendations given, and the GPs’ concerns about patient reactions” (p. 40).
Moreover, in an analysis of 70 randomized controlled trial, Kawamoto et al. (2005) found that successful implementation of CDSS should “(a) provide decision support automatically as part of clinician workflow, (b) deliver decision support at the time and location of decision making, (c) provide actionable recommendations, and (d) use a computer to generate the decision support” (p. 771). These four recommendations seem to support the overall use of CDSS in improving the quality of clinical care. They also make it easier for clinicians to use CDSS thereby minimising the effort required by clinicians to receive and act on system recommendations (Kawamoto et al., 2005). The development of CDSS should also utilize health information standards so as to ensure its interoperability with other legacy systems and support distributed computing (Bonney, 2009).
This research has the potential to benefit healthcare providers and stakeholders in determining the significant impacts and risks of adopting CDSS in medical practice. With the impacts and risks presented in the paper, it is evident that the appropriate use CDSS with emerging technologies could enhance the adoption and acceptance rate of CDSS in clinical practice. Future research should therefore focus on how to integrate Business Intelligence (BI) into CDSS. This is because BI is emerging as the new frontier in data mining that will facilitate the extraction of both structured and unstructured datasets. It is also important that future research promote the rigorous testing of CDSS to provide high quality evidence about their clinical and economic impacts on healthcare delivery (Pearson et al., 2009).
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/18694.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/18694.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18694",totalDownloads:3959,totalViews:1516,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:85,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 7th 2010",dateReviewed:"February 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 6th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/18694",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/18694",book:{id:"420",slug:"efficient-decision-support-systems-practice-and-challenges-in-biomedical-related-domain"},signatures:"Wilfred Bonney",authors:[{id:"24511",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:null,surname:"Bonney",fullName:"Wilfred Bonney",slug:"wilfred-bonney",email:"wbonney@dal.ca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24511/images/4756_n.jpg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Overview of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Impact factors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1. Clinical decision-making",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2. Clinical practice guideline",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3. Efficiency of healthcare delivery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.4. Patient safety and outcomes ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Risk factors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.1. Dependence on repositories",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.2. Knowledge management",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.3. Misinterpretation of clinical datasets",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.4. Failure to fit routine works of clinicians",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Discussion and conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'AshJ. S.GormanP. N.LavelleM.PayneT. 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L.DemirisG.2008Information technology from novice to expert: Implementation implicationsJournal of Nursing Management692 EOF699 EOF\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'DonzelliP.2006A decision support system for software project management. IEEE Software, 23(4), 67 EOF75 EOF\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'DowdingD.MitchellN.RandellR.FosterR.LattimerV.ThompsonC.2009Nurses’ use of computerised clinical decision support systems: A case site analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(8), 1159 EOF1167 EOF\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'HerschelR. T.JonesN. E.2005Knowledge management and business intelligence: The importance of integration. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(4), 45-55.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'HwangH.ChangI.HungW.SungM.YenD.2004The design and evaluation of clinical decision support systems in the area of pharmacokinetics. Medical Informatics & the Internet in Medicine, 29(3), 239-251. doi:10.1080/14639230400009158\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'KalkanV. D.2008An overall view of knowledge management challenges for global business. Business Process Management Journal, 14(3), 390-400.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'KaushalR.ShojaniaK. G.BatesD. W.2003Effects of computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support systems on medication safety: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(12), 1409-1416.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'KawamotoK.EslerB.2006HL7 service functional model specification- decision support services (DSS). Retrieved December 2, 2005\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'KawamotoK.HoulihanC. A.BalasE. A.LobachD. F.2005Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: A systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. British Medical Journal, 330(7494), 765-772.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'KawamotoK.LobachD. F.WillardH. F.GinsburgG. S.2009A national clinical decision support infrastructure to enable the widespread and consistent practice of genomic and personalized medicine. 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S.CrandallD. K.ConlonP.2010Impact of health information technology on detection of potential adverse drug events at the ordering stage. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 67(21), 1838-1846. doi:10.2146/ajhp090637\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'SeltzerM.2005Beyond relational databases. Queue, 3(3), 50-58.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'SintchenkoV.CoieraE.IredellJ. R.GilbertG. L.2004Comparative impact of guidelines, clinical data, and decision support on prescribing decisions: An interactive web experiment with simulated cases. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(1), 71-77.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'SubramanianS.HooverS.GilmanB.FieldT. S.MutterR.GurwitzJ. H.2007Computerized physician order entry with clinical decision support in long-term care facilities: Costs and benefits to stakeholders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(9), 1451-1457.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'TerrellK. M.PerkinsA. J.DexterP. R.HuiS. L.CallahanC. M.MillerD. K.2009Computerized decision support to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing to older emergency department patients: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(8), 1388-1394.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'Toth-PalE.WårdhI.StrenderL.NilssonG.2008Implementing a clinical decision-support system in practice: A qualitative analysis of influencing attitudes and characteristics among general practitioners. Informatics for Health & Social Care, 33(1), 39-54. doi:10.1080/17538150801956754'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Wilfred Bonney",address:"",affiliation:'
EUIT Aeronáutica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid/ Escuela de Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Spain
Greenhouse gases especially CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased to a level of 419 ppm compared to a value of 280 ppm from the preindustrial revolution (1975) [1]. Reduction in greenhouse gases is a need of time. Significant research has been published regarding mineral carbonation [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], geological carbon dioxide storage, oceanic storage [3], carbon dioxide conversion into chemicals, carbon dioxide fixation in polymers and carbon dioxide conversion into Urea [16, 17]. Mineral carbonation is one of the forefront technologies recently proposed. Although various publications have been done in this field [2], the basic need of time is to foresee how the research efforts need to be oriented or centred on that technology [3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20]. This article will indicate some directions for the utilisation of different feedstocks for CO2 utilisation and fixation. Geological storage poses a threat to nearby occupants as there were thousands of killings in the Crater Lake incident. ALOHA software can be used for the estimation of such leakages if CO2 is to be stored in geological formations. CO2 can cause asphyxiation; hence, safety measures are at most necessity. ALOHA can estimate CO2 vapours travelling distances and how far this gas can travel and how much concentration will be at a specified point. Oceanic storage pose threat to aquatic life and is expected to disrupt the ecosystem seriously. Increased concentration of CO2 in oceans [21] will reduce the pH of the oceanic water, rivers or canals making them undrinkable. Seawater is used in various industries. Reduced pH will cause serious corrosion issues and may result in materials damage and or stress corrosion cracking.
Greenhouse gases are uncontrollable. Each greenhouse gas concentration increases day by day. CO2 is recently converted to jet fuel using sunlight by Adele Peters from Fast Company [22]. Researches are not giving up. However, the Antarctic lake has disappeared in just 3 days [23]. More efforts need to be initiated. Extremism in climate shattering weather patterns is expected right now [23]. Europe has seen extreme flooding in 2021. Pakistan has seen extreme summers like what the Middle East has seen shooting of temperatures. Catalysts have been discovered to convert CO2 into fuel [24]. A single reason why CO2 is not controlled is that industries emit more than capture. Adam Vughan has indicated that atmosphere warming could not have been kept below 1.5°C [25]. Alas, more seriousness is required. No negative emissions drama. The cement industry is also one of the largest CO2 emitting industries. Novel modifications are proposed to overcome this threat [26]. Coal-burning emissions and their environmental effects are also highlighted [27].
2. Analytical instruments
Dunite, different varieties of olivine and lizardite are used in this research. Proper functioning of analytical instruments is a fundamental to perform the highest level of research. Fundamental instruments operation and working is described here.
2.1 TGA-MS analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass over time as the sample is heated. These measurements provide compositions of different feeds or carbonated products. TGA is suitable to characterise different materials that display mass loss or gain due to thermal decomposition and thus enable an estimate of magnesite yields of the carbonated products to be obtained. Feed materials or carbonated products were heated in TGA (Figure 1) from 25 to 1000°C and mass losses due to decomposition of different phases present are identified. To identify the evolving gases generated during heating, the TGA-DSC (Setsys Evolution 1200) was coupled with a mass spectrometer (Thermostar Quadrupole). The initial loss of mass observed between 25 and 280°C corresponds to physically bound moisture present in the sample, while the second mass loss from 280 to 430°C corresponds to brucite decomposition, while the third major mass loss in the range of 430–830°C corresponds to lizardite decomposition (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Photo of TGA-MS set up. A, autosampler and small sample crucibles; B, TGA furnace where the sample is being heated; C, mass spectrometer connected with TGA furnace to receive evolved gases from TGA; D, computer for data output; E, argon cylinder for argon gas flow; F, chiller to cool down TGA furnace.
Figure 2.
Typical TGA-MS curve. The first significant loss of mass is due to moisture present in the sample. The second mass loss is due to brucite decomposition. The third mass loss is due to lizardite decomposition. All major changes in mass are due to the elimination of H2O vapour from the sample.
Lizardite decomposes over the same temperature range (300–600°C) as the magnesite [6] and this can introduce a systematic error in magnesite yield estimation (leading to an over-estimation of the magnesite yield) unless the mass loss in this period can be quantitatively attributed to loss of H2O or CO2 from the sample. To distinguish between these species, the ion current from the m/z = 44 ion (CO2+) from mass spectrometer was calibrated using sodium bicarbonate samples and a calibration curve for CO2 concentration was obtained, which is used to quantify CO2 mass loss (distinguishing CO2 production from the loss of water vapour, which occurs simultaneously) and thus render more accurate estimation of the magnesite yield. CO2 peak areas were calculated using the mass spectrometer data and CO2 mass response is estimated based on the reaction (2NaHCO3 ➔ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O). The relationship between peak areas and CO2 mass loss was linear.
For carbonated samples, the CO2 peak areas were estimated using MS data and then these peak areas are used to determine CO2 mass loss applying the CO2 calibration curve. This CO2 mass loss was used in an equation to calculate magnesite yield. The equation is based on the Gadikota formula [28].
Three TGA runs (Table 1) were completed with calcium oxalate hydrate (99% pure) to calibrate the TGA response. Theoretical and measured mass loss shows good agreement (Table 1).
XRD analysis is useful in the determination of crystalline phases that exists in a powdered sample [30]. Each phase has a specific, identifiable x-ray diffraction pattern, which is used to determine different phases present in the sample. X-rays are generated from the emission of high energy electrons from hot tungsten elements, which are bombarded on a copper metal target. This bombardment causes an electron emission from target atoms, thus generating an electron vacancy which is filled by an electron from higher energy orbitals and this transition generates x-rays. Filtration of these x-rays is performed to get monochromatic radiation which is bombarded on the sample being analysed. Bragg’s equation is the main law used in XRD diffraction pattern analysis [31].
nλ=2dsinƟE1
λ = wavelength of x-rays, n = integer, d = plane spacing, Ɵ = Bragg’s diffraction angle.
To derive Bragg’s law, consider two x-rays (A and D) impinging on the atom B and E of a crystal and the angle of incident and angle of reflectance are equal as shown in Figure 3. Incident waves A and D are in phase with each other although wave D has to travel an extra distance of GE + EH to remain in the same phase as wave A. This extra distance must have been an integral (n) multiple of wavelength (λ). The length GE and EH are equal and GE equals to dsinnƟ. Bragg–Brentano design is the most commonly used instrument geometry for high-resolution powder diffraction. The incident beam through a number of slits diverges towards the sample, the diffracted signal from the sample again converges through a number of slits towards the detector. A Ɵ/2Ɵ rotation is employed to keep incident and diffracted wave paths in symmetry. During sample scanning, the sample rotates by Ɵ while the detector is rotated by 2Ɵ with each step [32].
Figure 3.
Schematic of X-ray diffraction (left), Bragg–Brentano geometry (right).
In practice, finely ground feed materials and carbonated samples (up to 100 μm size particles) were put in the instrument holder for analysis. Samples were finely grounded in order to avoid intensity fluctuations and preferred orientation. XRD analyses were performed using Philips X’Pert Pro multipurpose diffractometer with Cu radiation and 2θ from 5 to 90° or 11 to 31° depending upon the sample being analysed. Collection time used was 1 s with a step size of 0.02°. The patterns from XRD were matched with the International Centre for Diffraction Data ® (ICCD) using X’Pert Highscore® in order to identify crystalline phases. A typical x-ray diffraction pattern for feed dunite is shown in Figure 4. Phases identified are lizardite, olivine, brucite and magnetite.
Figure 4.
Typical x-ray diffraction pattern for dunite. L, Lizardite; O, olivine; B, Brucite; M, magnetite.
If the reference intensity ratio (RIR) of an analytical phase i (such as silicon) is known, then its concentration can be calculated by doping the original sample with the analytical phase. This can be done by the addition of a known amount of standard (silicon) of which the RIR is known. For semiquantitative method details please see below.
After obtaining the diffraction pattern of the doped sample, the concentration Ci in the original sample is calculated as follows:
Ci=Ax×IiIx×RIRXRIRiE2
Ci = concentration of given phase i in the original sample
Axe = known amount of standard (silicon) added to the original sample
Ii, Ix = intensities (peak areas) of phases i and x in the doped sample
RIRi, RIRx = reference intensity ratio values of i and x respectively
The procedure is described below in detail (for calculation detail see Table 2)
Add known amount of silicon (usually 20 wt/wt%) in the sample and scan it with XRD
Identify phases present in a given XRD pattern
Determine the area under the main peak of each phase. The peak should not overlap other peaks. To calculate the area under the main peak, first, calculate slope (M) and then intercept (C). Then calculate derivative (Y′) and use the given formula to calculate the area under the peak (please refer to Table 2). Use these peak areas in Eq. (2).
The RIR value is found from the Highscore® database
The concentration Ci of each phase is estimated using Eq. (2)
The elemental composition of solid and liquid samples can be determined using ICP-OES. ICP-OES consists of two major components; the torch and optical spectrometer. The torch comprises quartz tubes [33]. To produce plasma, argon gas is normally used, which passes through the tubes around the induction coil. The argon gas is “ignited” by the Telsa unit and the ionisation process (plasma formation) is initiated. The ionisation of argon gas occurs at this stage. A plasma having approximately 7000 K temperature is generated because of collisions between neutral argon atoms and charged particles [34]. Using a peristaltic pump, an aqueous sample is continuously supplied to the nebuliser where it changes to mist and moves to the plasma envelope. The introduced sample interacts with electrons and ions in the plasma and is converted into charged ions. This causes the decomposition of different molecules into respective atoms that lose electrons to induce the emission of radiation of distinctive wavelengths of elements present inside the sample. The optical spectrometer separates these wavelengths into component wavelengths. Intensities are compared with the intensities of standard solutions of known element compositions and elements concentrations are computed based on the calibration curves. ICP-OES set-up and microwave digestion system is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Photo of the ICP-OES set-up and microwave digestion system. A, autosampler with standards and sample tube holders; B, plasma chamber; C, gases exhaust; D, computer for analysis output; E, argon gas cylinders; F, chiller; G, microwave digestion system.
Solid samples used in the present investigation were first digested in acidic solution. Dunite sample (0.1 g) was digested in a microwave oven (Figure 5) using a mixture of 4.5 mL HNO3 (65%), 4.5 mL HCl (37%) and 3 mL HBF4 (tetrafluoroboric acid, 50%). Thulium (50 μL) was added as a tracking element. The volume of this mixture was increased to 20 mL by the addition of 2% nitric acid prior to its digestion in the microwave. Digestion was not required for supernatant solution samples and they are diluted using 2% nitric acid to the required level (50%/100% dilution) prior to their analysis by ICP-OES (Varian, Australia). The typical curve for ICP-OES is shown in Figure 6. Mg concentration drop with the passage of time due to magnesite precipitation. Si concentration increases during the first hour but then it stays constant, which is due to simultaneous silicon leaching from dunite and its precipitation in the form of silica.
Figure 6.
Typical curve for ICP-OES. The graph represents Mg and Si concentrations variation with time for supernatant solution of sub 75 μm heat-activated dunite carbonated sample. Carbonation reaction was performed with 15% solids slurry at 185°C, 130 bar pressure and using 0.64 M NaHCO3.
3.1.1 Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive scattering (EDS)
Morphology, surface topography and elemental compositions of feed materials and carbonated products were determined using SEM (Zeiss Sigma VP FESEM) and EDS (Bruker). SEM scans a fine electron beam over the material being analysed and uses different detectors to reconstruct the image from signals produced from the sample [35]. SEM consists of different parts, e.g., microscope column which also includes electron gun and electron beam travels in this column; the computer that drives the microscope; ancillary equipment which analyses the composition. SEM can magnify objects from 10 times to 300,000 times. Scanning from an electron microscope can be compared with a person having a torch and looking for objects on the wall. As a person builds an image in his/her memory, SEM works in the same way and uses a fine electron beam instead of the torch to build an image.
EDS is a technique that provides information about the chemical composition of the sample. For EDS, an electron beam is focussed on the sample during SEM analysis and these electrons interact with the atoms. X-rays are produced from these interactions and an energy dispersive detector detects these x-rays and displays a signal in the form of spectrum, histogram or intensity versus x-ray energy. This makes it possible to identify elements present in the sample.
Sample preparation is important for SEM. Samples are gold (imaging) or carbon (EDS) coated prior to their analysis. Gold coating provides a thin layer to the samples and samples were coated four times at a 90° angle and fifth time from the top. A typical SEM micrograph and EDS spectrum of dunite feed sample are shown in Figure 7. SEM shows an image of the dunite feed and the EDS spectrum indicates intensities of the elements present in the sample. Polished resin blocks were used to study the silica-rich layers. Polished resin blocks were prepared using feed material, carbonated products and resin. Photo of polished resin blocks and sample holders is shown in Figure 8. The polished resin block samples preparation procedure is given in appendix 3D.
Figure 7.
SEM micrograph and EDS spectrum of dunite feed. (a) Dunite feed SEM micrograph, 10 μm is a resolution of the SEM (b) EDS spectrum of dunite feed, intensities of different elements are shown, Mg, magnesium; Si, silicon; O, oxygen; Fe, iron.
Figure 8.
Photo of the sample holders (left) and polished resin blocks (right).
3.1.2 Transmission Electron microscope (TEM)
TEM is useful to study the structure, properties and compositions of different mineral powders, especially in the submicron range. Mineral particles should have been in 50–100 nanometres size to be properly analysed by TEM. Electrons transmission through the mineral particles enables detailed analysis of the particle features especially its crystal structure, orientation and chemical composition. In the present study, TEM was used to identify shell (silica-rich layers) and core part of the reacted mineral particles and study the corresponding elemental compositions and structure.
To prepare samples for TEM (JEOL 2100 TEM) analysis, 10 mg of sample powder was added to the pestle and mortar. Ethanol (4 ml) was mixed with the sample powder and contents were ground for 3 min. Ground sample was moved into a 5 ml plastic vile and sonicated for 20 min. Using pipette 1–2 drops were dropped on the TEM grid (200 mesh Cu, ProSciTech) and air-dried overnight prior to TEM analysis.
FTIR is useful to acquire an infrared spectrum of a solid sample either feed or product. In FTIR spectroscopy, most molecules absorb light in the infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum and this absorption corresponds to the specific bonds present in the molecule. Measurement usually is in wave numbers typically over the range 4000–400 cm−1. When the sample being analysed is exposed to radiation, some portion of the radiation is absorbed while other is transmitted. The block diagram of the FTIR spectrometer is shown in Figure 9. Dunite and carbonated products were analysed by FTIR (Bruker, Tensor 37 Spectrometer). Samples for FTIR spectroscopy were prepared using 99% KBr and 1% sample. Samples were thoroughly mixed and ground before making pellets. These pellets were placed in an oven under a vacuum at 150°C for 24 hours before analysis. Typical FTIR spectra of raw dunite are provided in Figure 10.
Figure 9.
Block diagram of FTIR spectrometer.
Figure 10.
Typical FTIR spectra of raw dunite, stretch present around 3690 cm−1 are due to presence of surface-bound OH moieties, the vibration at 1073 cm−1 due to out of plane vibration of Si-O, adsorption band at 970 cm−1 are in-plane Si-O stretching vibration, the feature at 629 cm−1 are due to deformation of hydroxyl groups, stretches at 564 cm−1 are Mg-O out of plane vibration, stretches at 450 cm−1 are Si-O-Si bond bending vibration (reference [9] and references therein).
3.1.4 Malvern Mastersizer
Particle size distribution (PSD) of feed materials and carbonated products were determined using a particle size analyser (Mastersizer 2000, Malvern Instruments) (Figure 11). For particle size measurement, it is important how particles scatter and absorb light. Initially, the Fraunhofer model [36] was used to predict scattering patterns when a solid disc of particles is passed through the laser beam. This model failed to describe exact scattering as very few particles are disc-shaped. Mie theory is currently used which is able to predict the light scattering behaviour of all materials. Each size of particle has a specific scattering pattern. The particle size analyser uses the above-mentioned theories and works backwards to calculate particle size from the captured scattering pattern. Basic laser diffraction system is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 11.
Photo of Malvern mastersizer 2000. A: Sample dispersion unit and pump impeller, B: Sample cell where dispersed sample is moving and laser light pass through it, C: Laser source and laser ON indicator, D: Pump speed adjustment and ultrasound operation system, E: Computer to show output.
Figure 12.
Basic laser diffraction system of Mastersizer 2000.
Three procedures are used for any particle size measurement. First, a sample is prepared and dispersed in a dispersion unit in proper concentration followed by its delivery to the optical bench. Second, a scattering pattern is captured from this sample which is also called “measurement” and is done by the optical bench. Third, raw data from measurement is analysed by instrument software to provide the PSD. Finely ground samples (≤20 μm) were preferably analysed in wet solution form. These samples tend to agglomerate during drying even if dried under vacuum and at low temperatures (70°C). For these samples and heat-activated samples, a built-in ultrasonic system in the Malvern mastersizer was used to break any agglomerates present. A typical PSD from the Malvern mastersizer is shown in Figure 13. Size classes are represented on the x-axis in μm and the volume density of particles is represented in percentage on the y-axis. The percentiles, d10, d50 and d90 are shown in Table 3. D10 means that 10% volume of particles is smaller than this size (27 μm), d50 means that 50% volume of particles is smaller than this size (42 μm) and d90 means that 90% volume of particles is smaller than this size (64 μm).
Figure 13.
PSD for 20–45 μm dunite (left), PSD for 20–45 μm olivine (right).
Olivine (Netherland) and Olivine (Norway) characterisation using Quantitative XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis is discussed. The supplier of these samples has promised to supply olivine; however, these appear as a mixture of olivine and a few other minerals. These samples may be rocks but still, Olivine (Norway) is probably like olivine as it has higher olivine content. This olivine content (62%) almost match lizardite content (61–62%) of the dunite [18] used primarily in my research. Powders samples were prepared for QXRD analysis of olivine (Netherland) and olivine (Norway). Table 4 shows the analysis. Please refer to earlier publications [2, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19] for detailed description of methods. TGA-MS curves are presented in Figure 14. TGA commonly used in mineral carbonation to obtain yields was coupled with MS (Mass Spectrometer). This enabled us to calculate yields for dunite rock as evolved CO2 gas and water vapours were measurable. TGA-MS was routinely calibrated. One example of calibration curves is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 14.
TGA-MS analysis of olivine (Norway) and olivine (Netherland).
Figure 15.
Calibration curve to calculate mass loss of CO2 (left), Calibration curve to calibrate mass loss of H2O (right).
4.1 TGA-MS analysis of olivine (Norway) and olivine (Netherland)
Olivine (Norway) and Olivine (Netherland) were analysed using TGA coupled with MS (Mass Spectrometer). Results are presented in Figure 14.
These results at least partially confirm that Olivine (Netherland) has more lizardite and is 53.01% as shown in Table 4. This verifies QXRD analysis. Dunite for this research was handpicked from Doonba deposit in vicinity of a small village/town Barbara, close to Tamworth city. Tables 5 and 6 and other following tables present phases present in this dunite. Sub 75 μm dunite have 61% lizardite, 29% olivine, 8.3% brucite and 1.3% magnetite [18]. Percentage phases for other dunite fractions (20–45-micron, 45–75 micron and sub 20 micron) are presented in Table 6. An example of calibration curves for TGA-MS calibration is provided in Figure 15, routinely calibration was performed. Dunite is used here for calibration.
Component
Olivine (Norway) %
Olivine (Netherland) %
Olivine
62.01
8.40
Clinochlore
11.58
7.10
Lizardite
5.43
53.01
Orthopyroxene
9.993
Tremolite 21.73
Phlogophite+Annite
1.307
Dolomite + Pyroxene (8.15)
Halite
0.884
Magnesioferrite (1.15)
Chabazite-Ca
4.543
—
Cordierite
4.243
—
Total
100
100
Table 4.
Olivine (Norway) and olivine (Netherland) QXRD analysis.
Lizardite
Olivine
Brucite
Magnetite
20–45 μm dunite
70
28
1.2
0.23
20–45 μm dunite
69
29
1.9
0.43
20–45 μm dunite
71
27
1.5
0.27
20–45 μm dunite
71
27
0.82
0.25
20–45 μm dunite
72
26
1.3
0.17
Table 5.
Semiquantitative XRD results (3 times XRD repeat, 2 reanalyses).
Lizardite
Olivine
Brucite
Magnetite
−75 μm dunite
61
29
8.3
1.3
20–45 μm dunite
51
42
5.2
1.3
20–45 μm dunite repeat
51
42
5.9
1.3
45–75 μm
50
43
6
1.3
−20 μm dunite
66
24
8.6
1.3
Sr. No
Lizardite
Olivine
Brucite
Magnetite
1
−75 μm dunite QXRD
61
32
6.4
0.37
−75 μm dunite TGA-MS
61
30 (difference)
8.3
0.37 (XRD)
Table 6.
TGA-MS analysis results.
Variation of results with the variation of size, e.g., −75 μm, 20–45 μm, 45–75 μm, −20 μm is interesting.
4.2 Yield calculation from dunite carbonated product
For magnesite yield calculation, please refer to earlier publication [10].
Carbonated products were heated in TGA from 25 to 1000°C and mass losses due to decomposition of different phases present are identified. To identify the evolving gases generated during heating, the TGA-DSC (Setsys Evolution 1200) was coupled with a mass spectrometer (Thermostar Quadrupole). Lizardite decomposes over the same temperature range (300–600°C) as the magnesite and this can introduce a slight systematic error in magnesite yield estimation (leading to an over-estimation of the magnesite yield) unless the mass loss in this period can be quantitatively attributed to loss of H2O or CO2 from the sample. To distinguish between these species, the ion current from the m/z = 44 ion (CO2+) from mass spectrometer was calibrated using sodium bicarbonate samples and a calibration curve for CO2 concentration is obtained, which is used to quantify CO2 mass loss (distinguishing CO2 production from the loss of water vapour which occurs simultaneously) and thus render more accurate estimation of the magnesite yield. CO2 peak areas were calculated using the mass spectrometer data and CO2 mass response is estimated based on the reaction (2NaHCO3 ➔ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O). The relationship between peak areas and CO2 mass loss was linear as shown in the CO2 calibration curve (Figure 16).
Figure 16.
Calibration curve to calculate mass loss of CO2.
For carbonated samples, the CO2 peak areas were estimated using MS data and then these peak areas are used to determine CO2 mass loss applying the CO2 calibration curve. This CO2 mass loss was used in Eq. (6) to calculate magnesite yield. Eq. (6) is based on the Gadikota formula (4).
Calculating fraction of magnesium (yMg) in dunite
YieldRx=Measured weight ratio ofCO2stored in mineralThe residualCO2storage capacity×100%=WCO2Wmineral1RCO2×100%=RCO2×TGA100−TGA×100%=RCO2×TGA100−TGA×100%E3
CO2storage capacity of dunite=1RCO2=yMgMWMg+yCaMWCa×MWCO2E4
WCO2 = Weight of CO2 present in dunite before carbonation.
Wmineral = Weight of dunite present before carbonation.
1/RCO2 = CO2 storage capacity of dunite.
yMg = Weight fraction of magnesium present in dunite which can react with CO2.
MWMg = Molecular weight of magnesium (24.3 g/g mol).
MWMgO = Molecular weight MgO (40.3 g/g mol).
yCa = Weight fraction of calcium present in dunite which can react with CO2.
MWCa = Molecular weight of calcium (40 g/g mol).
MWCaO = Molecular weight of CaO (56 g/g mol).
MWCO2 = Molecular weight of CO2 (44 g/g mol).
RCO2 = Mass of dunite required to store unit mass of CO2.
TGA = CO2 mass loss from calibration curve.
RX = Yield or extent of carbonation.
For a detailed description of materials, analytical instruments and experimental methods, please refer to Chapter 3 of the Ph.D. thesis [2]. Materials, Dunite, heat-activated dunite, heat-transformed dunite, twin sisters mountain dunite, olivine, lizardite and heat-activated lizardite are discussed. Analytical instruments, TGA-MS, XRD, Semi-Quantitative XRD (QXRD), ICP-OES, SEM, EDS, TEM, FTIR and Malvern Mastersizer are discussed. Experimental methods, acid dissolution, regrinding, single-stage carbonation, acrylic reactor testing without temperature and pressure, concurrent grinding both in situ and in operando and two-stage carbonation are discussed. Please refer to these publications for further details [2, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19].
A comparison of elemental composition of dunite by ICP-OES and XRF is provided in Table 7.
Element
ICP-OES (wt %)
XRF (wt %)
Mg
25.8 ± 1
25.7
Si
12.4 ± 0.3
16.6
Fe
6.38 ± 0.3
6.46
Ca
0.373 ± 0.07
0.251
K
0.04 ± 0.01
0.0015
Al
0.285 ± 0.04
0.171
Table 7.
Comparison of elemental composition of dunite by ICP-OES and XRF.
This is a preliminary analysis comparison.
4.3 Magnesite yield results using different feedstocks
Magnesite yield results using various feedstocks are presented in Table 8.
Sr. No
Particle Size (μm)
Material
Reaction condition
Experiment condition
Reaction time (h)
Yield (%)
1
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
raw
1
24
2
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Raw and regrinding
1.5
24
3
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Heat-activated (630°C, 4 hrs)
1
37
4
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Soaked 15 days
1
20
5
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Soaked 30 days
1
22
6
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
raw
1
19
7
Sub 75
lizardite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
raw
1
2.2
8
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Heat-transformed (800°C, 3 hrs)
1
18
9
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Heat-transformed (800°C, 3 hrs)
1
18
10
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Heat-activated (630°C, 4 hrs)
1
37
11
Sub 75
dunite
185°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Heat-activated (630°C, 4 hrs), 1 month soaked
1
42
12
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Reference
2.5
5.3
13
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
31.6
14
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 30% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
16.4
15
20–45
dunite
180°C, 65 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
12
16
20–45
dunite
155°C, 65 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
22.5
17
20–45
dunite
180°C, 65 bar, 30% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
10.4
18
20–45
dunite
155°C, 130 bar, 30% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
10.9
19
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
8
62
20
Sub 20
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
In operando grinding
2.5
23.6
21
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
reference
8
12.3
22
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Effect of sampling
2.5
28.2
23
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Effect of sampling
1
13
24
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Effect of sampling
0.5
9.3
25
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Effect of sampling
0.05
6.3
26
Sub 10
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
In operando grinding
8
54.6
27
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
31.6
28
20–45
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
27.2
29
20–45
olivine
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
reference
2.5
0.94
30
20–45
olivine
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
34.1
31
Sub 75
lizardite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
5.3
32
45–75
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
7.1
33
45–75
dunite
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent grinding
2.5
38.2
34
Sub 75
olivine
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
reference
2.5
2.4
35
Sub 75
olivine
180°C, 130 bar, 15% solids, 0.64 M NaHCO3
Concurrent ground
2.5
9.2
Table 8.
Yield results for different feedstocks under various experiment and reaction conditions.
Few of these results are presented graphically in Figure 17. For already published results, please refer to [2, 19] and [10, 18] and [13, 14]. Soaked dunite especially heat-activated provided the highest yields. This is not evident from literature, especially for heat-activated dunite. However, for raw dunite, some results are presented in Ph.D. thesis. Dunite yield calculation is very easy and straightforward, please refer to my Ph.D. thesis publication. Six times higher magnesite yields, or say an increase of 600% [10, 14], or almost two times higher yields in two-stage [13] were achieved using concurrent grinding. Olivine does not accept this much, but still shows some increased trend.
Figure 17.
Comparison of reactivity of dunite, soaked dunite, heat-activated dunite and lizardite and raw dunite soaked.
TGA-MS results authenticity is excellent. Please see the consistency of magnesite results, which are constant. However, these results have variations as per variation of size fraction.
Error in Brucite calculation due to slight peak overlap.
Error and second option of calculation is shown in Figure 18.
Figure 18.
The left-hand side image graph shows overlap. The right-hand side shows an alternative option.
Sr.No. 1. QXRD Calculation details.
Csi
Cliz
Coli
Cbru
Cmag
Total
20.3
48.89
25.287
5.117
0.298
99.91
Exclude silicon
61.4
31.77
6.42
0.374
100
More results related to this TGA-MS matching with QXRD.
Sr.
Lizardite
Olivine
Brucite
Magnetite
20–45 μm dunite TGA-MS
52
42 (difference)
5.9
0.2 (XRD)
20–45 μm dunite TGA-MS repeat
51
43.6(difference)
5.27
0.2 (XRD)
1
20–45 μm dunite QXRD
52
42
5.8
0.2
2
20–45 μm dunite QXRD repeat
52.6
42
5.27
0.19
3
20–45 μm dunite QXRD repeat
53
40
6.1
0.23
A very good match between TGA-MS and QXRD results was obtained when using an olivine peak at 17.3°. Brucite also shows a good match. The same peak points were used for all 3 XRD patterns and they are also similar to the −75 μm dunite analysis which provides more confidence in results. Points are slightly changed for 20–45 μm dunite for olivine peaks as these peaks show a slight variation. Results authenticity is excellent.
4.6 Validation of Malvern Mastersizer results
Relationship between d80 (mean particle size) and Malvern mastersizer RPM for olivine (Figure 19). The minimum RPM required for Malvern mastersizer based on feed mean size is given below.
Figure 19.
Relationship between mean particle size and Malvern Mastersizer minimum RPM.
4.7 Validation of olivine yields through QXRD measurements and matched TGA-MS
20–45 μm olivine crushed carbonated reference sample is mixed with 20% silicon and the sample is then scanned for semiquantitative analysis for 3 hrs. This is a reference experiment in which grinding media is not used. The reaction was done at 180°C and 130 bar. Table 9 shows QXRD results matched with TGA-MS results.
Olivine
Lizardite
Clinochlore
Enstatite
Talc
Magnesite
Yield
20–45 μm olivine Reference Experiment
91%
0.68%
1.7%
0.36%
0.49%
5.3%
2.76%
Table 9.
QXRD analysis and yield from QXRD compared with yield from TGA-MS.
20–45 μm olivine crushed concurrent ground sample is mixed with 20% silicon and the sample is then scanned for semiquantitative analysis for 3 hrs. This is a concurrent grinding experiment in which grinding media is used. The reaction was done at 180°C and 130 bar. Table 10 shows QXRD results matched with TGA-MS results.
Olivine
Lizardite
Clinochlore
Enstatite
Talc
Magnesite
Yield
20–45 μm olivine concurrent ground experiment
19%
0.15%
0.53%
0.1%
3.6%
76%
39.6%
Table 10.
QXRD analysis and yield from QXRD compared with yield from TGA-MS.
4.9.1 Validation of EDS for 20–45 μm dunite resin embedded samples
Various particles analysis indicate the authenticity of EDS analysis (Figures 20–22).
Figure 20.
20–45 μm dunite sample (embedded in resin) ten particles analysis.
Figure 21.
20–45 μm dunite reference carbonated (8 h) sample (embedded in resin) eleven particles analysis and consistency of EDS analysis.
Figure 22.
20–45 μm dunite concurrent ground carbonated (8 h) sample (embedded in resin) seven particles analysis and consistency of EDS analysis.
From our earlier articles, a significant difference in morphology of silica-rich layers, especially core and shell part is visible [14]. However, EDS analysis especially silicon shows no significant difference as depicted in above Figures (20–22). However, as reported earlier, Mg/Si ratio difference [13, 14] is there to confirm the presence of silica-rich layers. This may be taken as one of the key findings of this chapter.
5. Conclusions and recommendations
Suppliers may give wrong materials, but a variety of analyses will determine this. Semiquantitative XRD (QXRD) results authenticity is excellent. TGA-MS results authenticity is excellent. No doubt left on TGA-MS and QXRD results matching. ICP-OES results match with XRF results is excellent. EDS results graphically shown are excellent. Routine calibration of measuring instruments must be performed. This very instrument to instrument. Reputed researchers will know the frequency of calibration. The key to calibration is that calibration results match with standard calibration figures/charts or numbers provided by the supplier of the instrument. I recommend contacting the supplier directly or indirectly if calibration curves results are not matching as per intended results. I recommend using pure standard materials for calibration of TGA, MS, ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, Malvern Mastersizer, ATR, TPD and other measuring instruments.
Acknowledgments
Muhammad Imran Rashid acknowledges The University of Newcastle, (UoN), Newcastle, NSW, Australia for awarding a Postgraduate scholarship and enabling to use all research facilities especially from Research Division, EMX unit, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW, Australia. Mineral Carbonation International support is beyond imagination. Ms. Kitty Tang support in Malvern Master sizer analysis, Ms. Jennifer Zobec, Ms. Yun Lin and Mr. Huiming provided inevitable support in XRD, QXRD, SEM/EDS/EDX, Simulated QXRD, and TEM. Mr. Scott Molloy support in equipment installations, modifications and difficult amendments is unforgettable. Mr. Glenn Bryant support in ATR analysis and other analyses is highly appreciated. Ms. Jane Hamson support in initial trials of TGA and ICP-OES results is fundamentally acknowledged. Mr. Scott Molloy also helped with TGA-MS especially MS calibrations. His support keeps my work continuous. My advisor Dr. Geoff Brent imaged me with his industry knowledge and capabilities. Fellow students are also acknowledged. Everyone supported me from the heart. I enjoyed cultural diversity and especially food and particularly Lamb.
\n',keywords:"CCS (carbon capture and storage), CCSU (carbon capture, storage and utilisation), mineral carbonation (MC), carbon capture (CC), materials science",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79770.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79770.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79770",totalDownloads:112,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 2nd 2021",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 23rd 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"December 23rd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Different feedstocks Dunite, Olivine and Lizardite are examined in this research using various measuring techniques such as TGA-MS, XRD and Quantitative XRD and EDS. Quantitative XRD results matched with TGA-MS results. Malvern Mastersizer, EDS and QXRD results also showed a good match regarding the individuality of results which are shown graphically. TGA-MS calibration curves example is provided. Matching the results of different measuring techniques is a key to fundamental research. Comparison of the reactivity of dunite, soaked dunite, heat-activated dunite and lizardite and raw dunite soaked has been performed. TGA-MS and QXRD results match each other. Malvern Mastersizer, EDS and QXRD results match with their individual results indicating the instrument’s reliability. Semi-Quantitative XRD results authenticity is EXCELLENT. TGA-MS results match with QXRD is excellent. Mineral carbonation converts CO2 into stable mineral carbonates. This research explores the utilisation of serpentinised dunite (which is comprised of 61% lizardite) as a potential feedstock for mineral carbonation. Heat activation, ex-situ regrinding and concurrent grinding techniques were employed to enhance the reaction rate and yield, and to provide information on the carbonation reaction mechanism. Silica-rich layers that appeared during reference experiments were disrupted using concurrent grinding and significantly higher magnesite yields and Mg extractions were obtained.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79770",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79770",signatures:"Muhammad Imran Rashid",book:{id:"11137",type:"book",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mineralogy",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Miloš René",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-466-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-465-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-467-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Analytical instruments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 TGA-MS analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. XRD analysis and QXRD (semi-quantitative XRD)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.1 ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma: Optical emission spectrometry)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"3.1.1 Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive scattering (EDS)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.2 Transmission Electron microscope (TEM)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.1.3 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 TGA-MS analysis of olivine (Norway) and olivine (Netherland)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2 Yield calculation from dunite carbonated product",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.3 Magnesite yield results using different feedstocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.4 Semiquantitative XRD results authenticity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.5 TGA-MS results authenticity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.6 Validation of Malvern Mastersizer results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.7 Validation of olivine yields through QXRD measurements and matched TGA-MS",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"Table 9.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"4.8 Olivine yield calculation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"Table 10.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"4.9 Yield calculation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"4.9.1 Validation of EDS for 20–45 μm dunite resin embedded samples",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23",title:"5. Conclusions and recommendations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tans P, Keeling R. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce; 2010'},{id:"B2",body:'Rashid MI. Mineral Carbonation of CO2 using Alternative Feedstocks. Australia: The University of Newcastle; 2019'},{id:"B3",body:'Rashid MI, Benhelal E, Rafiq S. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from gas, oil, and coal power plants in Pakistan by carbon capture and storage (CCS): A review. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 2020;43(11):2140-2148'},{id:"B4",body:'Emad Benhelal JH, Zhao G, Rashid MI, Oliver T, Rayson M, Brent G, et al. Insights into chemical stability of Mg-silicates and silica in aqueous systems using 25Mg and 29Si solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy: Applications for CO2 capture and utilisation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2020'},{id:"B5",body:'Farhang F, Oliver TK, Rayson M, Brent G, Stockenhuber M, Kennedy E. Experimental study on the precipitation of magnesite from thermally activated serpentine for CO2 sequestration. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016;303(Supplement C):439-449'},{id:"B6",body:'Julcour C, Bourgeois F, Bonfils B, Benhamed I, Guyot F, Bodénan F, et al. Development of an attrition-leaching hybrid process for direct aqueous mineral carbonation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2015;262:716-726'},{id:"B7",body:'Oliver TK, Farhang F, Hodgins TW, Rayson MS, Brent GF, Molloy TS, et al. CO2 capture modeling using heat-activated serpentinite slurries. Energy & Fuels. 2019;33(3):1753-1766'},{id:"B8",body:'Benhelal E, Oliver TK, Farhang F, Hook JM, Rayson MS, Brent GF, et al. Structure of silica polymers and reaction mechanism for formation of silica-rich precipitated phases in direct aqueous carbon mineralization. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2020;59(15):6828-6839'},{id:"B9",body:'Benhelal E, Rashid MI, Holt C, Rayson MS, Brent G, Hook JM, et al. The utilisation of feed and byproducts of mineral carbonation processes as pozzolanic cement replacements. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;186:499-513'},{id:"B10",body:'Rashid MI, Benhelal E, Farhang F, Oliver TK, Rayson MS, Brent GF, et al. Development of concurrent grinding for application in aqueous mineral carbonation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;212:151-161'},{id:"B11",body:'Benhelal E, Rashid MI, Rayson MS, Prigge J-D, Molloy S, Brent GF, et al. Study on mineral carbonation of heat activated lizardite at pilot and laboratory scale. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2018;26:230-238'},{id:"B12",body:'Farhang F, Oliver TK, Rayson MS, Brent GF, Molloy TS, Stockenhuber M, et al. Dissolution of heat activated serpentine for CO2 sequestration: The effect of silica precipitation at different temperature and pH values. 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This startup is using sunlight and capture CO2 to make jet fuel. In: Read M, editor. Dimensional Energy. 2021'},{id:"B23",body:'Fischer EM, Sippel S, Knutti R. Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes. Nature Climate Change. 2021;11(8):689-695'},{id:"B24",body:'Ju L, Tan X, Mao X, Gu Y, Smith S, Du A, et al. Controllable CO2 electrocatalytic reduction via ferroelectric switching on single atom anchored In2Se3 monolayer. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):5128'},{id:"B25",body:'Vaughan A. We are Nowhere Near Keeping Warming Below 1.5°C Despite Climate Plans Availbale from: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2269432-we-are-nowhere-near-keeping-warming-below-1-5c-despite-climate-plans/#ixzz78ZUV14CM. NewScientist; 2021'},{id:"B26",body:'Benhelal E, Shamsaei E, Rashid MI. Novel modifications in a conventional clinker making process for sustainable cement production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;221:389-397'},{id:"B27",body:'Naseem S, Rashid MI, Ramzan N. Coal as an energy source for mitigating energy crisis in Pakistan. Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2014;4(2):127-134'},{id:"B28",body:'Gadikota G, Matter J, Kelemen P, Park AHA. Chemical and morphological changes during olivine carbonation for CO2 storage in the presence of NaCl and NaHCO3. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014;16(10):4679-4693'},{id:"B29",body:'Balucan RD. Thermal Studies of Magnesium Silicates from The Great Serpentine Belt in New South Wales for CO2 Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation in. Australia The University of Newcastle; 2012'},{id:"B30",body:'Treacy M, Higgins J. Powder Pattern Simulations of Disordered Intergrowths, in Collection of Simulated XRD Powder Patterns for Zeolites. fifth ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.; 2007. pp. 477-485'},{id:"B31",body:'Cullity BD, Stock SR. Elements of X-ray Diffraction. Prentice Hall; 2001'},{id:"B32",body:'Lavina B, Dera P, Downs RT. Modern X-ray diffraction methods in mineralogy and geosciences. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 2014;78:1-31'},{id:"B33",body:'Rezaaiyaan GMHR, Anderson H, Kaiser H, Meddings B. Design and construction of a low-flow, low-power torch for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy. 1982;36(6):627-631'},{id:"B34",body:'Huang M, Hieftje GM. Simultaneous measurement of spatially resolved electron temperatures, electron number densities and gas temperatures by laser light scattering from the ICP. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 1989;44(8):739-749'},{id:"B35",body:'Mehta R. Interactions, imaging and spectra in SEM. In: Kazmiruk V, editor. Scanning Electron Microscopy. InTech; 2012'},{id:"B36",body:'Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Manual, 2007'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Muhammad Imran Rashid",address:"muhammadimran.rashid@uon.edu.au",affiliation:'
Discipline of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Australia
Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Material Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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Rahimi",authors:[{id:"38310",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Carruba",slug:"stefano-carruba",fullName:"Stefano Carruba"},{id:"42459",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesare",middleName:null,surname:"Perotti",slug:"cesare-perotti",fullName:"Cesare Perotti"},{id:"42460",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",slug:"marco-rinaldi",fullName:"Marco Rinaldi"},{id:"42465",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bertozzi",slug:"giuseppe-bertozzi",fullName:"Giuseppe Bertozzi"},{id:"42466",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Feltre",slug:"luca-feltre",fullName:"Luca Feltre"},{id:"42467",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashallah",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi",slug:"mashallah-rahimi",fullName:"Mashallah Rahimi"}]},{id:"9498",doi:"10.5772/8283",title:"Remote Sensing of Forest Health",slug:"remote-sensing-of-forest-health",totalDownloads:5355,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"3345",slug:"geoscience-and-remote-sensing",title:"Geoscience and Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Jyrki Tuominen, Tarmo Lipping, Viljo Kuosmanen and Reija Haapanen",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71931",title:"Open Pit Mining",slug:"open-pit-mining",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Open pit mining method is one of the surface mining methods that has a traditional cone-shaped excavation and is usually employed to exploit a near-surface, nonselective and low-grade zones deposits. It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. Alnawafleh",authors:[{id:"313182",title:"Prof.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Alrawashdeh",slug:"rami-alrawashdeh",fullName:"Rami Alrawashdeh"},{id:"313522",title:"Dr.",name:"Awwad",middleName:null,surname:"Altiti",slug:"awwad-altiti",fullName:"Awwad Altiti"},{id:"313523",title:"Prof.",name:"Hani",middleName:null,surname:"Alnawafleh",slug:"hani-alnawafleh",fullName:"Hani Alnawafleh"}]},{id:"64027",title:"Stages of a Integrated Geothermal Project",slug:"stages-of-a-integrated-geothermal-project",totalDownloads:4341,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A geothermal project constitutes two big stages: the exploration and the exploitation. Each one has a single task whose results allow defining the feasibility of a geothermal project, until achieving the construction and operation stage of the power generation plant. The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]},{id:"63059",title:"Generation, Evolution, and Characterization of Turbulence Coherent Structures",slug:"generation-evolution-and-characterization-of-turbulence-coherent-structures",totalDownloads:3618,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Turbulence stands as one of the most complicated and attractive physical phenomena. The accumulated knowledge has shown turbulent flow to be composed of islands of vortices and uniform-momentum regions, which are coherent in both time and space. Research has been concentrated on these structures, their generation, evolution, and interaction with the mean flow. Different theories and conceptual models were proposed with the aim of controlling the boundary layer flow and improving numerical simulations. Here, we review the different classes of turbulence coherent structures and the presumable generation mechanisms for each. The conceptual models describing the generation of turbulence coherent structures are generally classified under two categories, namely, the bottom-up mechanisms and the top-down mechanisms. The first assumes turbulence to be generated near the surface by some sort of instabilities, whereas the second assigns an active role to the large outer layer structures, perhaps the turbulent bulges. Both categories of models coexist in the flow with the first dominating turbulence generation at low Reynolds number and the second at high Reynolds number, such as the case in the atmospheric boundary layer.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zambri Harun and Eslam Reda Lotfy",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"},{id:"252195",title:"Dr.",name:"Eslam",middleName:null,surname:"Reda",slug:"eslam-reda",fullName:"Eslam Reda"}]},{id:"64562",title:"Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Subsurface-Imaging Technique",slug:"electrical-resistivity-tomography-a-subsurface-imaging-technique",totalDownloads:3182,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a popular geophysical subsurface-imaging technique and widely applied to mineral prospecting, hydrological exploration, environmental investigation and civil engineering, as well as archaeological mapping. This chapter offers an overall review of technical aspects of ERT, which includes the fundamental theory of direct-current (DC) resistivity exploration, electrode arrays for data acquisition, numerical modelling methods and tomographic inversion algorithms. The section of fundamental theory shows basic formulae and principle of DC resistivity exploration. The section of electrode arrays summarises the previous study on all traditional-electrode arrays and recommends 4 electrode arrays for data acquisition of surface ERT and 3 electrode arrays for cross-hole ERT. The section of numerical modelling demonstrates an advanced version of finite-element method, called Gaussian quadrature grid approach, which is advantageous to a numerical simulation of ERT for complex geological models. The section of tomographic inversion presents the generalised standard conjugate gradient algorithms for both the l1- and l2-normed inversions. After that, some synthetic and real imaging examples are given to show the near-surface imaging capabilities of ERT.",book:{id:"8361",slug:"applied-geophysics-with-case-studies-on-environmental-exploration-and-engineering-geophysics",title:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics",fullTitle:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics"},signatures:"Bing Zhou",authors:null},{id:"17670",title:"The Qatar–South Fars Arch Development (Arabian Platform, Persian Gulf): Insights from Seismic Interpretation and Analogue Modelling",slug:"the-qatar-south-fars-arch-development-arabian-platform-persian-gulf-insights-from-seismic-interpreta",totalDownloads:8964,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"1297",slug:"new-frontiers-in-tectonic-research-at-the-midst-of-plate-convergence",title:"New Frontiers in Tectonic Research",fullTitle:"New Frontiers in Tectonic Research - At the Midst of Plate Convergence"},signatures:"C.R. Perotti, S. Carruba, M. Rinaldi, G. Bertozzi, L. Feltre and M. Rahimi",authors:[{id:"38310",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Carruba",slug:"stefano-carruba",fullName:"Stefano Carruba"},{id:"42459",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesare",middleName:null,surname:"Perotti",slug:"cesare-perotti",fullName:"Cesare Perotti"},{id:"42460",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",slug:"marco-rinaldi",fullName:"Marco Rinaldi"},{id:"42465",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bertozzi",slug:"giuseppe-bertozzi",fullName:"Giuseppe Bertozzi"},{id:"42466",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Feltre",slug:"luca-feltre",fullName:"Luca Feltre"},{id:"42467",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashallah",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi",slug:"mashallah-rahimi",fullName:"Mashallah Rahimi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"104",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81626",title:"Use of Natural Safiot Clay for the Removal of Chemical Substances from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study",slug:"use-of-natural-safiot-clay-for-the-removal-of-chemical-substances-from-aqueous-solutions-by-adsorpti",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101605",abstract:"The main objective of this work was to investigate the potential of Natural Safiot Clay (NSC), as an adsorbent for the removal of two cationic dyes such as Basic Blue 9 (BB9) and Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) from single and binary systems in aqueous solutions. For this, the effects of three factors controlling the adsorption process, such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and initial pH on the adsorption extent, were investigated and examined. The natural safiot clay was characterized using the following technique: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DRX, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and pH of the point of zero charge (pHZPC). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicate high percentages of Silica and Alumina. FT-IR spectrum identified kaolinite as the major mineral phase in the presence of quartz, calcite, and dolomite. The quantum theoretical study confirms the experimental results, through the study of the global and local reactivity and the electrophilicity power of the dyes. The electrophilicity power of dyes affects the removal efficiency. The theoretical study proves that BB9 (ω = 6.178) is more electrophilic than BY28 (ω = 2.480) and more interactions with surface sites. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation indicate that the dyes are adsorbed parallel to the surface of natural Safi clay (kaolinite), implying the strong interaction with the kaolinite atoms. All the results of quantum chemistry calculations and simulations of molecular dynamics are in perfect agreement with the results of the experimental study.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Aziz El Kassimi, Mohammadine El Haddad, Rachid Laamari, Mamoune El Himri, Youness Achour and Hicham Yazid"},{id:"80866",title:"Normative Mineralogy Especially for Shales, Slates, and Phyllites",slug:"normative-mineralogy-especially-for-shales-slates-and-phyllites",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102346",abstract:"First, an insight into normative mineralogy and the most important methods for calculating the standard or norm minerals, such as the CIPW norm, is given. This is followed by a more detailed explanation of “slatenorm” and “slatecalculation” for low and very low metamorphic rocks, such as phyllites, slates, and shales. They are particularly suitable for fine-grained rocks where the mineral content is difficult to determine. They enable the determination of a virtual mineral inventory from full chemical analysis, including the values of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). The determined norm or standard minerals include the minerals—feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore minerals, and quartz. The advantages of slatenorm and slatecalculation compared to other methods for calculating normal minerals of sedimentary rocks are discussed.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Hans Wolfgang Wagner"},{id:"80770",title:"Mg-Ilmenite from Kimberlites, Its Origin",slug:"mg-ilmenite-from-kimberlites-its-origin",totalDownloads:57,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102676",abstract:"The main regularities of the saturation of kimberlite rocks with the accessory mineral Mg-ilmenite (Ilm), the peculiarities of the distribution of Ilm compositions in individual pipes, in different clusters of pipes, in diamondiferous kimberlite fields, are considered as the example of studies carried out within the Yakutian kimberlite province (Siberian Craton). Interpretation of different crystallization trends in MgO-Cr2O3 coordinates (conventionally named “Haggerty’s parabola”, “Steplike”, “Hockey stick”, as well as the peculiarities of heterogeneity of individual zonal and polygranular Ilm macrocrysts made it possible to propose a three-stage model of crystallization Ilm: (1) Mg-Cr poor ilmenite crystallizing from a primitive asthenospheric melt; (2) Continuing crystallization in the lithospheric contaminated melt by MgO and Cr2O3; (3) Ilmenite subsequently underwent sub-solidus recrystallization in the presence of an evolved kimberlite melt under increasing oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) conditions.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Sergey I. Kostrovitsky"},{id:"80553",title:"Investigation of Accessory Minerals from the Blatná Granodiorite Suite, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic",slug:"investigation-of-accessory-minerals-from-the-blatn-granodiorite-suite-bohemian-massif-czech-republic",totalDownloads:48,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102628",abstract:"The Central Bohemian magmatic complex belongs to the Central European Variscan belt. The granitic rocks of this plutonic complex are formed by several suites of granites, granodiorites, and tonalites, together with small bodies of gabbros, gabbro diorites, and diorites. The granodiorites of the Blatná suite are high-K, calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous granitic rocks. Compared to the common I-type granites, granodiorites of the Blatná suite are enriched in Mg (1.0–3.4 wt.% MgO), Ba (838–2560 ppm), Sr. (257–506 ppm), and Zr (81–236 ppm). For granodiorites of the Blatná suite is assemblage of apatite, zircon, titanite, and allanite significant. Zircon contains low Hf concentrations (1.1–1.7 wt.% HfO2). The composition of titanite ranges from 83 to 92 mol.% titanite end-member. Allanite is relatively Al-poor and displays Feox. ratio 0.2–0.5.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Miloš René"},{id:"80423",title:"Minerals as Prebiotic Catalysts for Chemical Evolution towards the Origin of Life",slug:"minerals-as-prebiotic-catalysts-for-chemical-evolution-towards-the-origin-of-life",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102389",abstract:"A transition from geochemistry to biochemistry has been considered as a necessary step towards the emergence of primordial life. Nevertheless, how did this transition occur is still elusive. The chemistry underlying this transition is likely not a single event, but involves many levels of creation and reconstruction, finally reaching the molecular, structural, and functional buildup of complexity. Among them, one apparent question is: how the biochemical catalytic system emerged from the mineral-based geochemical system? Inspired by the metal–ligand structures in metalloenzymes, many researchers have proposed that transition metal sulfide minerals could have served as structural analogs of metalloenzymes for catalyzing prebiotic redox conversions. This assumption has been tested and verified to some extent by several studies, which focused on using Earth-abundant transition metal sulfides as catalysts for multi-electron C and N conversions. The progress in this field will be introduced, with a focus on the CO2 fixation and ammonia synthesis from nitrate/nitrite reduction and N2 reduction. Recently developed methods for screening effective mineral catalysts were also reviewed.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Yamei Li"},{id:"80338",title:"Ionic Conductivity of Strontium Fluoroapatites Co-doped with Lanthanides",slug:"ionic-conductivity-of-strontium-fluoroapatites-co-doped-with-lanthanides",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102410",abstract:"Britholites derivatives of apatite’s that contain lanthanium and neodymium in the serial compounds Sr8La2−xNdx(PO4)4(SiO4)2F2 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 were subject of the present investigation. The solid state reaction was the route of preparing these materials. Several techniques were employed for the analysis and characterization of the synthesized powders. The chemical analysis results indicated that molar ratio Sr+La+NdP+Si was of about 1.67 value of a stoichiometric powder. The X-ray diffraction data showed single-phase apatites crystallizing in hexagonal structure with P63/m space group were successively obtained. Moreover, the substitution of lanthanium by neodymium in strontium phosphosilicated fluorapatite was total. This was confirmed by the a and c lattice parameters contraction when (x) varies coherently to the sizes of the two cations. The infrared spectroscopy and the 31P NMR (MAS) exhibited the characteristic bands of phosphosilicated fluorapatite. The pressureless sintering of the material achieved a maximum of 89% relative density. The sintered specimens indicated that the Nd content as well as the heating temperature affected the ionic conduction of the materials and the maximum was 1.73 × 10−6 S cm−1 obtained at 1052 K for x = 2.",book:{id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg"},signatures:"Khouloud Kthiri, Mohammed Mehnaoui, Samira Jebahi, Khaled Boughzala and Mustapha Hidouri"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:10},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"
\r\n\tThe success of dental implant treatment is not solely dependent on the osseointegration around the implant. Aside from the criteria used to describe the hard tissue response at the implant level, the success criteria in implant dentistry include three additional aspects: peri-implant soft tissue, prosthesis, and patient’s satisfaction.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry topic will provide readers with up-to-date resources on the prosthodontics factors such as aesthetics, restorative materials, the design of prosthesis, case selection, occlusion, oral rehabilitation, among others, all of which play an important role in determining the success of a well osseointegrated implant. With the help of digital dental technology, these can now be accomplished more predictably.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe end goal of prosthesis is always considered when planning successful implant placement. The readers in this field will be able to learn more about taking a holistic approach when treating their dental implant cases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11398,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:null},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. 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