Features of representative time series obtained from the TSC method for house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA, considering four clusters.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2189",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Gas - Extraction to End Use",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"Extraction to End Use",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Natural gas has traditionally been used as a feedstock for the chemical industry, and as a fuel for process and space heating. Recent advances in exploration, drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing have made it possible for natural gas to become available in abundance (as of 2012). As natural gas displaces traditional petroleum use in various sectors, a certain amount of disruption is likely. In such a changing landscape, this book tries to chronicle the state-of-the-art in various aspects of natural gas: exploration, drilling, gas processing, storage, distribution, end use and finally the impact on financial markets. Review articles as well as research papers contributed by leading authorities around the world comprise individual chapters of this book. Modeling approaches, as well as, recent advances in specific natural gas technologies are covered in detail.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0820-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6259-9",doi:"10.5772/2582",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"natural-gas-extraction-to-end-use",numberOfPages:318,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"eaf411f3f9e4972eb7c6e2164a6e4e18",bookSignature:"Sreenath Borra Gupta",publishedDate:"October 31st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2189.jpg",numberOfDownloads:72980,numberOfWosCitations:60,numberOfCrossrefCitations:37,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:103,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:200,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 29th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 25th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"148206",title:"Dr.",name:"Sreenath",middleName:"B",surname:"Gupta",slug:"sreenath-gupta",fullName:"Sreenath Gupta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148206/images/3410_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sreenath Borra Gupta obtained his B. Tech from IIT-Madras, and subsequently a M.S. and a Ph.D. from The Pennsylvania State University. After graduation, he held several combustion engineering positions at Abar Ipsen, Gas Technology Institute and Rolls-Royce. Dr. Gupta currently holds the position of a research engineer at Distributed Energy Research Center (DERC) belonging to Argonne National Laboratory, USA. In this capacity he conducts research to improve the performance and reduce the emissions footprint of stationary natural gas engines. His efforts include (i) development of a laser ignition system for natural gas engines, (ii) evaluation of polymeric membranes for nitrogen enrichment of combustion air, (iii) development of advanced combustion laser diagnostics, (iv) promoting the use of alternative gaseous fuels, and (v) improving the viability of micro-CHP systems. Dr. Gupta is happily married, has two lovely kids and a dog, who keep him busy on the home front.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"767",title:"Petrochemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-petrochemical-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"36624",title:"Natural Gas Dehydration",doi:"10.5772/45802",slug:"natural-gas-dehydration",totalDownloads:13476,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michal Netušil and Pavel Ditl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36624",authors:[{id:"146134",title:"MSc.",name:"Michal",surname:"Netusil",slug:"michal-netusil",fullName:"Michal Netusil"},{id:"150748",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Ditl",slug:"pavel-ditl",fullName:"Pavel Ditl"}],corrections:null},{id:"40568",title:"Natural Gas Treatment Using Adsorptive Separation",doi:"10.5772/53269",slug:"natural-gas-treatment-using-adsorptive-separation",totalDownloads:4575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pramathesh R. Mhaskar and Arun S. Moharir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40568",authors:[{id:"148460",title:"Prof.",name:"Arun",surname:"Moharir",slug:"arun-moharir",fullName:"Arun Moharir"},{id:"148467",title:"Mr.",name:"Pramathesh",surname:"Mhaskar",slug:"pramathesh-mhaskar",fullName:"Pramathesh Mhaskar"}],corrections:null},{id:"40566",title:"Review on Natural Gas Thermopysical Property Measurement Techniques",doi:"10.5772/48647",slug:"review-on-natural-gas-thermopysical-property-measurement-techniques",totalDownloads:4149,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mert Atilhan and Santiago Aparicio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40566",authors:[{id:"9900",title:"Prof.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Aparicio",slug:"santiago-aparicio",fullName:"Santiago Aparicio"},{id:"10306",title:"Prof.",name:"Mert",surname:"Atilhan",slug:"mert-atilhan",fullName:"Mert Atilhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"40555",title:"Environmental Radioactivity of TE-NORM Waste Produced from Petroleum Industry in Egypt: Review on Characterization and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/39223",slug:"environmental-radioactivity-of-te-norm-waste-produced-from-petroleum-industry-in-egypt-review-on-cha",totalDownloads:4704,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. F. Attallah, N. S. Awwad and H. F. Aly",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40555",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40555",authors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],corrections:null},{id:"40562",title:"A Raster Based Geospatial Model for Natural Gas Transmission Line Routing",doi:"10.5772/45814",slug:"a-raster-based-geospatial-model-for-natural-gas-transmission-line-routing",totalDownloads:2519,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"V. Yildirim, T. Yomralioglu and R. Nisanci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40562",authors:[{id:"145690",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Yildirim",slug:"volkan-yildirim",fullName:"Volkan Yildirim"}],corrections:null},{id:"40564",title:"Natural Gas Virtual-Pipeline for Alternative Energy Distribution",doi:"10.5772/48711",slug:"natural-gas-virtual-pipeline-for-alternative-energy-distribution",totalDownloads:8133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Jonathas Luiz de Oliveira Bernal, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão and José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40564",authors:[{id:"148244",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Edgar Morales",surname:"Udaeta",slug:"miguel-edgar-morales-udaeta",fullName:"Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta"}],corrections:null},{id:"40572",title:"Reliability Analysis of the Regasification System on Board of a FSRU Using Bayesian Networks",doi:"10.5772/45803",slug:"reliability-analysis-of-the-regasification-system-on-board-of-a-fsru-using-bayesian-networks",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcelo Ramos Martins and Adriana Miralles Schleder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40572",authors:[{id:"148541",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana Miralles",surname:"Schleder",slug:"adriana-miralles-schleder",fullName:"Adriana Miralles Schleder"},{id:"148542",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Ramos",surname:"Martins",slug:"marcelo-ramos-martins",fullName:"Marcelo Ramos Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"40556",title:"Innovative Method of LNG Storage in Underground Lined Rock Caverns",doi:"10.5772/45771",slug:"innovative-method-of-lng-storage-in-underground-lined-rock-caverns",totalDownloads:4330,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eui-Seob Park, So-Keul Chung, Dae-Hyuk Lee and Taek-Gon Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40556",authors:[{id:"148581",title:"Dr.",name:"Eui-Seob",surname:"Park",slug:"eui-seob-park",fullName:"Eui-Seob Park"}],corrections:null},{id:"40557",title:"City Natural Gas Metering",doi:"10.5772/45809",slug:"city-natural-gas-metering",totalDownloads:3835,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Liji Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40557",authors:[{id:"144294",title:"Dr.",name:"Liji",surname:"Huang",slug:"liji-huang",fullName:"Liji Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"40563",title:"Natural Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines for Power Generation: Concerns and Recent Advances",doi:"10.5772/45992",slug:"natural-gas-fired-reciprocating-engines-for-power-generation-concerns-and-recent-advances",totalDownloads:9944,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Sreenath B. Gupta, Munidhar Biruduganti, Bipin Bihari and Raj Sekar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40563",authors:[{id:"148206",title:"Dr.",name:"Sreenath",surname:"Gupta",slug:"sreenath-gupta",fullName:"Sreenath Gupta"},{id:"148526",title:"Mr.",name:"Munidhar",surname:"Biruduganti",slug:"munidhar-biruduganti",fullName:"Munidhar Biruduganti"},{id:"148527",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",surname:"Bihari",slug:"bipin-bihari",fullName:"Bipin Bihari"},{id:"148528",title:"Mr.",name:"Raj",surname:"Sekar",slug:"raj-sekar",fullName:"Raj Sekar"}],corrections:null},{id:"40567",title:"LNG – Based Cogeneration Systems: Evaluation Using Exergy-Based Analyses",doi:"10.5772/51477",slug:"lng-based-cogeneration-systems-evaluation-using-exergy-based-analyses",totalDownloads:3482,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tatiana Morosuk and George Tsatsaronis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40567",authors:[{id:"193888",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Morosuk",slug:"tatiana-morosuk",fullName:"Tatiana Morosuk"},{id:"194211",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Tsatsaronis",slug:"george-tsatsaronis",fullName:"George Tsatsaronis"}],corrections:null},{id:"40565",title:"Natural Gas Catalytic Partial Oxidation: A Way to Syngas and Bulk Chemicals Production",doi:"10.5772/48708",slug:"natural-gas-catalytic-partial-oxidation-a-way-to-syngas-and-bulk-chemicals-production",totalDownloads:9974,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Gaetano Iaquaniello, Elena Antonetti, Barbara Cucchiella, Emma Palo, Annarita Salladini, Alessandra Guarinoni, Andrea Lainati and Luca Basini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40565",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40565",authors:[{id:"148211",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"Iaquaniello",slug:"gaetano-iaquaniello",fullName:"Gaetano Iaquaniello"},{id:"166237",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",surname:"Palo",slug:"emma-palo",fullName:"Emma Palo"}],corrections:null},{id:"40569",title:"Natural Gas: Moving to Chaos and Complexity in Financial Statements",doi:"10.5772/54131",slug:"natural-gas-moving-to-chaos-and-complexity-in-financial-statements",totalDownloads:1698,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernando Juárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40569",authors:[{id:"145876",title:"PhD.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Juárez",slug:"fernando-juarez",fullName:"Fernando Juárez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1901",title:"Advances in Natural Gas Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c996f3b02b7e5d906637d28b2f3712c",slug:"advances-in-natural-gas-technology",bookSignature:"Hamid A. Al-Megren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104672",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",surname:"Al-Megren",slug:"hamid-al-megren",fullName:"Hamid Al-Megren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3584",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"980fe69f1b1faa61079f6c9b5045a784",slug:"natural-gas",bookSignature:"Primoz Potocnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10338",title:"Dr.",name:"Primož",surname:"Potocnik",slug:"primoz-potocnik",fullName:"Primož Potocnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2882",title:"New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d8a67b1947505d46a3fde931cf574e9",slug:"new-technologies-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry",bookSignature:"Jorge Salgado Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137837",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Salgado",surname:"Gomes",slug:"jorge-salgado-gomes",fullName:"Jorge Salgado Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1605",title:"Petrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc04b8c922e6b886453baa0438bd5e44",slug:"petrochemicals",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4600",title:"Advances in Petrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70fc9464f2d1beb7343ed79b5d41f923",slug:"advances-in-petrochemicals",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8234",title:"Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"724739fd3ad7e2392f69c4650b19477b",slug:"sustainable-alternative-syngas-fuel",bookSignature:"Chaouki Ghenai and Abrar Inayat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8234.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178090",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaouki",surname:"Ghenai",slug:"chaouki-ghenai",fullName:"Chaouki Ghenai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8813",title:"Introduction to Diesel Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"693a8757f50c6f257cca62961cba76c2",slug:"introduction-to-diesel-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74443",slug:"corrigendum-to-fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implicat",title:"Corrigendum to: Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74443.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74443",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74443",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74443",chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11777",leadTitle:null,title:"LGBT Communities",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book will explore how gender and sexual minorities have created communities of meaning and political expression around the world. Through a series of case studies, historical considerations, and reflections, different communities of gender and sexual minority groups will be explored. The book will give an overview of the wide variety of experiences that people who identify as gender and sexual minority group members have used in the formation of community, both online and in person. We will see that some of these creations of the community are a reaction to the exclusion by the larger society in which members are embedded. We will also see that people create a community in the face of oppression, engage in dialogue and activities (political and social), and create meaning in their identities. We will witness how these spaces give voice to change, resilience, and survival. For all of us who are queer and trans, community means at a minimum the place in which we can thrive and be seen.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-612-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-611-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-613-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e08bb222c250dcebf093b7ab595a14a7",bookSignature:"Dr. Deborah Woodman",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11777.jpg",keywords:"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, Online Communities, Rural Communities, Historical Communities, Rural Communities, Urban Communities, Political Communities, Identity Based",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 30th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 29th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 17th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 16th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a day",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An active member of the queer community in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, this work combines my research interests in the rural communities and my volunteer work advocating for members of the Queer and Trans communities.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"463750",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Woodman",slug:"deborah-woodman",fullName:"Deborah Woodman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/463750/images/system/463750.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deb Woodman (she/her) teaches at Algoma University, Ontario, Canada in the department of Sociology and Anthropology housed in the Faculty of Cross Cultural Studies. She identifies as a member of the Queer community and has been engaged with volunteer work for years, creating curriculum for Queer/Trans community events as well as working with public agencies. This publication brings her interests together by combining her doctoral work on rural communities with her advocacy work with Queer and Trans folk.",institutionString:"Algoma University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Algoma University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-dorthea-grindvik-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"49228",title:"Bioherbicides",doi:"10.5772/61528",slug:"bioherbicides",body:'Development of alternative weed control methods is needed to help decrease reliance on herbicide use. Biological weed control is an alternative option for weed problems, particularly in agriculture and forestry. It is based on the use of natural enemies, particularly insects and pathogens to control weeds, as a sustainable, low cost and more environmentally acceptable method of weed control. One of the approaches to biological weed control using pathogens, mainly fungi, is inundative, bioherbicide approach.
Bioherbicides are phytopathogenic microorganisms or microbial phytotoxins useful for biological weed control applied in similar ways to conventional herbicides [1–3]. The active ingredient in a bioherbicide is, however, a living microorganism. Most commonly the organism is a fungus; hence the term mycoherbicide is often used in these cases [4]. Although the use of fungi and bacteria as inundative biological control agents (bioherbicides) has been recognized as a significant technological weed control alternative [5–9], it can be argued that it serves a more important role as a complementary component in successful integrated management strategies [10], and not as a replacement for chemical herbicides and other weed management tactics [11]. Actually, in many situations, bioherbicides can be used as the sole option for the management of one or two target weeds, i.e. as a minor supplement to conventional chemical herbicides [12].
However, according to many authors, bioherbicides offer many advantages in comparison with synthetic herbicides. They include:
a high degree of specificity of target weed;
no effect on non-target and beneficial plants or man;
absence of residue build-up in the environment; and
effectiveness for managing herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations [7,9,12–16].
Except numerous advantages of bioherbicides, some circumstances have been noted to restrain the progress of bioherbicides into profitable outputs. These include:
biological restrictions (host changeability, host scope resistance mechanisms and interaction with other microorganisms that affect efficacy) [17];
environment restrictions (epidemiology of bioherbicides reliant on optimal environmental conditions) [18–20];
technical restrictions (wholesale production and formulation development of reliable and effective bioherbicide) [17,21]; and
commercial restrictions (market capacity, patent protection, confidence and adjustment) [21–23].
Biological control is the deliberate use of natural enemies to reduce the population of a target weed to below a desired threshold [24,25] and can be divided into two main approaches:
classical approach, in which a natural enemy is exported from its native range to an introduced (weedy, invasive) range of a plant, [24,26,27], and
bioherbicide approach, in which a natural enemy is used within its native range to control a native or naturalized weed [28–30].
The biocontrol approach using an imported pathogen to control a native or naturalized weed with minimal manipulations has been termed the inoculative or classical biocontrol method [31]. The classical approach is directed mainly towards the control of exotic weeds, which have spread in the introduced area in the absence of natural enemies. Control is achieved by the importation and release of highly host-specific pathogens virulent to the target weed in its native region [32]. These agents feed on the weed, reproduce and gradually suppress the weed as their population grows.
A highly successful biological control programme was implemented in Hawaii in the 1970s when a white smut fungus (
Another widely acclaimed example of biological control success is the use of a rust fungus (
Trujillo
Klamathweed beetle (
Opposite to classical (inoculative) approach, the bioherbicide (inundative) approach uses indigenous plant pathogens that are isolated from weeds and are cultured to produce large quantity of infective material [28]. These are utilized at amounts that will provoke tremendous levels of infection, leading to elimination of the target weed before economic damages happen [29]. A development of this strategy involves application of weed pathogens in a manner similar to herbicide applications. Bioherbicide inoculum is susceptible to unfavourable environmental conditions after spraying, and viability needs to be maintained for as long as is necessary to achieve infection following application [30]. Once in the field, the inundative application of inoculum is timed to coincide with the most favourable environmental conditions and susceptible growth stage of the weed, so that a disease epidemic occurs and the weed population is suppressed [44,45]. Once the weed problem has been removed, natural constraints ensure that the pathogen population returns to a low level once again.
The bioherbicide (inundative) approach has been successfully implemented for a number of important agricultural, invasive and exotic weeds. Many examples dedicated to positive bioherbicide implementation are elaborated in the Section “Bioherbicide case studies”.
Utilization of plant pathogens for weed control was first reported in the early 1900s, but the concept of using bioherbicides to control weeds attracted wide interest among weed scientists and plant pathologists after the Second World War. The earliest experiments simply involved fungus
Considering the research effort expended in this area, some bioherbicides are commercialized (Devine®, Collego®, BioMal®, Camperico®, Myco–TechTM®, Woad Warrior®, Smolder®, Dr. bioSedge®, Biochon®, StampOut® [13,22,28,50–55] and many are underway to develop and register. Plant pathologists and weed scientists have identified approximately 200 plant pathogens that are candidates for development as commercial bioherbicides [48,56]. Some examples are presented below.
Culture filtrates of
The idea of combining bioherbicides with synthetic herbicides or adjuvants has been the issue of substantial research work. Moreover, it has been revealed that mixtures of some bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides can be synergistic [85,86], culminating from reduced weed defence reactions caused by the herbicides, consequently making the weeds more sensitive to pathogen attack [87,88]. Christy
In spite of considerable research in bioherbicides, there are only a few commercially available products worldwide. This lack of availability is mainly due to limitations in bioherbicide development, which need to be overcome to ensure the future commercial success of bioherbicides [22, 101]. Limitations in bioherbicide development can be classified as either environmental (temperature and, particularly, humidity as major factors influencing the efficacy of bioherbicides), biological (mainly host variability and resistance), or technological–commercial (mass production and formulation, which often blocked bioherbicide development) [17,22,102].
Environmental limitations are a constraint to the effective use of many biological agents, including bioherbicides. Environmental factors influence formulation performance of bioherbicides as inoculum production is dependent on sporulation of the formulation. This process, although rapid, might continue over several weeks subsequent to applications and might encounter variable environmental conditions [18,21,22]. In the application of bioherbicides, environmental conditions prevailing in the phyllosphere of plants are frequently hostile for biological control agents [103,104]. A requirement of more than 12 h of dew period for severe infection by a pathogen has been reported for several potential bioherbicides [105–108] and this may limit the efficacy of the bioherbicide in the field. Temperature generally has not been considered to be as critical as moisture for mycoherbicide [109], although field efficacy of
Nutrient balance can play an important part in sporulation of fungi. Studies with
Soil environment, moisture and the nutrient status of the soil can influence the physiology of target plants and, therefore, their interaction with aerial applied bioherbicides [21]. Pre-emergence application has been considered as an alternative approach to overcome some of the environmental stresses imposed upon propagules applied onto the foliage or soil surface [115]. Bioherbicides consisting of propagules of soil-borne pathogens, which normally infect at or below the soil surface, appear to be more protected from environmental extremes and may persist and give residual control [116,117]. In this context, Jackson et al. [113] reported for 95% control of the emerging
There are many environmental limitations to applying bioherbicides and maintaining their efficacy in water as well [118]. Auld and McRae [4] stated that for control of aquatic weeds a biocontrol agent would need to possess a high ecological capability to contend with varying conditions between surface and bottom, as well as across even small bodies of water. Oxygen concentration, temperature, light intensity and salinity are just four of the variables to contend with.
From a biological viewpoint, a good bioherbicide acts relatively quickly and has acceptable efficacy in control of weeds. Unfortunately, Charudattan [8] stated that many of the discovered weed pathogens may provide partial control of only one weed species, even under ideal conditions. This host particularity is related to the fundamental bio-physiology of the pathogen and to host changeability [119,120] and resistance as well [17]. In other words, within a population of weed species there will usually be a range of genetically diverse biotypes [121] that may include some resistant biotypes, just as there may be a range of biotypes of microorganisms [122], for instance within fungal species, with slightly different host ranges [14,123,124], so that there is potential to mix and vary the biotypes of a species used as a bioherbicide. Non-target plant protection in relation to the potential use of
Several technological limitations have been identified that could prevent the widespread use of bioherbicides [21]. Pathogenic strains, formulation method and the interaction of these two parameters significantly affect the shelf life of the formulations at room temperature [21,128]. High concentrations and the alteration of formulations are needed to increase bioherbicide activity [129]. Compatibility testing of formulation components that range from registered agricultural products to novel substances, such as sunscreens, humectants and starches, can consume a great deal of time and resources [130].
The most challenging aspect of formulating bioherbicides is to overcome the dew requirement that exists for several of them. Attempts to overcome this limitation have included developing various water-retaining materials; invert and vegetable oil emulsion formulations [15,94,131] and granular pre-emergence formulations [132] are considered as a promising approach to make pathogens less dependent on available water for initial infections to occur [133,134]. In addition, appropriate formulations can also reduce the dosage of inoculum required to kill weeds [135], thus potentially reducing the cost of bioherbicides.
Experiments conducted with a number of potential bioherbicides have demonstrated that an invert emulsion allowed infection to occur in the absence of available water [15,133,136] and reduced the need to apply high dosages of inoculum [135]. Invert emulsions consist of a continuous oil phase that contains water droplets. Connick and Boyette [137] have developed an invert emulsion formulation exhibiting lower viscosity and greater water-retention properties. Auld [93] reported that application of low concentrations of vegetable oils with an emulsifying adjuvant enhances efficacy of
From the other side, the main restriction in the application of solid (dry) forms of bioherbicide is that they must await suitable, moist conditions for fungal growth and infection [139]. Moreover, during this waiting period the living active ingredients must survive in the field. In addition, ant theft has been a problem with some formulations [140].
The simplest liquid formulations of bioherbicides are water suspensions of spores often with a small amount of wetting agent. These are generally used as standards against which to compare more complex formulations. However, under ideal conditions for fungal infection, simple aqueous suspensions can be successful in the field [110]. Pathogenicity of an aqueous mycelial inoculum of
A novel bioherbicide formulation uses a complex emulsion – water-in-oil-in-water (WOW) emulsion [144]. It contains at least one lipophilic surfactant, at least one hydrophilic surfactant, oil and water. Although used in the pharmaceutical [145], cosmetic [146] and food industries [147], WOW emulsions do not appear to have been widely used in agricultural or horticultural technology. Although numerous improvements of liquid formulations of bioherbicides have been made, genetic manipulation of fungi offers a broad extent of opportunities to adjust formulations and to ameliorate bioherbicide characteristics [148].
Taking into account the above-mentioned restrictions, the production of bioherbicides by profit-oriented companies would involve additional expenditure without guaranteed income. The amount of abundant development and production of phytopathogenic microorganisms or their phytotoxins for bioherbicides in immerse or in solid-state systems, which would alter from one bioherbicide to another, is relatively high [149]. In addition, the small market capacity of considerable competent bioherbicide aspirants reveals that market capacity could be a restraint for developing such herbicides. Because of that, firms are suspicious that development and registration expenditures will be paid back [21,22].
The bioherbicide access to weed control is attaining impetus. New bioherbicides will be applicable in inundate lands, badlands as well as in control of parasite weeds or HR weeds. Research on synergism between pathogens and herbicides for their incorporation in effective weed management, applied science, fungal metabolites and biotechnology utilization, principally genetic engineering is needed. Bioherbicides will not deal with all of the environmental and weed control issues related with synthetic herbicides, nor will they alter the present or future depository of synthetic herbicides. To a certain degree, their appearance will presumably be complementary components in lucrative weed management systems, and in the revelation of different phytotoxins with new performances and new molecular sites of action. Advanced research on this field is imperative in order to entirely find out mutual interactions of phytopathogenic microorganisms, crops and weeds, and to identify new plant pathogens or their phytotoxins promising effective for the new-generation bioherbicides.
A crime is an event that emerges from opportunities configured by the interaction of offenders, victims, and the surrounding environment [1]. The process behind a crime event has a decisional nature which evaluates the benefits and risks for the offender [2]. Because of the social value in understanding and preventing crime, it has been studied from different perspectives. It has been noted that crime is a complex phenomenon [3] since criminal activity is connected to the complex dimension of social systems and their actors [4].
Environmental criminology recognizes that crime is not uniformly distributed over space, time, or society [5]. Finding rules that explain the non-randomness of crime dynamics has become an intense research area. Typically, stochastic process analysis has been used in the study of crime dynamics [6, 7, 8]. However, other epistemological approaches, like fuzzy set theory [9], non-classical topology [10], and complex network theory [11] have been also applied to describe this phenomenon.
Crime pattern theory points out that crime forms patterns in space, time, and society [5, 10]. A pattern is the interconnection between objects, rules, or processes. This interconnection can be either physical or conceptual. This theory deals with the problem of forecasting when and where a criminal event will occur. The observation of patterns can come from evidence or theoretical considerations. Therefore, the analysis of criminal patterns can be described in terms of agents, rules, or clusters of events taking as a reference the structure of the urban form [12].
Crime is ubiquitous in modern cities [13]. It has been observed that there are urban areas with high crime concentration [8]. Therefore, the term space-time dynamics of crime indicates how crime patterns evolve in time and space. A recent work [11] approaches the analysis of crime dynamics by suggesting that robberies are geographically correlated with urban form. A previous work addressed a similar perspective by means of fuzzy topology [10]. In this case, it was observed that crime patterns correlate to the fuzzy edges of neighborhoods, disperse into vulnerable neighborhoods, and concentrate on some main roads.
Some techniques for non-hierarchical clustering have been employed to detect spatial patterns of criminal activity [14], including basic fuzzy clustering (i.e., Fuzzy C-means algorithm) [9]. However, the problems of criminal directionality and crime dynamics using this perspective have been recently addressed in a work by Mayorga et al. [15]. Fuzzy clustering algorithms for spatio-temporal data have been introduced recently. However, these algorithms are mainly focused on clustering of time series (CTS). An enhanced version of the Fuzzy C-means algorithm was proposed to consider both spatial and temporal components of data [16]. This algorithm deals with the clustering of time series produced by spatial sources (i.e., sensors, monitoring stations, etc.). The method is well adjusted to cluster time series that come from a structured sampling of spatial variables. However, when analyzing criminal events, time series provided by sensors are not available, only discrete points of criminal activity in space and time. Thus, the algorithm is not suitable for analyzing this kind of data. Another spatio-temporal fuzzy clustering algorithm was reported in a study by Ji et al. [17]. Clusters are assigned over time series by introducing a switching function that establishes the correspondence between a section of a time series and a cluster in the partition. This algorithm also assumes that time series are available, which is not how spatio-temporal criminal data are collected and studied.
This work deals with clustering the dynamics of criminal events and to forecast it. It contributes by introducing a method that: (1) uses a clustering reorganization algorithm that tracks the dynamics of crime clusters by producing time series of their geometric parameters, (2) sets the optimal number of clusters by minimizing a fuzzy partition index that quantifies the predictability of time series, and (3) forecasts the time series by means of evolutionary-fuzzy predictors. Conceptually, the main contribution of this work is focused on strengthening the time series from clustering (TSC) method in forecasting crime patterns and connecting the quality of a dynamic partition of crime events with concepts of non-linear analysis.
The method is applied over two independent study cases: (1) house burglary in San Francisco, USA and (2) cellular phone robbery in Bogota DC, Colombia. A comparison between the best and worst situations predicted by the introduced index is also provided in each case, giving a preliminary validation. Results reveal that our approach is promising in terms of prediction capabilities, which motivates its application to forecast spatial crime patterns over fine temporal scales. Hence, this method may be considered as a working tool in the practice of predictive policing [18].
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes our method in detail, reviews our clustering organization algorithm, introduces the dynamic fuzzy partition quality index, and describes the forecasting approach. Section 3 presents our results for the two study cases. Section 4 discusses our main findings and presents some conclusions.
The overall TSC method is depicted in Figure 1. Reported spatial events are organized and filtered in frames according to a time scale (i.e., daily, weekly, etc.). A clustering algorithm is applied over these data frames in order to detect and track spatial patterns. These clusters are synthesized in terms of relevant spatial variables computed from each data frame, resulting in several time series. This process is repeated until the maximum number of clusters is reached. Non-linear signal analysis is used to compute a foreseeability index for all time series. The optimal number of clusters is selected as the one that minimizes this index. Selected time series are characterized in order to perform their forecasting. These stages are described in detail as follows.
The time series from clustering method uses a clustering reorganization algorithm over reported data to produce clusters of crime events that evolve in time and space. The evolution is represented by means of time series of the clusters’ parameters. A designed index relates the number of clusters with the foreseeability of time series by using non-linear analysis.
Reported criminal events are grouped in time frames. These events must have a specified date, and longitude and latitude of occurrence to be organized. Time can be defined daily, weekly, monthly, etc., depending on the number of events in the database. Time frames can be generated independently (i.e., without sharing any events) or with some amount of overlapping (i.e., sharing some events).
Following data organization, clustering of criminal events in a given number of clusters is performed. The result is a set of time series that represents the spatio-temporal dynamics of crime. The number of time series is equivalent to the predefined number of clusters
The FCM and other algorithms alike initialize their parameters randomly. In this case, the centers of the clusters, their order and the membership values vary from one clustering experiment to another. Because of this random initialization, the clusters identified will not remain in the same zone, nor will the order of the fuzzy partitions created be preserved throughout time.
Therefore, if a study of
First, in the initialization stage, the CRA requires the number of clusters to be set, the
Third, in the distance evaluation stage, the process to measure the Euclidean distance
where
Even though clusters will tend to occupy the same zones, in certain cases there may be some clusters that are identified further away from their usual locations. To prevent the CRA confusing the cluster organization, the “discarding non-minima” stage is introduced. In this stage, it is assumed that the
Finally, the assignment stage takes place once the iteration condition is met. The centers and the membership values have already been assigned in the correct order, according to the identification of the clusters in the first time frame. This stage assigns the correct order to the variables of the centers of the clusters as well as to the membership value of each event. By doing so for each time frame, once the whole time window is processed there will be a set of time series that represents the spatio-temporal dynamics of the groups that have been identified by the clustering algorithm.
An example of three time series that surrogate the dynamics of a cluster is depicted in Figure 2. The spatial dynamics of a cluster is presented as a circle that moves in different frames and whose radius also changes. The dynamics of this cluster is summarized by three time series:
Example of time series that describe a cluster dynamics. Parameters of a circular cluster tracked by the CRA evolve in time producing three time series that correspond to: Horizontal displacement
The memory, information, and geometry (MIG) index is proposed in this work as a scalar that quantifies the predictability of a time series obtained from the CRA. The index is constructed as follows:
The predictability of a time series becomes more plausible as the MIG index is minimized. M evaluates the amount of non-linear correlation inside the time series (i.e., Memory). I is an indicator of how much information is produced by the signal. G accounts for the size of the phase space in which the dynamics can be embedded (i.e., Geometry).
In practical terms, the MIG index for a time series
where
Dynamics of the
The optimal number of clusters
where
The minimum MIG index
MIG index is proposed as an a-priori estimation of the predictability of a time series produced by the CRA. The signals that belong to the most and least predictable scenarios should be forecasted so the MIG validity can be corroborated, however it is computationally expensive. Instead, these signals are characterized through several statistics (independent from the MIG index) in order to select some as the most representative signals for each scenario.
Characterization is performed through a selected group of statistics: the first and second estimated statistical moments of the distribution
where
The third measure, the entropy described in (8), is related to the information uncertainty inside the series. A high entropy value is interpreted as a low-predictability variable.
The autocorrelation function is shown in Eq. (9). The proposed measure represents a confidence bound of the number of regressors with a linear dependence on the signal. It establishes the grade of possible foreseeability in the basis of its periodical behavior as long as forecasting crime is given in terms of stochastic processes [24].
The chosen statistics are applied over time series whereby a four-dimensional vector (Eq. (10)) is obtained per signal:
where
where
Normalization: the aim is to find the most representative signals (i.e.,
Finding the average vectors: an average vector is built from the normalized matrices. As per the last step, this process is independently applied. It is important to emphasize that in a determined clustering, there is an average vector
Determining distances: the distance between each row of the matrices
The matrices
The fittest vectors: finally, the series corresponding to the position of the minimum value in each matrix
Forecasting of representative time series is carried out by means of a custom memetic algorithm [25, 26]. The heuristic was proposed in [27] as the combination of the differential evolution algorithm [28] and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) [29]. The general flow graph of the algorithm is shown in Figure 3.
The evolutionary algorithm used to tune fuzzy forecasters. This algorithm uses the script of the differential evolution algorithm with a step of local search provided by an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system.
A memetic algorithm allows to take advantage of both global and local search. In this manner, the optimization space can be explored widely and deeply. The differential evolution algorithm (highlighted in orange) is chosen as the global optimizer, on account of its use for optimizing multidimensional real-valued functions. In addition, it has been successfully applied for model optimization of complex systems [30]. Several variants of this algorithm have been proposed in literature, taking into account the multiplicity of elitism strategies, chromosome representations, and mutation operators. ANFIS (highlighted in pink) is implemented as the supervised learning strategy of the memetic algorithm. It uses the gradient of the objective function on the basis of its differentiability to search for solutions around a locality of the optimization landscape. ANFIS is supported on Sugeno-type fuzzy systems with gaussian membership functions in the inputs [29, 31]. In addition, the proposed fuzzy system has
As shown in the flowgraph in Figure 3, when the population is adapted by ANFIS, it is necessary to re-evaluate the solutions and later, according to the fitness function, select them. This re-evaluation must be carried out since ANFIS relies on the RMSE to evaluate the solutions but the memetic algorithm relies on the fitness function. Thus, an interesting individual for ANFIS may not necessarily be good according to its fitness score.
In order to guarantee population diversity, and avoiding a fast-convergence caused by ANFIS, the diversity calculator considered is the FANO factor [26], which calculates the average variation of the mean in the membership functions according to Eq. (15). The population is re-initialized if the FANO factor is greater than a given threshold:
where
And
The root mean squared error (RMSE) index used by ANFIS may not be appropriate for guiding the global search of an evolutionary algorithm [30] while dealing with complex behaviors. Thus, a problem-oriented fitness function to evaluate candidate solutions must be designed. This function is significant because it provides the criteria to judge a solution and its performance. In addition, it is imperative to include several performance indicators to check solutions in a more precise and proper manner. This process is carried out by minimizing the following expression:
The fitness function is composed of three indexes. Each one has been chosen to guide the evolution regarding features in the best solution. Thus, many possible solutions that do not have a near-zero mean error but can forecast the series properly, will be explored.
The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) is conceived as an overall performance measure. It is a normalized statistic that determines the relative magnitude of the residual variance compared to the measured data variance [32]. A value of 1 corresponds to a perfect match of the modeled
The mean absolute error (MAE) represents a clear interpretation of the absolute difference between the series and its forecasting, relative to the series [33]. It is chosen instead of RMSE because the series has several peaks and it is necessary to rest importance on them in the forecasting. If it was not done, the fitness function would penalize errors in the lowest values (i.e., near the mean) more than in the highest ones.
Prediction of change in direction (POCID) is a non-linear index included to ensure that a forecast that does not fit the series well, but follows its direction changes reliably, gets a good score [34]. As a multiplicative inverse, it causes an increase in the fitness function as large as how far the fitness score is from the optimal value.
where
The method outlined in the previous section was applied to forecast criminal patterns in two cities: San Francisco, USA and Bogota, Colombia. Results obtained from evolved fuzzy predictors are described in this section. In addition, evidence is presented from these cases about the validity of the MIG index for setting the optimal number of clusters of a dynamic partition of crime events.
The criminal dataset for the city of San Francisco was obtained online through the open data services provided by the local government of the city. The dataset used in this work registers about 70,000 criminal events between years 2003 and 2015. Each criminal register contains attributes such as latitude, longitude, time, date, type of crime, among others. For the purposes of this study, only house burglary registers were considered, and from each register only latitude, longitude, and date were taken into account. Each spatial register was projected by means of the universal mercator system taken the location of the city of San Francisco as reference. Relative distances were expressed in meters. Time frames of criminal activity were created by aggregating the crime events of the last 7 days. Frames iterate from 1 day to the next. A total of 3195 time frames were produced.
Optimization of the MIG index was carried out over time series from clustering with
MIG index computed for house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA. The minimum of the MIG index appears at four clusters, where it is expected that time series from clustering are the most predictable.
The difference between the extreme cases may be explained by examining Figure 5. Note that for
An example of cluster dynamics for house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA. In this example, four clusters were tracked with the clustering reorganization algorithm (CRA).
An example of cluster dynamics for house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA. In this example, four clusters were tracked with the clustering reorganization algorithm (CRA).
According to the MIG index, only clustering results for
Lg | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Norm | |
x [1] | 0.323 | 0.323 | 1.139 | 1.534 | 4.692 | 4.821 | 9 | 12.75 | 0.052 |
y [2] | 0.0810 | 0.0806 | 2.3229 | 4.230 | 1.765 | 2.4516 | 7 | 11 | 0.337 |
R [3] | 5.23e-04 | 5.14e-04 | 1.5880 | 1.574 | 4.292 | 4.4145 | 7 | 19.75 | 0.044 |
Features of representative time series obtained from the TSC method for house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA, considering four clusters.
These series are a representative sample of the entire, set which contains 12 time series (four clusters each one with three parameters).
Once the series were selected, the memetic algorithm was configured to compute the forecasting with
Parameter | Range | Step | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of generations | 50–500 | 50 | 250 |
Population size | 10–50 | 10 | 20 |
Epochs number | 1–20 | 1 | 5 |
Number of regressors | 3–12 | 1 | 8 |
Number of rules | 4–24 | 4 | 8 |
Parameters of the evolutionary fuzzy predictor used for the city of San Francisco, USA.
The first three parameters were used to configure the differential evolution algorithm whereas the last two were used to adjust the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System.
From selected configuration values, due to the random initialization of the memetic algorithm, over 10,000 experiments were run per series. Table 3 summarizes the performance of the best fuzzy predictors found by the memetic algorithm. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the model and data for the optimal scenario was the greatest in both training and validation. The same observation can be stated for the Nash coefficient. The relative difference between Pearson coefficients of the optimal and control scenarios was about
Pearson coefficient | Nash | LLE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training | Validation | |||||||
4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | |
x | 0.6099 | 0.3986 | 0.6942 | 0.4581 | 0.3430 | 0.1534 | 0.0339 | −0.0359 |
y | 0.5447 | 0.7114 | 0.4982 | 0.5546 | 0.2908 | 0.5021 | −0.0118 | 0.0796 |
R | 0.8353 | 0.6645 | 0.7803 | 0.6260 | 0.6296 | 0.2779 | 0.0388 | 0.0677 |
Average | 0.6633 | 0.5915 | 0.6576 | 0.5463 | 0.4212 | 0.3111 | x | x |
Forecasting indices for representative time series of two dynamic partitions (house burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA).
Dynamic partitions with minimum (4 clusters) and maximum (16 clusters) MIG index were considered.
Forecasting results for the three representative time series of the cluster dynamics (House burglaries in the city of San Francisco, USA). Series were obtained from a dynamic partition with four clusters.
The dataset for the city of Bogota, Colombia was provided by the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) “Fundacion ideas para la paz,” which contains about 25,000 events of cellular phone robbery registered between the years of 2012 and 2015. Criminal registers contain X-coordinates, Y-coordinates, and dates of events. No transformation was required since the coordinates were already expressed in a geographical system adapted to the city. All differential spatial measurements were processed in meters. As in the previous case, time frames were created by the aggregation of the criminal events recorded in the last 7 days. A total amount of 1417 time frames was generated.
According to Figure 7, the MIG index for Bogota series exhibited a global minimum at
MIG index computed for cellular phone robbery in the city of Bogota, Colombia. The minimum of the MIG index appears at four clusters, where it is expected that time series from clustering are the most predictable.
A sample of the cluster dynamics is presented in Figure 8 for the optimal case. However, it is not a straightforward task to infer the result of the optimization process from this figure. Centroids of clusters are moving, as can be noticed from the change in shape of the connecting polygon. Note that the radiuses of the clusters changed in size so different areas were covered from one time frame to another.
An example of cluster dynamics for cellular phone robbery in the city of Bogota, Colombia. In this example three clusters were tracked with the clustering reorganization algorithm (CRA).
Characterization of time series of dynamic partitions are summarized in Table 4. The field “[i]” refers to the cluster number. For these series it is supposed a-priori that the three-group clustering is more predictable than the five-group, considering the respective entropies. This result is in accordance with the MIG index optimization. Regarding the radius series, the number of lags is higher with respect to the series collection. Representative series (Rep) were selected by finding the minimum distance between their characterization vector and the mean vector of a class
Lg | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Rep | Mean | Norm | |
x [3] | 9.8 | 9.7 | 8.115 | 7.251 | 1.036 | 1.4336 | 7 | 9 | 0.251 |
y [3] | 10.9 | 10.4 | 11.951 | 11.265 | 0.894 | 0.755 | 6 | 8 | 0.099 |
R [3] | 9.8 | 0.6 | 3.854 | 4.4214 | 1.723 | 1.484 | 163 | 158 | 0.15 |
Features of representative time series obtained from the TSC method for cellular phone robbery in the city of Bogota, Colombia, considering three clusters.
These series are a representative sample of the entire set, which contains nine time series (three clusters each one with three parameters).
Table 5 presents the combination of parameters that were used for running the optimization of the fuzzy forecasters. In this case, 70% of generated samples (i.e., 992 days) were used for training, and the remaining 30% for validation (i.e., 425 days). The best forecasting results for Bogota series are presented in Table 6. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the model and real data was greater for the optimal scenario (i.e., three clusters) with respect to the control scenario (i.e. five clusters) in both training and validation. The relative difference was about 18 and
Parameter | Range | Step | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of generations | 100–400 | 50 | 200 |
Population size | 10–50 | 10 | 30 |
Epochs number | 1–20 | 1 | 4 |
Number of regressors | 3–12 | 1 | 8 |
Number of rules | 4–24 | 4 | 8 |
Parameters of the evolutionary-fuzzy predictor used for the city of Bogota, Colombia.
The first three parameters configured the differential evolution algorithm, whereas the last two were adjusted for the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System.
Signal | Pearson Coefficient | 2*Nash | 2*LLE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training | Validation | |||||||
3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | |
x | 0.8443 | 0.7388 | 0.9154 | 0.6833 | 0.6546 | 0.5025 | −1.5102 | −0.3230 |
y | 0.7238 | 0.6833 | 0.4009 | 0.4755 | 0.5069 | 0.2795 | 1.5157 | 1.5100 |
R | 0.8879 | 0.5025 | 0.7538 | 0.6441 | 0.7740 | 0.5499 | 1.2457 | 2.1515 |
Average | 0.8186 | 0.6708 | 0.6900 | 0.6010 | 0.6452 | 0.4440 | x | x |
Forecasting indices for representative time series of two dynamic partitions of cellular phone robbery in the city of Bogota, Colombia.
Dynamic partitions with minimum (three clusters) and maximum (five clusters) MIG index were considered.
Forecasting results for the three representative time series of the cluster dynamics (cellular phone robbery in the city of Bogota, Colombia). Series were obtained from a dynamic partition with three clusters.
Qualitatively speaking, similar results were obtained for the two study cases. In both cases, the forecasting of time series from the optimal scenario outperformed that of the control scenario in terms of two statistical indices (i.e., Pearson correlation and Nash coefficients) and one from chaos theory (i.e., LLE). Therefore, we argue that the MIG index might be useful to evaluate the goodness of a dynamic partition of crime events. Moreover, it may give a confidential a-priori insight about the predictability of series synthesized from TSC. Hence, this method produces coherent series that preserve a temporal structure, which a forecasting method can take advantage of.
TSC series for both cities exhibited an interesting behavior in terms of their texture. No evident periodicity was observed and abundant peaks appeared over the observed time window. Positive LLEs computed in these signals revealed the presence of a possible chaotic nature of the phenomena. Chaotic texture of these series speaks about non-stationary spatial crime patterns that evolve continuously producing information. Thus, this observation reflects a footprint of complexity for urban crime as noted in previous studies [35].
As a future work, the proposed method will be tested over other dynamic phenomena characterized by non-uniform sampling of relevant variables in both space and time. The method will be also refined by considering other techniques such as auto-encoder deep neural networks among others.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
",metaTitle:"Open Access Funding",metaDescription:"Open Access Funding",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\nIn order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\nIf you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\nPlease note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\nPlease be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n\\nOpen Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\nIn order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\nIf you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\nPlease note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\nPlease be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n\n\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:8,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11398,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"74615",title:"Diet-Epigenome Interactions: Epi-Drugs Modulating the Epigenetic Machinery During Cancer Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95374",signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"diet-epigenome-interactions-epi-drugs-modulating-the-epigenetic-machinery-during-cancer-prevention",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:[{name:"Fadime",surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}],book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},subseries:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",annualVolume:11971,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer trends, Consumer needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"