Example of a simple preventive maintenance schedule.
-Preparation and fabrications of nanolayers with different methods.\n
-Description of recent achievements related to very important III-V heterostructures.\n
-Descriptions of mechanical, thermal, optoelectronic, photocatalytic, and tribological properties of nanolayered structures.\n
Some environmentally friendly applications are also treated in this book.\nThe presented book provides a description of specific and original results obtained by authors. We hope that the volume will be of interest for a wide range of readers working in the field of material science.",isbn:"978-953-51-3144-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3143-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4829-6",doi:"10.5772/65465",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanoscaled-films-and-layers",numberOfPages:298,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f43ea8f3894ee0c3e44b2351bf3447d5",bookSignature:"Laszlo Nanai",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5789.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19267,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 17th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 13th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 13th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 12th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"61978",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",middleName:null,surname:"Nanai",slug:"laszlo-nanai",fullName:"Laszlo Nanai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61978/images/system/61978.png",biography:"Prof. Nanai was born on April 19, 1948, in Csopak (Hungary). He studied physics (MSc) at Saint Petersburg State University (RU), and his PhD degree and habilitation in the field of quantum electronics were obtained at Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow (RU), and Szeged University (H). \r\n\r\nHe is a specialist in the fields of solid-state physics, laser-matter interaction fabrication and characterization of nanostructures. He has written over 170 scientific publications including about 10 books and chapters in books and conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Szeged",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Szeged",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"54288",title:"Formation of Nanolayer on Surface of EPD Coatings Based on Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone",doi:"10.5772/67570",slug:"formation-of-nanolayer-on-surface-of-epd-coatings-based-on-poly-ether-ether-ketone",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a high performance polymer with many intrinsic properties. When it is used in the form of coating, an improvement of some of its functional properties was achieved by forming a surface nanolayer. In this chapter, it will be described how it was possible to obtain this result. Firstly, three kinds of PEEK composite coatings were deposited by electrophoretic deposition, adding alumina particles, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and lignin to PEEK. Then, the composite coatings were thermal treated in a furnace. Therefore, surface nanostructure and chemical composition of these PEEK composite coatings were modified with respect to bulk coatings, due to interaction between PEEK chain and secondary phase, emphasised by the thermal treatment conditions. Experimental evidence of the formation of surface nanolayer was provided by SEM, TEM, GIXRD, ATR-FTIR and XPS characterisations. Functional characterisations demonstrated that wear resistance—in the presence of alumina particles—hydrophobicity—in the presence of PTFE—and corrosion resistance—in the presence of Lignin—were increased with respect to pure PEEK.",signatures:"Maria Federica De Riccardis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54288",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54288",authors:[{id:"77857",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Federica",surname:"De Riccardis",slug:"m.-federica-de-riccardis",fullName:"M. Federica De Riccardis"}],corrections:null},{id:"54678",title:"Electroless Deposition of Nanolayered Metallic Coatings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68220",slug:"electroless-deposition-of-nanolayered-metallic-coatings",totalDownloads:3440,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Electroless metallic coating is referred as the deposition of a substrate material by the process of chemical or autocatalytic reduction of aqueous metal ions deposited to a substrate material without any external supply of power. Electroless nickel alloys are generally considered synonymous to the word “electroless coating” as ~90% of productions in industries are of this alloy coating. Rest of the electroless metallic coatings includes gold, copper, palladium, cobalt, silver, etc. These electroless metallic coatings (other than electroless nickel coatings) are also one of the vibrant areas in the field of materials properties and surface engineering research. From the year 2000 to till date, nearly 1000 SCI indexed research papers were published on this topic. However, no comprehensive studies about the recent progress on this topic were reported elsewhere so far. In this context, the present chapter aims to give a complete overview on various aspects of the rest of the electroless metallic nanocoatings/layer as a whole. More importance will be on the recent developments of the nanocharacteristics and future scopes.",signatures:"Jothi Sudagar, Rajendraprasad Tamilarasan, Udaykumar Sanjith, Raj\nRajendran and Ravi Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54678",authors:[{id:"202302",title:"Dr.",name:"Jothi",surname:"Sudagar",slug:"jothi-sudagar",fullName:"Jothi Sudagar"},{id:"203599",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamilarasan",surname:"Tr",slug:"tamilarasan-tr",fullName:"Tamilarasan Tr"},{id:"203600",title:"MSc.",name:"Sanjith",surname:"U",slug:"sanjith-u",fullName:"Sanjith U"},{id:"203601",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajendran",surname:"R",slug:"rajendran-r",fullName:"Rajendran R"},{id:"203602",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravi Kumar",surname:"Nv",slug:"ravi-kumar-nv",fullName:"Ravi Kumar Nv"}],corrections:null},{id:"54328",title:"Laser Prepared Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications",doi:"10.5772/67659",slug:"laser-prepared-thin-films-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:1503,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Laser techniques such as pulsed laser deposition, combinatorial pulsed laser deposition, and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation were used to deposit thin films for optoelectronic applications. High-quality transparent conductor oxide films ITO, AZO, and IZO were deposited on polyethylene terephthalate by PLD, an important experimental parameter being the target-substrate distance. The TCO films present a high transparency (>95%) and a reduced electrical resistivity (5 × 10−4 Ωcm) characteristics very useful for their integration in the flexible electronics. InxZn1−xO films with a compositional library were obtained by CPLD. These films are featured by a high optical transmission (>95%), the lowest resistivity (8.6 × 10−4 Ωcm) being observed for an indium content of about 44–49 at.%. Organic heterostructures based on arylenevinylene oligomers (P78 and P13) or arylene polymers (AMC16 and AMC22) were obtained by MAPLE. In the case of ITO/P78/Alq3/Al heterostructures, a higher current value is obtained when the film thickness increases. Also, a photovoltaic effect was observed for heterostructures based on AMC16 or AMC22 deposited on ITO covered by a thin layer of PEDOT:PSS. Due to their optical and electrical properties, such organic heterostructures can be interesting for the organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) applications.",signatures:"Marcela Socol, Gabriel Socol, Nicoleta Preda, Anca Stanculescu and\nFlorin Stanculescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54328",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54328",authors:[{id:"21373",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Stanculescu",slug:"anca-stanculescu",fullName:"Anca Stanculescu"},{id:"21611",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",surname:"Stanculescu",slug:"florin-stanculescu",fullName:"Florin Stanculescu"},{id:"178419",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Socol",slug:"gabriel-socol",fullName:"Gabriel Socol"},{id:"184343",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicoleta",surname:"Preda",slug:"nicoleta-preda",fullName:"Nicoleta Preda"},{id:"198589",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",surname:"Socol",slug:"marcela-socol",fullName:"Marcela Socol"}],corrections:null},{id:"54765",title:"Heteroepitaxy of III–V Zinc Blende Semiconductors on Nanopatterned Substrates",doi:"10.5772/67572",slug:"heteroepitaxy-of-iii-v-zinc-blende-semiconductors-on-nanopatterned-substrates",totalDownloads:1563,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last decade, zinc blende structure III–V semiconductors have been increasingly utilized for the realization of high‐performance optoelectronic applications because of their tunable bandgaps, high carrier mobility and the absence of piezoelectric fields. However, the integration of III–V devices on the Si platform commonly used for CMOS electronic circuits still poses a challenge, due to the large densities of mismatch‐related defects in heteroepitaxial III–V layers grown on planar Si substrates. A promising method to obtain thin III–V layers of high crystalline quality is the growth on nanopatterned substrates. In this approach, defects can be effectively eliminated by elastic lattice relaxation in three dimensions or confined close to the substrate interface by using aspect‐ratio trapping masks. As a result, an etch pit density as low as 3.3 × 105 cm−2 and a flat surface of submicron GaAs layers have been accomplished by growth onto a SiO2 nanohole film patterned Si(001) substrate, where the threading defects are trapped at the SiO2 mask sidewalls. An open issue that remains to be resolved is to gain a better understanding of the interplay between mask shape, growth conditions and formation of coalescence defects during mask overgrowth in order to achieve thin device quality III–V layers.",signatures:"Thomas Riedl and Jörg K.N. Lindner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54765",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54765",authors:[{id:"196852",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Riedl",slug:"thomas-riedl",fullName:"Thomas Riedl"},{id:"197870",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg K.N.",surname:"Lindner",slug:"jorg-k.n.-lindner",fullName:"Jörg K.N. Lindner"}],corrections:null},{id:"54687",title:"Surface Modification of III-V Compounds Substrates for Processing Technology",doi:"10.5772/67916",slug:"surface-modification-of-iii-v-compounds-substrates-for-processing-technology",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductor materials became a part of nowadays life due to useful applications caused by characteristic properties as variable conductivity and sensitivity to light or heat. Electrical properties of a semiconductor can be modified by doping or by the application of electric fields or light; and from this view, devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification or energy conversion. The compound semiconductor materials from III-V class experienced a qualitative leap from promising potential to nowadays technologic environment. The III-V semiconductor compounds are the material bases for electronic and optoelectronic devices such as high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT), bipolar heterostructure transistors, IR light-emitting diodes, heterostructure lasers, Gunn diodes, Schottky devices, photodetectors, and heterostructure solar cells for terrestrial and spatial operating conditions. Among III-V semiconductor compounds, gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium antimonide (GaSb) are of special interest as a substrate material due to the lattice parameter match to solid solutions (ternary and quaternary) whose band gaps cover a wide spectral range from 0.8 to 4.3 μm in the case of GaSb. The solid/solid interfaces could play a key part in the development of microelectronic device technology. In most of the cases, the initial surface of III-V compounds exposed to laboratory conditions is covered usually with native oxide layers. Various techniques for performing the surface cleaning process are used, e.g., controlled chemical etching, in situ ion sputtering, coupled with controlled annealing in vacuum and often these classic techniques are combined in order to prepare an eligible semiconductor surface to be exposed to a technological device chain. The evolution of surface native oxides in different cleaning procedures and the characteristics of as-prepared semiconductor surface were investigated by modern surface investigation techniques, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) combined with electrical characterization. Surface preparation of semiconductors in particular for III-V compounds is a necessary requirement in device technology due to the existence of surface impurities and the presence of native oxides. The impurities can affect the adherence of ohmic and Schottky contacts and due to thermal decomposition of native oxides (e.g., GaSb) it also affect the interface metal/semiconductor. The practical experience reveals that the simple preparation of a surface is a nonrealistic expectation, i.e., surface preparation is a result of combined treatments, namely chemical etching and thermal treatment, ion beam sputtering and thermal reconstruction procedure.",signatures:"Rodica V. Ghita, Constantin Logofatu, Constantin-Catalin Negrila,\nLucian Trupina and Costel Cotirlan-Simioniuc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54687",authors:[{id:"50919",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodica V.",surname:"Ghita",slug:"rodica-v.-ghita",fullName:"Rodica V. Ghita"},{id:"197743",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",surname:"Trupina",slug:"lucian-trupina",fullName:"Lucian Trupina"},{id:"198134",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Logofatu",slug:"constantin-logofatu",fullName:"Constantin Logofatu"},{id:"198135",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin-Catalin",surname:"Negrila",slug:"constantin-catalin-negrila",fullName:"Constantin-Catalin Negrila"},{id:"198140",title:"Dr.",name:"Costel",surname:"Cotirlan-Simioniuc",slug:"costel-cotirlan-simioniuc",fullName:"Costel Cotirlan-Simioniuc"}],corrections:null},{id:"54581",title:"Nanoscaled Fluorescent Films and Layers for Detection of Environmental Pollutants",doi:"10.5772/67869",slug:"nanoscaled-fluorescent-films-and-layers-for-detection-of-environmental-pollutants",totalDownloads:1798,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hazardous gas and ion pollutants are the most serious environmental problems around the world. It is of great importance to develop devices for easy detection of these hazardous substances. Fluorescence technology with high resolution and operational simplicity has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Organic fluorescent dyes absorb/emit lights within a broad wavelength range, which is suitable for various demands. Chromophores, such as perylene, cyanine dyes, spiropyran, and so on, are widely studied as fluorescent probes for gases and ions. The dyes could respond to external stimuli through structural changes of the conjugated chromophore itself or the attached functional groups, leading to detectable spectral changes. Organic dyes are incorporated into nanoscaled films and layers, which are portable and durable for effective sensing in complex environments. In this chapter, preparation and application of fluorescent films and layers (FFL) for gaseous/ionic detection are reviewed. We discuss the response mechanism of fluorescent dyes, the fabrication of nanoscaled FFL, and some examples of FFL for the detection of gas and ion pollutants.",signatures:"Meizhen Yin and Chendong Ji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54581",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54581",authors:[{id:"197509",title:"Prof.",name:"Meizhen",surname:"Yin",slug:"meizhen-yin",fullName:"Meizhen Yin"},{id:"200372",title:"Mr.",name:"Chendong",surname:"Ji",slug:"chendong-ji",fullName:"Chendong Ji"}],corrections:null},{id:"54290",title:"Mechanical Nanoprocessing and Nanoviscoelasticity of Surface- Modified Polycarbonate",doi:"10.5772/67512",slug:"mechanical-nanoprocessing-and-nanoviscoelasticity-of-surface-modified-polycarbonate",totalDownloads:1283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To clarify their potential as atomic force microscope (AFM) memory media, the nanometer‐scale mechanical processing properties of untreated and fluorocarbon plasma‐treated polycarbonate samples were determined via the sliding of an AFM tip. The surface energy of the polycarbonate was reduced by the fluorocarbon plasma treatment, as well as the force necessary for processing. Nanometer‐scale precise processing of the polycarbonate was realized after the fluorocarbon plasma treatment, and the interval pitch in the formation of lines, spaces, and nanometer‐scale fine dots was minimized to 60 nm with these samples. The viscoelastic properties of the fluorinated polycarbonate were evaluated using an AFM in force modulation mode. The fluorocarbon plasma treatment reduced the friction force of the polycarbonate sample and improved its wear resistance, which caused the friction durability corresponding to the reliability of data reproduction to be markedly improved. These results show that high‐density recording can be realized by nanometer‐scale processing of fluorocarbon plasma‐treated polycarbonate samples.",signatures:"Shojiro Miyake and Mei Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54290",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54290",authors:[{id:"22097",title:"Dr.",name:"Mei",surname:"Wang",slug:"mei-wang",fullName:"Mei Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54966",title:"Green Intelligent Nanomaterials by Design (Using Nanoparticulate/2D-Materials Building Blocks) Current Developments and Future Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68434",slug:"green-intelligent-nanomaterials-by-design-using-nanoparticulate-2d-materials-building-blocks-current",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Feasibility of designing and synthesizing ‘smart’ and ‘intelligent’ materials using nanostructured building blocks has been examined here based on the current status of the progress made in this context. The added advantages of using 2D layered/nonlayered materials along with phytosomal species derived from natural plants are highlighted with special reference to their better programmability along with minimum toxicity in biomedical applications. The current developments taking place in their upscaled productions are also included while assessing their upcoming industrial usages in diverse fields.",signatures:"Dinesh Kumar and Shamim Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54966",authors:[{id:"196523",title:"Dr.",name:"Shamim",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"shamim-ahmad",fullName:"Shamim Ahmad"},{id:"205981",title:"Prof.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"dinesh-kumar",fullName:"Dinesh Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"54751",title:"Molybdenum Disulfide-Based Photocatalysis:Bulk-to-Single Layer Structure and Related Photomechansim for Environmental Applications",doi:"10.5772/67825",slug:"molybdenum-disulfide-based-photocatalysis-bulk-to-single-layer-structure-and-related-photomechansim-",totalDownloads:2005,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bulk-to-single layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is widely used as a robust candidate for photodegradation of organic pollutants, hydrogen production, and CO2 reduction. This material features active edge sites and narrow band gap features, which are useful for generating reactive species in aqueous suspensions. However, the high-charge carrier recombination, photocorrosion, unstable sulfide state, and formation of Mo-S-O links during photocatalytic reactions limit its applicability. Thus, research has focused on improving the performance of MoS2 by tailoring its bulk-to-single layer structure and combining it with other semiconductor materials to improve the photocatalytic performance. Different strategies have been successfully applied to enhance the photocatalytic activity of MoS2, including tailoring of the surface morphology, formation of heterojunctions with other semiconductors, doping, and modification with excess sulfur or carbon nanostructures. This review describes the influence of starting precursors, sulfur sources, and synthetic methods to obtain heterostructured morphologies and study their impact on the photocatalytic efficiency. Finally, the relevance of crystal facets and defects in photocatalysis is outlined. Future applications of MoS2 with tailoring and tuning physicochemical properties are highlighted.",signatures:"Surya Veerendra Prabhakar Vattikuti and Chan Byon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54751",authors:[{id:"196995",title:"Prof.",name:"S V Prabhakar",surname:"Vattikuti",slug:"s-v-prabhakar-vattikuti",fullName:"S V Prabhakar Vattikuti"},{id:"199682",title:"Prof.",name:"Chan",surname:"Byon",slug:"chan-byon",fullName:"Chan Byon"}],corrections:null},{id:"54449",title:"Advance in Tribology Study of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers",doi:"10.5772/67571",slug:"advance-in-tribology-study-of-polyelectrolyte-multilayers",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This review introduced the preparation and structural characterization of polyelectrolyte multilayers in recent years and also summarized the tribology research progress of the polyelectrolyte multilayers, including tribological properties, surface adhesion characteristics, and wear resistance properties. Statistics analysis indicated that nanoparticles‐doped polyelectrolyte multilayers present better friction and wear performance than pristine polyelectrolyte multilayers. Furthermore, the in situ growth method resulted in improved structural order of nanoparticles composite molecular deposition film. In situ nanoparticles not only reduced the molecular deposition film surface adhesion force and friction force but also significantly improved the life of wear resistance. That was due to the nanoparticles that possessed a good load‐carrying capacity and reduced the mobility of the polymer‐chain segments, which can undergo reversible shear deformation. Based on this, further research direction of in situ nanoparticles molecular deposition film was proposed.",signatures:"Yanbao Guo and Deguo Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54449",authors:[{id:"196649",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanbao",surname:"Guo",slug:"yanbao-guo",fullName:"Yanbao Guo"},{id:"197584",title:"Prof.",name:"Deguo",surname:"Wang",slug:"deguo-wang",fullName:"Deguo Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54123",title:"Thermal Radiative Wavelength Selectivity of Nanostructured Layered Media",doi:"10.5772/67395",slug:"thermal-radiative-wavelength-selectivity-of-nanostructured-layered-media",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermal radiative transport yields unique thermal characteristics of microscopic thin films—wavelength selectivity. This chapter focuses on a methodology about adjusting the wavelength selectivity of thin films embedded with nanoparticles in the far‐field and near‐field regimes. For nanostructured layered media doped with nanoparticles, Maxwell‐Garnett‐Mie theory is applied to determine the effective dielectric function for the calculation of radiative thermal transport. The thermal radiative wavelength selectivity can be affected by volume fraction and/or the size of the embedded nanoparticles in thin films. To characterize wavelength selectivity and optical property of nanostructured materials, both real and imaginary parts of effective refractive index need to be analyzed. It has been shown that the nanoparticles made of polar or metallic materials have different influence on thermal radiative wavelength selectivity of microscopic thin films.",signatures:"Yi Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54123",authors:[{id:"197058",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yi-zheng",fullName:"Yi Zheng"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7194",title:"Methods for Film Synthesis and Coating Procedures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0278e5a9a9d429a23692d1ce9bae2c2c",slug:"methods-for-film-synthesis-and-coating-procedures",bookSignature:"László Nánai, Aneeya Samantara, László Fábián and Satyajit Ratha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61978",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",surname:"Nanai",slug:"laszlo-nanai",fullName:"Laszlo Nanai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional 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\r\n\tCreativity is the most expressive human behaviour. The purpose of this book is to demonstrate what can people do with their minds to develop creative attitude and, simultaneously, induce people in their practice for it to become a way of life, be it in the work environment, dealing with organizations or other environments like scholar institutions, social associations, playful environments, etc.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book hopes to inspire readers to act in a creative way, to develop their imagination, to gain power to win challenges, and to be creative and more decided in solving problems in all aspects of life. Finally, through critical positive research on this matter, the book aims to include topics on future creative demands, using technologies, virtual reality, and other possibilities that guarantee a more promising and creative future.
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He develops research at CEG-IST/ULisboa and the Project Management Research Group of the Informatics Centre/UFPE (Recife, PE, Brazil).\r\nCreator of HumanSysPA – Human Systematic Perfor",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",middleName:"Da Rocha",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9HrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-04-25T07:50:04.png",biography:"Sílvio Brito obtained a degree in Human Resources Management and Work Psychology from the Higher Institute of Languages and Administration (ISLA), Portugal. He has a master\\'s degree in Management (Organizational Behaviour) from Lusíada University, Portugal, and a PhD in Psychology from the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is a scientific editor and reviewer for several journals and books. 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Man-hour and production time are no longer optimized and maximized as mean time between failure and mean time to repair decreases and increases, respectively. The consequence of this frequent failure has not only led to losses but also affected compromise of standards, product dimensions and products’ integrity.
\nIn general, the goal of maintenance is to eliminate or to avoid unnecessary or unplanned downtime due to failure. Maintenance activities can influence the entire manufacturing/production operation, from product quality to on-time delivery records and its effect on the environment. Good maintenance practices can cut production costs immensely, whereas poor maintenance procedures can cost a company millions of dollars to effect repairs and correct poor quality and production lost. In the bid to correct and reduce this menace, a good sustainable maintenance strategy and practice needs to be adopted. This assertion may lead to the question of asking ‘why sustainable maintenance practices and not just maintenance practice?’
\nAccording to Jawahir [1], Sustainability is ‘
Having established the definition of sustainable maintenance, there is need to discuss the elements of sustainable maintenance practices, skills and strategies (and this is showcased in Section 1.1). Section 1.2 discusses the various maintenance strategies that are practicable, whereas selection guidelines for sustainable monitoring programme for machinery are discussed in Section 1.3. Maintenance model formulation for different manufacturing methods at varying competitive environment is being addressed in Section 1.4. Sections 1.5–1.7 explain the steps for improving sustainable maintenance plan, the skills required by ‘maintenance engineer to be’ in maintaining sustainability objectives and conclusion, respectively.
\nThe elements of sustainable maintenance practices are shown in Figure 1. They are divided into two groups. The four factors painted in green colour, namely: machine records keeping; diagnostic techniques; prognostic techniques; and machine condition monitoring techniques are the tooling dependent factors. Whereas the three factors painted in orange colour, namely: environmental impact; machines functionality; and manufacturability are the informative factors whose parameters and information are needed by dependent factors to provide decision and direction on actions needed to be taken on machinery to effect maintenance activity.
\nThe elements of sustainable maintenance practices.
Mathematically, if sustainable maintenance practice is tagged with acronym (SMP), then the connecting equation expressing the SMP is given in Eq. (1)
\nwhere M is the machine records keeping, D is diagnostic technique, P stands for prognostic technique and C is the machine condition monitoring technology. F, M and E are acronyms for machines functionality, manufacturability and environmental impact, respectively. These factors are as explained in the preceding subheadings. The four factors in green boxes are inherent and internal factors associated with data keeping, whereas the other three factors in orange boxes are external factors imposed on the machines due to demand pressure and rivalry competitions that may arise in the course of production which will in one way or the other affect the machinery functionalities.
\nThe three machine records keeping approaches to look at in this chapter are preventive maintenance visit check time schedule; maintenance log book and repair report. These three samples, which are explicit to understand, are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
\nName of components | \nPeriods of activities carried out (weeks) | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n|
Electric Motor-1 | \nABL | \nABL | \nABCL | \nABL | \nABL | \nABCL | \nABL | \nABL | \nABCL | \n
Belt 1 | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \n
Belt 2 | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \nA | \n
Gearbox-1 | \nABL | \nABDL | \nABL | \nABL | \nABDL | \nABL | \nABL | \nABDL | \nABL | \n
Bearings | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \nAB | \n
Crusher plates | \nAW | \nABW | \nAB | \nABCW | \nABC | \nABC | \nABC | \nABC | \nAB | \n
Example of a simple preventive maintenance schedule.
A = visual check, D = lubrication analysis, B = temperature check, L = lubrication check only, C = vibration check, W = wear check.
The basic maintenance diagnostic tools based on the signal time series and time series analysis theory are machinery data acquisition, data processing, maintenance decision making, pseudo-phase portrait, singular spectrum analysis, wavelet transform and correlation dimension [4].
\nLubrication monitoring
Lubrication monitoring is a tool for condition monitoring meant to reduce friction and wear between machine component parts with relative motion. Such component parts include gears, bearing and hydraulic systems. The substance used in achieving this is called the lubricant. The use of appropriate or recommended lubricant either by manufacturer or maintenance experts plays a vital role in machinery sustenance. The choice of right lubricant will not only reduce wear from the machine but also convey off wear debris from the component parts if and when it occurs.
Vibration monitoring
This deals with the measurement of vibrations generated in machinery by its dynamic components. On a general note, rotating machinery is characterized by vibration pattern in a repeated manner intermittently. The intermittent or periodic pattern of signal from the machine forms the basis for monitoring because examination can be done on either at off-load or on-load. Therefore, the outcome from the vibration analysis will form or give basic information about the mechanical condition of the machine being monitored.
Thermal monitoring
The need for thermal monitoring arises due to increased temperature that machines do experience at their surface. According to Okah-Avae [5], there are associated faults or flaws that are linked to temperature rise in machinery. Hence, the need for its monitoring. Thermal monitoring technique helps in determining the health and performance probity of machinery. Its measurement and analysis techniques include the use of thermal imaging camera; surface contact sensors (thermistors or thermocouple sensors); radiation sensors (radiation pyrometers) and surface temperature indicators. When suitable sensor is used at either on-load or off-load on the equipment or machine to be monitored, there will be corresponding temperature read out indicating the thermal signature of temperature distribution of the equipment. This outcome will form based on which inference can be drawn about the behaviour of the equipment.
Visual inspection
This is critical appraisal or examination of equipment or machinery either in use or not in use visually. When machines are being used, there is possibility that incipient fault (fault that is not temperature or vibration based) may arise calling for its immediate attention and rectification. Through visual inspection, such faults are being addressed. Example of visual inspection includes routine check-up, machine examination before being used, just to mention a few.
Operational dynamics analysis
This is similar to visual inspection, but it is majorly meant to ascertain if design specification matches with equipment supplied or received at the shop floor.
Electrical monitoring
This entails regular checking of electrical parts and components such as main cable of power supply of the machine (to guard against disconnection or partial contact); switches; electric motor (checking against motor flux leakage) and input voltage (confirming if it is in line with recommended voltage), so as ensure operational probity. Other critical issues aimed at correcting under electrical monitoring are identification of poor connection, isolation of faulty isolators and guarding against overloading.
Failure analysis
The underlying principle of machine condition monitoring tools lies on failure determination and how it can be avoided. Failure analysis is based on the processed retrieved data through the use of model and submodel criteria trained to establish why, when and how failed components could be corrected and avoided in the future.
The technical know-how of any maintenance manager on the above factors will assist in his choice of maintenance strategy formulation in proffering the most sustaining practice. Various maintenance strategies are being discussed in Section 1.2.
\nMaintenance strategies can be categorized into four major types:
\nReactive/corrective/breakdown maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Improvement or design-out maintenance and
Terotechnology maintenance strategy
Preventive maintenance can be subdivided into two major types, namely:
\nPeriodic maintenance
Predictive maintenance
These periodic and predictive maintenance are well subdivided into two types each as shown in Figure 1. The periodic maintenance is divided into routine and scheduled maintenance, whereas the predictive maintenance is divided into condition monitor maintenance and condition-based preventive maintenance [5].
\nFigure 2 shows the three broad categories plus terotechnology, which is the latest development in maintenance engineering. Preventive maintenance is being split into two subcategories. All the seven categories have been arranged in progressive order of effectiveness in terms of scientific value, colour coding and cost of such a maintenance programme. Although design-out maintenance and terotechnology maintenance strategies have (same) green colour, it is an indication that the practice is efficient, safe and mostly equal in its service delivery to the upkeep of plant. These strategies shall be briefly discussed in the order at which they are spelt out in Figure 2.
\nModified maintenance strategies indicating ascending order of technology effectiveness [
This is also termed to be
Preventive maintenance is hinged on activities put in-place prior to machinery breakdown or failure of its component parts. It is aimed at ensuring smooth production/machine running that will lead to high product quality and minimal or zero (0) % materials wastage. Production systems repaired or maintenance are scheduled or planned regularly at set interval of time. It uses the tools of condition monitoring where critical component parts are being monitored [7].
\nPreventive maintenance can be subdivided into periodic and predictive maintenance. These subgroups can be further subdivided into routine and scheduled maintenance and condition monitor (or condition monitoring) and on-condition maintenance, respectively.
\nPredictive maintenance is a maintenance practice aimed at predicting the performance behaviour of machinery and their component parts in order to take necessary steps in averting the occurrence of intending and incipient failures and breakdown and its consequences. It uses prognosis tools principle as basis for its operation which is based on monitoring the equipment’s condition.
\nPredictive maintenance allows failures to be forecasted through analysis of the equipment’s condition. Thus, it ensures high service. Its analysis is generally conducted through some forms of trending on parameters like vibration, temperature, noise/acoustic sound and lubricant/oil flow in the machinery.
\nCondition monitor maintenance is a self-scheduled, machine-cued predictive maintenance that is based on the periodic, and sometimes continuous, measurement of one or several parameters of condition in an equipment such that a significant change is indicative of a developing failure. Examples are measurement of the viscosity of engine oil in a working machine or the amplitude of vibration of rotating machinery. The evolution of these parameters is considered to be representative of the actual condition of the machine. However, a deviation from a reference value (e.g. temperature, viscosity or vibration amplitude) must occur to identify impending damages. In failure detection, the emphasis is on inspection and test because that is the best way to determine whether warning signs of impending failure are occurring. In order for condition monitoring to be effective, the failure must not be catastrophic. The pay-off from inspection is best with a slow wear-out situation
\nMaintenance carried out in response to a significant deterioration in a plant unit as indicated by a change in a monitored parameter of the unit condition or performance is called condition-based maintenance. It uses the machine condition monitoring tools discussed in Section 1.1. vis-à-vis: vibration monitoring tools, thermal monitoring tools, sound monitoring tools, acoustic emission monitoring tool, shock pulse monitoring tools, strain load monitoring tool, lubricant monitoring tools, corrosion monitoring tools, crack detection tools, ultrasonic tools and flux monitoring tools. All these aimed at giving: good indication whenever machine is running smoothly and efficiently or otherwise for failed condition; giving early sign of warning when fault is noticed and providing diagnoses for developed faults.
\nConsidering scientific values and overall cost implication, design-out maintenance is the most effective maintenance strategy to be embarked on. It aims at eliminating the effect of failure. The design-out maintenance approach initiates learning system, which collects and provides information on maintenance problems as a feedback loop to design.
\nDesign-out maintenance is usually a phenomenon for areas of high maintenance cost resulting from poor design or operating outside initial design specifications. In a nut-shell, design-out maintenance is to pre-act to eliminate failure instead of reacting to failure [5].
\nTerotechnology is the technology of installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and feedback to design of plan, machinery and installation. Figure 3 shows various stages of an equipment life cycle and the role of terotechnology.
\nAdapted role of terotechnology in equipment life cycle [
At design stage, terotechnology concentrates on reliability and maintainability factors, which should be considered in relation to equipment performance, capital, running costs and environmental influence. At manufacture, it concentrates on quality control and design fault detection. While at installation, it focuses on maintainability as the multi-dimensional nature of most of the anticipated maintenance problems (mainly on logistics) begin to clarify. During operation of machines, the technology establishes a learning system, which is to collect and provide information on maintenance problems with a view to improving the design to eliminate or reduce maintenance cost.
\nIn order to aid the readers/maintenance engineers understanding on how to know the suitable maintenance practice to adopt for any given machinery, a broad category of machinery classification is made as critical, major support and minor support. Possible failure results associated with these machineries are proposed with possible parameters to use in monitoring their behaviour. Also, the level of monitoring programmes that are needed to be put in place for their sustainability is proffered as contained in Figure 4.
\nRe-modified application guide model for machinery condition monitoring [
For example, critical machinery with 100% production loss can be maintained by observing and monitoring the following parameters: vibration, oil lubricant, thermal behaviour or any specialized method using permanent on-line monitoring technique, spectral analysis, trend monitoring and computerized analysis, whereas minor support machinery with no production loss would not call for any condition monitoring attention. If it is called, it is an indication that the manufacturing enterprise is at the verge of incurring resources waste, which will no more be classified as sustainable manufacturing and maintenance practice.
\nAnother comprehensive approach to matching of maintenance strategies based on manufacturing functionality is given in Table 4. Here, some manufacturing methods are highlighted with their appropriate suggested maintenance strategies.
\nS/N | \nManufacturing functionality/description | \nMaintenance practice description | \nReferences for explicit study | \n
---|---|---|---|
1. | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[8] | \n
2. | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[9] | \n
3. | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[6] | \n
4 | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[10] | \n
5 | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[11] | \n
6 | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[12] | \n
7 | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n[13] | \n
Suggested sustainable maintenance approaches based on manufacturing functionality.
This subsection discusses modelling as part of tools that serve as indicator that could help indicating what is required to be done. Briefly, two scenarios in the use of models shall be looked into by considering some parameters on environmental impact such as demand, competition, cost and age-based policy on single component.
\nAdeyeri et al. [14] and Adeyeri and Kareem [6] formulated models that could assist in industrial decision making by considering the competitiveness of products and the number of manufacturers involved in producing such product(s). The model formulated is vast in predicting and matching the type of manufacturing to use at varying demand levels of product and as well as establishing the maintenance practice to adopt in order to minimize resource wastage and inventory cost. Based on this, Table 5 gives the guide to how the prominent manufacturing practices, namely automated processes (AUTO), conventional process (CON) and just in-time manufacturing (JIT), can be married to the right maintenance activities under a varying market condition range of severity. The range of severity is a factor that determines whether to carryout preventive, breakdown and predictive maintenance, or their combination in group or not.
\nParameter definition on manufacturing production target setup, product demand and range of severity | \nThe suggested/preferred suitable maintenance practice to adopt | \nPreferred production method | \n
---|---|---|
Production output is less than demand with range of severity less than 0.5 | \nBreakdown maintenance coupled with opportunistic maintenance practices | \nAutomation manufacturing is more appropriate | \n
Production output is less than demand with range of severity greater than 0.5 | \nPreventive and dynamic maintenance are preferred | \nAutomation manufacturing is preferred | \n
Production output is greater than demand with range of severity less than 0.5 | \nBreakdown maintenance integrated with static grouping is preferred | \nConventional approach to manufacturing | \n
Production output is greater than demand with range of severity greater than 0.5 | \nPreventive and predictive maintenance are recommended | \nConventional approach to manufacturing | \n
Production output equals to demand with range of severity less than 0.5 | \nDynamic maintenance with opportunistic approach will do better | \nJust in-time approach is recommended | \n
Production output equals to demand with range of severity greater than 0.5 | \nOpportunistic or static maintenance strategy is preferred | \nJust in-time approach is recommended | \n
Suggested sustainable maintenance approaches based on production target setup and production approach.
Laggoune et al. [13] is known that if the corrective and preventive maintenance costs for a component i and its failure distribution established, the expected cost per unit time is expressed as the sum of the expected corrective and preventive costs divided by the expected cycle length.
\nWhere
The mono-component approach entails modelling failed components together according to their failure pattern and time. It gives precedence to their failure time knowing fully well that once a component fails it leads to the complete shutdown of the system. Equation (3) expresses the system replacement cycle to be [13]:
\nwhich makes the system total cost per time unit to be expressed as:
\nWhere \n
This maintenance plan seems to be sustainable if and only if the systems of same components with similar lifetime distribution [13].
\nManufacturing system on the basis of developmental growth was classified as mass manufacturing system, lean manufacturing, green manufacturing and sustainable manufacturing system [15]. They are characterized and identified by cost reduction policy; waste reduction strategies; environmental friendly encapsulated by reuse, reduce and recycle principles and innovative product phenomenon wrapped in remanufacturing, redesign, recover, recycle, reuse and reduce concepts [16]. A flowchart for choosing the best production system as well as the maintenance strategy sustainable by the chosen manufacturing system based on the consideration of set goals and parameters at which the manufacturer decides on is presented in Figure 5. On the basis of the flowchart explanation, assuming a manufacture has it in mind of having a manufacturing system that is environmentally inclined and can as well support the reuse, reduce and recycle (3R) principles, as the flowchart is initiated, the flowchart will suggest that the best manufacturing system suitable for the set goals is ‘green manufacturing matched with green maintenance practices’. After this, it will still be interested in knowing the outcome of the choice if indeed it is sustainably satisfactory after it has been implemented.
\nFlowchart for matching manufacturing system with maintenance strategy.
Having done all necessary activities in putting up a sustainable maintenance practice for any category of machineries, it is as well expedient to see the improvement of these maintenance plans. In view of this, Figure 6 shows the nine steps for improving any maintenance plan. The first three steps are referred to as the data acquisition cycle where process history and overall equipment effectiveness are being measured. The next four steps describe the equipment status cycle where critical assessment, appraisal of set out condition and refurbishment are being carried out. The last two steps centered on proactive measure cycle.
\nSteps for improving sustainable maintenance plan [
Skill is the safe technical know-how or hands-on ability to appropriate available technology in solving challenges within the limited available resources at zero level of materials and resources waste. The man behind the scene who will be able to appropriate all the aforementioned practices in this chapter must possess all the following skills and virtues. If any of these skills is missing, the sustainability goals will not be achieved.
\nThe chapter has established the major ingredients of sustainable maintenance practice, which is indeed novel, and as well established different groupings at which various manufacturing strategies could be matched with the best maintenance practice depending on the factor being considered. Also, the proposed sustainable maintenance prediction algorithm plan has richly provided the platform on which the best maintenance strategy could be practiced at minimal cost and reduced waste level under a competitive business world. The chapter has also assisted in viewing sustainable manufacturing practices from the angle of manufacturing functionality machinery classification and the industrial growth perspective. All these three categories of production or manufacturing strategies were all matched with the best sustainable maintenance practices. The system component policy models have laid foundation for robust replacement plan and holistic maintenance practice. Therefore, the maintenance plan if followed dogmatically with high sense of expertize has the potential for substantially reducing the operating costs and for increasing corporate profit by increasing availability and production. In addition, successful implementation of this instructive methodology will reduce wastages, eliminate machine downtime, increase machines performance with improved functionality of parts thereby providing maximum usability and reusability of parts/components and thus increase the machine optimal functionality and efficiency.
\nThere seems to be a dearth in the generation of theories in the education phenomenon despite the large volumes of educational research that scholars have produced [1, 2]. The “intellectuals” generally take recourse to technicist education, which is characterized by the overreliance on technical rationality. The practitioners consider what was discovered by renowned academics to be the effective panacea to all academic ills even in situations that are apparently diverse. There is a tendency to apply the all-size-fits-all approach. The education practitioners are thus involved in miseducative practices which make the learners unaware pawns in written theories [3]. The teacher, education practitioners, both lecturers, and mentors lack knowledge about action research to the extent that they eschew it. Consequently, they adversely affect the life-long professional development of the teacher education students. The student should learn how to acquire procedural knowledge through action research.
This chapter aims at providing insights into the precipitation of agoraphobic dispositions when teacher education students are exposed to action research. The chapter is hinged on an empirical study with some teacher education students. For the clarification of issues that are in the discourse, firstly there are explications of critical concepts. The informants’ (teacher education students’) verbatim responses are then used to substantiate some viewpoints in the discourse.
At Columbia University in the United States of America, action research was formally introduced by Stephen Cory in teacher education in the 1950s [4]. Cory as a staunch advocate of action research postulated;
We are convinced that the disposition to study … the consequences of our own teaching is more likely to change and improve our practices than is reading about what someone else has discovered of his teaching.
Cory was emphasizing on the essence of action research as far as theories can be generated by the practitioners themselves. He was encouraging the education practitioners to embrace action research as it could liberate them from the academic slavery of technical rationality and systematicity. When action research was introduced in the United States of America, it was branded to be riddled with more vices than virtues [4]. In the 1970s, there was a revival of action research and educators questioned the applicability of conventional research that was grounded in positivism in generating solutions to educational problems. Some critical education practitioners postulated that conventional research was too theoretical and too general and thus not grounded on practice [5].
The renaissance of action research in the USA came with so much vigor that it was considered to be synonymous with professional development. The importance of action research was explained;
Action research is considered a requisite for professional development. The practitioner who embarks on action research is actively involved in the creation of knowledge about how to improve practice.
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder that is manifested by a person in situations that are perceived to be unsafe for the well-being of that person. It develops when one thinks that the immanent situation is potentially prone to causing feelings of entrapment, helplessness, or embarrassment. In other words, agoraphobia is the fear of situations that are suspected to cause estrangement or embarrassment. The person affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations [6, 7]. Agoraphobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment. In most cases, the person who experiences agoraphobia avoids the situations and stays in the comfort of his/her safe haven [8]. Due to agoraphobic dispositions, some people refuse to leave their old practices even when the old practices are no longer valuable because the fear of being outside of their comfort areas is too great.
Agoraphobic dispositions are habits of the mind or tendencies to be apprehensive of some situations [9]. Being habits of the mind, agoraphobic dispositions are precipitated by some experiences. Experience is the conscious involvement of a person in a situation or event which requires that one thinks, feels, does, and concludes at the time or immediately thereafter [10]. It is given meaning and value when one does some reflections, that is when one recaptures his or her experience, thinks about it, mulls it over, and evaluates. Thus an experience shapes one’s perceptions. The definition of perception is given as;
Thus, perception is the viewpoint of an individual that was developed through interaction with the environment in particular situations. Through perception, the respondent gains information about properties and elements of the situation, which are critical to his or her survival [12]. The nexus between conception and experiences conjures up praxis.
Praxis is about action informed by theory and the construction of theory from practice. The contemporary conception of praxis was developed from the conception of the ancient Greek philosophers who considered it as human action in the natural and social world [13]. Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, considered praxis as transformative and emphasized on the prominence of action over thought [14, 15]. Thus, according to him, praxis is a goal-directed action. The conception has since been developed to refer to the enactment or embodiment of theory. The worthiness of the theory was determined by the extent to which it could be put into practice for the transformation of the natural and social terrain.
In the education realm, praxis is realized through the cyclical process of experiential learning that was propounded by David Kolb [16]. In other words, praxis is also considered as reflection and action focused on critical consciousness of the oppressive structures [17]. The philosophy of praxis is emancipatory since it is antithetical to one-sided counterfeit venerations of reasoning that are rampant in spheres of life like religion and intellectualism [18].
Praxis is about philosophical discourses that consider the close intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism. In other words, praxis involves knowing, acting, and reasoning [19]. In praxis, reflection is the nodal point between theory and action. Reflection makes theory valuable by enabling its contextual embodiment. On the other hand, reflection provides rationality for action. Thus in praxis, the reality is interacted with consciously with the express purpose of transforming it for the improvement of the natural and social world [20, 21].
Action research is a mode of research in the quest for the requisite attitudes, knowledge, and skills about how to improve one’s practice. The educator-researcher embarks on research to improve the self in terms of teaching skills, techniques, and strategies. The value of action research is in the change that occurs in everyday classroom practice. Action research can be viewed as a tool for classroom practice reforms [4].
Action research is defined as;
Thus action research is a requisite research strategy that should be employed by educators when they are learning to solve contextual problems in their working environments [23]. The educator develops introspection and is not susceptible to externalization of teaching-learning problems. Thus the essence of action research is to improve on own practice which is tantamount to sustainable professional development [24]. Action to improve on practice is connected to research. Thus research and action are done simultaneously [25].
The teacher education learners’ perceptions and experiences were empirically explored by employing the qualitative research approach. The focus was on the generation of verbal data, which were about the descriptions of the learners’ perceptions of and meanings that they gave to experiences with action research. Thus the paradigm that guided the empirical part of the chapter is hermeneutical phenomenology. The essence of hermeneutical phenomenology is to interpret the lived experiences of the informants [26, 27, 28, 29]. The data were generated through in-depth interviews which were carried out one-on-one with 16 teacher education learners. The informants were purposively selected after they had abandoned the action research, which they had initially chosen. The interview questions were pilot-tested on four teacher education learners who had attributes similar to the sampled learners. The data generated from the pilot test were judged to be trustworthy and then the interview questions were presented to the informants whose gender data are presented in the Table 1.
Informant | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Informant 1 | X | |
Informant 2 | X | |
Informant 3 | X | |
Informant 4 | X | |
Informant 5 | X | |
Informant 6 | X | |
Informant 7 | X | |
Informant 8 | X | |
Informant 9 | X | |
Informant 10 | X | |
Informant 11 | X | |
Informant 12 | X | |
Informant 13 | X | |
Informant 14 | X | |
Informant 15 | X | |
Informant 16 | X |
Informants’ bio-data.
The interviews carried out were audio-taped so as not to miss any data that were generated. The data were then transcribed and analyzed by employing the thematic approach. The data were coded according to themes that were identified and scrutinized for intra-coder consistency through reflexive, critical, and rigorous thinking guided by the Johnson-Christensen method. Thus the teacher education learners’ verbatim perceptions and experiences were categorized into themes that gave meaning to the prevailing situation [30, 31, 32].
Agoraphobia is the condition where sufferers become anxious in unfamiliar situations or when they perceive that they have little knowledge about a situation is precipitated by some experiences [33]. Informant 1 met with experiences that precipitate agoraphobic dispositions. He posited:
Similar experiences were met with by informant 2 who stated:
Action research is denigrated by some education practitioners. The denigration is miseducative and causes agoraphobic dispositions toward action research. In formant 3 postulated,
The condemnation of action research was corroborated by informant 4 who posited:
Further corroborative remarks were given by informant 5 who claimed:
The stage of action research non-acceptance in education that was explained by the teacher education learners was once experienced in the USA in the 1950s. Action research was attacked as being unscientific, a bit more than common sense, and an amateur’s work [4]. The attack was exacerbated by the increased interest in positivist inquiry during that era. The academics exalted positivism to utopian levels of objectivity and verifiability. To some extent the situation experienced by the teacher education, students could be worse off since some influential education practitioners are skeptical about the essence of action research.
Action research is surrounded by skepticism since most of the teacher educators did not formally study action research but the traditional conventional research. Informant 6 explained how she developed agoraphobic dispositions towards action research;
Further remarks were given by informant 7 who asserted:
In the same line of experiences, informant 8 gave the remarks;
Some teacher educators are not well versed in both declarative and procedural knowledge about action research. Such a situation leads them to the conservatism of their traditional research orientations and vilifications of action research. Lack of adequate knowledge of academic issues evokes some agoraphobic dispositions towards that issue. The dispositions are latent in some teacher educators when they insidiously discourage teacher education students to undertake action research. Thus the action research supervisors have an influence on the perceptions and experiences of students in action research.
In academia the separation of theory from practice makes the practitioners of education lose touch with reality. Detachment from reality begets alienation which according to Marx is the estrangement of learners from their experiential realities [35] which could subsequently cause the development of agoraphobic dispositions. The panacea to alienation is praxis which is conceptualized as the action and reflection upon the world in order to transform it [17]. Thus, the theory is used in studying the word and action uses the studied ‘word’ to interact meaningfully with the world. On the other hand, interaction with the world begets the generation of the meaningful ‘word’. Thus the word-world gulf is closed by the philosophy of praxis.
Informant 9 explained some experiences that lacked praxis and were causing agoraphobic dispositions;
Praxis is regarded as the only philosophy that is based on practice [36]. It is concerned with practical reasoning which is reasoning about what should be rather than what is there in real- life experiences.
The teacher should forever be a student [17]. There should never be a time of complacency and feelings of omnipotence in education since society is never at stasis. The teacher education student should always be learning how to learn in order to be an effective educator. Learning how to learn is
Learning is a pedagogical activity that focuses on the acquisition of requisite skills, knowledge, and attitudes for sustainable interaction with the environment. Learning cannot take place without a bearing on the contextual realities of life. If there was an instrument that measures the extent of learning (learnometer) it was supposed to focus on how the acquired attributes can be put into practice. The teacher education learner shows that learning would have taken place if he or she is in a position to embody the learned theories and discover their contextual virtues and vices. This can be shown when one embarks on participatory action research, which has an emphasis on reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action.
In pedagogical situations, there are some pseudo-learning activities which among others are; memorizing, cramming, mimicking, plagiarizing, and reciting. These activities lack reflection but are often confused with the learning activity by most education practitioners and learners. Informant 10 exposed how he developed agoraphobic dispositions from colleagues who had not been exposed to
Situation bereft of context-based learning.
Agoraphobic tendencies could be precipitated when pedagogical situations are bereft of context-based learning (CBL) scenarios. The CBL scenarios are efficacious since they make references to the use of real-life examples in teaching-learning situations. Thus the learners hinge learning on their practical experiences. The efficacy of the theories that are exposed to the learners should be tested against their lived experiences. Furthermore, practical experiences should help in the development of theories [37].
Informant 11 described a situation that was bereft of contextual learning, which precipitated an agoraphobic disposition in action research;
In 1896 John Dewey, the American pedagogue philosopher experimented on the efficacy of the first laboratory school [38]. The school was the first embodiment of praxis. Dewey wanted to show the intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism in the creation of knowledge. It was Dewey’s conviction that all ideas about education should be tested empirically in the laboratory (the classroom) and reflected upon to create contextual knowledge. Dewey’s praxis orientation can be considered contemporary action research [39]. Lack of proper awareness of the essence of action research exacerbated the development of agoraphobic dispositions towards action research. Informant 12 postulated;
The laboratory school was characterized by the experimentation of teaching-learning ideas and practices. The other issue focused on by the laboratory school was the relevance of the curriculum content in solving the problems experienced by the learners and society at large [40]. Taking from Dewey’s laboratory school, contemporary teacher education should discourage the practice of traditional education that is characterized by the regurgitation of facts given by the ‘educator’ or found in textbooks or the internet. The teacher education students should be encouraged to be creators of knowledge in the ‘laboratory’ which is the classroom.
The students who were exposed to monological teaching techniques are apprehensive of challenging the status quo in the acquisition of knowledge. Researching in teacher education has become confirmatory of the hunches of the renowned “educators.” Informant 13 exclaimed:
The informant had acquired the traits of a traditional teacher. When encountered by a problem, the traditional education-oriented learner ‘researches’ from the textbooks, or the internet when instead he or she is supposed to research with the learners focusing on the context of the learners he is teaching.
The other strategy that is followed by the traditional teacher education student is absolution. The student abstains from intervening in the problem and thinks that providential intervention would bring the solution. Informant 14 postulated:
The teacher education learner in a traditional education setup is by and large exposed to the acquisition of declarative knowledge which can also be referred to as descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, or “know that” knowledge. This type of knowledge focuses on specific facts [41]. It is content-based and could be associated with pseudo- learning activities such as cramming and memorization. Informant 15 described an agoraphobic situation derived from considering declarative knowledge on its own;
The implication is that declarative knowledge is not adequate for teacher education which requires the learner to be an effective facilitator of learning. The worthiness of declarative knowledge is realized when it provides insights into the contextual practicing of teaching. There should be a strong bond between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. The dearth of knowledge from experiences or practicing begets technical rationality [42].
One who succumbs to technical rationality relies on declarative knowledge which is acquired from external and secondary sources which are among others; teachers, textbooks, or the internet. The technical rationalist learner memorizes theories that he or she can hardly actualize or authenticate their efficacy in contextual situations. Informant 16 proclaimed;
Technical rationality is embedded in logical positivism since its adherents have the view that social reality is objective, measurable, explained in rational terms, and reflected upon in professionalization to enrich scientific problem-solving abilities [43]. The approach of technical rationality to problem-solving is linear since it purports that there is a systematic application of tried and tested solutions to some professional problems [44]. Thus technical rationality is employed by established professions in solving problems by considering concrete technical knowledge [45].
Technical rationality forecloses reflection-in-action for the creation of procedural knowledge. It also pertains more to the scientific and objectifiable manner in which knowledge should be obtained while reflection-in-action correlates more to the application of action that practitioners employ within their given professions to attain knowledge [43].
Procedural knowledge is concerned with the knowledge of how to perform a specific skill. It is also known as; practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, performative knowledge, or “knowing-how” knowledge [46]. The prime activity is practicing a skill that is focused on problem-solving in particular situations. Practicing and experiencing with reflection enhance the development of effective teaching skills [47]. In the context of the teacher education student, procedural knowledge about the skill of teaching is best developed when the student is oriented in action research which promotes practical and pragmatic rationality.
The teacher education learner as a practitioner should develop both practical and pragmatic rationality. Practical rationality is the substantiation of one’s knowledge anchored on one’s reflections on own experiences. In other words, practical rationality is the intellectual capacity for resolving a problem through reflection on the actions performed [48].
Practical rationality is closely related to pragmatic rationality which is now a contemporary educational value. This rationality is antithetical to the systematicity that is inherent in traditional education [48]. It makes reference to the results that are produced out of conscious action. Pragmatic rationality requires the practitioner to actively participate in making interventions to solve a problem. Subsequently, there should be reflections on the process adopted to come up with the desired results. Pragmatic rationality is realized by reflecting in action.
Schon is credited for integrating the role of science into professional practice and education through reflection-in-action [49]. Reflection-in-action entails active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further consequences to which it leads [1].
The employment of reflection-in-action in professional practice is characterized by the practitioner’s actions that show his/her desire to learn, obtain knowledge, and understand the situation that he/she works in [44]. Thus the practitioner reflects on phenomena and considers prior interpretations of knowledge that are understood and then employs this knowledge in the operation of generating new knowledge [50]. The theoretical framework in which reflection-in-action is found is reflective practice.
Reflective practice provides the anchorage for reflecting in- and on-action when being engaged in the process of continuous learning. Thus, the continuous reflection that the practitioner does on his or her own practice promotes lifelong learning. Reflective practice involves paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively [51]. From the definitions above, the prime rationale for reflective practice is that experience alone does not necessarily lead to professional development but the reflection on experience. Professional development does not come about with experience but is influenced by how one reflects on experience [52].
Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where people learn from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal learning or knowledge transfer [53]. Reflective practice is one of the most important sources of personal professional development and improvement. It is also an important way to bring together theory and practice. Through reflection a practitioner is able to see and label forms of thought and theory within the context of his or her work [54]. A practitioner who reflects throughout his or her practice does not merely review the past actions and events but makes conscious scrutiny of his or her emotions, experiences, actions, and responses to gain insights into his or her existing knowledge base so as to develop professionally [55].
The concept of reflective practice is now widely employed in the field of teacher education and teacher professional development and is the basis for many programs of initial teacher education [56]. The practitioner in education is expected to embrace reflective practice since it entails the process by which the practitioner studies his or her own teaching methods to discover the best practice of learning facilitation. It involves the consideration of the ethical consequences of classroom procedures on students [56, 57]. Reflective practice in education can be described as teacher metacognition [58].
The term reflective practice is complex since it incorporates a wide range of the practitioner’s metacognition of activities in teaching-learning situations. Teaching and learning are complex concepts, and there is no universally right approach since their effectiveness is contextual rather than global. Reflecting on different approaches to teaching, and reshaping the understanding of past and current experiences, will lead to improvement in teaching practices in particular contexts [53]. The practitioners can gain insights from Schon’s reflection-in-action since they can develop professional knowledge from their experiences in the classroom.
Reflection can be regarded as learning from experience and is paramount to the educator’s practice since it evokes awareness of being accountable. Without reflection, educators are not able to look objectively at their actions or take into account the emotions, experiences, or consequences of actions to improve their practice [59]. Through reflective practice, educators get engaged in continuous professional learning. The educators are conscientized on the essence of retrospection in their practices and reflect on how they support learners to achieve optimal learning outcomes.
Reflective practice moves teachers from their knowledge base of distinct skills to a stage in their careers where they are able to modify their skills to suit specific contexts and situations, and eventually invent new strategies [60]. Thus through reflective practice educators are able to develop themselves beyond existing theories in practice and become responsive to the dynamic environments of their day-to-day practices.
Agoraphobic dispositions in action research of the teacher education learners are precipitated by the miseducative experiences of the learners. The teacher education practitioners, the lecturers, and the mentors are the perpetrators of the miseducative experiences. They have a proclivity to traditional education, which in research emphasizes the traditional fundamental research at the expense of action research. The educators explicitly vilify action research. The learners though in the laboratory (classroom) are not encouraged to be creators of procedural knowledge. The learners are credited for exhibiting technical rationality which focuses only on the use of declarative knowledge. Instead, the learners should be encouraged to focus on practical and pragmatic rationality, which uses procedural knowledge created by them. The agoraphobic dispositions could easily be warded off when learners are exposed to
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The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. 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Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. 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It is a bidirectional relationship between a mentor and a mentee. Mentorship has consistently been shown to be beneficial for both the mentor and mentee, with the mentee gaining valuable skills in education, personal growth, and professional support, and the mentor attaining higher career satisfaction and potentially greater productivity. Yet, there is a lack of research and in-depth analysis of effective mentorship and its role in postgraduate medical education. This chapter outlines different approaches toward mentorship and provides the reader with basic concepts relevant to the effective and competent practice of mentorship. The authors discuss the challenges that physician mentors and mentees face, the organizational models of mentorship, the approaches and techniques for mentorship, and the deleterious effects of mentorship malpractice. Our general discussion touches on best practices for both the mentor and mentee to allow for self-improvement and lifelong learning. The variety of applicable models makes it difficult to measure effectiveness of mentorship in GME, but there is an ongoing need for expanded research on the benefits of mentorship, as greater amount of supporting evidence will likely incentivize organizations to create mentorship-friendly policies and support corresponding institutional changes.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Lena Deb, Shanaya Desai, Kaitlyn McGinley, Elisabeth Paul, Tamam Habib, Asim Ali and Stanislaw Stawicki"},{id:"81585",title:"Self-Management Strategies in Outpatients with Hypertension Under Treatment in Rural Communities",slug:"self-management-strategies-in-outpatients-with-hypertension-under-treatment-in-rural-communities",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104447",abstract:"Hypertension is already a problem faced by South African urban populations, but little is known about the predominance, chance factors, and self-management strategies of hypertension in rural areas. Hypertension has an increased mortality and morbidity rate, thus has been identified as the killer disease in rural communities as its prevalence is increasing year by year. Non-attendance of hypertensive patients in rural communities has been identified as one of the most pressing issues in chronic illness, including hypertension, management and results into uncontrolled illnesses. Hypertensive patients lack self-management strategies to maintain their quality of life when diagnosed. Therefore, this book chapter is aimed at exploring the knowledge of self-management and strategies used in outpatients with hypertension under treatment in rural communities. Seven major themes were identified: paradoxical description; adherence to treatment and medication instructions, medical follow-up visits at the health facility, healthy lifestyle; management of emotions; defense mechanisms and religious interventions. Patients faced obstacles such as not eating a healthy diet since they are not the ones cooking, and children are always generating problems for them, leading their blood pressure and blood glucose levels to rise. Additional efforts are needed in rural communities to promote hypertension and self-management measures through educational programs.",book:{id:"11292",title:"Hypertension",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11292.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Modupi Mphekgwana, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Nancy Kgatla"},{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",abstract:"Endothelial cells produce huge proteomes from a relatively small total number of ECs. The ECs’ complex intercellular communication is possible through well-stored, classified, and compartmentalized secretory pathways, intermediated by the secretory vesicles and granules, with the purpose to maintain vascular homeostasis and integrity. Secreted proteins are involved in a myriad of cell communication processes. The local vascular microenvironment dynamically and constantly modifies the ECs’ secretome. We focus on the biological significance of secretome proteins in a healthy vascular microenvironment and under cardiovascular conditions. Vascular ECs crosstalk with other ECs, and other blood cells at a distance, with the circulating hematopoietic stem cells permitting adequate reactions to vascular injury, systemic or local inflammation, and viral or parasitic infections. Here, we overview current secretome biomarkers in vascular diseases, with a focus on their roles in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutics. Also, we highlighted some important pathological effects of exosome on cardiovascular disease. This chapter discusses current research directions characterizing vascular pathology conditioned secretomes, their regulation, and therapeutic pursuit. The overall aim of this chapter is to review current literature updates on endothelial secretome roles in endothelial homeostasis and in vascular disorders.",book:{id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg"},signatures:"Luiza Rusu"},{id:"82673",title:"Utilising Proteomics and Organoid Cultures for Predicting Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"utilising-proteomics-and-organoid-cultures-for-predicting-treatment-response-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106028",abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours worldwide. Despite advances in surgical intervention and therapeutics, development of chemoresistance remains a challenge to treating CRC. Predicting treatment response in CRC has strongly relied on genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics, combined with different cancer staging and classification systems. Despite being beneficial, these omics technologies fail to provide any assessment at a protein level. Thus, having high-throughput tools that assess tumour response to therapy at a protein level will definitely complement the current approaches. In this regard, the field of proteomics holds promise to understand treatment response in tumours. Additionally, patient-derived tumour organoids are replacing the traditional cell lines and xenograft models as the preferred in vitro models for predicting clinical response due to being a better representative model of typical tumour characteristics in vivo. Combining proteomics and tumour organoids can provide more personalised and optimal treatments for CRC in the coming years. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the progress made in proteomic research and use of organoids for understanding CRC treatment response, together with discussing the strengths and limitations of these two approaches when linked together. This overview will then be used to propose future perspectives.",book:{id:"11595",title:"Recent Understanding of Colorectal Cancer Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11595.jpg"},signatures:"Isaac Micallef and Byron Baron"},{id:"83008",title:"Recent Advances in Classification and Histopathological Diagnosis of Ovarian Epithelial Malignant Tumours",slug:"recent-advances-in-classification-and-histopathological-diagnosis-of-ovarian-epithelial-malignant-tu",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106545",abstract:"Ovarian tumours are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms classified based on histopathologic type and grade of differentiation. They comprise a broad range of tumours from benign and borderline to malignant histotypes characterised by different histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular features. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the recent advances in the ovarian epithelial malignant tumours classification along with the histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostic criteria highlighting areas of terminology discrepancies or changes and diagnostic challenges. These changes provide a better understanding of the ovarian tumours nature and lead to a more efficient therapeutic management of these pathological entities.",book:{id:"11598",title:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11598.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela-Monica Stanc, Efthymia Souka and Christos Valavanis"},{id:"81897",title:"Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention",slug:"left-atrial-appendage-closure-for-stroke-prevention",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105140",abstract:"Atrial fibrillation is the most common chronic arrhythmia worldwide, and stroke is its most common complication. Approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes attributed to atrial fibrillation. Left atrial appendage thrombi are 90% responsible for embolic strokes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. In patients with atrial fibrillation, systemic anticoagulation is highly effective in lowering the risk of stroke. Bleeding problems and non-adherence hamper adequate anticoagulation therapy. As an alternative to stroke prevention with medical treatment, left atrial appendage closure is feasible and has proven to be an alternative to anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Various left atrial appendage closure methods and devices have been defined and applied surgically and percutaneously. Exclusion of the left atrial appendage potentially minimizes the risk of embolic stroke and may eliminate chronic anticoagulation requirements. This chapter reviews left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.",book:{id:"11655",title:"Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11655.jpg"},signatures:"Serkan Asil"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:701},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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After completing his residency in anaesthesiology at AHEPA University Hospital, he worked as a consultant anaesthesiologist in the District General Hospital of Veria, Greece. Later, he completed his fellowship in intensive care at “G. Papageorgiou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Since 2017 he has been working as a consultant at AHEPA University Hospital. He also teaches medical students at the School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and students in the Postgraduate Nursing Specialties Program, University General Hospital AHEPA, and the Committee for the European Education in Anesthesiology (CEEA) teaching programs.",institutionString:"AHEPA University Hospital",institution:{name:"AHEPA University Hospital",country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181267/images/system/181267.png",biography:"Jie Tang, MD, MPH, is an academic nephrologist and associate professor of Medicine at Albert Medical School, Brown University, USA. His research interest is in glomerular disorders and bone mineral metabolism. Dr. Tang has served on journal editorial boards and published many articles in peer-reviewed journals. He is also a well-regarded clinician-educator, mentoring medical students, residents, and nephrology fellows. He gives lectures every year on national and international stages and has authored book chapters on various topics. He is a fellow of the American Society of Nephrology and an active member of the International Society of Nephrology. Dr. Tang is currently serving on the medical advisory boards for the National Kidney Foundation and End-Stage Renal Disease Network.",institutionString:"Brown University",institution:{name:"Brown University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200252/images/system/200252.png",biography:"Dr. Theodoros K. Aslanidis received an MD from Plovdiv Medical University, Bulgaria, and a Ph.D. from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. After serving as a medical doctor in the Hellenic Army Force and as a rural physician at Outhealth Centre, Iraklia and Serres’ General Hospital, Greece, he completed anesthesiology specialty training at Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki. He also completed Critical Care subspecialty training at AHEPA University Hospital, and the Prehospital Emergency Medicine postgraduate program, Hellenic National Centre for Emergency Care. He served as an EMS physician and emergency communication center medic before moving to his current post as consultant-researcher at the Intensive Care Unit, St. Paul General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece. He also serves as a senior lecturer in the Research Faculty, College of Offshore and Remote Medicine, Pretty Bay, Malta.",institutionString:"Saint Paul General Hospital of Thessaloniki",institution:null},{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"213308",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Manuel Víctor",middleName:null,surname:"López-González",slug:"manuel-victor-lopez-gonzalez",fullName:"Manuel Víctor López-González",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213308/images/10301_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"169212",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",middleName:null,surname:"Svorc",slug:"pavol-svorc",fullName:"Pavol Svorc",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169212/images/system/169212.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pavol Švorc is an Associate Professor, Doctor of the Natural Sciences, Philosophe Doctor. In 1982 he became a Doctor of the Natural Sciences from General Biology, Natural Faculty, Šafarik’s University in Košice. In 1995 he received a PhD. – Physiology and Patophysiology, Natural Faculty Šafarik’s University in Košice. In 2005 he became an Associate Professor from Normal and Patological Physiology, Medical Faculty, Šafarik’s University in Košice. From 1982 to 1983 Dr.Švorc worked as an independent specialist in the local museum in Poprad, Slovakia. In 1983 he started working as a lecturer at the Department of Physiology, Šafarik’s University in Kosice, Slovakia. From\r\n2011 until 2014 he was a Head of the Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. His research interest includes:\r\nChronobiology of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and autonomic nervous system.",institutionString:"Pavol Josef Safarik University",institution:{name:"University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik",country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318757",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Irina Alexandrovna",middleName:null,surname:"Savvina",slug:"irina-alexandrovna-savvina",fullName:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318757/images/18742_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella 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