Summary of contact printing techniques: mechanisms, features and main challenges.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
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Over 20 years, the manufacturing industry has been using various printing techniques to produce, e.g., antennas, sensors, membrane switches, etc. [1]. This list is continuously increasing. Today users’ demands (for lower cost, flexible and smarter products) are a decisive factor for the selection of PE fabrication technologies, therefore, contributing to novel and better products. The interest on flexible electronic systems to be used, for example, on non-planar surfaces grew tremendously in recent years, [2] in areas such as aerospace and automotive, [3] biomedical, [4] robotics, [5] and health applications [6]. This is possible thanks to the combination of different polymeric materials (compared to traditional silicon substrates) with new coating and printing techniques able to work at temperatures compatible with the polymeric substrate, or even the manufacturing of non-planar surfaces otherwise impossible with old-fashioned fabrication techniques. The use of flexible polymers has many advantages compared to traditional hard substrates including: higher contact area, capability to fold/roll, lightweight, etc., therefore, they have a key role in the development of new conductive circuits.
Thanks to better and flexible materials combined with PE, commercial applications diversity will continue to emerge. According to Markets and Markets latest report, the progress of flexible applications based on PE market will worth $12.1B by 2022. According to Electronics.ca Publications, Printed organic & flexible electronics market will be worth over $73B by 2027.
Each technology is selected according to the type of electronic components or devices (e.g., small, thin, lightweight, flexible, inexpensive and disposable, etc.), the production cost and volume. The essential aspects for the success of any type of PE device is the processability, performance and long-term reliability [1] of the materials used [7]. The pastes, inks or coatings can be based both on organic and inorganic materials [7]. Inorganic inks normally contain metallic (e.g., copper, gold, silver, aluminum) nanoparticles dispersed in a retaining matrix and they are used, for example, in the fabrication of passive components and transistor electrodes [7]. Organic inks are based on organic materials, such as polymers (conductors, semiconductors and dielectrics). The inks based on high conductive polymers are employed in batteries, electromagnetic shields, capacitors, resistors and inductors, sensors, etc., while inks based on organic semiconductors are employed as active layers of active devices such as, Organic PhotoDiodes (OPDs), Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSC), sensors, etc. [7]. Due to the wide range of printing technologies, the materials must meet certain requirements depending on the type of printing being performed and on the application.
PE technologies can be divided in contact and non-contact techniques as shown on Figure 1:
contact techniques (e.g., screen printing, flexography, gravure printing and soft lithography), in which the printing plate is in direct contact with the substrate;
non-contact techniques (e.g., laser direct writing, aerosol printing, inkjet printing), where only the deposition material get in contact with the substrate.
Printing technologies classification.
This chapter reviews simultaneously the most used techniques at the research and industrial level, substrates and electronic materials for an overall vision and a better understanding and evaluation of its different features. Their main features and examples of PE applications are discussed with greater focus on Inkjet Printing Technology.
The contact printing technologies are the predominant printing processes in the current days. They involve high material waste and limitations around the resolution and range of the materials used (substrates, inks, solvents). Main contact printing technologies are described in the following.
Screen printing (SP) is a mature printing technique that may be performed in a planar system or in a roll-to-roll (R2R) process (Figure 2). The planar system uses a SP mesh, which is in direct contact with the substrate; the blade moves, distributes the ink and helps filling the mesh. The ink passes into the standard image in the mesh to the substrate and defines the final image. The substrates could be epidermis [8], paper, glass, metal [9], ceramic, [10] wood, textiles [10], polymers [10]. Webb et al. [11] describes a SP functional ink, comprising a combination of semiconducting acicular particles, electrically insulating nanoparticles and a base polymer ink, that exhibits pronounced pressure sensitive electrical properties for applications in sensing and touch sensitive surfaces.
Schematic of contact printing techniques.
In the R2R process, the squeegee is replaced by a roller and the ink and the blade are placed inside. The blade forces the ink through the mesh. The process is continuous, contrary to the planar system, allowing high speeds production, although rotary setup is expensive and hard to clean.
SP is a technology that has been often used for PE [12]. This technique produces large waste of production material (including the ink). The biggest limitation is reflected in the level of resolution. Also, the planar system speed is low in comparison to other conventional printing processes [13].
The flexography is a R2R direct printing technology, where the final pattern stands out from the ink transfer. A ceramic anilox roller, covered with micro-cavities on its surface, allows the collection of ink, and then is transferred to the printing plate cylinder (Figure 2). A closed chamber supplies the ink to the anilox roller [13]. A doctor blade removes excess ink from the cylinder and prevents the output from the ink supply chamber. The printing plate continuously rotates in contact with the substrate ensuring a continuous high speed printing process.
However, situations such as the Halo effect (patterns with excess of ink) occur due to the compression between the printing plate and the substrate, despite the low pressure applied. This leads to limitations on image size stability and resolution [13]. This technology is commonly used for the fabrication of on-label battery testers, drug delivery patches, printed batteries and other e-label applications [1]. Julin used flexography to produce flexible piezoelectric pressure sensors [14]. They investigated the suitability of flexography printing and new electrode materials in their manufacture, developing a flexo-printed piezoelectric PolyVinyliDene Fluoride (PVDF) pressure sensor. Although the sheet resistance of the fabricated samples presented high values and a lot of variability, the devices showed a non-uniform structure and some difficulties were reported on achieving a uniform pressure sensor.
The gravure printing technology is the reverse process of flexography, where the image to be printed is negative (Figure 2). The ink is received directly by the ink supplier container or by an additional roller to the gravure plate, where the pattern image is located. A flexible metal blade removes the excess ink. The ink is transferred through capillary action from the small engraved cavities on the cylinder surface to the substrate. This technology is capable of producing high quality patterns in a cost-effective manner and is suitable for printing with inks of low viscosity, and high manufacturing speeds (up to 0.1 m/s [15]) can be achieved. A careful optimization of the process and of the materials is important because the final print quality is highly dependent upon:
inks properties, i.e., its rheological behavior (viscosity), solvent evaporation rate and curing;
proper cell spacing (1.06–1.4 μm) for print quality [16, 17];
feature dimensions on gravure cylinder for proper cell emptying capability [16] are very important;
shear force in the printing mechanism [17].
Widely used in magazine production, gravure printing is also highly employed for certain electronics products such as medical Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) pads and high-volume Radio-Frequency Identification devices (RFID) [1], Thin-Film-Transistors (TFT) [16], solar cells [18] and sensors [19]. However, this process presents two main limitations: the printing image is built from separate cells, and when printing a straight line, a jagged line is observed [13], which represents a major obstacle when high resolution is need, e.g., less than 20 μm size is required for electronic structures [15], and the parasitic capacitances are to be avoid; the proper layer deposition alignment, e.g., in electronic applications, repeating conductive film deposition is sometimes required in order to reduce sheet resistance. When it comes to R2R techniques (e.g., screen-printing, flexography and gravure printing) another level of complexity is added to these technologies. Also, frequent replacements of the gravure cylinders are needed, which adds a maintenance cost.
Soft lithography technology encompasses several printing techniques (Figure 3), such as microcontact printing (μCP) [20], replica molding (REM), micro transference molding (μTM), micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), and solvent assisted micromolding (SAMIM) [21]. It provides a convenient, effective method for the manufacturing of high quality micro- and nanostructured systems [22]. In this set of technologies, an elastomeric (commonly of poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)) stamp or mold with patterned relief structures on its surface is used to transfer patterns and structures with feature sizes ranging from 30 nm to 100 μm [21]. Usually the master is prepared using either e-beam or photolithography. From this master, several stamps can be molded. The material of interest is deposited on the stamp and transferred on the substrate. However, soft lithography does not offer better economic advantages when compared to R2R printing techniques due to the rapid throughput [7]. The fabrication includes several manufacture steps with the involvement of photolithographic technology [5, 23]. Other challenges rely on a proper adjustment of the surface energies of substrates and inks for efficient transfer to the substrate to be printed, on common swelling of transferring materials, resulting on increased features size.
Major steps in soft lithography technologies.
Tables 1 and 2 summarize qualitatively the mechanisms, the process requirements, material and critical limitations of the contact printing technologies, highlighting their main features. These tables also provide the possibility of merging the different techniques in order to combine technologies to overcome one technology limitation with another technology.
Print technique | Mechanisms and features | Challenges |
---|---|---|
Screen printing [13, 14, 15] | Most used and mature printing technique; planar or R2R system; speed and versatile. | Hard to clean; solvents deteriorate mask patterns; high resolution of uniform line patterns are not possible under 30 μm; Unfeasible use of low viscosity inks to prevent spreading and bleed out; material wastage. |
Flexography [13] | High speed printing process; low-cost patterns plate; high flexibility and low pressure printing; better vertical and horizontal pattern quality compared to gravure. | Halo effect (patterns with excess of ink) due to printing plate compression to the substrate, despite the low pressure applied; marbling effect; complex multi layers alignment. |
Gravure printing [13, 15, 17, 24] | High quality patterns in a cost-effective manner; high speed; low viscosity inks. | Cylinder life and high cost; demanding and careful optimization of the process (several variables) influence final print quality representing a major obstacle where high resolution is required (e.g., PE). |
Soft lithography [20, 21, 22] | Encompasses several printing techniques (μCP, REM, μTM, MIMIC, SAMIM); fabrication of micro-and nanostructures of high quality; convenient, effective method; mostly used by the biological science area. | Proper adjustment of the surface energies for efficient transfer to the substrate to be printed; common swelling of transferring materials, resulting an increased features size; pattern reproduction and resolution is a challenge due to used forces on stamp; costly solution. |
Summary of contact printing techniques: mechanisms, features and main challenges.
Technique | Solution types | Solution viscosity (Pa.s) | Print thickness (μm) | Resolution (μm) | Surface tension (mN/m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screen printing | Water based, solvent based, UV or electron beam curable | 0.1–10 | 0.02–100 [12, 13] | 30–100 | 38–47 |
Flexography | Water based, solvent based, UV curable | 0.01–0.1 | 0.17–8 | 30–80 | 13.9–23 |
Gravure printing | Water based, solvent based, UV curable | 0.01–1.1 [14] | 0.02–12 [13, 24] | 50–200 | 41–44 |
Soft lithography | Water based, solvent based, UV curable | ~0.10 | 0.18–0.7 | 0.03–100 | 22–80 |
Comparison between main contact printing techniques.
Compared to the contact printing technologies, the non-contact has the advantage of the substrate only getting in contact with the deposition material. This lowers the risks of contamination, of damaging the substrate and the patterns alignment is more accurate. This last issue is an indispensable functionality to pattern multilayered devices. For non-contact printing techniques there is no need for physical mask of the to-be-printed image, only requiring a digital image, simplifying the switching process without no additional cost. However, the non-contact technologies also stumble upon some difficulties when completing multilayered devices [23] are needed. They work with all kinds of substrates, such as, wood, glass, metals and most interesting, rubbers, polymers, which require low processing temperatures, and risk to be damaged and deformed when subjected to thermal stresses and high temperature processes. Main non-contact printing techniques are described in the following.
Laser direct-writing (LDW) techniques enable the realization of 1D to 3D structures by laser-induced deposition of metals, semiconductors, polymers and ceramics, without using masks and without physical contact between a tool or nozzle and the substrate material. Operated by a computer, the laser pulses are manipulated to control the composition, structure, and properties of individual three-dimensional volumes of materials, across length-scales spanning six orders of magnitude from nanometers to millimeters [25]. The ability to process complex or delicate material systems and the achieved resolutions enable LDW to fabricate structures that are not possible to generate using other techniques. Within LDW, there are three writing techniques:
LDW addition (LDW+) technique, where the material can be deposited from gaseous, liquid and solid precursors (e.g., Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD)) or by transfer, by laser beam, from an optically transparent support onto a parallel substrate (e.g., Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) [7], Figure 4). These techniques entail high cost due to the sophisticated equipment (e.g., reaction chamber associated with vacuum equipment); it does not allow to deposit organic substrates; and it can only print on flat substrates, parallel to the support material.
LDW subtraction (LDW-) technique, where the material is removed by ablation (e.g., photochemical, photothermal, or photophysical ablation [26], laser scribing, cutting, drilling, or etching [27]). An industrial application example is the high-resolution manufacturing and texturing of stents or other implantable biomaterials.
LDW Modification (LDWM) technique, where the material is modified thermally or chemically [25] (e.g., Laser-Enhanced Electroless Plating, LEEP). The substrate is submerged in a chemical solution that contains the metallic ions required for the deposition. A laser beam is responsible for local temperature rise, decomposing the liquid and leading to the deposition of a metallic layer on the substrate surface. The main disadvantage relies in its disability to create 3D structures.
Schematic of non-contact printing.
Aerosol jet printing (Figure 4), also known as Maskless Mesoscale Materials Deposition (M3D) is another material deposition technology for printed electronics [28] developed by Optomec [29]. The ink (solutions and nanoparticle suspensions based on metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, adhesives or biomaterials) is placed into an atomizer where it aerosolizes in liquid particles of diameter between 20 nm and 5 μm, depending on the ink viscosity. Then, the ink is transported into the deposition head by a nitrogen flow, the aerosol being focused by jet stream onto the substrate. As being a low-temperature process, many materials and substrates can be handled by Aerosol Jet printing. The technique is also scalable to support high volume production needs. It is suitable for non-planar capability and complex designs could be printed (e.g., displays, thin film transistors, TFT, and solar cells) [29]. Complex conformal surfaces (3D printed electronics) are also possible, thanks to the ability to control the position in z-direction of the writing head over the substrate. This technique also stumbles upon some difficulties. The droplet carrier creates a cloud of powder in the surroundings of the print area. The sheath gas creates a localized crystallization/solidification phase at the trace pattern, reducing the localized bonding layer quality.
Inkjet printing is new technology with a grown interest from the scientific community and is considered to be in an early stage of development [2]. In Inkjet printing technology (IPT), a content stored in a digital format is transferred by a direct deposition (from small openings in print-heads, without the use of masks and without contact between the print-head and the substrate) of droplet fluid or powder, proteins or minerals [30, 31], conductive polymers [32], nanoparticles [33, 34] and a wide range of materials (e.g., bioactive fluids, which cannot tolerate exposure to photolithography and etching chemicals present in conventional techniques [32]). Under the print-head ejection, the gravity force, and air resistance, the ink is project into a specified position of the substrate creating the printing patterns (Figure 4).
In the case of fluids, it dries through the evaporation of the solvent, by chemical changes (e.g., cross-linking of polymers) or crystallization. Eventually, a post-processing treatment is required, as thermal annealing or sintering [35]. When compared to other deposition methods, IPT is adaptable for patterning on a high variety (rigid or flexible, smooth or rough surfaces [2, 36]) of substrates (glass, plastic [36], paper [37], textile [38], etc.), with low consumption of raw materials [36] and low levels of waste production harmful to the environment [2]. IPT is intended for a wide range of applications: transducers [32], transistors [39], structural polymers and ceramics [30], biomimetic and biomedical materials [31], printed scaffolds for growth of living tissues [30], as well as for building 3D electric circuits [40], MEMS [34], and sensors [37]. No special processing conditions are needed. IPT stands out for being a one-step process, with a simple operating principle, reduced number of manufacturing steps, with the possibility of using low cost raw materials [41]. Thickness around nanometer range is easily achieved by increasing the electric field value along with the distance between the print head and substrate. The used inks have a particular set of physical specifications in particular its viscosity, the superficial tension [36], and the amount of humectant (10–20%) [42]. Sometimes, modifications on the ink viscosity, concentration and solvent system are necessary for proper droplet injection without blocking the nozzle. Although the low process velocity and possible clogging of the nozzles, presenting a challenge to the industrial production, IPT becomes ideal for laboratory research providing innovative fabrication, high quality and low cost productions.
Tables 3 and 4 summarize the mechanisms, the process requirements, material and critical limitations of the non-contact printing technologies, highlighting their main features.
Printing technique | Mechanisms and features | Challenges |
---|---|---|
LDW [7, 25, 26, 27] | 1D to 3D structures; nm to mm magnitude; no mask; three writing techniques (LDW+, LDW−, LDWM) | High cost equipment; not possible to deposit organic substrates, printing only on flat substrates, parallel to the substrate |
Aerosol [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43] | Complex design could be printed; complex conformal surfaces; many materials and substrates; non-planar; low-temperature processing, local sintering | Droplet carrier creates a cloud of powder in surrounding printed area; sheath gas creates a localized crystallization/solidification phase at the trace pattern reducing the quality of the localized bonding layer |
IPT [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42] | Low viscosity; deposition of many types of droplets; droplets ejection through different actuation phenomena; all type of substrates; low material wastage; environmentally friendly | Slow printing speed compared to other techniques; nozzle clogging |
Summary of non-contact printing techniques and challenges.
Technique | Solution types | Solution viscosity (Pa.s) | Thickness (μm) | Resolution (μm) | Surf. tension (mN/m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDW | Solid film (donor substrate) | – | >10 | ca. 0.7 | – |
Aerosol | Solutions and nanoparticle suspensions based on metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, adhesives or biomaterials | 0.001–1 | >0.1 | 10–250 | – |
IPT | Water based, solvent based, UV curable | 0.002–0.1 | 0.01–0.5 | 15–100 | 15–35 |
Comparison between main non-contact printing techniques.
The IPT can operate in two different modes: Continuous InkJet (CIJ) and Drop-On-Demand (DoD) [36]. The method for controlling the droplet movement is quite different between the two systems.
In the CIJ system, the ejection of the droplet is continuous in all nozzles of the printer. In the traditional CIJ, a piezoelectric transducer is coupled to the print head to provide a periodic excitation [38]. After leaving the nozzle, an electric field determines and controls the trajectory of the droplet to the desired position on the substrate (Figure 5).
IPT mode technology systems.
Within this technology, the droplets can be diverted by binary or multiple deflection systems. On the binary systems, the droplets are directed to a single pixel location on the substrate or to the gutter, for later recycling of the ink. In the multiple deflection system, the droplets are charged and deflected to the substrate at different levels, this way creating multiple pixels. Hertz et al. [43] used the binary CIJ and developed a method consisting in the formation of a layer of irregularly droplets of ink size. In the Hertz method, the droplets are dispersed in a straight line to a gutter so as to converge into the recirculation system. This method also introduced a new procedure and methodology relatively to the use of volatile solvents that allows a quick drying of the ink and the adhesion to the substrate materials. The CIJ system benefits from the ability to combine the printing speed (on the order of 25 m/s) with the possibility of achieving extended distances and the ability to divert droplets independent of gravity [44].
CIJ technology is typically used for large industrial productions of bar codes and labels of food products or medicines. This process can be comparatively fast, with the advantage of circumscribing large printing areas with a single pass and its printing heads have a long duration. The droplet size can reach values such as 20 μm, with a standard size of 150 μm [45]. However, in the manufacture of electronic products, the CIJ produces droplets of inadequate resolution due to the long distance between the print-head and the substrate [13]. Other less positive factors are the high cost of initial investment in such equipment, the lower resolution compared to some DoD systems, the need to use low viscosity electrolyte inks (in the range of 3–6 mPa.s), resulting in some final ink waste [46].
In the DoD system, the print-head ejects a single droplet only when activated (Figure 5). The printer is based on several injector nozzles in the print-head and, at each pulse, the droplets are ejected in parallel to each other. The image is constructed from successive pulses, which largely differentiates from CIJ. The DoD is a high speed method, of high scalability that uses high frequency multiple nozzles. The method that is used to generate these pulses defines the subcategories of the primary DoD, namely: the acoustic, the electrostatic, the thermal, the piezoelectric, and an additional method, sometimes controversial, the MEMS [47] method. This last method is more related to the fabrication process, since the drop generation is based on thermal or piezo print-heads.
The control of ink drop, the print-head temperature, the sintering or cure of the ink, and the printing control of each layer are key parameters to ensure the quality of a multilayer printed structure. Also important is to evaluate the properties of the substrate, such as, the service temperature, its barrier properties against humidity, electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Equally important is consider the receptivity of the ink by the substrate or with previously printed layers, in the case where a different ink has been used. The droplet size can vary depending on the interactions between the ink and the substrate. The droplet size sets the width of the printed line, establishing the pattern space and the electric design limits, and defines the final specifications of the printed pattern and application system (e.g., resolution, bandwidth in the case of a PE). Thereby, during the manufacturing step, the printed pattern characteristics are dependent on the materials and their interaction (i.e., the properties of the ink must be chosen in advance to understand its behavior during and after the printing process over a given substrate). Sintering and cure of conductive materials are essential because it defines its chemical, electrical and physical performance and the reliability of the printed layers over the long term.
The printable materials are selected depending on the type of substrate, the type of ink, the type of printing technology and final PE application.
The conductive inks are gathering increasingly attention over the past two decades, and are revolutionizing the industry. Elected due to their attributes, such as, conductivity, suitability for printing substrates, its processing simplicity and mechanical flexibility, but also due to its ability to assign new properties, capabilities and complex functionalities. These emerging inks are penetrating the market with an opportunity to reach $400 m by 2027, according to IDTechEX report “Condutive Ink Market 2017-2027”. A large variety of materials, organic and inorganic, conductors and semiconductors, have been explored for electronics applications. The most common types of inks are water, oil or solvents based. The general form of the ink consist of a mixture of compounds (pigments or dyes, resins, solvents, fillers, humectant and additives), in liquid or solid state, with specific proprieties adapted to the printing technology characteristic, such as viscosity, surface tension, etc., to be easily printed in a large variety of substrates. What makes conductive inks electrically conductive is the fact that it contains in the composition conductive nanoscale particles. The incorporation of conductive polymers [48], carbon (C) [49] or metallic particles (e.g., silver (Ag) [8, 36], copper (Cu) [50], and gold (Au) [51]) are the most common selections. Table 5 shows the resistivity of the bulk metal particles and the sintered metal ink form. Commonly, the metallic nanoparticles are stabilized in ink solutions by organic ligand shells, i.e., the nanoparticles are encapsulated with an organic material, called a capping agent, to form a uniform and stable dispersion, preventing particles agglomeration. This capping agent can be removed after printing through curing or sintering to allow physical contact between nanoparticles, forming continuous connectivity, i.e., a percolation path for electrical conductivity. Thus, sintering consist on welding the particles to each other below their melting point [2], and this particle welding could be achieved by exposure of the printed pattern to laser sintering [52], to microwave radiation [53], by applying an electrical voltage [54], by a chemical agent at room temperature (RT sintering) [55], or, the most conventional approach, by heating (thermal sintering) [33, 56]. In the case of thermal sintering, the temperature (typically between 100 to 400°C) must be below the softening temperature of the substrate. The presence of a few nanometers organic layer between the conductive particles is enough to block the movement of electrons from one particle to the other [33], thus reducing electrical conductivity. If this happens, the removal of this organic layer is required at high temperatures. For this reason, the sintering temperature of the nanoparticle based inks has extreme importance in plastic electronic applications, where materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate [56] and polycarbonate [56], are widely used as substrates, but have low Tg (98 and 148°C, respectively). The electrical conductivity of a printed nanoparticles based ink layer also depends on the shape and size of the nanoparticles. The amount of sintering temperature and time required depend upon how easy the organic encapsulation breaks, the particle dimensions and upon the thickness of the ink film. The smaller the particle size (2–10 nm) the lower the temperature required to sinter the particles, the short is the process and a higher electrical conductivity is achieved. Typically, the nanoparticle loading inks is higher than 20 wt%. Metal nanoparticles hold the highest electrical conductivity, although, the use of the above categorized precious metals hardly fits in the so called low cost PE.
Metal | Ag | Cu | Au |
---|---|---|---|
Pure state (Ω.m) | 1.59 × 10−8 | 1.68 × 10−8 | 2.44 × 10−8 |
Printed ink (μΩ.cm)* | 10–50 | 5–7 | 8 |
Conductive polymers are classified into two different categories: extrinsically or intrinsically conductive polymers. The extrinsically conductive polymers normally involve a blend of conductive or nonconductive polymers, and a highly conductive additive (e.g., metallic particles) suspended in the polymer matrix [57], meaning that they are extrinsically enhanced to be conductive. Relatively to the intrinsically conductive polymer, they consist simply in a network of alternating single and double carbon bonds. It’s this alternation of bonds that produces conjugated π-bonds, resulting in an intrinsically conductive material [58]. Polyacetylene (PAc), Polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy), polyphenylene vinylene (PPV), polythiophene (PTh) are intrinsically conductive polymers (Figure 6).
Chemical structure of conductive polymers.
Within the intrinsically conductive materials, the regioregular PTh has a tremendous potential for applications in flexible organics electronics because of its low cost and specific properties, such us, solubility (thanks to the three-substituents alkyl-chain in the PTh core [59]), spectroscopic and electronic properties, low-temperature process [60], highly ordered structure and semi-crystallinity state in its solid states [61], regioregular compatibility to large-area fabrications and industrial mass production technologies. In the chemical structure of the regioregular PThs, the backbone of the polymer is formed by thiophene rings and a chemical side-chain group can be attached on each thiophene ring along the polymer (Figure 7). An end-group or a secondary copolymer chain can be added to each end of the PTh.
Schematic diagram of a regioregular polythiophene based polymers.
Within the PTh and its derivatives, the poly(3-hexylthiophne) (P3HT) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) [62] are the most well-known. The P3HT is a reference material in organic electronic, physics and chemistry to which any new p-type or donor conjugate molecule should be compared and evaluated. The PEDOT is the most widely used [63] intrinsically conductive polymer. PEDOT stands out for its high transparency [64] when deposited in thin oxidized films, high electrical conductivity [64], very high chemical stability in the oxidized state, processability and simplicity of production [65]. All these features make them suitable for several printing technologies, such as, spin coating [66], screen printing [67] and inkjet printing [68]. These unique properties make intrinsically conductive polymers excellent for various applications, such as, electrochromic devices [69], sensors [60], biosensors [68], actuators [70], capacitors [70], and photovoltaic cells [70], thin film diode [71]; organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) [72], photodiodes, Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFETs) [52], organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [73], etc., with a growing interest in PE due to its relatively low cost [74].
There are three types of substrates that may be used on electronic devices: glass; metal and polymers. The first two are rigid material. The glass is non flexible. The metal foil is flexible and sustain high temperature, although, is limited on the freedom of design and is high cost. Polymers composites, such as, glass-reinforced epoxy laminates with flame retardant (FR-4) have been largely used in rigid printed circuit boards (PCB). Non-reinforced polymers are flexible materials, are more economically processed, and gives greater freedom of design, providing studies with increasingly intelligent PE applications, able to be integrated in complex systems and environments [34]. Their major drawback lies on the low surface energy, which, normally requires a prior surface treatment before printing and low processing temperatures. Their selection must meet a series of physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal and optical requirements, and also important, the compatibility with the conductive inks.
Various types of polymers (semi-crystalline and amorphous) have been proposed as flexible substrates (e.g., polyimide [5, 12, 74], polyethylene terephthalate [11], polyethylene naphthalate [75], PVDF [14], polycarbonate [14]), and both flexible and extensible substrates (e.g., poly (PDMS) [4, 5, 75, 76], polyurethane [76], thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) [77, 78]), etc. Table 6 shows the main properties of flexible polymeric substrates.
Substrate | PI | PET | PC | PEN | PDMS | TPU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tg (°C) | 155–270 | 70–110 | 145 | 120–155 | −125 | 80 |
Tm (°C) | 250–452 | 115–258 | 115–160 | 269 | – | 180 |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.36–1.43 | 1.39 | 1.20–1.22 | 1.36 | 1.03 | 1.18 |
Vol.Res.(Ω.cm) | 1.5 × 1017 | 1.0 × 1019 | 1012–1014 | 105 | 1.2 × 1014 | 3.0 × 1014 |
Modulus (MPa) | 2.5 × 103 | 2–4.1 × 103 | 2.0–2.6 × 103 | 0.1–0.5 × 103 | 1 | 7 |
WorkTemp. (°C) | Up to 400 | −50 to 150 | −40 to 130 | – | −45 to 200 | 130 |
CTE (ppm/°C) | 8–20 | 15–33 | 75 | 20 | 310 | 153 |
Water absorption (%) | 1.3–3.0 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.16–0.35 | 0.3–0.4 | >0.1 | 0.2 |
Solvent resistance | Good | Good | Poor | Good | Poor | Good |
Dimensional stability | Fair | Good | Fair | Good | Good | Good- |
Comparison between flexible polymeric substrates.
Tg – glass transition temperature, Tm – melting temperature, CTE – coefficient of thermal expansion.
Understanding the printing process and relationships between process parameters and printing quality (e.g., print resolution, uniformity and electrical conductivity of printed layer) is necessary for process optimization, as well as the suitability of the selected material in terms of adhesion and final applications; the appropriateness of the printed technology and ink properties, the process deposition rate, etc. It will be a commitment between several criteria that will allow achieve the desired PE performance, functionalities and requirements. The main challenges are summarized in Table 7.
Flexible substrates | Printable inks | Equipment |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
Main challenges.
Most polymers have low surface energy (SE). The transfer and distribution of the ink on a substrate depends on the wettability and adhesion capabilities. The adhesion between two materials is the sum of a number of mechanical, physical, and chemical forces between them, at the interface, and depend on the mechanism of adhesion involved, that include mainly:
Substrate properties (chemical composition, surface topography and porosity, etc.).
Conductive ink properties (chemical composition, rheological behavior, the rate of solvent evaporation, etc.).
The superficial tension (ST) of the ink and the SE of the substrate that will receive the ink, i.e., the difference between them.
Functional groups and their intermolecular forces present in the ink/polymer system.
Surface wettability, spreadability and adhesion are the most important requirements in the printing process, and both are directly dependent on the fluid contact angle (Figure 8). When a fluid spreads evenly over the surface without the formation of droplets, the surface is said to be wettable. When a droplet is formed, the surface is said to be non-wettable, implying that cohesive forces associated with the fluid are greater than the forces associated with the interaction of the fluid with the surface. ST refers to the amount of cohesive forces between liquid molecules. The SE describes the degree of energy with which the molecules of the surface of a solid draw and allow adherence of a fluid. Often, ST and SE are interrelated, since both measure the ability of molecules to attract and to adhere to each other. In IPT, the spheroidal shape of the liquid emerging from the nozzle is defined by the ST of the liquid. The adhesion between two surfaces (ink, substrate) occurs when these droplets come into contact and develop strength in order to maintain a stable interface solid–liquid. Adhesion between a solid and a liquid exists when the solid SE exceeds the liquid ST.
Ink behavior on a substrate.
The polymer low SE represents a great challenge in PE. In this situation, surface treatments are required to increasing the SE of the polymer, although implies an extra step in the manufacturing process, increases the time and cost of production. Adhesion-enhancing techniques such as: chemical [79] or mechanical induced roughening of the surface [77], or resorting to a primer (e.g., silane coupling agents [80]), corona discharge [81], plasma treatment [82], and flame treatment [81] are some examples. The most common techniques are plasma, flame and chemical treatment. With plasma and flame treatment, the substrate SE is changed by creating functional groups on the surface and eliminating surface contaminants. Although, the surface treatment is temporary, i.e., the treatment enhances the compatibility of the surface with the ink, but the exposure to air induces hydrophobic recovery [83]. Therefore, it is recommended to print after surface treatment. Chemical treatment is another option. The chemical treatment changes the surface characteristics (physical and chemical) by increasing the total area of interface between both layers leading to structural changes (by increasing the interface roughness) and interactions between the fluid molecules and the substrate.
Another aspect that can pose a problem during printing is the incompatibility between different inks used in multilayered structures or between layers of the same ink, which can cause dissolution or resuspension of the previously deposited layer of ink, depriving uniform and uncontaminated layers [42]. The morphology and uniformity of the printed pattern depends on the contained deposited drop in the determined spatial printing area.
The optimization of the ink and interaction between ink and the substrate strongly affects the final resolution and constitutes a main research challenge in order to achieve repeatability of printed patterns and devices. An optimized ink formulation, according to equipment and target application, as well as the substrate treatment processes constitute the main successful factors to achieve high resolution and repeatability of the printed patterns and devices.
Equally relevant are the different post-processing treatments, such as, sintering, annealing or simply drying in air required for each ink, which defines the final morphology and uniformity of the printed pattern and the manufacturing time [32].
The increase of the printing resolution leads to an increased number of applications. Lee et al. [84] developed a flexible capacitive pressure sensor for plantar pressure measurement, using a flexible printed circuit film as a sensor substrate and PDMS as dielectric layer. Cheng et al. [5] developed a tactile sensor with PDMS using a highly reliable capacitive mechanism. However, the required manufacturing process involved multiple factoring steps and the use of several material layers, which consequently leads to time consumption, large material waste and high manufacturing costs, preventing the process automation to an industrial level. When the goal is large area sensing platforms, manufacture premium prices constitute a problem. In recent years, the interest for IPT to sensor fabrication has attracted attention [39, 85]. First IPT prototypes start to appear and has already been selected to step in the production of several devices, such as, integrated circuits [30, 33], transistors [32, 86], conducting polymer devices [30], structural polymers and ceramics [85], biomaterials, and printed scaffolds for growth of living tissues [30, 31]. In the field of flexible sensors, IPT it is just taking the first steps. IPT of an intrinsically conducting polymer [87] onto a flexible substrate for humidity and gas sensing applications [88] are two of many of the rapidly emerging IPT examples. Only a few examples of IPT sensors combining IPT polymer conductive ink (PEDOT:PSS and P3HT) [79, 89] or silver ink [90], printed on polymer substrate have been reported so far. Someya et al. [91] has developed flexible pressure sensors with a complex designed structure using OFET active matrices manufactured by IPT and screen printing technology. Basiricó et al. [92] have proposed a totally IPT flexible OFET assembled on plastic films as sensors for mechanical variables using a PEDOT:PSS as electrodes and a P3HT as a semiconductor. The results obtained were promising despite the lower charge carrier mobility measured. Cruz et al. [89] have developed a inkjet printed pressure sensing platform capable of measuring the central plantar pressure (CPP). The use of PEDOT:PSS for definition of the electrodes over a TPU substrate resulted in pressure sensors with higher sensitivities and better linearity. Good performance results (comparable with existing solutions) were achieved, with the particularity of offering a low-cost alternative. The printed substrate presented high flexibility, was able to follow and deform along with the substrate, without breaking or losing adhesion and its conductivity properties. The ink piezo-resistive effect and high gauge factors (>300) were demonstrated (higher than the typical value of flexible metallic strain gauges) showing the potential of the material to be used in several sensing applications [79].
The PE technology is not a replacement for conventional electronics, however, allows free design and unlimited applications areas. The PE benefits from new printing technologies, new material solutions, and by the combination of other manufacturing processes. The increase of research and development is reflecting a growing interest in the new generation of flexible and PE applications for, space and weight reduction. The PE had an undeniable impact on the electronic industry, economics and on the human life, revolutionizing the electronic applications, otherwise impossible to achieve with the conventional techniques and materials.
This chapter made an overview of the most important printing techniques and material solutions for the PE, with particular attention to the IPT. For the different printing technology, the process requirements, the materials and their critical limitations, highlighting their main features, were summarized. The possibility of combining technologies to overcome one technology limitation with another technology was also presented. Moreover, IPT is a promising technology which main advantages lies on its simplicity and low cost operating principle, overcoming the flaws of traditional technologies. Also, the main printing challenges are addressed, in terms of compatibility between printable material and substrate. At the end, examples of IPT flexible PE are presented. A breakthrough is expected in the next years which potentially will reduce cost with mass production applications. So far, there are other issues that need to be discussed and practical questions start to arise once the industry gets more involved and focused in developing commercial products, such us, market trend, recycling, and return of the investment.
TSSiPRO – Technologies for Sustainable and Innovative Products, NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015, supported by the NORTE 2020, under the terms of Notice of Appeal No. NORTE-45-2015-2102 “Structured R&D&I Projects”, framed in the IPC/i3N Research Unit.
Climate change, energy security, water scarcity, land degradation, and dwindling biodiversity put pressure on communities, requiring more excellent environmental knowledge and resource-conscious economic practices. As a response to these genuine difficulties, both mining and industrial activities have adopted environmental plans.
The global accord, which 125 countries have signed, aims to reduce global glasshouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050 to achieve a low-carbon society. Thus far, the agreement has significantly impacted energy-related laws, such as carbon taxes and energy pricing.
However, following the Paris agreement, the energy costs in the mining industry have risen substantially in respect of overall operating costs. Six years ago, energy accounted for 10% of mining companies’ operational costs; now, it is pushing close to 20%. This increases the cost base of companies significantly.
Mining is critical to our national security, economy, and the lives of individual citizens. Millions of tons of resources should be mined each year for each individual to maintain his or her quality of living [1]. In addition, the mining sector is a critical component of the world economy, supplying crucial raw materials such as coal, metals, minerals, sand, and gravel to manufacturers, utilities, and other enterprises [2]. To put it another way, mining will continue to be an essential part of the global economy for many years.
Mining necessitates much energy. Mining, for example, is one of the few non-manufacturing industrial sectors recognized as energy-intensive by the U.S. Department of Energy [3]. It is also widely acknowledged that the mining industry could enhance its energy efficiency dramatically. Using the United States as an example, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that the U.S. mining sector consumes around 1315 PJ per year and that this annual energy consumption might be reduced to 610 PJ or about 46% of current annual energy usage [3]. According to the most recent data, energy consumption in Australia’s mining sector was at 730 petajoules (P.J.) in 2019–2020, up 9% from the previous year [4]. This is slightly greater than the average rate of increase in energy use during the last decade. Mining consumes 175 PJ of energy per year in South Africa and is the largest consumer of electricity at 110.9 PJ per year, according to 2003 figures. The association between rising interest in energy efficiency and energy prices demonstrates increasing energy intensity on mining operating expenses [5, 6]. Given recent governmental moves by various governments to make industry pay for the expenses associated with carbon emissions, such high energy-intensive processes are not sustainable or cost-effective (carbon taxes and similar regulatory costs). As a result, all stakeholders have a vested interest in improving mine energy efficiency.
Since the rise in fuel prices in the 1970s, the importance of reducing energy usage has gradually grown. In addition, because the mining industry’s primary energy sources are petroleum products such as electricity, coal, and natural gas, increasing margins through efficiency savings can also save millions of tons of gas emissions.
Mining companies are looking into reducing energy consumption and emissions to cut costs and emissions, especially considering any possible carbon emissions strategy. First, however, businesses must have a comprehensive understanding of their current energy usage, which involves using technology that allows employees to make decisions.
Mining businesses actively review their investment, capital expenditure, and operational plans to ensure that their operations are sustainable and ecologically beneficial. Sustainable practices and capital equipment investments must result in measurable cost savings. Mining businesses are looking to increase their energy efficiency to cut costs and lessen their environmental effect.
Sustainable investments were not thought to produce significant returns on investment in earlier years, but they are becoming more appealing with the quickly changing legislative and economic climate. When all the advantages of new technology and business practices are considered, including direct savings from increased efficiency as well as associated incentives such as carbon tax credits, investments become much more appealing. Furthermore, when considered over a longer time horizon, these same investments in energy savings, for example, become incredibly beneficial.
Data analytics represents a very appropriate approach to pulling together disparate data sources since it is the science of examining raw data to conclude that information. In addition, cost savings, faster and better decision making, and finally, new goods and services are some of the key benefits of data analytics [7].
Data analytics represents a very appropriate approach to pulling together these disparate data sources since it is the science of examining raw data to conclude that information. Cost savings, faster and better decision making, and finally, new goods and services are some of the most significant advantages of data analytics [7]. Data analytics is widely used and can be used in areas many might not have thought about before. One area that sees much potential in data analytics is the mining industry. Data analytics should be considered a necessity, not a luxury, for an industry that does trillions of dollars in business every year.
One of the advanced data analytic techniques discussed in this chapter aims to enhance the crucial issue of mining energy efficiency. The focus will be on open-pit mine haulage activities. This study aims to create a sophisticated data analytics model for assessing the complex connections that affect haul truck energy efficiency in surface mining. The application of Artificial Neural Networks for predictive simulation and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for optimization in the investigation of energy efficiency is the focus of this study.
Global resource firms are currently struggling in challenging economic and regulatory environments. However, most companies in the mining business are now disclosing their performance in this area in response to growing social concern about the industry’s numerous consequences and the birth of the idea of sustainable development. Many firm sustainability reports include total energy consumption and associated glasshouse gas (GHG) emissions in absolute and relative terms, indicating that energy consumption and its impact on climate change are priorities.
Mining companies are setting goals to improve these metrics, but there is also a global trend towards more complicated and lower-grade orebodies, which require more energy to process. As a result, mining businesses must be more innovative to improve their environmental sustainability and efficiency operations. In addition, companies must consider the specific energy usage of their processes to limit glasshouse gas emissions.
According to Australian government research, the most significant energy use industries in 2013–2014 were transportation, metal manufacturing, oil and gas, and mining. Transportation consumes a quarter of Australia’s annual energy. The manufacturing of metal products such as aluminum, steel, nickel, lead, iron, zinc, copper, silver, and gold accounted for over 16% of total energy consumption. The mining industry consumes 10% of all energy used by participants. Figure 1 shows the other industries that used the most energy in 2019–2020.
Top energy users by industry sector 2019–2020 (Total 6069 PJ) [
Grinding (40%) and materials handling by diesel equipment are the most energy-intensive equipment types in the mining industry (17%) [8].
According to the Australian Energy Statistics, Australian energy consumption has increased by an average of 0.6% a year for the past decade and reached 6171 PJ in 2019–2020.
Energy efficiency can significantly cut energy demand while also assisting in reducing GHG emissions at a low cost to industry and the larger economy. Therefore, it makes commercial and environmental sense to be aware of opportunities to maximize energy efficiency. The glasshouse gas emissions produced by mining companies were calculated using various fuels, including electricity, natural gas, and diesel. The mining companies’ energy savings translated to a possible reduction in glasshouse gas emissions.
Data analytics is the science of examining raw data to discover useful information, reach conclusions about the meaning of the data, and support decision-making. The foremost opportunity that data analytics presents for mining is its potential to identify, understand, and then guide the correction of complex root causes of high costs, poor process performance, and adverse maintenance practices. Therefore, data analytics can reduce costs and accelerate better decision-making, which ultimately enables new products and services to be developed and delivered, creating added value for all [7].
Figure 2 illustrates the two dimensions of maturity: a time dimension (over which capability and insights are developed) and a competitive advantage dimension (the value of insights generated). At the lowest levels, analytics are routinely used to produce reports and alerts. These use simple, retrospective processing and reporting tools, such as pie graphs, top-ten histograms, and trend plots. They typically answer the fundamental question: ‘what happened and why?’ Increasingly, sophisticated analytical tools, capable of working at or near real-time and providing rapid insights for process improvement, can show the user “what just happened” and assist them in understanding “why” as well as the following best action to take. Towards the top end of the comparative advantage scale are predictive models and ultimately optimization tools, with the capability to evaluate ‘what will happen and the ability to identify the best available responses—‘what is the best that could happen?’
Data analytics maturity levels [
The mining sector and governments have been pushed to perform research on energy consumption reduction due to the potential for energy (and financial) savings. As a result, a significant number of research studies and industrial projects have been conducted worldwide to achieve this in mining operations [8]. As a result, the mining industry might save roughly 37% of its current energy use by fully implementing state-of-the-art technology and installing new technology through research and development expenditure [9]. Furthermore, energy usage is significantly reduced when mining technologies and energy management systems improve. To put it another way, there are substantial further chances to minimize energy use in the mining business.
The four main phases of the mining process that data analytics can use are (1) extraction of ore, (2) materials handling, (3) ore comminution and separation, and (4) mineral processing. The focus of many companies is efficiency improvements in the materials handling phase. For example, the hauling activity at an open-pit mine consumes a significant amount of energy and can be more energy-efficient [10]. The case study presented here- haulage equipment- is one of these potential areas for improving the mining energy efficiency as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
In a surface mining operation, truck haulage accounts for most costs. In surface mines, diesel fuel is used as an energy source for haul trucks, which is expensive and has a significant environmental effect. Energy efficiency is widely acknowledged as the easiest and most cost-effective strategy to manage rising energy bills and lower glasshouse gas emissions.
Depending on the production capacity and site layout, haul trucks are utilized in conjunction with other equipment such as excavators, shovels, and loaders. They collaborate to dig ore or waste material out of the pit and carry it to a disposal site, stockpile, or the next step in the mining operation [11].
The pace of energy consumption is determined by various factors that can be evaluated and tweaked to achieve optimal performance levels [12]. The energy efficiency of the mine fleet is affected by a variety of factors, including site production rate, vehicle age and maintenance, payload, speed, cycle time, mine layout, mine plan, idle time, tire wear, rolling resistance, dumpsite design, engine operating parameters, and transmission shift patterns. To improve energy efficiency, this knowledge can be incorporated into mining plan costing and design methods [8]. To assess the prospects for strengthening truck energy efficiency, a comprehensive analytical framework can be built.
We can not only save money each year by improving the energy efficiency of mine haulage systems, but we can also save considerable emissions of glasshouse gases and other air pollutants.
A novel integrated model was proposed to improve haul truck energy usage’s three most significant and critical effective characteristics. Payload (P), truck speed (S), and total resistance (R) are the three parameters (T.R.). However, the relationship between energy usage and these characteristics on an actual mining site is complicated. Therefore, to predict and reduce haul truck fuel consumption in surface mines, we apply two AI technologies to develop an advanced data analytic model (Figure 3).
A schematic of the developed model [
In the first step, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to create a Fuel Consumption Index (FCIndex) as a function of P, S, and T.R. This index shows how many liters of diesel fuel are consumed to haul 1 ton of mined material in 1 h. In this model, the main parameters used to control the algorithm were R2 and MSE. After the first step, the optimum values of P, S, and T.R. will be determined using a novel multi-objective GA model. These improved parameters can be utilized to boost haul truck energy efficiency.
The proposed model’s methods are all based on actual data obtained from surface mines. Below are the results of utilizing the developed model for two genuine major surface mines in Australia and Iran. On the other hand, the finished methods can be expanded for various mines by substituting the data.
The artificial neural network (ANN) is a popular AI model and a robust computational tool based on the human brain’s organizational structure [13]. ANNs are the representation of methods that the brain uses for learning which are known as neural networks (NNs), simulated neural networks (SNNs), or parallel distributed processing (PDP). ANN simulates the effect of multiple variables on one significant parameter by a fitness function. Thus, ANNs are excellent solutions for complex problems as they can signify the compound relationships between the various parameters involved in a problem.
ANN methods are established as powerful techniques to solve various real-world problems among the different machine intelligence procedures due to ANN’s excellent learning capacity in recent decades. The approximate solution by ANN is found to be useful, but it depends upon the ANN model that one considers [14].
Layers are commonly used to organize neural networks. Layers are made from various interconnected “neurons/nodes,” which include “activation functions.” ANN processes information to solve problems through neurons/nodes in a parallel manner. First, ANN obtains knowledge through learning and is stored within interneuron connections’ strength, expressed by numerical values called “weights.” Then, these weights and biases are combined to calculate output signal values for a new testing input signal value. Next, patterns are provided to the network through the “input layer,” which connects to one or more “hidden layers,” where the actual processing is completed through a system of weighted “connections.” The hidden layers then correlate to an “output layer,” which generates the output through the activation functions [Eqs. (1)–(3)].
Where
In general, the activation functions contain linear and nonlinear equations. The coefficients related to the hidden layer are grouped into matrices
The output layer calculates the weighted sum of the signals provided by the hidden layer, and the related coefficients are grouped into matrices
The most significant component of neural network modeling is network training, which can be done in two ways: controlled and uncontrolled. Backpropagation is the most widely used training algorithm, which was established after examining several types of algorithms. A training algorithm modifies the coefficients (weight and bias) of a network to reduce the error between the estimated and actual network outputs.
The Mean Square Error (MSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) were used in this study to investigate the error and performance of the neural network output and determine the appropriate number of nodes in the hidden layer. Figure 4 depicts the created model’s basic structure.
Structure of artificial neural network [
The developed AI model was tested against actual data taken from standard trucks in two surface mines in Australia and Iran. Table 1 contains some information from these case studies.
Case study | Mine type | Mine details | Location | Investigated truck |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mine 1 | Surface coal mine | The mine contains 877 million tons of coking coal reserves, making it one of Asia’s and the world’s most significant coal deposits. It can produce 13 million tons of coal per year. | Queensland, Australia | CAT 793D |
Mine 2 | Surface iron mine | There are 36 million tons of iron deposits in the mine. It has a 15-million-ton ore and waste extraction capacity per year. | Kerman, Iran | Komatsu HD785 |
Case studies information.
For a standard range of loads, Figures 5 and 6 show the correlation between P, S, T.R., and FCIndex created by the constructed ANN model for two types of standard trucks employed in case studies.
Correlation between payload, S, T.R., and FCIndex based on the developed ANN model for CAT 793D (mine 1).
Correlation between GVW, S, T.R., and FCIndex based on the developed ANN model for Komatsu HD785 (mine 2).
The presented graphs show a nonlinear relationship between FCIndex and P. The fuel consumption rate increases dramatically with increasing T.R. However, this rate does not change sharply with changing truck speed (S).
The results show good agreement between the estimated and actual values of fuel consumption. Figure 7 presents sample values for the independent (tested) and the estimated (using the ANN) fuel consumption to highlight the insignificance of the importance of the absolute errors in the analysis for studied mines.
Sample values for the estimated and the independent fuel consumption index.
Optimization is a branch of computational science that shows how to find the best measurable solution to various issues. It is critical to consider the search area and goal function components when solving a specific problem. All the solution’s possibilities are investigated in the search area. The objective function is a mathematical function that connects each point in the search area to an actual value that may be used to evaluate all search area members.
Traditional optimization methods are described by the stiffness of their mathematical models and limit their application in presenting dynamic and complex situations of “real life.” Optimization techniques based on AI, underpinned by heuristic rulings, can reduce the problem of stiffness and are suitable to solve various kinds of engineering problems.
Some heuristic algorithms were developed in the 1950s to replicate biological processes in engineering. When computers were developed in the 1980s, it became possible to employ these algorithms to optimize functions and processes, whereas older methods failed.
During the 1990s, some new heuristic methods were developed by prior algorithms, such as Swarm Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Ant Colony Optimization, and (GA). GA is one of the most widely used evolutionary optimization algorithms.
GAs were proposed by Holland (1975) based on an abstraction of biological evolution using ideas from natural evolution and genetics to design and implement robust adaptive systems [15]. In optimization methods using the new generation of GA is relatively novel. Moreover, they have good chances to escape from local minimums because of no need for any derivative information. As a result, their application in practical engineering problems can provide more satisfactory solutions than other traditional mathematical methods [16].
GAs are similar to the evolutionary aspects of natural genetics. The individuals are randomly selected from the search area. The fitness of the solutions is determined from the fitness function, subsequently. It is the result of the variable that is to be optimized. The individual that creates the best fitness in the population (a group of possible solutions) has the highest chance to return in the next generation with the opportunity of reproduction by the crossover with another individual, thus producing decedents with both characteristics. The possible solutions will converge to an optimal solution for the proposed problem by correctly developing a GA Crossover, which contributes to the evolution based on selection, reproduction, and mutation.
Due to their potential as optimization techniques for complex functions, GAs have been used in various scientific, engineering, and economic problems [17, 18, 19, 20]. There are four significant advantages of using GAs to optimize problems [21]:
GAs do not have many mathematical requirements for optimization problems.
They can use many objective functions and constraints (i.e., linear or nonlinear) defined in discrete, continuous, or mixed search spaces.
They are very efficient at doing global searches due to the periodicity of evolution operators.
They provide high flexibility to hybridize with domain-dependent heuristics to enable an efficient implementation for a problem.
It is crucial to investigate the impact of particular parameters on GA behavior and performance to determine their relevance to the problem requirements and available resources. Furthermore, the type of problem being addressed determines the impact of each parameter on the algorithm’s performance. As a result, determining the best values for these characteristics will necessitate a significant amount of experimentation.
In the GA model, Fitness Function, Individuals, Populations and Generations, Fitness Value, Parents and Children are the main parameters [17]. In addition, the population size impacts global performance and GA efficiency, and the mutation rate ensure that a given position does not remain fixed in value or the search becomes essentially random. Figure 8 depicts the basic framework of a GA model.
GA processes (developed model) [
A GA model was created to optimize the significant, influential factors on the energy consumption of haul trucks. Tables 2 and 3 show the outcomes of utilizing the proposed model for actual case studies with an optimal range of variables.
Variables | Normal values | Optimized values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
Gross vehicle weight (ton) | 150 | 380 | 330 | 370 |
Total resistance (%) | 8 | 20 | 8 | 9 |
Truck speed (Km/hr.) | 5 | 25 | 10 | 15 |
The result of the GA model for CAT 793D in mine (1).
Variables | Normal values | Optimized values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
Gross vehicle weight (ton) | 75 | 170 | 150 | 160 |
Total resistance (%) | 8 | 15 | 8 | 10 |
Truck speed (Km/hr.) | 5 | 40 | 10 | 18 |
The result of the GA model for HD 785 in mine (2).
Using the developed AI models in the two studied mines site shows energy efficiency improvements between 9 and 12%. Reaching the mentioned fuel consumption reduction and energy efficiency is promising when one mostly used truck in the mine site consumes around 110 L of diesel per hour. The haul trucks normally are used 24 h and 7 days per week to move mined materials in the site. Studied mine site had more than 100 trucks in their fleet, and the average price of diesel in those regions was 1.3 dollars per liter. It means that 9–12% energy efficiency improvement equals millions of dollars in saving annually.
The purpose of this chapter was to demonstrate the value of modern data analytics models in improving energy efficiency in mining sectors, particularly in haulage operations, which are one of the most energy-intensive activities. However, improving haul truck fuel consumption for actual mining operations based on the link between influential factors, such as P, S, and T.R., was difficult. Thus, two AI methods were utilized to construct a reliable model to assess the problem.
At first, an ANN model was utilized to simulate truck fuel consumption as a function of payload, truck speed, and total resistance. Then, the ANN was generated and tested using the collected accurate mine site datasets, and the results showed good agreement between the actual and estimated values of FCIndex.
After that, to improve the energy efficiency in haulage operations, a GA method was developed to determine the optimal value of effective parameters on fuel consumption in haulage trucks. The developed model was used to analyze data for two surface mines in Australia and Iran. This model also can be applied to improve the haul truck fuel consumption for any dataset obtained from actual mine operations.
The results of two successful case studies show plenty of opportunities to use advanced analytics and AI in the mining industry to improve energy efficiency.
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Global cocoa production has been rising fairly steadily over the years by increasing production in growing countries with most of the production taking place in areas of high pathogen biodiversity. Thus, the sustainability of the cocoa economy is under threat as diseases of various statuses now constitute the most serious constraint to production. Most important among these is the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora genus with annual losses of 30–90% of the crop. This economically important pathogen is very diverse in nature and varied across growing countries including species such as palmivora, megakarya, capsici and citrophthora distinguished based on chromosome number, sporangial characteristics and pedicel length. World losses of 20–25% in cacao production are due to black pod disease, an estimate of 700,000 metric tons on global scale reducing global cocoa production. High cacao loss to diseases is a prime factor limiting production; consequently, significant effort is required to deal with problems associated with disease control to ensure a sustainable cacao. The effective and sustainable management of black pod disease requires integrated approach encompassing different control measures.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Dele Adeniyi",authors:null},{id:"67634",title:"Cacao Growth and Development Under Different Nursery and Field Conditions",slug:"cacao-growth-and-development-under-different-nursery-and-field-conditions",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Experiments were conducted between 2004 and 2018 to examine cacao growth, development, establishment and yield under varying experimental conditions comprised of seed mucilage handling before sowing, sowing methods and its effects on seedling growth and development, timing of mycorrhizal inoculation on root and shoot growth and development and effects of shade and dry season drip irrigation on growth and yield of field-grown cacao. Results show that cleaning cacao seed mucilage before sowing enhanced sprouting rate and percent germination. The use of manure mixed with sawdust and loamy soil aided excellent seed germination, seedling vigor and root development. Inoculating cacao seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at point of sowing and early stages in the nursery aided root development and enhanced field establishment and survival during the dry season. Dense shade retarded cacao growth and development during the rainy season, while no shade enhances optimum growth and canopy development. The use of drip irrigation strategies in young cacao plantations increased seedling survival from less than 45% under no irrigation to above 95% at the end of the second dry season. This showed that irrigation during dry season can significantly enhance cacao establishment and survival.",book:{id:"7005",slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",title:"Theobroma Cacao",fullTitle:"Theobroma Cacao - Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy"},signatures:"Idowu Babadele Famuwagun and Samuel Ohi Agele",authors:null},{id:"68383",title:"Major Natural Vegetation in Coastal and Marine Wetlands: Edible Seaweeds",slug:"major-natural-vegetation-in-coastal-and-marine-wetlands-edible-seaweeds",totalDownloads:771,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"For thousands of years, seaweeds grown in coastal and marine have been used as food, materials and medicines by the people. Edible seaweeds directly consumed, especially in Asian, are used for preparing food due to the their components containing minerals, essential trace elements, and various natural compounds. At the last decades, they have been getting more and more attention in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, in the present study, we have worked on to understand the structure of edible seaweeds. It is worthy to mention that they can be considered as source of some proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Ilknur Babahan, Birsen Kirim and Hamideh Mehr",authors:null},{id:"67540",title:"Aphid-Plant Interactions: Implications for Pest Management",slug:"aphid-plant-interactions-implications-for-pest-management",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Aphids are important herbivores and important pest of many field and forest crops. They have specialized long and flexible stylets which are adapted to feeding on phloem sap. To establish successful feeding on host plant, they need to counter a range of both physical and chemical defenses. The defenses employed by plants can have direct effect on the aphid species through difficulty in establishing successful feeding due to the presence of trichomes, thick cell wall, etc. or effect on their biology with lethal consequences in extreme cases (direct defenses). In contrast to this, plants can attract natural enemies of aphids through the release of volatile compounds (the so-called “cry or call for help”) (indirect defense). The information on different defense strategies employed by plants can be utilized to enhance the level of resistance (R) to develop sustainable pest management strategies.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Sarwan Kumar",authors:null},{id:"72336",title:"Plant Phenology and An Assessment of the Effects Regarding Heavy Metals, Nanoparticles, and Nanotubes on Plant Development: Runner Bean, Artichoke, and Chickpea Seedlings",slug:"plant-phenology-and-an-assessment-of-the-effects-regarding-heavy-metals-nanoparticles-and-nanotubes-",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relationship between environmental pollution and nutrition in particular, which forms the basis of health, is fundamentally important for protecting human health. Therefore, the data obtained from the examination of how plants and animals consumed as food are affected by environmental pollution can be seen as an indicator of their effects on humans. On the other hand, the role of technology and nanotechnology in life has been increasing in this century, and a considerable amount of heavy metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanotubes (NTs) are released to the environment. The results of morphological or anatomical examination of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants subjected to copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) heavy metals and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) plants subjected to Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are presented with this study in the point of their phenological development process. The three taxa belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with high economic status and having flowers with characteristic features were chosen deliberately as representatives. This chapter presents a study that will shed light on future biomonitoring-based studies focusing on the impact of environmental pollution on plants phenology with economic value.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Feyza Candan",authors:[{id:"155281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Candan",slug:"feyza-candan",fullName:"Feyza Candan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"141",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:331,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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