Conditions for inhibition Ts26GST catalytic activity and spectrofluorometric assays.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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There are two types of helminths: free-living and parasitic helminths. For decades, free-living helminths have been used as models in studies on mechanisms used to survive against the pathogenic effects of micro pathogens. Because of the evolutionary link between free-living helminth defenses and human innate immunity, this research is highly relevant to humans [1].
On the other hand, little is known about the micro pathogens that affect animal helminth parasites, particularly in the adult form, despite coexisting with large numbers of microorganisms in the intestine of their host. This gap in our understanding is problematic because of the damage that helminth parasites can inflict on the health of their hosts, including humans and livestock.
Identifying the defense mechanism that helminth parasites use against their micro pathogens, as is known for free-living helminths, would be extremely useful. However, this is technically impossible, despite indirect information suggesting that helminth parasites develop defense mechanisms against micro pathogens as a result of the long periods of time they spend inside the intestine of their hosts [2].
One observation relevant to helminth parasites, in relation to the defense mechanisms used by free-living helminths, is that of aerobic organism conditions. Under these conditions, free-living helminths survive against their micro pathogens using in some situations the toxic capacity of the oxygen molecule to induce oxidative stress [3].
The defense mechanisms of helminths against micro pathogens are important in the study of the evolution of helminths from their ancient origins to the modern day. Understanding these mechanisms will provide insights into oxidative mechanisms and reduction-oxidation reactions (redox) more generally, both of which are chemical events present in the defense mechanisms of any pathogen.
Helminths are free-living parasitic invertebrate metazoan organisms. They include nematodes (round worms), trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworms), and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms). The fossil record provides evidence that ectoparasitic helminths (e.g., worm-like pentastomid arthropods) have existed since the early Paleozoic era (542–444 million years (My)), while endoparasitic helminths (cestodes) arose during, or possibly even before, the late Paleozoic era (416–251 My) [4]. Therefore, the origins of helminths, all from free-living and parasitic organisms, were derived from a world in which the atmospheric conditions were initially reductive before transforming to oxidative [5].
The amount of oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere before the Paleozoic era was at levels <0.001% of those present in the atmosphere today. However, during the Paleozoic and after this era, free oxygen was spawned by cyanobacteria producing land releasing it as a by-product of photosynthesis [6], causing the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth’s life forms and led to the near extinction of anaerobic organisms. The GOE is believed to have input sufficient oxygen into the atmosphere to allow for the evolution of animal respiration Figure 1.
Earth atmosphere modification and consequences on living organisms. Cyanobacteria are associated with the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) on Earth. Then redox reactions contribute to the development of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RSS). High concentrations of these are avoided through glutathione (GSH)/thioredoxin (TrxR) systems, but low species concentrations are necessary for signal transduction pathway cells to control gene expressions.
On the other hand, if cyanobacteria were fundamental for the “rusting” of the Earth, redox reactions (electron transfer mechanism or redox) would still be relevant, in particular for the physiology of aerobic organisms.
In the Hadean eon (4.6 billion years ago), redox reactions were a response to the large amounts of energy in the primitive Earth resulting from cosmic and geophysical reactions occurring at the time [7].
The energy flow theory proposed by Harold Morowitz is useful for explaining the origin of life [8]. In the primitive Earth, millions of reduction-oxidation reactions took place, one of which occurred between molecular hydrogen (reductor) and carbon dioxide (oxidant). This redox reaction was not spontaneous. Therefore, primitive organisms, such as helminths, acquired the skills needed to manage this reaction via enzyme catalysis. The citric acid or Krebs cycle is one such example. In addition to the citric acid cycle, aerobic organisms, such as helminths, developed a group of metabolic cycles to obtain their capacity to manage oxygen because of their dual contrasting molecular characteristics Figure 2.
Redox throughout life’s evolution. Two different groups of molecules that originate redox reactions. Principally, metals, in the early Earth contributed to its oxidation. Redox enzymes in organism, including helminths, contributed to their homeostasis.
As described previously, although molecular oxygen is vital for aerobic organisms, it is also a toxic mutagenic gas due to the production of intermediary oxygen molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [9]. The toxicity of oxygen arises from its chemical electron acceptability by redox mechanisms, producing superoxide radicals (O•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (O2), also known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When concentration of ROS exceeds the capacity of the cells’ defense systems, this results in the phenomenon of oxidative stress, which is characterized by an increase in the reduction potential or a large decrease in the reducing capacity of the cellular redox couples.
Oxidative stress is associated with damage to biological molecules. ROS can oxidize amino acid chains and cross-link proteins, as well as oxidize protein backbones. The highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH) reacts with DNA via the addition of double bonds of DNA bases and by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the methyl group of thymine and each of the C▬H bonds of 2-deoxyribose. Furthermore, ROS also induces the process of lipid peroxidation in lipoprotein particles or membranes, giving rise to a variety of products, including short chain aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde or 4-hydroxynonenal, alkanes, alkenes, conjugated dienes, and a variety of hydroxides and hydroperoxides.
One way to understand how oxidative stress works in free-living helminths is to appreciate the process by which these organisms can be affected by bacterial virulence. This observation is clear from the studies developed in
Based on this, microbes that cause diseases in mammalian hosts have also been shown to be important for diseases in
A historical summary of the major results obtained in the study of the
To answer this question, several research groups have developed nematode bacteria experimental systems. Their results can be grouped into five different mechanisms: (1) Colonization: The worm is killed slowly through an infection-like process, which correlates with the accumulation of bacteria within the worm’s intestine [15]. (2) Infection persistence: In this mechanism, contact between the worm and live bacterial cells is necessary as they accumulate in the intestinal tract of the animal host. Additionally, the proliferation of bacterial cells inside the worm intestine is also needed to establish a persistent infection. This mechanism suggests that some bacterial species may adhere to the intestinal receptors in worms [16]. (3) Invasive: Bacterial cells, such as
Although the mechanisms by which different bacteria affect the resistance of worm to pathogens are poorly understood, helminths have developed a number of different procedures to survive: (1) Behavioral defense: In this case, the worm detects olfactory stimuli, recognizes odors, and modifies its behavior by olfactory learning and imprinting [20]. (2) Barrier mechanism: The muscular pharynx grinder provides a physical barrier against pathogens, which protects them by disrupting the engulfed microbes [21]. (3) Production of soluble molecules: Examples of antimicrobial proteins and peptides in response to microbial infection [22]. (4) Direct inhibition of pathogens: Exerts a commensal-mediated protective effect on
NADPH oxidases, whose biological function lies in electron transport, are also a major source of ROS. These enzymes are multi-pass transmembrane proteins that catalyze the reduction of extracellular or luminal oxygen by intracellular NADPH to generate superoxide anions (O2•) [26]. NADPH oxidases have been discovered in macrophages as a defense mechanism against pathogens, but today it is known that they are widely distributed in different kingdoms with multiple biological functions. The importance of these enzymes in aerobic organisms has led to the discovery of the NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases, which includes three NOX subfamilies: ancestral type, NOX5-like, and DUOX [27]. DUOX isoforms that presumably developed from the NOX5-like subfamily are known as dual oxidases because they have both a peroxidase homology domain and a gp91phox domain. This last domain is the heme-binding subunit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase, the catalytic moiety; thus, DUOXs produce anion superoxide (O2•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by transferring one and two electrons, respectively, from intracellular NADPH to extracellular oxygen. DUOX is the only type of NOX present in
Therefore,
Lipid peroxidation comprises a chain of reactions involving the oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in which free radicals, such as O2•, “steal” electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage. This process evolved from a free radical chain reaction mechanism, which comprised three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the first step, O2• interacts with polysaturated fatty acids. This O2• is dismuted by superoxide dismutase, and in addition to hydrogen atoms, it breaks down into ordinary molecular oxygen and H2O2. Then, H2O2 in the presence of Fe2+ produces hydroxyl anions (OH•) via the Fenton reaction. The OH• takes away allylic hydrogens from the polyunsaturated fatty acid chains to obtain a radical carbon (L•). Then, the easy reaction with oxygen molecules by L• gives rise to the peroxyl radical (LOO•). When hydrogens are removed from polyunsaturated fatty acid neighbors, this LOO• results in the formation of lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH). The propagation step occurs when LOO• interacts with other polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the formation of further lipid radicals and H2O2. Additionally, the catalysis of H2O2 by Fe2+ makes results in the formation of alkoxy and peroxy radicals during propagation step, with this secondary free radical production beginning another lipid hydrogen peroxide chain. Termination occurs when two radicals are conjugated, the result of which is a non-radical product.
The
Due the short life of
In this sense, Hoeven et al. [25] found that aerobic organism evolution works in a balanced dualism. For example, when the Earth’s atmosphere became oxidant, living forms, including older forms of free-living helminths, developed an extremely complex cellular signal mechanism to manage oxygen toxicity. This permitted them to kill their adversary while surviving the collateral damage at the same time; this strategy is very clever and clearly observed in
Transcription factors belonging to this group of proteins play a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. Under physiological conditions, they remain in the cytoplasm in the inactive form or are degraded. However, under oxidative stress conditions, they are translocated to the nucleus and bind to DNA in the antioxidant response element (ARE) motif. Consequently, genes encoding cytoprotective proteins, such as low-molecular-weight antioxidant proteins (i.e., thioredoxin, ferritin, and metallothionein), responsible for protecting cells against the action of ROS, are transcribed.
Both transcription factors are highly conserved proteins with functions similar to those of the promoters of oxidative-stress-related genes. In fact, Nrf2 and SKN-1 regulate phase II detoxification genes needed to defend against oxidative stress and electrophilic xenobiotics. With this detoxification system, worms can solubilize lipophilic xenobiotics or endobiotics via cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and short-chain dehydrogenases (SDHs), two classic enzymes of the phase I detoxification step. Reactive products, including ROS originating from the original toxic molecules, are detoxified, either via metabolization or conjugation, by the phase II system using UDP-glucuronosyl/glucosyl transferases (UDP) or glutathione transferases (GSTs), among others. Afterward, conjugated toxins are eliminated from cells by phase III proteins, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and other transporters.
Thus, similar to Nrf2, SKN-1 controls many critical detoxification processes directly as glutathione transferase enzymes (GSTs).
From an evolutionary point of view, these enzymes emerged over two billion years ago. Based on structural and functional criteria, they can be grouped into four different families: cytoplasmic, microsomal, mitochondrial, and bacterial.
Glutathione transferases are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, indicating their protective and functional importance. These transferases are a large superfamily of supergene isoenzymes that play important roles in cell detoxification. These enzymes use electrophiles to catalyze the nucleophilic addition of the thiol of reduced glutathione (l-g-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) (GSH) to electrophilic centers in organic compounds. The resulting glutathione conjugates are rendered more water-soluble to facilitate their eventual elimination. A wide variety of endogenous (e.g., by-products of reactive oxygen species activity) and exogenous (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) electrophilic substrates have been identified. In addition, the detoxification functions of these enzymes have been observed not only in one but two mechanisms: passive detoxification and active detoxification. The former, as mentioned by Kostaropoulos et al. [31], refers to a detoxification mechanism characterized by an absence of catalytic function, such as the binding of potentially toxic non-substrate ligands, including porphyrins and lipid peroxides. In fact, GSTs were originally named “ligandins” due to their passive role in detoxification.
Ligandin activity exhibited by GST isoforms was first suggested as a result of the observed affinity for bilirubin, an azo dye carcinogen, and a metabolite of cortisone. The second mechanism was developed by catalytic activity, as described previously Table 1.
Ligand | Ki (mM) | %F (mM) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mesoporphyrin | 00.0012–0.1 | 15, 30, 45 | 0.0003–0.014 |
Prothoporphyrin | 0.002–0.064 | 12, 24, 36 | 0.0012–0.027 |
Coproporphyrin | 0.0005–0.005 | 0.0015, 0.0045 | 0.0002–0.014 |
Hematin | 0.0007–0.012 | 0.002, 0.004 | 0.00012–0.003 |
0.0001–10 | 1.5, 3 | 0.003–1.9 | |
0.0001–10 | 0.45, 0.9 | 0.0016–0.35 | |
0.0001–10 | 0.01, 0.1 | 0.0016–2.6 | |
Arachidic acid | 0.001–0.25 | ND | 0.0016–0.2 |
Palmitic acid | 0.0001–1 | ND | 0.0016–0.27 |
Cholic acid | 0.0001–1 | ND | 0.003–0.045 |
Chenodeoxycholic acid | 0.0001–0.2 | ND | 0.001–0.011 |
Lithocholic acid | 0.0001–1 | ND | 0.025–0 .2 |
Conditions for inhibition Ts26GST catalytic activity and spectrofluorometric assays.
Glutathione transferases in cestodes were identified several years ago. Initially, these cestode transferase isoforms were associated with the detoxified procedures in several organisms, including
As mentioned before, the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) serves as a ubiquitous nucleophile for the conversion of a variety of electrophilic substances under physiological conditions. This is possible when GSH is oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between two species; in other words, when it is affected by the redox reaction.
GSH/GSSG is an example of millions of redox couples that are chemically similar or different, present in cells, organs, tissues, biological fluids, and cell organelles. A considerable number of these redox couples could be linked to each other to form a set of related redox couples, or redox couples that work independently. These reactions are achieved by capturing the energy released via oxidation to build cellular and organismic structures, maintain these structures (some avoid pathogenic action), and provide energy for the processes they support.
The production of a large number of redox couples in aerobic organisms occurs by enzymes and proteins of the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems, the former using GSH and the latter thioredoxin (Trx) [35].
The glutaredoxin system is composed of glutathione reductase (GR or GSR), glutathione (GSH), and glutaredoxin (Grx), while the thioredoxin system comprises thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx). The glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems are likely to have evolved very early in aerobic organisms. Owing to the cysteine moiety of GSH, the entire system is based on common sulfur biochemistry. Therefore, it requires an electron relay, linking the universal reducing agent NADPH to thiol/disulfide metabolism, and a thiol-containing adapter molecule (GSH, which is considered as a universal adaptor) to transfer electrons to a set of different acceptors, such as flavoproteins, which are widely used as electron relays.
Hence, it is not surprising that the reducing equivalents from NADPH enter the glutathione system either with the help of the FAD-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) or the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin couple (TrxR/Trx).
Glutaredoxin protein (Grx) was first described in crude enzyme preparations from beef liver by Racker [36] in 1955. Grxs are small (12–18 kDa) GSH-disulfide oxidoreductase members of the thioredoxin family, which includes the cytosolic (Grx1) and mitochondrial (Grx2) isoforms. Oxidized Grxs are reduced by GSH. According to its active site domain, Grxs are classified as dithiols (CPY/FC motif) and monothiols (CGFS motif), wherein monothiols can contain single or multiple monothiol Grx domains. Dithiol Grxs regulate the redox state of various proteins by catalyzing the reversible reduction of oxidized disulfides. For this purpose, Grxs use both cysteine residues from their active sites. In contrast, the monothiol Grxs reduce mixtures of disulfides (glutathionylation) formed between GSH and the thiols of proteins or other small compounds, using the cysteine residues from the active sites in their amino terminals.
With regard to the glutaredoxin genes of
Recently, the human and pig helminth parasite,
Protein S-glutathionylation by glutaredoxins is a widely distributed posttranslational modification of thiol groups with glutathione, which can function as a redox-sensitive switch to mediate redox regulation and signal transduction. Therefore, the presence of Grxs in
GR (also termed GSR, as mentioned before) is a flavoenzyme of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family (EC 1.6.4.2, now 1.8.1.7). This enzyme recycles reduced GSH from its oxidized form GSSG. However, this function was also developed for the thioredoxin system acting as a backup, a trait that is conserved from bacteria to mammals, highlighting its physiological relevance, including protection against toxicity, in both systems.
Glutathione reductase is a GR-isoform from prokaryote and eukaryotes that form stable homodimers of ~110 kDa. From a structural point of view, each subunit is organized into four domains (FAD binding, NADPH binding, central, and interface) and possesses an N-terminal flexible segment of 18 amino acids with a cysteine residue at position 2.
In
The GSR-1 gene is vital in
Therefore, the
Thioredoxin reductase (EC 1.6.4.5) (TrxR) was originally identified in
The
Tioredoxin (Trx), the major TrxR substrate, as mentioned previously, is a disulfide reductase with a molecular weight of approximately 12 kDa and has two cysteine residues in its consensus sequence (CGPC motif). When chemically reduced, this allows for the transfer of reducing equivalents to a wide variety of substrates, such as H2O2. Thus, Trxs can, either directly or via 2-Cys peroxidases, catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and lipid hydroperoxides (R▬O▬O▬R) to alcohols in the cell. Trxs can also inhibit and/or activate transcription factors related to immune responses in mammals. For example, the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) is inhibited when TRX1 prevents the release of IkB, an inhibitor of NF-κB.
Although the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are vital for aerobic organisms, in platyhelminths (flatworms), both GR and TrxR are missing in their tissues. Instead of these proteins, some platyhelminths have a GR and TrxR molecular link exhibiting the fusion of glutaredoxin (Grx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) domains into a single protein, a selenocysteine-containing enzyme that acts as a thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) [41, 42].
Thus, TGR plays a central role in thiol-disulfide redox reactions by providing electrons to essential detoxification enzymes, such as GR and Prx. GR reduces the tripeptide GSSG to GSH, which acts as the main reducing agent in the catalytic functions displayed by GSTs [43].
Because conventional TrxR and GR are functional in
The range of antioxidant enzyme systems available to
Interestingly, for the first time in the study of the TGR system [47], HcTrxR3 was found to catalyze the direct reduction of GSSG, the specific substrate for GR, in the same catalytic range as that of any GR. Its affinity for GSSG, measured as Km value, was higher than that of the 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) substrate for TrxR, demonstrating its preference for the GSSG substrate. Until now, no TrxR has been identified that is able to directly reduce GSSG.
This GR activity from HcTrxR3 is important not only because the enzyme is a TrxR, but also because information on the presence of GR in the
Kinetic evidences of TR and GR activity from HcTrxR3. (A) Reduction of ebselen by NADPH catalyzed by HcTrxR3 produced ebselen diselenide and ebselen selenol. To 1 ml solutions containing 50 mM Tris-Cl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, 100 mM NADPH, and 0.1 mM ebselen, 2 μg (▪) or 4 μg (•) HcTrxR3, was added, and A340 was measured against a blank without ebselen (∆). Ebselen reduction was shown when absorbance decreased followed by ebselen selenol formation in the highest enzyme concentration. (B) Effect of NADP+ on the glutathione reductase activities of HcTrxR3. IC50 plots were obtained; an enzyme aliquot (about 2 μg) was pre-incubated at 25°C in the presence of 100 μM NADPH and different concentrations of NADP+. To start the reaction GSSG at a final concentration of 0.2 mM was added. (C) Show a competitive type inhibition where the 1/v versus 1/[NADPH+] plot of initial velocities HcTrxR3 activity in absence (◆) and the presence of 0.1 mM (•) and 0.5 mM (▪) of NADP+ with various concentrations of NADPH+ (0.01–10 μM). Inset shows secondary plot of the slope values derived from the primary 1/v versus 1/[NADPH+] plot versus NADP+ concentration for the determination of Ki [
In addition to being essential for soil fertility, earthworms are also an excellent model for the study of the protection mechanisms used by helminths against micro pathogens [48], as in
Earthworms are terrestrial invertebrates belonging to the order Oligochaeta, class Chaetopoda, and phylum Annelidae. They range in size from a fraction of a centimeter to exceptional individuals of Megascolides australis, which can measure up to 2.75 m in length and 3 cm in diameter. Approximately 1800 species are distributed all over the world.
Earthworms became a model for comparative immunology in the early 1960s with the publication of results from transplantation experiments that proved the existence of self/non-self-recognition in earthworms. This initiated extensive studies on the immune mechanisms of earthworms, which evolved to prevent invasion by pathogens. In recent decades, important cellular and humoral pathways have been discovered, and numerous biologically active compounds have been characterized and cloned [49].
For example, earthworm coelomocytes (macrophage-like cells) are part of the cellular immune response and are both morphologically and functionally analogous to vertebrate phagocytes. Coelomocyte subpopulations (named as hyaline-, granular amoebocytes, and eleocytes) possess distinct functions, such as phagocytosis, encapsulation, and cellular cytotoxicity.
Additionally, phagocytic defense by the earthworm
The invertebrate research model has been used to reveal the evolutive link between the oxygen atmosphere and the adaptability of helminths to aggressive environments. These organisms have been found to use oxygen molecules and redox reactions to exert protective effects against micro pathogens. Helminth models have also revealed similarities between the cells, molecules, and mechanisms of helminths and those of human components used against pathogens, highlighting the evolutionary success of these molecules, structures, and biological procedures. Thus, this review shows how understanding the mechanisms by which invertebrates manage their environmental adaptability can provide insights into how humans protect themselves against their own pathogens. Honey bees are another example of this idea, in which individuals are protected against micro pathogens via the concept of social immunity [50].
We thank Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT), UNAM, IN209819.
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Earthworms can survive in the soil contaminated with heavy metals by accumulating heavy metals in their tissues.",book:{id:"6559",slug:"earthworms-the-ecological-engineers-of-soil",title:"Earthworms",fullTitle:"Earthworms - The Ecological Engineers of Soil"},signatures:"Jaswinder Singh, Sharanpreet Singh, Adarsh Pal Vig and Arvinder\nKaur",authors:[{id:"229104",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaswinder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"jaswinder-singh",fullName:"Jaswinder Singh"},{id:"240576",title:"Dr.",name:"Adarsh",middleName:"Pal",surname:"Vig",slug:"adarsh-vig",fullName:"Adarsh Vig"},{id:"240577",title:"Dr.",name:"Arvinder",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",slug:"arvinder-kaur",fullName:"Arvinder Kaur"},{id:"240578",title:"Mr.",name:"Sharanpreet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sharanpreet-singh",fullName:"Sharanpreet Singh"}]},{id:"59413",title:"Earthworms and Nematodes: The Ecological and Functional Interactions",slug:"earthworms-and-nematodes-the-ecological-and-functional-interactions",totalDownloads:1592,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Soil invertebrate organisms are responsible for several biochemical processes indispensable for the correct functioning of ecosystems. Because of the high diversity of animals that occurs in the soil environment, some invertebrates such as earthworms and nematodes are highly important in trophic chains, with high number of species and the effect that they exert on both natural and agricultural systems. However, although numerous studies have evaluated the implications of these organisms in soil processes and their consequences on crop productivity, the interaction between earthworms and nematodes has received little attention in recent years. This chapter reviews studies focusing on the elucidation of the interaction between earthworms and nematodes in diverse situations in which they occur, for example, the vermicompost process and the native and agricultural systems. Several studies have shown that the direct and/or indirect action of earthworms can highly modify nematode populations. In addition, in the presence of earthworms, the damage caused by phytonematodes can be reduced in some crops.",book:{id:"6559",slug:"earthworms-the-ecological-engineers-of-soil",title:"Earthworms",fullTitle:"Earthworms - The Ecological Engineers of Soil"},signatures:"Jair Alves Dionísio, Wilian Carlo Demetrio and Arlei Maceda",authors:[{id:"225679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jair",middleName:"Alves",surname:"Dionisio",slug:"jair-dionisio",fullName:"Jair Dionisio"},{id:"225686",title:"MSc.",name:"Arlei",middleName:null,surname:"Maceda",slug:"arlei-maceda",fullName:"Arlei Maceda"},{id:"225688",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilian",middleName:null,surname:"Demetrio",slug:"wilian-demetrio",fullName:"Wilian Demetrio"}]},{id:"24778",title:"Soil-Landscape Modelling – Reference Soil Group Probability Prediction in Southern 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. 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He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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