Nine of twenty-four rules in ASCLR for HVAC systems were noncompliant.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4545",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Seminars in Dysphagia",title:"Seminars in Dysphagia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Seminars in Dysphagia provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary issues in the field of dysphagia assessment, treatment and management in diverse subject populations. Expert views are shared by international clinical experts from different medical and allied health fields. \nThis book contains an introductory chapter on the anatomical structures and physiology processes that underpin dysphagia and discusses the effects of polypharmacy and ageing on deglutition. Contemporary practices of functional assessment of swallowing and the endoscopic assessment for both oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia are reviewed. Both the nutritional support and decision making in oral route are described and the impact of dysphagia on carers and family when managing dysphagia. Several chapters are dedicated to outlining the manifestation and consequences of dysphagia in specific populations, including persons with Parkinsons disease, dystonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mixed connective tissue disease.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2151-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4217-1",doi:"10.5772/58665",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"seminars-in-dysphagia",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"34993dd62703a7b1051e147bdb3258c2",bookSignature:"Renee Speyer and Hans Bogaardt",publishedDate:"September 2nd 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4545.jpg",numberOfDownloads:27844,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:73,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 27th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 24th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 21st 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 20th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 19th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"171934",title:"Dr.",name:"Renee",middleName:null,surname:"Speyer",slug:"renee-speyer",fullName:"Renee Speyer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171934/images/4930_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Renée Speyer is currently employed as Associate Professor at James Cook University in Australia where she is the Head of Speech Pathology. After graduating as a speech pathologist in the Netherlands, she earned master degrees in Speech and Language Pathology, Epidemiology and Health Professions Education and completed a PhD in 2004. \nDr Speyer’s career included working as a speech pathologist in different health care settings and in academia. Over the last two decades Dr Speyer has developed an international research track record in the field of oropharyngeal dysphagia. She is currently undertaking research projects both nationally and internationally involving clinimetrics, instrument development, and developing evidenced based interventions in allied health for different disability population groups. She published over 50 internationally peer-reviewed research articles, mainly in the field of oropharyngeal dysphagia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"200438",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Bogaardt",slug:"hans-bogaardt",fullName:"Hans Bogaardt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200438/images/4926_n.jpg",biography:"Hans Bogaardt is a Speech Pathologist and Clinical Epidemiologist, who is specialized in assessment and treatment of dysphagia. Currently Hans works as Lecturer in Speech Pathology at The University of Sydney, Australia. \nHans completed his undergraduate degree in Speech Pathology at the Leidse Hogeschool in Leiden, the Netherlands and worked for several years in Germany and the Netherlands in different hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In 2004 he obtained his master’s degree in Evidence Based Practise / Clinicial Epidemiology at the University of Amsterdam. In the following years Hans worked as a clinician and researcher at the Department of Otolaryngology of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. In 2009 he finished his PhD with a thesis titled \\'Current Aspects of Assessment and Treatment of Dysphagia\\'.\nNext to his teaching, Hans is involved in several research projects looking into assessment and treatment of swallowing disorders in a range of different patient populations.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1096",title:"Laryngology",slug:"laryngology"}],chapters:[{id:"48889",title:"Anatomical and Physiopathological Aspects of Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Components Related to Oropharyngeal Dysphagia",doi:"10.5772/60766",slug:"anatomical-and-physiopathological-aspects-of-oral-cavity-and-oropharynx-components-related-to-oropha",totalDownloads:3747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ludmilla R. Souza, Marcos V. M. 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Fundamentally, buildings are simple things. Its basic purpose is to provide shelter. Initially, caves, cow hides for tents, hay for roofs, and mud for walls fulfilled this function. As life became more complex, beyond looking for the next meal, buildings followed suit. Historically, humanity has evolved from utilizing natural materials and living with the inherent limitations of these materials to integrating manufactured products limited only by the imagination of the designer. But if form truly “follows function” "It is the pervading law of all things organic, and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law. "American architect, Louis Sullivan, (1856-1924)
Various sub-systems that comprise the whole building (thus making the building a system) include, but are not limited to, the roof, walls and fenestration, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVAC), plumbing, electrical, finishes, furnishings, equipment and communication systems. At present, the quality of the indoor environment for the health and safety of occupants and protection of assets is becoming a prime concern with end users. Prior to the 1970’s, buildings were built with natural and conventional materials. Designers and constructors were well experienced and trained in working with those materials and systems that were straight forward in concept. In the early 1970’s, an oil shortage created the need to design and build more energy efficient buildings. As a result, ventilation requirements were substantially reduced in the interest of saving energy. That decision proved to be problematic.
During the 1980’s building boom in the United States, the goal shifted to building cheaply and quickly, rather than building with the care seen in previous decades. Combined with the dictates of the 1970’s dealing with energy adverse human response to the built environment was becoming evident and the term sick building syndrome (SBS) was coined by the World Health Organization in 1982. In the 1990’s, the ventilation standard was revised to increase ventilation to address the SBS issue, as it was believed that dilution would be the solution (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers [ASHRAE], ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality). Building codes and standards of care were originally developed for basically one reason, public health and safety. As the building industry evolved other codes such as the energy codes have joined the family of public safety codes. However, codes set minimum requirements and thus cannot guarantee quality, longevity or a healthful indoor environment. The combination of cheaper built buildings with increased ventilation introduced unplanned for moisture into the indoor environment, and later, the understanding of the role of microorganisms into the SBS vernacular, especially in warm and humid climates (Cooley et al., 1988). In the 2000’s, buildings became more complicated due to the need for specific functional use, rapidly changing technology, and the creative application of both conventional and newly developed composite and synthetic materials. Furthermore, the building contractor became more of a broker than a builder due to the economics of tight schedules and budget driven contracts. Today’s hospital environment requires a healthcare facility’s HVAC systems to provide excellent ventilation effectiveness in order to maintain appropriate indoor air quality, prevent the spread of infection, preserve a sterile and healing environment for patients and staff and to maintain space and comfort conditions. These demands require a healthcare facility’s HVAC systems to provide significant quantities of total ventilation and outdoor air. They also require significant treatment of this ventilation air, including cooling, dehumidifying, reheating, humidifying, and filtration of the air to achieve these effective ventilation goals. Trends indicate that even more treatment of the air will be required to respond to infection control and bioterrorism issues in the future.
Given the evolution of the design and construction industry and the diminished quality of construction due to a steeply declining skill set in the building trades, the useful life expectancy of a building, other than strictly controlled construction for institutional buildings. The case studies presented here are small, regional facilities that lacked the staff and oversight typically seen in large university hospitals or similar facilities. Currently unknown as to unintended consequences “Green” or “Sustainable Buildings” associated with the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leed Certifications have recently been developed to address energy issues and diminishing resources.
The following factors have played a part in our findings in addition to inadequate budgets and overly optimistic building programs.
Most design professions require an advanced or professional degree at a recognized institution of higher learning. Internship requirements follow a professional education (three years for aspiring architects and engineers). Finally, a professional exam issued by a state is required for licensure. In the past, aspiring design professionals had the opportunity to sit by the side of the “master” and learn the craft of designing a building and its systems. Inflation and the demands of a super-heated economy have changed this scenario. Today, when everything is available instantly, and time is money, the opportunity to engage and learn from the “master” is long gone and this void is worsened by;
Although the use of Computer Aided Design systems (CAD) is now universal and certainly can be a great asset to the design team, detail “libraries” can subvert the process of thinking through how things fit together and perform within an overall system. The authors have reviewed construction documents that contain pages and pages of details with the notation that they “may not be a part of this project”. Found on the construction document for a multi-million dollar renovation of a high school in Texas, circa 2005.
The myriad complexities of the typical critical care medical facility require a significant amount of time in coordination with the end user and various disciplines required to ensure the efficient functioning of this facility. For example, Building codes, accessibility standards, and energy requirements must be addressed, as well as state health codes and the Center for Disease Control (“CDC”) infectious disease control guidelines (CDC 2003). The authors’ review determined 1) the architectural design team was so focused on the functional complexities that the fundamental task of ensuring that the building envelop would keep out the elements was overlooked; 2) the construction documents and or industry standards were not followed resulting in system failures; 3) the fundamentals of mechanical design for the climatic location of the building and or operating standards were not appropriately applied, and 4) the environmental systems were poorly installed, were not sufficiently commissioned, and did not perform to minimum standards.
The following case studies involved architects that were ostensibly seasoned and who had specialized in the design of critical care medical facilities.
This single story surgery center was constructed in 2004. It was 19,000 square feet and constructed under a design/build delivery system. Design/Build is where the builder contracts with the owner to design and construct a project as opposed to the traditional method where the owner hires an architect to design and a builder to construct.
Compounding this hospital’s flawed start were flashings that were either missing or misapplied. It follows that if it is important to drain water away from a building, it is just as important to drain it out of the exterior wall systems. To accomplish this, drainage planes, flashings and weeps should be well known by architects, engineers and constructors and they are well documented in industry and professional publications. Codes, again, have language to ensure these fundamentals are met. For example, the 2000 Edition of the International Building Code reads: “Exterior walls shall provide the building with a weather-resistant exterior wall envelope. The exterior wall envelope shall include flashing, as described in Section 1405.3. The exterior wall envelope shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to prevent the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a water-resistive barrier behind the exterior veneer, as described in Section 1402.2 and a means for draining water that enters the assembly to the exterior of the veneer, unless it is determined that penetration of water behind the veneer shall not be detrimental to the building performance. Protection against condensation in the exterior wall assemble shall be provide in accordance with the International Energy Conservation Code” (IBC, Exterior Walls, Section 1403.2, Weather Protection, 2000).
When combined with the fact that water stands against the building, the base flashing not only did not allow water to drain it instead reversed the flow of water such that outside water entered the building. The end result was mold growth along the entire perimeter of the building.
Doors, windows, and louvers all penetrate the walls, thus flashings are also used to divert water to the exterior of a building. Codes (IBC Section 1405.3; Flashing., 2003) and manufacturer’s details leave no doubt that the flashing of openings is a requirement, and that information as to materials and methods are readily available. The consequence of ignorance or neglect is water pouring into the building.
Site drainage violated code and, held water against the building.
The copper-coated base flashing at the applied masonry veneer wall terminated below grade and therefore did not allow for the water to drain.
Although flashings are addressed in building codes (IBC Section 1405.3; Flashing., 2003), it is more perplexing as there were a myriad of opportunities for the CS 1 architect and contractor to determine the appropriate method to terminate the exterior wall. Industry organizations, product manufacturers and associations all have literature readily available on the internet. For example, The Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, Denver, CO; The Brick Industry Association, Reston VA; The Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. For example details and specifications regarding the detailing of masonry can be found at The Brick Institute of America’s website: www.gobrick.com/TechinicalNotes/tabid/7658/Default.aspx (last visited on February 13, 2011) The most notable being the Marin County Courthouse, CA. http://www.dryvit.com/specs.asp?country_id=1. (last visited on February 13, 2011)
Mold caused by moisture in the wall cavity.
Water entering the building because of inadequate flashing.
Negative building pressure and improper pressure relationships were the major contributor to the poor physical environment. Pressure relationships between critical care areas inside the building with respect to other spaces were not in accordance with [Title 25, Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 135, Ambulatory Surgical Centers Licensing Rules, (ASCLR), 2009]. Both design and installation defects contributed to these conditions. The design of the HVAC system was inadequate for humidity control. A test, adjust, balance, and commissioning process was obviously never completely performed for the performance aspects of the project other than the air volume measurements. The HVAC control system was deficient in that it was never commissioned to control to the various pieces of equipment as an integrated system.
In a response to uncontrolled high indoor humidity, areas were over-cooled including operating rooms (OR), which resulted in frequent condensation on the interior surfaces, medical equipment, and supplies to the extent surgeries had to be rescheduled or cancelled. Water stained building materials, indoor mold growth, temperature fluctuations, high humidity, and condensation all contributed to an unsatisfactory environment for patients and staff and violated state licensing rules. Roof top air handling unit panels for access to the internal equipment and penetrations for conduit, refrigerant lines, etc. leaked water, air, and dust into the interior of the units. Water intrusion stains, mold growth, and debris were found in the air handling units and on ceilings below the air handling units. This project was a classic example of poor coordination. As examples: 1) it is common knowledge that vinyl wall coverings in a hot and humid climate are doomed to failure, yet vinyl wall coverings were specified and installed; 2) engineers know that buildings located in hot and humid climates need HVAC systems designed to work in that climate, yet only the dry-bulb/coincident wet-bulb design condition was used for coil selections resulting in high humidity indoors; and 3) the contractor and subcontractors not only performed substandard and incorrect work, they ignored the consultants’ notice of such. Both the architect and contractor failed to provide the quality control and oversight required to deliver an acceptable project. The architect 1) failed to confirm that the site design conformed to code and common sense; 2) failed to detail the flashings to prevent water intrusion, and 3) failed to observe that the weather barrier behind the EFIS was missing. The contractor failed to notify the architect of this omission. The information regarding all of these discovered defects was readily available. The defects caused the building materials to be wetted for prolonged periods of time resulting in mold growth in walls, behind millwork and on ceilings. In short, this project failed “Design and Construction 101” and corrections that should have been made in the field are now to be made in the courtroom.
Typical detail.
Rule # | Subject | Violation (rule language) |
§135.52.(h)(5) | HVAC | All rooms and areas in the ASC shall have provision for positive ventilation. Fans serving exhaust systems shall be located at the discharge end and shall be conveniently accessible for service. Exhaust systems may be combined, unless otherwise noted, for efficient use of recovery devices required for energy conservation. The ventilation rates shown in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title shall be used only as minimum requirements, since they do not preclude the use of higher rates that may be appropriate. |
(C) | General ventilation requirements | All rooms and areas in the ASC shall have provision for positive ventilation. The ventilation rates shown in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title shall be used only as minimum requirements, since they do not preclude the use of higher rates that may be appropriate. |
(C)(iv) | Temperatures and humidities | The designed capacity of the systems shall be capable of providing the ranges of temperatures and humidities as shown in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title. |
(C)(viii) | Directional air flow | Ventilation systems shall be designed and balanced to provide pressure relationships contained in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title. |
(C)(x) | Ventilation start-up requirements | Air handling systems shall not be started or operated without the filters installed in place. This includes the 90% and 99.97% efficiency filters where required. This includes during construction operations. Ducts shall be cleaned thoroughly and throughout by a National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) certified air duct cleaning contractor when the air handling systems have been operating without the required filters in place. When ducts are determined to be dirty or dusty, the department shall require a written report assuring cleanliness of duct and clean air quality. |
(C)(xi) | Humidifier location | When duct humidifiers are located upstream of the final filters, they shall be located at least 15 feet from the filters. Duct work with duct-mounted humidifiers shall be provided with a means of removing water accumulation. An adjustable high-limit humidistat shall be located downstream of the humidifier to reduce the potential of condensation inside the duct. |
(C)(xii)(V) | Pressure monitoring devices | A manometer or draft gauge shall be installed across each filter bed having a required efficiency of 75% or more, including laboratory hoods requiring high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. The pressure monitoring device shall be mounted below the ceiling line within the ASC such that it can be observed by staff. |
(H) | Fire damper requirements | Fire dampers shall be located and installed in all ducts at the point of penetration of a required two-hour or higher fire-rated wall or floor in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101, §18.5.2. |
(I) | Smoke damper requirements | Smoke dampers shall be located and installed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101, §20 .3.7.3, and NFPA 90A, Chapter 5. |
(M) | Make-up air | If air supply requirements in Table 2 of §135.56(b) of this title do not provide sufficient air for use by exhaust hoods and safety cabinets, filtered make-up air shall be ducted to maintain the required air flow direction in that room. |
Nine of twenty-four rules in ASCLR for HVAC systems were noncompliant.
This single story hospital was constructed in 2006. It was 33,000 square feet and constructed under a design/build delivery system. Its exterior was composed of brick veneer with a modified bitumen roof over a steel roof structure. The hospital staff noticed mold growth, wild swings in temperature, and wet indoor environment almost from the day they occupied the building. An investigation ensued and determined that defects discovered associated with the shell of the building, or envelope, was a major contributor, along with the HVAC to the difficulties they were encountering.
Site drainage violated code and held water against the building.
As in CS 1, common sense and conformance to building codes were not observed at this project. For example, fig. 7 showed water standing at a door that subsequently entered the building.
A flawed detail at the base of the building compounded the threat to the building posed by standing water.
A standard detail that would allow a veneer to terminate below grade calls for a flashing to be installed at a brick or masonry course above grade. The void below the flashing is then filled with grout that, essentially, makes the veneer below grade a part of the foundation.
The architect’s detail correctly shows the acceptable method of installing base flashing when the masonry terminates into grade.
However, he failed to follow manufacturer’s recommendations and buried the exterior sheathing into the grout fill. Inattention to detail by both architect, who failed to refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines, and contractor, who failed to notice the defect, led to the unacceptable condition. As a result of these errors water stands within the wall cavity posing a continuing threat to building materials.
Water standing inside the wall cavity.
Roof coverings have evolved over time allowing several systems from which to choose. All of these systems have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the selection, warranties are available for up to twenty-five years. http://www.specjm.com/commercial/roofing/peakadvantageguarantees.asp (last visited on February 13, 2011)
The CS 2 facility is under assault from above and below. Water entered the building from the site that was poorly graded and was retained in the wall system by a detail that was poorly executed. As in CS 1, adherence to common sense should have dictated a positive flow of water away from the structure. The architect was not retained to perform Construction Administration Services (“CA”), thus severing a key element of quality control during the construction process. “Full service” would have called for checks and balances as dictated by the American Institute of Architects Contract Documents A201, General Conditions and supported by AIA Documents G711 (AIA, 1972), 712 (AIA, 1972), 714 (AIA, 2007) and 716 (AIA, 2004) for use by both the contractor and architect. By not having CA in place, the contractor implies that all elements of the project conform to the Contract Documents (plans and specifications), as well as building codes, which is not the case here.
Water running out of insulation.
Improper site grading.
A value engineering (VE) exercise resulted in the use of direct expansion (DX) roof top units with coils that had a sensible heat ratio too high to effectively dehumidify. Exhaust fans were VE and as a result the fans were located below the roof which was a violation of [Title 25, Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 133, Hospital Licensing State Regulations (HLSR) 2007]. It was obvious that the VE items selected were money driven and health and safety concerns and/or the HLSR rules were ignored. Without an architects CA services in place to mind the store and with an unsophisticated owner, the contractor and his subcontractors did whatever they wanted to do. Negative building pressure and improper pressure relationships were the major contributor to the poor physical environment. Pressure relationships between critical care areas inside the building with respect to other spaces were not in accordance with HLSR. Both design and installation defects contributed to these conditions. The design of the HVAC system was inadequate for humidity control. Engineers know that buildings located in hot and humid climates need HVAC systems designed to work in that climate yet only the dry-bulb/coincident wet-bulb design condition was considered for coil selections. A test, adjust, balance, and commissioning process was obviously never completely performed for the performance aspects of the project other than the air volume measurements. The HVAC control system was deficient in that it was never commissioned to control to the various pieces of equipment as an integrated system. In fact the maintenance staff at the facility was never trained to operate the system and they had to resort to an on-line third party provider for day-to-day control.
In a response to uncontrolled high indoor humidity, areas were over-cooled including OR, which resulted in frequent condensation on the interior surfaces, medical equipment, and supplies to the extent surgeries had to be rescheduled or cancelled. Water stained building materials, indoor mold growth, temperature fluctuations, high humidity, and condensation all contributed to an unsatisfactory environment for patients and staff and violated state licensing rules.
Rule # | Subject HVAC | Violation (rule language) |
§133.162.(d)(3) | General Mechanical Requirements | All rooms and areas in the ASC shall have provision for positive ventilation. The ventilation rates shown in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title shall be used only as minimum requirements, since they do not preclude the use of higher rates that may be appropriate. |
(C) | Performance and acceptance | Prior to completion and acceptance of the facility, all mechanical systems shall be tested, balanced, and operated to demonstrate to the design engineer or his representative that the installation and performance of these systems conform to the requirements of the plans and specifications. |
(C)(i) | Material lists | Upon completion of the contract, the owner shall be provided with parts lists and procurement information with numbers and description for each piece of equipment. |
(D)(i)(III) | Outside air location | Outside air intakes shall be located at least 25 feet from exhaust outlets of ventilating systems, combustion equipment stacks, medical- surgical vacuum systems, plumbing vents, or areas which may collect vehicular exhaust or other noxious fumes. (Prevailing winds and proximity to other structures may require more stringent requirements). Plumbing and vacuum vents that terminate five feet above the level of the top of the air intake may be located as close as 10 feet. |
(D)(i)(VI) | Directional air flow | Ventilation systems shall be designed and balanced to provide directional flow as shown in Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title. For reductions and shutdown of ventilation systems when a room is unoccupied, the provisions in Note 4 of Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title shall be followed. |
(D)(i)(IX) | Humidifier location | When duct humidifiers are located upstream of the final filters, they shall be located at least 15 feet from the filters. Ductwork with duct- mounted humidifiers shall be provided with a means of removing water accumulation. An adjustable high-limit humidistat shall be located downstream of the humidifier to reduce the potential of condensation inside the duct. |
(D)(iv)(II) | Smoke removal systems | Smoke removal systems for surgical suites. Smoke removal systems shall be provided in all surgical suites in accordance with NFPA 99, §6.4.1.3. |
(D)(vii) | Fire damper requirements | Fire dampers shall be located and installed in all ducts at the point of penetration of a required two-hour or higher fire rated wall or floor in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101, §18.5.2. |
(D)(viii) | Smoke damper requirements | Smoke dampers shall be located and installed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101, §18.3.7.3, and NFPA 90A, Chapter 5. |
(D)(xii) | Make-up air | If air supply requirements in Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title do not provide sufficient air for use by exhaust hoods and safety cabinets, filtered make-up air shall be ducted to maintain the required air flow direction in that room. |
§133.162.(d)(4) | General Piping Systems and Plumbing Fixture Requirements | All piping systems and plumbing fixtures shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of the National Standard Plumbing Code Illustrated published by the National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors (PHCC), 2003 edition, and this paragraph. |
Ten of forty-four rules in HLSR for HVAC systems were noncompliant.
This single story hospital was constructed in 2009. It was 70,000 square feet and constructed under the more traditional design/bid/build delivery system. Its exterior was composed of concrete masonry units with accent bands of cast stone. In the previous two studies the issue of prime importance was water intrusion caused by site and envelope issues and the inability of the HVAC systems to control the environment. Water intrusion was an issue in this case, however, the prime concern was an unsecured envelope that allowed unacceptable levels of particulate (dust) into the hospital. Early on the hospital was notified by the State Licensing Agency that they must gain control of the dust.
As in the previous two case studies, the “broken record” continues as the CS 3 site does not sufficiently drain water away from the building. In CS 3, the civil engineer apparently was not aware of the code requirement that called for a 5% slope away from the building for a distance of ten feet. Additionally, the architect, who claimed to not have the responsibility for the Civil Engineer’s work set the finish floor height. In a memo, the architect chided the engineer for delays and stated “…we have done most of the work anyway”. Memorandum from the Architect to the Civil Engineer obtained in pre-trial discovery.
Here, there are two professionals that do not have a working knowledge of the building code. Unit pricing for earthwork was relatively low compared to the overall budget for this building, and had the error been corrected at the outset, the cost to raise the building would be negligible to the overall budget. With a completed building that includes parking on four sides, sidewalks, and the complication of a very flat terrain, what should have cost a few thousand dollars to add fill under the slab was budgeted at close to a million dollars to rectify.
In spite of the lapse of coordination regarding the site, the architect provided numerous and correct details regarding the exterior of the building and its fenestration. The sections and details were supported by 1,162 pages of specifications. The architect had made 151 key references on the drawings alone that dealt with flashings and the job of directing water away from the building. These details were all ignored. As in CS 2 the flawed site and defective base condition caused water to stand within the exterior wall cavity.
The Architect’s specifications and drawings were consistent and complementary. The contract with the general contractor (constructor) states that if the plans and specifications are in conflict, the most stringent requirement governs. In this case, the contractor saw fit to ignore both plans and specifications.
The CS 3 roof was also problematic and let particulate matter into the exterior walls and spaces above the ceilings. This hospital is located in an agricultural area, and dust is a continuing issue.
Water standing inside wall cavity.
Figures 13, 14 and 15 show the progression of dust (particulate) from the parapet, into the exterior wall via mislapped flashing and finally into the ceiling space of the hospital. In agricultural settings dust is especially problematic in a critical care hospital. In a 2009 published study dust was found to contain endotoxins, allergens, microbial pathogens, bacterial toxins, fungal spores, and mycotoxins that can cause adverse human reactions. (Purdy & Straus 2009)
Infiltration of dirt and moisture under parapet cap.
Infiltration of dirt and moisture under parapet wall.
Infiltration of dirt into the attic space above lay in ceiling.
With the exception of civil engineering, the quantity and quality of the architect’s and structural engineer’s documents (plans and specifications) were exceptionally good. Unlike CS 2, the architect here had a full service contract and attended regularly scheduled job site meetings. In spite of his presence at the job site, virtually all of his details regarding openings (windows and doors) were ignored by the contractor. The architect, who performed well on 80% of his contract with the owner will have to answer for the representative 20% of failed CA when he did not take the contractor to task for violating the contract for construction. This project was located in the southern high plains and one would think that humidity control would not be much of a concern. A chilled water HVAC system design was replaced in a VE exercise to direct expansion (DX) roof top units with coils that had a sensible heat ratio too high to effectively dehumidify during the relatively few hours of the year when dehumidification was required. This resulted in excursions of high indoor humidity where control of the indoor environment could not meet the HLSR requirements. Negative building pressure and improper pressure relationships were the major contributor to the poor physical environment. Pressure relationships between critical care areas inside the building with respect to other spaces were not in accordance with the HLSR. Both design and installation defects contributed to these conditions. The primary design defect of the HVAC system was the variable air volume (VAV) application with the VE DX cooling roof top units that need constant volume air flow. Frequent cycling of compressors resulted in temperature swings in the occupied space. The primary HVAC installation defect was excessive duct leakage which contributed to negative building pressure. However, there was a heating problem that no one seemed to be able to solve other than to reduce the amount of outside air to increase the discharge temperature, which increased negative building pressure. The mystery turned out to be a plumbing problem. The plumber located the natural gas pressure regulators in the medium pressure gas system too far from the unit and the pressure drop in the gas line starved the units for gas which reduced the capacity and did not heat the air effectively.
Excessive dust in the air is a common problem in the location of CS 3. Normal operation of the HVAC system filtered the outside air being introduced through the roof top units. During the frequent dust storms common to the area, the HVAC filters could be used up in one day. In an effort to deal with these frequent dust storms a “dust mode” control sequence was designed and installed into the HVAC control system. What seemed to be a good idea to someone turned out to be a disaster. Exhaust fans were not turned off in the dust mode because exhaust must be maintained in many areas (isolation rooms, certain critical care areas, etc.) of a hospital. Therefore, during dust mode the roof top units were not introducing outside air and the exhaust fans were sucking dust in from where ever it could find its way into the building. Even during ordinary operation (not dust mode) the building was operating in a negative pressure and sucking dust into the building creating an unsatisfactory environment for patients and staff.
A test, adjust, balance, and commissioning process was obviously never completely performed for the performance aspects of the project. Deficiencies were noted and sent to the engineer and contractor but were never followed-up. The HVAC control system was deficient in that it was never commissioned to control to the various pieces of equipment as an integrated system. In fact the maintenance staff at the facility was never trained to operate the system and they had to resort to an on-line third party provider for day-to-day control.
The building was under construction for a long time and the duct work was never protected during construction. The duct work was not cleaned before operating the equipment. Dust in the ductwork was deep enough to leave ruts when a robot was used to photograph the ductwork to an operating room.
Tracks of robotic camera in the dust of the HVAC ductwork.
Rule # | Subject HVAC | Violation (rule language) |
§133.162.(d)(3) | General Mechanical Requirements | All rooms and areas in the ASC shall have provision for positive ventilation. The ventilation rates shown in Table 1 of §135.56(a) of this title shall be used only as minimum requirements, since they do not preclude the use of higher rates that may be appropriate. |
(C) | Performance and acceptance | Prior to completion and acceptance of the facility, all mechanical systems shall be tested, balanced, and operated to demonstrate to the design engineer or his representative that the installation and performance of these systems conform to the requirements of the plans and specifications. |
(C)(i) | Material lists | Upon completion of the contract, the owner shall be provided with parts lists and procurement information with numbers and description for each piece of equipment. |
(D)(i)(VI) | Directional air flow | Ventilation systems shall be designed and balanced to provide directional flow as shown in Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title. For reductions and shutdown of ventilation systems when a room is unoccupied, the provisions in Note 4 of Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title shall be followed. |
(D)(i)(VIII) | Ventilation start-up requirements | Air handling systems shall not be started or operated without the filters installed in place. This includes the 90% and 99.97% efficiency filters where required. Ducts shall be cleaned thoroughly and throughout by a certified air duct cleaning contractor when the air handling systems have been operating without the required filters in place. |
(D)(iv)(II) | Smoke removal systems | Smoke removal systems for surgical suites. Smoke removal systems shall be provided in all surgical suites in accordance with NFPA 99, §6.4.1.3. |
(D)(ix) | Acceptable damper assemblies | Only fire damper and smoke damper assemblies integral with sleeves and listed for the intended purpose shall be acceptable. |
(D)(xii) | Make-up air | If air supply requirements in Table 3 of §133.169(c) of this title do not provide sufficient air for use by exhaust hoods and safety cabinets, filtered make-up air shall be ducted to maintain the required air flow direction in that room. |
§133.162.(d)(4) | General piping and plumbing | All piping systems and plumbing fixtures shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of the National Standard Plumbing Code |
Nine of forty-four rules in HLSR for HVAC systems were noncompliant.
Discovered defects were not a result of cost savings or inadequate budgets. In the instances where the termination of the exterior wall was the issue (found in all three of these studies) the specified materials were in place although out of order, therefore the labor and material costs would be the same whether done correctly or incorrectly. The missing weather-resistive barrier of CS 1 does not represent more expense to the owner because no credit was given. In other words the contractor received money for materials and labor he did not provide. In every case the site grading and vertical placement of the building was problematic. Solutions and costs to bring the site into compliance and to remove the threat to the building were both complex and costly. A sixty thousand dollar increase in the original budget for CS 3 would have eliminated a nearly one million dollar repair.
Codes are minimum and not something to attain. Life safety is the basis for professional licensure. Numerous codes including the International Building Code, Plumbing, Electrical and Energy Codes are in place to protect the public. Non-compliance with code is inexcusable and can threaten life safety. Each design professional, contractors or sub-contractors is required to know the laws relating to their profession or avocation. Licenses are granted by the states and continuing education is mandatory. The excuse by a contractor or sub-contractor that they built what was drawn does not hold water.
All three case studies show that negative building pressure and improper pressure relationships between critical care areas with respect to other spaces was a, if not the, major contributor to a poor physical environment. A common design defect seen in most designs for medical facilities was an insufficient initial evaluation of fundamental design criteria for the HVAC systems cooling coils. In the above case studies it was obvious that the HVAC units were designed using dry bulb/coincident wet-bulb conditions and the wet bulb/coincident dry-bulb and the dew point/coincident dry-bulb conditions were not considered. In general, it appears to have been a business as usual approach, “what was done on the last job”, when it came to criteria development, detail of design, equipment selection, and application decisions. The bottom line results were a flawed design that did not meet the letter or intent of minimum code and/or licensing rules.
Not evaluating all three design conditions for the location of the project can result in an uncontrolled humid indoor condition and the results can be ugly.
When DX HVAC systems end up on a hospital project either by design or VE, humidity control is severely compromised if not eliminated unless the latent cooling (dehumidification) is decoupled from the sensible cooling with dedicated outdoor air systems. DX HVAC systems that introduce outside air for ventilation and building pressurization directly into the air handler unit to mix with return air before entering the cooling coil are at a huge disadvantage when it comes to humidity control. The direct expansion refrigeration equipment used a hot gas by-pass and an “on/off” operation of compressors to control capacity. This resulted in broad temperature and humidity excursions in the conditioned space, condensation, and mold growth on surfaces. Designing successful hospital HVAC projects of any size is not rocket science. It is almost connect the dot technology for those who are willing to break away from the “way I did last time” modus operandi. ASHRAE has produced many guidelines (Harriman et al., 2001), standards of care (ASHRAE 2007), and training materials (ASHRAE 2003) for properly designing medical facilities. Decoupling the latent load from the sensible load with dedicated outside air systems (DOAS) is the most efficient and effective way to maintain an acceptable indoor environment, especially in a humid or moderate climate. Although it can be done other ways, those methods seem to get complicated for the normal staff of a small to regional sized facility.
Mold under a nurses desk.
In the past building contractors “self performed” some of the work and sub-contracted out specialized trades. Increasingly contractors now take on more of the role of a “broker” and have less of an interest and relationship with the day to day operations of the construction site. Virtually all trades are now sub-contracted. The “broker” role tends to lessen the traditional responsibility of the contractor who, by contract, is to schedule, manage and coordinate the quality of the work and certify its conformance to the construction documents. Too often many projects are “run by the subs” meaning that the contractor is aloof to the daily operation of the job.
In every case study the architect failed to observe major discrepancies with his construction documents. The contractor, as well, failed to notify the architect of possible discrepancies to be resolved. CS 3 was especially insightful and led to the conclusion that the complexities of a hospital’s internal systems caused the architect to either delegate oversight of the building proper to an intern, assume that his details were followed without checking, or he forgot about it. In CS 3 the construction documents were exceptional yet virtually the entire exterior was flawed to the extent that it had to be replaced.
Because a building has periodic inspections by the Building Official after the initial review and issuance of a Building Permit and, later, a Certificate of Occupancy does not mean that defects are acceptable. Building officials, and other regulatory agencies, deal with entire communities and therefore must have some reliance on the professionals and their processes to provide a compliant building. Architects make periodic visits to a building site to view progress and to certify monthly that work is on schedule and the amount requested by the contractor is justified. The architect’s periodic visits are not sufficient, and are not intended to be so thorough that all defects, misapplications or misinterpretations of his documents are observed. The building officials make far fewer site visits and the argument that they must have seen and approved of every element is hard to make with a straight face.
This is becoming industry short hand for “cheap”. VE typically comes into play when cost overruns are encountered prior to the start of the construction itself. All parties participate-contractor, architect, major sub-contractors and the owner. Too often the major cost reduction will be in the HVAC system and inadequate systems are often offered as “savings”. Furthermore, most VE offerings are several single systems, one being the HVAC, and little thought or engineering has gone into how VE changes effect the other systems and the building system as a whole. Although the HVAC system is a substantial part of the overall construction cost it must be the considered too vital to compromise with a VE exercise as it is obvious that even more treatment of ventilation air will be required to manage infection control and bioterrorism issues in the future. With a hospital, where infection control depends on ventilation effectiveness, the risk of making a VE decision on the basis of saving money could very well defeat the entire purpose of a hospital.
In every case the site preparation was wrong and violated code. In every case the start of the wall (base condition) was wrong. Had there been any challenge to the processes being employed on day one, or a pre-construction meeting to go over critical elements, or peer review, many of the more egregious defects may have been avoided. The AIA has no less than thirty-four documents that deal with project management and construction administration. AIA; G-Series.
In the design phases both general contractors and major sub-contractors should be consulted regarding budgets and components. The owner should involve their facility managers and engineers in the design process from day one (programming) and should either make certain that the systems proposed do not exceed the skill level of their staff or, that training of their staff will be part of the construction process. The construction documents should be enough to ensure the quality of the building. As stated the perfect set of construction documents and the perfect contractor has yet to be seen. Periodic job site meetings with the owner in attendance should be mandatory. The contractor should provide and maintain a current schedule to enable the architects and engineers to review the critical elements of each phase. The owner should make it clear that problems are expected and they should not be glossed over but solved early.
Division Number | Division Title | Envelope Related | MEP and Controls Related | CS 1 | CS2 | CS3 |
1 | General Conditions | Y | Y | √ | √ | √ |
2 | Site | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
3 | Concrete | Y | √ | |||
4 | Masonry | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
5 | Metals | Y | ||||
6 | Wood and Plastics | Y | ||||
7 | Thermal & Water Proofing | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
8 | Doors and Windows | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
9 | Finishes | Y | √ | √ | ||
Subtotal Envelope % non-conformance | 66 | 55 | 78 | |||
10 | Specialties | N | ||||
11 | Equipment | N | ||||
12 | furnishing | N | ||||
13 | Special construction | n/a | ||||
14 | Conveyance | n/a | ||||
15 | Mechanical | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
16 | Electrical | Y | √ | √ | √ | |
Subtotal Systems % non-conformance | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
Total % non-conformance | 72 | 63 | 82 |
Identifies the topics covered within the CSI format that has been developed to cover all aspects of building construction. Y = yes, the Case Study included this section. √ = key elements within this division were found to be defective.
The traditional Design/Bid/Build is a delivery system. Others include Design/Build, Fast Track and various forms of Construction Management services.
Design/Build and Fast Track Projects have their place in the industry. However, even if budgets and contracts are made with preliminary designs or assumptions regarding a building’s quality, the architect must not be swayed to reduce or eliminate services. In no case should he trust that the contractor (or some yet unidentified sub-contractor) will provide the detail that the architect would otherwise produce.
This is problematic for both parties. By either allowing or asking for “minimum” detail the contractor is telling the owner that he will provide industry standard and code compliant details and systems. He is, essentially, assuming the entire risk for the end product. Similarly the architect, by allowing the contractor that amount of leeway, may be faced with a claim of negligence. In a recent court decision an architect performing construction administration services could be held liable to third-party house guests injured by the contractor\'s failure to construct the project according to plans and specifications. Black + Vernooy Architects v. Smith, ___S.W.3d___, 2010 WL 5019659 (Tex.App. -- Austin 2010, no pet. h.),
Rarely done in the building industry peer review of the design (architectural and engineering) should be welcomed by the design professionals. Peer review would reduce the risk of having errors or omissions within the documents and, as with most peer reviews, challenge the designers to clarify and delineate their intent.
Contractors can be intimidating to young professionals. In CS 3 the role of working with the contractor was delegated to a young designer. The project was sufficiently large enough that all of the elements that were found by the authors to be defective took weeks and months to construct thus allowing sufficient time for a seasoned professional to have the contractor replace defective work. Owners should insist that the architect provides experienced personnel during the construction phase of the work and that he, or she, is not replaced.
All three studies revealed leaks at the openings. Many specifications make reference to leak testing but it is often overlooked. The owner should demand that a formal process be included in the specifications and that it be performed by an independent party. The specification should require the leak testing be done before the exterior cladding is in place, IE after the weather-resistant barriers have been installed. The owner should have the testing company peer review all of the architect’s details involving openings, base flashing, parapets, etc.
In a project as critical as a hospital it is strongly advised to either expand the architect’s visits to the site or hire an independent agent to fill in the gap between visits. As in peer review the third party involvement may result in the project being what the architect envisioned rather than having his and his owner’s project discussed in front of a jury.
Construction documents always include a test, adjust and balance (TAB) section in Division 15 of the specifications. This specification require procedures usually performed by an independent agent to set-up air flows to design quantities, check and document the operation of components in the HVAC system such as, fans, compressors, pumps, etc. The data is then submitted to the engineer of record and the contractor with a list of deficiencies. In the case of the three case studies presented here, there was no follow-up. However, had they been follow-up, the root problems at these buildings would not have been solved. What a standard TAB does not do is integrate the various systems in the building with the HVAC system so that the whole building can be operated as a system.
The HVAC commissioning process provides a comprehensive overview of the building as a system. The procedures, methods, and documentation requirements in the document ASHRAE Guideline 1, HVAC Commissioning Process cover each phase of the commissioning process for all types and sizes of HVAC systems, from pre-design through final acceptance and post-occupancy, including changes in building and occupancy requirements after initial occupancy. Commissioning in accordance with ASHRAE Guideline 1 provides assurances and validates that the building’s HVAC systems will perform as intended and will work with other systems in the building system as a whole. Commissioning procedures includes TAB.
Obviously commissioning is the preferred method. Although it cost more than TAB, it provides solutions to problems discovered during the construction process or immediately after occupancy. If the project team has an unsophisticated owner, builder, and/or design professionals VE may look attractive. Sophisticated owners and operators will probably recognize the value of commissioning and VE suggestions will be analyzed for what they really are. Regardless, it is the design teams responsibility to keep it on track.
When we talk about sustainability or sustainable can we change that to “green”. Green is not defined but it is understood by most. Sustainability/sustainable is also not defined but it is about to be defined by Department of Homeland Security in that when they talk about sustainability it will mean whether or not a building can sustain itself and continue to function to its design intent when it has suffered a disaster, natural or man-made.
Advocates in the theoretical “green world" get so preoccupied with finding and using “green materials” that they forget that at the end of the day the assembly still has to work as a high performance building, and that performance begins with the envelope. People are so enthralled with the idea of a “zero carbon footprint” that they are ignoring some of the basic principles of design that are already in our existing building codes and standards. This oversight, on their part, has resulted in the false understanding that existing codes and standards are not capable of dealing with the problems of energy conservation and they totally ignore that “organic architecture” has dealt with the problems they believe are new. Additionally the un-intended consequences of some of the proposed approaches to sustainability have yet to surface. What has surfaced, in 2010, is a class action lawsuit filed against the U.S. Green Building Council filed in U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York.
Vietnam is one of the most biodiversity countries with 13,200 terrestrial plant species, around 10,000 animal species and 3000 aquatic species. The country also has an extremely long coastline extending over 3260 km, but Vietnam is the country most vulnerable to climate change and frequent natural disasters in Southeast Asia. Agriculture is the most important economic sector in the country and more than 70% of Vietnam’s population is dependent on it. In the period 2000–2018, the output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries continued to increase with the average rate of more than 4%/year. In terms of value-added of agriculture, the average growth rate of 3.7%/year of GDP in that period is relatively high and stable. The structure of agricultural production has gradually shifted to the higher efficient sector which is associated with market demand. Agricultural production has gradually improved to meet domestic needs. Despite market fluctuations, natural disasters, complicated epidemics, food production continues to grow in absolute value. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries are the only sectors of Vietnam to have consecutive trade surplus, even in the phase of difficult economic state. It shows the evident comparative advantages of Vietnam’s agriculture demonstrating the important role of agriculture in the balance of payments of Vietnam’s economy.
Crop production plays a very important role in Vietnam’s agriculture. After more than 30 years of renovation, the crop production subsector has made an important contribution to bringing Vietnam from a food shortage and importing food country to become one of world leading agricultural exporters. The economic value of the crop production sub-sector currently contributes over 70% of the agricultural sector’s GDP and nearly 50% of the agricultural-forestry-fishery export value, contributing to hunger elimination, poverty reduction, food and social security. The crop production is now continuing to develop towards commodity production, high quality, sustainable production, climate change adaptation and export-oriented. According the report of ministry of agriculture and rural development in 2018, the export turnover of agricultural products in crop production sub-sector reached 18.9 billion USD of the total 40 billion USD of agricultural sector exporting value. Among the 10 major export commodities (over 1 billion USD) of the whole sector, there are seven commodities from crop production as rice, coffee, cashew, fruits, vegetables, rubber, cassava and pepper. Export results achieved in 2018 affirmed Vietnam’s position as an exporter of agricultural products, ranked fifteenth in the world in export value and exported to 180 countries and territories around the world [1].
Crop production growth in Vietnam is based on intensive natural resource, increasing use of fertilizers, plant protection chemicals. While achieving economic targets, agricultural production causes adverse environmental effects, imbalance and depletion of natural resources. Weaknesses in the management of water resources and agricultural residues also cause increasing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Pollution has started to impact on soil fertility and yields, the effectiveness of chemicals in combating pests and disease, farmer health, environmental health and the safety of food. Meanwhile, the wasteful use of inputs is a drag on farm profitability. Though the incidence and impacts of agricultural pollution in Vietnam remains limited, but more has started emerging. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese has become increasingly aware of the human and environmental health problems that agricultural pollution is generating. Organic production used organic fertilizer and is one of target goal of sustainable development of crop production in Vietnam.
In 2016 the total crop production area in Vietnam are 11,527,000 ha, in which rice area is 4,136,000 ha and others annual crop planting area is 2,852,000 ha. Perennial crop cultivating area is 4,539,000 ha includes the key commodity crops like rubber, coffee, cashew, pepper, tea and fruit trees [2].
In general, the yields of major crops are stable in last 5 years. The average yield of major food crops is about 5.5–5.8 tons/ha for rice, 4.4–4.8 tons/ha for maize (Figure 1) and industrial crops is 19–19.5 tons/ha for cassava, 2.4–2.5 tons/ha for coffee, 2.2–2.5 for rubber, 0.7–0.8 for cashew (Figure 2). In 2018, the vegetable and fruit production in Vietnam grow rapidly and reach the exporting value of 3.8 billion USD and increase 9.2% to year 2017. Vietnam is the biggest pepper exporter in the world with the amount of more than 200,000 tons/year. The average yield of Vietnamese pepper is 2.2–2.5 tons/ha and 2.6-fold higher as compared to average yield of pepper all over the world.
The yield of some food crops in Vietnam.
The yield of some major industrial crops.
Despite some objective difficulties, key agricultural products (coffee and cashew) still maintained high export values. Export results achieved in 2018 (Figure 3) affirmed Vietnam’s position as an exporter of agricultural products, ranked fifteenth in the world in export value and exported to 180 countries and territories around the world [1].
Export value of some agricultural commodities in 2018 (source: Vietnam Customs [
Together with the trend of agricultural intensification, the use of inputs, especially fertilizers and pesticides for crops, also increased very quickly in the past two decades. The country has imported between 3.5 million and 4.5 million tons inorganic fertilizers per year since 2000. Urea imports reached a peak in 2000–2004, before declining but amounts of imported ammonium sulfate and potassium have tended to increase since. From 1985 to 2005, the rate of fertilizer consumption of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium increased by about 10% per year, peaking at 25 million tons in 2005. Fertilizer use for crops has varied among and within provinces, but generally increased in volume over time. Fertilizer application rates vary greatly, depending on the types of crops, varieties, cropping seasons, locations, soil types, and forms of application. Overall, fertilizer use in crop cultivation has been increasing. In general, crop requiring the most fertilizer application is rice, accounts for approximately 65% of total fertilizer demand, followed by corn crop with 9%. Short duration growing crop such as sugarcane, peanuts, soybeans, cotton, vegetables etc. use 6% of fertilizer; the other plants including rubber, coffee, tea, pepper, cashew, fruit, etc. account for 20% (Figure 4).
The fertilizer use by crop in Vietnam (source: Tin [
There are three main cropping seasons in Vietnam: Winter-Spring from late November to March of the following year, Summer-Autumn from April to August and Autumn-Winter from late August to late November. Agricultural production mainly concentrates in the Winter-Spring season. The demand in Winter-Spring crop accounts for 49% of total fertilizer demand per year, the other two seasons have relatively equal demand of about 25% of total demand. Fertilizer demand in Northern Vietnam is clearly separated by different time of a year. While Summer-Autumn season takes up only 6% of total demand that of Winter-Spring season is up to 58% of fertilizer demand. Fertilizer demand in Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam don’t have that difference and f is relatively stable throughout the year. Briefly, Winter-Spring has seasonally highest fertilizer demand (Figure 5) [4].
Fertilizer demand by season and region (source: Tin [
Annually, Vietnamese farmers spend about VND 110.000 billion (about USD 5 billion) on fertilizers. Compared with nearby countries, Vietnam fertilizer consumption is only lower than China in terms of fertilizer use dosage. Vietnam farmer apply NPK fertilizer of dosage 297 kg/ha. The Vietnam fertilizer market was estimated at USD 228.1 million in 2017 and is expected to reach to USD 280.9 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 4%. Currently, the market is less regulated, less technologically, highly competitive, and has good opportunities for growth [5].
Similar to fertilizers, the consumption of pesticides in Vietnam has increased dramatically in the 2 past decades together with the intensification of the agricultural sector. In 1981–1986, Vietnam imported around 6500–9000 tons of pesticide active ingredients, then increased to 13,000–15,000 tons/year in 1986–1990, to 20,000–30,000 tons/year in 1991–2000, to 33,000–75,000 tons/year in 2001–2010 and up to approximately 100,000 tons/year around 2015 [6]. Along with that trend, the import value of pesticides increased quickly from around US $472 million in 2008 to US $537 million in 2010 and nearly US $700 million in recent years [2]. In 10 years (2000–2011), the number of pesticides registered and used in Vietnam has increased 10 times. In 10 years (2000–2011), the number of pesticides registered and used in Vietnam has increased 10 times. Before 2000, the number of active ingredients was around 77, corresponding to 96 trading products and increased in 2011 up to 1202, corresponding to 3108 trading products [7].
Vietnam, as previously noted, has achieved high rates of growth in agricultural output over the past decades, but this accomplishment has been at a heavy cost to the environment. The sector’s increasing use of land and synthetic inputs has accelerated deforestation, biodiversity loss, land degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Saddled as it is with high expectations, Vietnamese agriculture will need to produce more from less going forward. Maintaining high output growth under changing climate and economic conditions may require a strategy of intensification, sparing not only time and labor, but also land and water, pesticides and fertilizer.
Recently, the Vietnamese government has policies to shift away from production to focus more on quality, value addition and sustainability. This strategic shift was highlighted in Decision no. 899/QD-TTg dated 10th June, 2013 on approving the plan of restructuring the agricultural sector towards improving added value and sustainable development. The agricultural restructuring plan (ARP) defines sector goals in terms of the triple bottom line of economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable development. It lays out expected changes in the roles and spending patterns of the government in the sector and discusses the need to work with other stakeholders, including in the private sector. There are currently many initiatives aiming in these directions. Yet achieving the shift these represent on a large, sector-wide scale, will require important changes in certain economy-wide and sector-specific policies and, over time, major changes and additions to the core institutions servicing agriculture. It calls for an ambitious and ongoing process of learning and experimentation, and several potential directions are offered below for consideration. Various programs have been initiated in Vietnam to promote sustainable production and natural resource management practices.
Organic agriculture has become a trend worldwide. Organic agriculture is developing rapidly in the world with 57.8 million ha and the market potential worth nearly US $90 billion [8]. In Vietnam, organic agriculture journey ultimately led to establishment of The Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association (VOAA) within the first congress of organic agriculture development held in Hanoi in May 2012. From these important steps, the certified organic farming area has expanded during last 5 years in Vietnam. According to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements [8], the certified area of organic agricultural production in Vietnam increased rapidly, from 43,000 ha in 2014 to 118,000 ha in 2016 [9].
Up to now, 33 of the 63 provinces and cities nationwide have developed organic farming and aquaculture models. About 60 groups, corporations and production establishments have invested in organic agriculture in Vietnam. Though organic farming area is modest as compared to the total farming area in Vietnam, businesses and organizations are applying international organic standards and certified organic products are being exported to many markets, including the US and EU. Organic market revenue in Vietnam is now estimated to be at $132.15 million a year, with spending for such products in the north higher than that in the south. Most Vietnamese certified organic products are exported to international markets such as Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, EU countries, the United States and Australia. Nearly 80 domestic companies have been certified by the EU.
In 2015, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOIT) issued TCVN 11041: 2015 to guide the production, processing, labeling and marketing of food produced by organic methods. Within international collaborative projects or by private and/or foreign enterprises that based on different standards such as: The Participatory Guarantee System (for organic vegetable); EU, USDA, JAS standards (for organic tea, rice, vegetables, fruits) most of Vietnamese organic agricultural products are based on the foreign standards but not according to the TCVN 11041: 2015. In 2018, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOIT) has officially issued the first standards system for The National Organic Agriculture Standards (production, cultivation, animal husbandry, processing and labelling of organic products) putting an end to any argument related to actual criteria of organic agriculture, as well as responding to expectations of farmers and enterprises in this field. With referred to IFOAM’s standards and standards of several countries with advanced organic agriculture including the U.S., EU, Japan, Thailand, and China, the new the Vietnamese Organic Agriculture Standards is in line with the current standards adopted by the ASEAN countries under the ASEAN Standard for Organic Agriculture. This is the important reference for farmers and producer to practice organic agriculture and for appropriate authorities to inspect, control the organic agricultural production. The standard is supposed to promote agricultural production in general and organic agriculture in particular, helps add more values to products improve quality of domestic and export goods.
In 2018, the government issued Degree 109/2018/ND-CP providing preferential terms for small enterprises, cooperatives, farms and farmer households engaged in organic agriculture. According to the decree, the government will fund all organic product certification costs and cost of verifying areas eligible for organic production. Farmers and cooperatives can also enjoy the government’s agricultural promotion assistance in organic production training. This decree which takes effect on October 15, is actually an important legal framework for organic farming, and on that basis, mobilizes all economic sectors, enterprises, cooperatives. The Government of Vietnam always strongly supports efforts to develop a sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture, improving the productivity and competitiveness of products, including organic agricultural products. In recent years, Vietnam has tried to complete national organic standards, comprehensive legal framework for production, certification and quality control of organic agricultural products and support policies to promote organic agriculture development.
In Vietnam organic fertilizers are fertilizers produced from the main raw materials that are natural organic substances (excluding synthetic organic substances), processed through physical or biological methods. Organic fertilizer composited mainly of organic substances and nutrients derived from organic materials (Degree No 108/ND-CP). In combination with mineral nutrition elements or beneficial microorganisms, organic fertilizer can be called as organic mineral fertilizer or biological-organic fertilizer or bio-organic fertilizer. According Degree No 108/ND-CP, organic fertilizer should be free of Salmonella while the density of
The organic fertilizer production line is commonly used to process different fermented organic substance into biological organic fertilizer. In Vietnam, organic fertilizers are now produced domestically in two ways: traditional composting and industrial production.
Traditional composting methods are mainly used on farm scale based on waste materials or crop residues collected from livestock and household farming. The traditional composting procedures take as long as 4–8 months to produce finished compost, by which organic residues are mixed well, and mineral elements can be added, and then composted into piles.
The industrial production of organic fertilizer is production of compost in industrial scale by using the rapid composting technology. Rapid composting methods offer possibilities for reducing the processing period up to some weeks. The industrial organic fertilizer production needs to invest in infrastructure, equipment lines with the large production capacity. Currently, there are in Vietnam 180 enterprises granted licenses to produce organic fertilizers, accounting for 24.5% of the total production licenses granted by authority agency with the production facilities about 2.5 million tons/year, accounting for 8.5% of the total capacity of domestic fertilizer production [10].
In Vietnam, rapid composting methods are used in early 2000 based on guide line of FAO on the on farm composting methods [11], in which the compost is regulated at 10% of oxygen saturation, the moisture from 50 to 55%, the pH from 5.5 to 7.0, the carbon-nitrogen (C:N) ratio around 20:1, the size of the parent materials from 5 to 10 cm. As compost enrichment the biomass of decomposing bacteria, fungi added at the rate of 500–1000 g/tons of compost materials [12].
There are several composting technologies in Vietnam as following: pile composting, box chamber composting, open-furrow composting with turning and aeration and enclosed vessel composting with mechanical agitation and aeration. Generally, less capital investments in equipment mean less capacity to treat wasted organic materials. These materials also need longer composting periods to reach maturity. In contrast, more capital investments in equipment mean more capacity and efficiency for composting organic materials. In general, domestic organic fertilizer production facilities now invest in simpler production technologies. Basic organic fertilizer production line equipment including excavators; turning machine; crusher and screen; drying system; additive pumping system, microbial spray; weighing and packaging system of finished products. Most equipment lines are created in the country. Some organic fertilizer production facilities from waste, livestock waste, and crop residues have invested in the installation of advanced equipment lines from developed countries like Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Japan. Advanced production technologies allow to shorten the composting processing time by precisely adjusting the composting temperature, moisture, pH combined with the use of cellulolytic microorganism to create high quality organic fertilizer products. In addition to the mechanization and automation of the process of collecting, treating, supplying, crushing and sifting materials; the process of drying, granulating and bagging in modern production lines allows increasing labor productivity, production capacity and reducing production costs.
The raw material of organic fertilizer can be used as agricultural waste, animal waste, industrial waste, household waste, municipal sludge and peat after safety disposal and fermentation, these materials are made into organic fertilizer. Thus, organic fertilizer contains a variety of organic acids, peptides, and rich nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Not only provide comprehensive nutrition for crops, also with long fertilizer effect, which can Increase and update the soil organic matter and promote microbial breeding, improve soil physical and chemical properties and biological activity [13]. The sources of materials for organic fertilizer production in Vietnam are now diverse and abundant, including waste from animal husbandry, aquaculture, agricultural product processing, crop residues, peat, and domestic waste. Microbial inoculants, mineral elements, biological supplements to improve the quality and efficiency of fertilizer can be used [14].
According Vietnam General Statistic Office in 2015, Vietnam produced 45.22 million tons of rice, 5.28 million tons of maize, 10.67 million tons of cassava, 1.445 million tons of coffee and 18.320 million tons of sugar cane. Based on crop biomass and product, (Trinh) [15] calculated the agricultural waste approximate 76 million tons including 45.22 million tons of rice straw, 8.73 million tons of rice husk, 4.04 million tons of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), 6.33 million tons of maize by-products, 1 million tons of coffee shell and 10 million tons of vegetable by-products [15]. Agricultural waste contained not only the carbohydrate composition and plant essential nutrition like NPK and microelement [14] (Table 2).
Kind of organic fertilizer | Quality parameters | Measured unit | Standards |
---|---|---|---|
Traditional organic fertilizer | Organic matter (OM) | % | ≥20.0 |
C/N | ≤12.0 | ||
Moisture | % | ≤30.0 | |
pH H2O | ≥5.0 | ||
Bio-organic fertilizer | Organic matter (OM) | % | ≥15.0 |
Density of beneficial microbes or | CFU/g | ≥1.0 × 106 | |
Number of infective propagules of mycorhiza | IP/g | ≥10 | |
Moisture | % | ≤30.0 | |
pH H2O | ≥5.0 | ||
Biological organic fertilizer | Organic matter (OM) | % | ≥20.0 |
Humix acid, fulvic acid or | % of OC or | ≥2.0 | |
% | ≥3.5 | ||
Other biological substances | According the standards or regulation | ||
Moisture | % | ≤30.0 | |
pH H2O | ≥5.0 | ||
Organic mineral fertilizer | Organic matter (OM) | % | ≥15.0 |
Content of total nitrogen available phosphorus and potassium | % | ≥8.0 ≤ 18.0 | |
Content of each total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium | % | ≥2.0 | |
Moisture | % | ≤25.0 | |
pH H2O | ≥5.0 |
Quality requirements of organic fertilizer in Vietnam.
Composition of some crop residue (source: Wang et al. [13]).
As of April 2017, Vietnam has 2,519,411 buffaloes; 5,496,557 cows; 28,312,083 pigs and 341,892,000 poultry and estimated to release about 85 million tons of solid waste [1]. Animal waste has organic content; elements plurality of minerals is quite high and contains almost medium micro nutrients which help soil fertility [14], Table 3.
Composition of some animal waste (source: Wang et al. [13]).
Vietnam exported every year more than 7 million tons of seafood products and made more than 5 million tons of seafood by-products that can be used as raw material for organic fertilizer production [15]. Seafood processing by product is protein, lipid and micro element (Table 4).
Concentration (%) | Head | Backbone | Tail | Oar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 42.68 | 37.91 | 30.36 | 37.23 |
Lipid | 28.79 | 37.91 | 45.10 | 41.57 |
Ash | 23.13 | 20.11 | 15.24 | 18.47 |
Carbohydrate | 5.4 | 4.57 | 2.76 | 3.70 |
Chemical composition of catfish processing byproduct (source: Trinh [15]).
At present Vietnam has no standard for raw materials of organic fertilizers in regulations regarding fertilizer production, distribution, and use [16]. Varied raw materials and poorly controlled manufacturing could cause a wider range of nutrient content of domestic “organic fertilizers” compared with that of the imported ones.
According Hien [14], Vietnam has about 7.1 billion cubic meters of peat, many mines are concentrated in the Mekong Delta with average concentration of C at 17.29% N at 1.2%, P2O5 at 0.16%; K2O at 0.3%; pH: 4.5 and humic acid at 12.8% (Table 5). This is a great source of raw materials to supply organic matter to produce organic fertilizer. In addition, seaweed around the coast of Vietnam is a rich source of potassium, micro nutrients or phosphorite ore in many Northern provinces such as Thanh Hoa, Hoa Binh, Thai Nguyen, Bac Can, Lang Son and Cao Bang is an additional source of phosphorus and nutrient elements in the organic fertilizer production process.
Parameters | Mining area | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
North Vietnam | Central South Vietnam | Cuulong delta | Average | |
pH KCl | 3.47 (2.40–6.40) | 4.12 (3.74–4.58) | 3.95 (3.18–4.78) | 3.97 (2.40–6.40) |
OC (%) | 19.80 (8.58–43.08) | 21.81 (16.45–26.54) | 29.75 (10.71–40.69) | 22.55 (8.58–43.08) |
OM (%) | 43.56 | 47.98 | 65.45 | 49.61 |
Total N (%) | 0.45 (0.20–0.72) | 1.35 (0.88–1.91) | 0.96 (0.34–1.54) | 1.12 (0.20–1.91) |
Total P2O5 (%) | 0.054 (0.03–0.09) | 0.162 (0.08–1.50) | 0.062 (0.02–0.13) | 0.141 (0.02–1.50) |
Total K2O (%) | 0.039 (0.02–0.06) | 0.136 (0.10–0.20) | 0.652 (0.33–2.26) | 0.191 (0.02–2.26) |
Composition of peat in Vietnam (source: Hien [14]).
According the Department of Plant Protection of MARD, until December 2017, in Vietnam the number of organic fertilizers including organic mineral fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer produced and traded were 713, accounting for 5% of the total fertilizer products. There were 180 companies permitted for producing organic fertilizer in Vietnam with the total production capacity of 2.5 million tons/year, accounting for 8.5% of total fertilizer production capacity in whole country. The demand of organic fertilizer is approximately 6 million tons/year and will be increase in the future [10]. In the period 2015–2017, Vietnam exported organic fertilizer to 34 different countries with the export volume in 2017 approximately 76,000 tons, up more than six times compared to 2015 (12,000 tons). In 2015, there were 17 organic fertilizer products exported, in 2016 increased to 56 products and in 2017 there were a total of 75 organic fertilizer products exported abroad. In 2015, there were only two organic fertilizer exporters, in 2016 there were 12 enterprises, by 2017 there were 19 enterprises participating in exporting organic fertilizers.
By the end of 2016, there were 24 Vietnamese standards (TCVN) issued related to organic fertilizer, which focused mainly on testing methods to determine the density and biological activity of microorganisms in the compost enrichment inoculants and content of limiting factors in organic fertilizer. Basically, the standard system of fertilizers in general and organic fertilizer in particular has been built since the 1990s of the previous century, but still lacks in quantity, quality and unresponsive practical requirements. Some additional biological substances in fertilizers such as amino acids, vitamins, plant growth regulators, etc. do not have standard methods for testing and controlling fertilizer quality. Some standards, especially standards related to bio-organic fertilizer have not been reviewed, updated, modified to suit the reality and development of production and use of organic fertilizers.
Currently in Vietnam, there are 12 permitted laboratories for testing of quality criteria, limiting factors in organic fertilizers and compost enrichment inoculant. In general, the testing laboratories have met the quality control requirements for general fertilizers and organic fertilizers in particular. However, there are still many issues that need to be considered to improve the effectiveness of fertilizer quality control.
Over the years, Vietnam has achieved certain results in the development of production and use of organic fertilizers. Besides the achieved results, the organic fertilizer industry still faces many difficulties and limitations to be able to develop effectively and sustainably, namely:
Farmers are now using inorganic fertilizers because of effectiveness, but not paying attention on the long-term harms of inorganic fertilizer abuse such as soil degradation, environmental pollution, toxic residues in agricultural products, etc.
The number of producer of inorganic fertilizer at the present is many times higher than organic fertilizers, which is one of the causes of serious imbalance in production and use of fertilizers.
Production technology of organic fertilizer is low with simple and old equipment resulting in low performance and efficiency.
There are no specific policies to encourage production and use of organic fertilizers.
Agricultural extension programs to introduce and promote the use of organic fertilizers have not been given adequate attention. There are no specific programs of the state or enterprises to support farmer to use organic fertilizers.
The set of standards for fertilizer quality control is still incomplete, so it still faces many difficulties in the quality management and registration of organic fertilizer.
In 2018 ministry of agriculture and development setting up the program to encourage the organic fertilizer production and application with the aim to develop the organic fertilizer contributing to promoting crop production in the direction of enhancing added value and protecting the environment. It concentrates on the followings:
Effective using the agricultural by-products to produce organic fertilizer for domestic consumption and export;
Increasing the organic fertilizer at least 3 million tons/year for domestic consumption and export of 0.5 million tons/year;
Selection and adoption of advanced technology of organic fertilizers production in accordance with the Vietnam conditions;
Increase the ratio of organic fertilizer products to total fertilizer products from 5% currently to 10% in the near future;
Encouraging and mobilizing to ensure at least 50% of the fertilizer producer in the country commit to invest in the development of organic fertilizer production and complete the standards, the testing laboratory in service of state management on the organic fertilizer quality control and insurance.
The solution to carry out the program of encouragement of the organic fertilizer production and application is determined as follows:
The government should review the legal documents on fertilizer and organic fertilizer to create a suitable legal system for state management of organic fertilizer, including specific contents on further encouraging the production and use of organic fertilizer in the Law on crops production and supporting policies on land use, taxes, credit as well as promotion of application new technologies. In the long term, it is necessary to setting up the priority policies to encourage the production and use of organic fertilizers using available materials from crop production, animal husbandry, food processing waste and other natural material like peat, seaweed etc.
The government will develop a national plan on fertilizer production based on the balance between inorganic and organic fertilizers to pushing the gradually increase of proportion of production and use of organic fertilizers. In nearly future it needs to implement a survey projects on the production and use of organic fertilizers for each region in whole country, with special emphasis on local available materials, the feasibility of transferring advanced production technologies, practices of using organic fertilizers, etc. to have a scientific basis to develop a strategy for developing organic fertilizer.
Based on the results of reviewing the system of standards of fertilizer, the responsible ministries should speeding up the amendment, supplement and completion of standards for organic fertilizer supporting the quality control and quality assurance (QC&QA) of organic fertilizer. In addition, the testing laboratory system should be reviewed, evaluated and step by step upgraded to meet the requirement as prescribed by law. The government will invest for the fertilizer testing laboratories in the North, Central and South regions for the quality control and quality ensurance of fertilizer and organic fertilizer.
Building up and implementation of new policies to encourage and develop the link chain in crop production and organic fertilizer production, application as well as encourage the organizations and individuals to invest in research, technology transfer, mastering and application of advanced technologies for organic fertilizer production based on Vietnam’s available raw materials.
Vietnam will promote the research, transfer and application of advanced technologies for organic fertilizer production with priority on environmentally friendly technologies and technologies using locally available materials and tools as well as technology increasing the efficiency use of organic fertilizer, etc. contributing to increase sustainable crop productivity.
Regarding inspection and state management of fertilizers quality control and quality assurance (QA&QC), the government will innovating the inspection, examination and compliance with regulations on fertilizer management in all stages from laboratory testing, field trial, production, trading and using fertilizers. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development will organize an specialized inspection forces to check the quality of fertilizers produced and commercialized, thoroughly handling fertilizer producer that fail to meet the conditions for fertilizer production or that have the products not been permitted for the commercialization. The responsible local authorities should be strengthened in the inspection, supervision of production, business and fertilizer use.
The government will develop the training materials for management agencies, organizations and individuals producing, trading organic fertilizers as well as organize the training course on the implementation of legal documents and management skills for responsible local authorities. The agricultural extension will innovate the guide on using organic fertilizer through practical models and field days in coordinating local authorities, fertilizer producer to guide the farmer to use organic fertilizer.
Regarding the communication, the mass media will coordinate with fertilizer associations, Farmers’ Association, Gardening Association, universities, research institutes, etc. propagating and guiding the farmer to produce traditional organic fertilizers based on reuse of agricultural byproducts, animal manure and household waste as well as propagating and replicating advanced models in production, business and use of organic fertilizer. The farmer should understand the role and long-term effects of the use of organic fertilizers via communication.
Vietnam government encourages and promotes the international cooperation on organic fertilizer development in Vietnam and will actively participate in the international organic fertilizer market. The international cooperation in the technology transfer in organic fertilizer production from oversee will be strengthened. Vietnam will participate in international treaties and agreements on organic agriculture and organic fertilizer, both multilateral and bilateral with countries and organizations in the region and the world.
Vietnam is a tropical country and has enormous progress and remarkable growth in agriculture contributing actively in poverty reduction, national food security, and social stability in last 30 year. Vietnam faces bright opportunities in both domestic and international markets; yet effectively competing in these will depend upon the ability of farmers and firms to deliver products with reliability, and with assurances relating to quality, safety, and sustainability. Organic agriculture using organic fertilizer is one of Vietnam government priority. Vietnam has good condition for organic fertilizer production and application, but the production capacity is small not meet the demand for organic agriculture. Vietnam government promotes the organic fertilizer production and application and has the policy to develop the organic fertilizer in Vietnam.
IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. We uphold a flexible Copyright Policy, guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
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\\n\\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\\n\\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\\n\\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
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\\n\\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
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\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\\n\\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\nTERMINATION
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\\n\\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nMISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\n\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\n\nThe Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\n\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\n\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\nTERMINATION
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\n\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\n\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\n\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\nMISCELLANEOUS
\n\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\n\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\n\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\n\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. 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His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). 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