The main groups of preservatives/oxidants in the tear substitutes.
\r\n\tThis project will include chapters covering the main aspects of angiographic techniques; coronary angiography, fluorescein and microangiography, peripheral angiography, miscellaneous angiography, and new concepts and advances. It will provide an insight into significant updates including hybrid imaging, new devices, contrast medium, and techniques. As the endovascular approaches have evolved over the last several years with the rapid influx of minimally invasive techniques, it is important to point out that there are many aspects which require complex medical workups and substantial preoperative decision algorithms, which have not been covered in the literature yet. The book will be a collection of chapters from world class experts contributing to this new endeavor in medical sciences.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d6e5b06750aa89961fd7e81c3740c6bd",bookSignature:"Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9061.jpg",keywords:"Coronary Angiography, Fluorescein, Microangiography, Neurovascular Angiography, Peripheral Angiography, Leg Claudication, Renal Stenosis, Atherosclerosis, Medicolegal, New Advances, Hybrid Imaging",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 26th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 13th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221787/images/system/221787.jfif",biography:"Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi graduated in medicine from The University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, and the University of Rome Tor\nVergata, Italy. She is a former researcher in morphophysiology at the University of Córdoba/Reina Sofia Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.\nShe graduated in Neurology/ Neurosurgery at the Hospital of Restauração, SES, in Brazil and Neuroradiology/Radiodiagnostics at Paris Marie Curie University. She holds a master’s degree in Medicine from the University of Nova Lisboa in Portugal and in Behavioral Sciences and Neuropsychiatry from the University of Pernambuco. She also has a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of Pernambuco/Paris Diderot University. She is a former Fellow in Interventional Neuroradiology in France at the Ophthalmological Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild, Beaujon Hospital, and Hospices Civils de Strasbourg. She was Praticien Associé in Interventional Neuroradiology at Neurologique Hospital Pierre Wertheimer, University of Lyon Claude Bernard in Lyon, France, and Visiting Professor of the University of Paris Diderot-Neuri Beaujon. She is actually an independent consultant/supervisor in neuroradiology, neuroendovascular, and imaging. She has been also an academic collaborator researcher in the Cardiovascular Department at the University of Leicester. She has experience in innovative research for the development of new technologies and is also an academic editor and reviewer of several scientific publications about neurological diseases.",institutionString:"Paris Diderot University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Paris Diderot University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9364",title:"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases",subtitle:"An Updated Comprehensive Review",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb9cf94a9674571e55f6e01a20ec372a",slug:"new-insight-into-cerebrovascular-diseases-an-updated-comprehensive-review",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi, Rufai Ahmad, Auwal Abdullahi and Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7147",title:"Demystifying Polyneuropathy",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"884b3c36ad0b0856066a901d2f910ef5",slug:"demystifying-polyneuropathy-recent-advances-and-new-directions",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46119",title:"Antidiabetic Botanicals and their Potential Benefits in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/57339",slug:"antidiabetic-botanicals-and-their-potential-benefits-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46119.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46119",totalDownloads:2072,totalViews:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"September 16th 2013",dateReviewed:"October 29th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 5th 2014",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/46119",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/46119",book:{slug:"antioxidant-antidiabetic-agents-and-human-health"},signatures:"Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun, Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi and\nOluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",email:"bejufemi@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"65449",title:"Dr.",name:"Afolabi",middleName:"Clement",surname:"Akinmoladun",fullName:"Afolabi Akinmoladun",slug:"afolabi-akinmoladun",email:"akinmoladunfc@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"169335",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebenezer",middleName:null,surname:"Farombi",fullName:"Ebenezer Farombi",slug:"ebenezer-farombi",email:"eo.farombi@mail.ui.edu.ng",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3829",title:"Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health",slug:"antioxidant-antidiabetic-agents-and-human-health",publishedDate:"February 5th 2014",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3829.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"45944",title:"Lipid Profile, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Acacia ataxacantha Bark Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats",slug:"lipid-profile-antidiabetic-and-antioxidant-activity-of-acacia-ataxacantha-bark-extract-in-streptozot",totalDownloads:2475,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rotimi O. Arise, Aderounmu I. Ganiyu and Oluwafemi O.\nOguntibeju",authors:[{id:"122415",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-o.-oguntibeju"},{id:"169343",title:"Dr.",name:"Rotimi",middleName:null,surname:"Arise",fullName:"Rotimi Arise",slug:"rotimi-arise"},{id:"170112",title:"MSc.",name:"Aderounmu",middleName:null,surname:"Ganiyu",fullName:"Aderounmu Ganiyu",slug:"aderounmu-ganiyu"}]},{id:"45956",title:"Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications: The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Flavonoids",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-diabetic-complications-the-role-of-antioxidant-vitamins-and-flavonoids",totalDownloads:3495,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Omolola R. Ayepola, Nicole L. Brooks and Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"169345",title:"Dr.",name:"Omolola",middleName:null,surname:"Ayepola",fullName:"Omolola Ayepola",slug:"omolola-ayepola"}]},{id:"45933",title:"Anti-Diabetic Effects of Nigerian Indigenous Plant Foods/Diets",slug:"anti-diabetic-effects-of-nigerian-indigenous-plant-foods-diets",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elizabeth A. Udenta, Ikemefuna C. Obizoba and Oluwafemi O.\nOguntibeju",authors:[{id:"122415",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-o.-oguntibeju"},{id:"169333",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:"Anamenechukwu",surname:"Udenta",fullName:"Elizabeth Udenta",slug:"elizabeth-udenta"},{id:"169334",title:"Prof.",name:"Ikemefuna C.",middleName:null,surname:"Obizoba",fullName:"Ikemefuna C. Obizoba",slug:"ikemefuna-c.-obizoba"}]},{id:"45886",title:"Some Selected Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Potentials",slug:"some-selected-medicinal-plants-with-antidiabetic-potentials",totalDownloads:3685,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A.A. Oyagbemi, M. Salihu, O.O. Oguntibeju, A.J. Esterhuyse and E.O.\nFarombi",authors:[{id:"91429",title:"Prof.",name:"E. Olatunde",middleName:null,surname:"Farombi",fullName:"E. Olatunde Farombi",slug:"e.-olatunde-farombi"},{id:"169338",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademola",middleName:null,surname:"Oyagbemi",fullName:"Ademola Oyagbemi",slug:"ademola-oyagbemi"}]},{id:"45741",title:"The Antidiabetic Activities of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus Amarus in some Laboratory Animals",slug:"the-antidiabetic-activities-of-the-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-phyllanthus-amarus-in-some-laboratory-ani",totalDownloads:2614,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adeolu Adedapo, Sunday Ofuegbe and Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"122415",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-o.-oguntibeju"},{id:"169355",title:"Dr.",name:"Adeolu",middleName:"Alex",surname:"Adedapo",fullName:"Adeolu Adedapo",slug:"adeolu-adedapo"},{id:"169356",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Ofuegbe",fullName:"Sunday Ofuegbe",slug:"sunday-ofuegbe"}]},{id:"46119",title:"Antidiabetic Botanicals and their Potential Benefits in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"antidiabetic-botanicals-and-their-potential-benefits-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun, Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi and\nOluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju"},{id:"65449",title:"Dr.",name:"Afolabi",middleName:"Clement",surname:"Akinmoladun",fullName:"Afolabi Akinmoladun",slug:"afolabi-akinmoladun"},{id:"169335",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebenezer",middleName:null,surname:"Farombi",fullName:"Ebenezer Farombi",slug:"ebenezer-farombi"}]},{id:"45841",title:"Antioxidant-Rich Natural Grain Products and Human Health",slug:"antioxidant-rich-natural-grain-products-and-human-health",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Afam I.O. Jideani, Henry Silungwe, Thakhani Takalani, Tonna A.\nAnyasi, Henry Udeh and Adewale Omolola",authors:[{id:"169350",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Silungwe",fullName:"Henry Silungwe",slug:"henry-silungwe"},{id:"169351",title:"Dr.",name:"Thakhani",middleName:null,surname:"Takalani",fullName:"Thakhani Takalani",slug:"thakhani-takalani"},{id:"169352",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonna",middleName:"Ashim",surname:"Anyasi",fullName:"Tonna Anyasi",slug:"tonna-anyasi"},{id:"169353",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Udeh",fullName:"Henry Udeh",slug:"henry-udeh"},{id:"169354",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewale",middleName:null,surname:"Omolola",fullName:"Adewale Omolola",slug:"adewale-omolola"},{id:"200822",title:"Prof.",name:"Afam I. O.",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",fullName:"Afam I. O. Jideani",slug:"afam-i.-o.-jideani"}]},{id:"46120",title:"Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties of Vigna subterranea and Moringa oleifera",slug:"nutritional-therapeutic-and-prophylactic-properties-of-vigna-subterranea-and-moringa-oleifera",totalDownloads:4980,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Victoria Adaora Jideani and Claudine Florett Diedericks",authors:[{id:"18450",title:"Prof.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",fullName:"Victoria Jideani",slug:"victoria-jideani"},{id:"169337",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudine",middleName:"Florett",surname:"Diedericks",fullName:"Claudine Diedericks",slug:"claudine-diedericks"}]},{id:"45813",title:"Dietary Antioxidant Properties of Vegetable Oils and Nuts – The Race Against Cardiovascular Disease Progression",slug:"dietary-antioxidant-properties-of-vegetable-oils-and-nuts-the-race-against-cardiovascular-disease-pr",totalDownloads:2806,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wongama Given Pantsi, Dirk Jacobus Bester, Adriaan Johannes\nEsterhuyse and Guillaume Aboua",authors:[{id:"39227",title:"Mr",name:"A. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Esterhuyse",fullName:"A. J. Esterhuyse",slug:"a.-j.-esterhuyse"},{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"},{id:"169347",title:"Dr.",name:"Wongama",middleName:"Given",surname:"Pantsi",fullName:"Wongama Pantsi",slug:"wongama-pantsi"},{id:"169348",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Bester",fullName:"Dirk Bester",slug:"dirk-bester"}]},{id:"45882",title:"Plants with Hypolipidaemic Effects from Nigerian Flora",slug:"plants-with-hypolipidaemic-effects-from-nigerian-flora",totalDownloads:2329,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ngozi Justina Nwodo, Charles Okeke Nnadi, Akachukwu Ibezim\nand Chika John Mbah",authors:[{id:"169340",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Nnadi",fullName:"Charles Nnadi",slug:"charles-nnadi"},{id:"169341",title:"Dr.",name:"Akachukwu",middleName:null,surname:"Ibezim",fullName:"Akachukwu Ibezim",slug:"akachukwu-ibezim"},{id:"169342",title:"Dr.",name:"Chika",middleName:null,surname:"Mbah",fullName:"Chika Mbah",slug:"chika-mbah"},{id:"169988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngozi",middleName:null,surname:"Nwodo",fullName:"Ngozi Nwodo",slug:"ngozi-nwodo"}]},{id:"45990",title:"Garlic and Its Effects on Health with Special Reference to the Reproductive System",slug:"garlic-and-its-effects-on-health-with-special-reference-to-the-reproductive-system",totalDownloads:4302,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carlo Valente, Guillaume Aboua and Stefan S. Du Plessis",authors:[{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"}]},{id:"45817",title:"Potentials of Phytotherapeutic Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction",slug:"potentials-of-phytotherapeutic-treatment-of-erectile-dysfunction",totalDownloads:2613,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guillaume Aboua, Claudine Manirafasha, Boitumelo R. Mosito,\nMichelle van der Linde and Stefan S. du Plessis",authors:[{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"}]},{id:"45834",title:"Buchu – The Multi-Purpose Ethnomedicinally Important Specie and Its Benefits in the Reproductive System",slug:"buchu-the-multi-purpose-ethnomedicinally-important-specie-and-its-benefits-in-the-reproductive-syste",totalDownloads:2582,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bongekile Skosana, Guillaume Aboua and Stefan S du Plessis",authors:[{id:"168701",title:"Ms.",name:"Bongikele",middleName:null,surname:"Skosana",fullName:"Bongikele Skosana",slug:"bongikele-skosana"},{id:"168702",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan S.",middleName:null,surname:"Du Plessis",fullName:"Stefan S. Du Plessis",slug:"stefan-s.-du-plessis"},{id:"169344",title:"Dr.",name:"Yapo",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Yapo Aboua",slug:"yapo-aboua"}]},{id:"45895",title:"Antioxidant -Rich Natural Products and Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"antioxidant-rich-natural-products-and-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:3284,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ayodeji B. Oyenihi, Nicole L. Brooks, Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju and\nGuillaume Aboua",authors:[{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"}]},{id:"45832",title:"Potential Role of Parkia biglobosa in the Management and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases",slug:"potential-role-of-parkia-biglobosa-in-the-management-and-treatment-of-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"O.B.L. Alinde, A.J. Esterhuyse and O.O. Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"169346",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Olatogni",middleName:"Berenice L",surname:"Alinde",fullName:"Olatogni Alinde",slug:"olatogni-alinde"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2666",title:"Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"Insights and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49a714ae0be8a338523befe4ffc9352f",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"42092",title:"The Utility of Vitamins in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: A Public Health Perspective",slug:"the-utility-of-vitamins-in-the-prevention-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-and-its-complications-a-public",signatures:"Alaa Badawi, Bibiana Garcia-Bailo, Paul Arora, Mohammed H. Al Thani, Eman Sadoun, Mamdouh Farid and Ahmed El-Sohemy",authors:[{id:"138732",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaa",middleName:null,surname:"Badawi",fullName:"Alaa Badawi",slug:"alaa-badawi"}]},{id:"42096",title:"Aldose Reductase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Drugs of Diabetic Complications",slug:"aldose-reductase-inhibitors-as-potential-therapeutic-drugs-of-diabetic-complications",signatures:"Changjin Zhu",authors:[{id:"140294",title:"Dr.",name:"Changjin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Changjin Zhu",slug:"changjin-zhu"}]},{id:"42089",title:"Behavioral Problems and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Self and Parent Reports",slug:"behavioral-problems-and-depressive-symptoms-in-adolescents-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-self-and-pa",signatures:"Nienke M. Maas- van Schaaijk, Angelique B.C. Roeleveld-Versteegh, Roelof R.J. Odink and Anneloes L. van Baar",authors:[{id:"142419",title:"MSc.",name:"Nienke",middleName:null,surname:"Maas-Van Schaaijk",fullName:"Nienke Maas-Van Schaaijk",slug:"nienke-maas-van-schaaijk"}]},{id:"42080",title:"GPR119 Agonists: A Novel Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment",slug:"gpr119-agonists-a-novel-strategy-for-type-2-diabetes-treatment",signatures:"Xiaoyun Zhu, Wenglong Huang and Hai Qian",authors:[{id:"144003",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenlong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wenlong Huang",slug:"wenlong-huang"},{id:"144116",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoyun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Xiaoyun Zhu",slug:"xiaoyun-zhu"},{id:"144117",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai",middleName:null,surname:"Qian",fullName:"Hai Qian",slug:"hai-qian"}]},{id:"42086",title:"The Role of Nutrition in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-role-of-nutrition-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Olabiyi Folorunso and Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"150060",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Folorunso",middleName:"Adewale",surname:"Olabiyi",fullName:"Folorunso Olabiyi",slug:"folorunso-olabiyi"}]},{id:"42093",title:"Can Lifestyle Factors of Diabetes Mellitus Patients Affect Their Fertility?",slug:"can-lifestyle-factors-of-diabetes-mellitus-patients-affect-their-fertility-",signatures:"Guillaume Aboua, Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju and Stefan S. du Plessis",authors:[{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"}]},{id:"42095",title:"The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Human Health and Disease Prevention",slug:"the-role-of-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-in-human-health-and-disease-prevention",signatures:"O. O. Oguntibeju, E. J. Truter and A. J. Esterhuyse",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju"}]},{id:"42090",title:"Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Case Series",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-in-developing-countries-and-case-series",signatures:"Omiepirisa Yvonne Buowari",authors:[{id:"151696",title:"Dr.",name:"Dabota",middleName:"Yvonne",surname:"Buowari",fullName:"Dabota Buowari",slug:"dabota-buowari"}]},{id:"42081",title:"Principles of Exercise and Its Role in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"principles-of-exercise-and-its-role-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Yıldırım Çınar, Hakan Demirci and Ilhan Satman",authors:[{id:"146690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr. Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",fullName:"Dr. Hakan Demirci",slug:"dr.-hakan-demirci"},{id:"149496",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhan",middleName:null,surname:"Satman",fullName:"Ilhan Satman",slug:"ilhan-satman"},{id:"163077",title:"Prof.",name:"Yıldırım",middleName:null,surname:"Çınar",fullName:"Yıldırım Çınar",slug:"yildirim-cinar"}]},{id:"42085",title:"Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Myocardial Infarction",slug:"hyperglycemia-and-diabetes-in-myocardial-infarction",signatures:"Marco A. López Hernández",authors:[{id:"138831",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Hernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Lopez Hernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-lopez-hernandez"}]},{id:"42088",title:"Physical Activity in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"physical-activity-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"N.A. Odunaiya and O.O. Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju"},{id:"158236",title:"Dr.",name:"Nse Ayooluwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odunaiya",fullName:"Nse Ayooluwa Odunaiya",slug:"nse-ayooluwa-odunaiya"}]},{id:"42091",title:"Copper, Zinc and Magnesium in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin",slug:"copper-zinc-and-magnesium-in-non-insulin-dependent-diabetes-mellitus-treated-with-metformin",signatures:"Monica Daniela Dosa, Cecilia Ruxandra Adumitresi, Laurentiu Tony Hangan and Mihai Nechifor",authors:[{id:"140764",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Dosa",fullName:"Monica Daniela Dosa",slug:"monica-daniela-dosa"}]},{id:"42083",title:"Animal Models for Study of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"animal-models-for-study-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"A. Lukačínová, B. Hubková, O. Rácz and F. Ništiar",authors:[{id:"142310",title:"Prof.",name:"Frantisek",middleName:null,surname:"Nistiar",fullName:"Frantisek Nistiar",slug:"frantisek-nistiar"}]},{id:"42084",title:"Essentials of Diabetes Care in Family Practice",slug:"essentials-of-diabetes-care-in-family-practice",signatures:"Hakan Demirci, Ilhan Satman, Yıldırım Çınar and Nazan Bilgel",authors:[{id:"146690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr. Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",fullName:"Dr. Hakan Demirci",slug:"dr.-hakan-demirci"},{id:"143975",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhan",middleName:null,surname:"Satman",fullName:"Ilhan Satman",slug:"ilhan-satman"},{id:"146932",title:"Prof.",name:"Yildirim",middleName:null,surname:"Cinar",fullName:"Yildirim Cinar",slug:"yildirim-cinar"},{id:"146933",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Bilgel",fullName:"Nazan Bilgel",slug:"nazan-bilgel"}]},{id:"42087",title:"Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus in Animals",slug:"spontaneous-diabetes-mellitus-in-animals",signatures:"Emilia Ciobotaru",authors:[{id:"139907",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Ciobotaru",fullName:"Emilia Ciobotaru",slug:"emilia-ciobotaru"}]},{id:"42079",title:"A New Behavioral Model (Health Belief Model Combined with Two Fear Models): Design, Evaluation and Path Analysis of the Role of Variables in Maintaining Behavior",slug:"a-new-behavioral-model-health-belief-model-combined-with-two-fear-models-design-evaluation-and-path-",signatures:"Alireza Shahab Jahanlou, Masoud Lotfizade and Nader Alishan Karami",authors:[{id:"143640",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza Shahab",middleName:null,surname:"Jahanlou",fullName:"Alireza Shahab Jahanlou",slug:"alireza-shahab-jahanlou"}]},{id:"42094",title:"Development of Improved Animal Models for the Study of Diabetes",slug:"development-of-improved-animal-models-for-the-study-of-diabetes",signatures:"Emilia Ciobotaru",authors:[{id:"139907",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Ciobotaru",fullName:"Emilia Ciobotaru",slug:"emilia-ciobotaru"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66173",title:"In Vitro Cytotoxicity Screening as a Criterion for the Rational Selection of Tear Substitutes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85106",slug:"in-vitro-cytotoxicity-screening-as-a-criterion-for-the-rational-selection-of-tear-substitutes",body:'\nTear substitutes are widely used in ophthalmology today and are the first-line treatment of multifactorial causes that occur in various cases of irritation of the ocular surface, including dry eye syndrome (DES). Artificial tears contain the following substances as active ingredients: sodium hyaluronate, carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carmellose sodium, trehalose, as well as a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and povidone and HPMC together with dextran. In addition to the active ingredient, various preservatives are added to maintain the stability of the drops and suppress microorganism growth: benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetrimide, cetalkonium chloride, Polyquad®, polyhexanide, and also Oxide®, Purite®, and OcuPure®. Substances that increase the viscosity (prolongators) reduce the rate of removal of the substance from the ocular surface. These include povidone, polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, gelatin, methylcellulose, dextran 70, and carboxymethylcellulose. The next component of eye drops is antioxidants; they prevent the decomposition of the active ingredient by atmospheric oxygen. The most commonly used antioxidants are EDTA, bisulfite, thiosulfate, and metabisulfite. Eye drops may contain buffer substances (systems), which allow maintaining the pH of the drug in the range of 6–8. This is necessary to ensure that the pH of the drops is similar to the normal acidity of a human tear (7.14–7.82). With such similarity, the active substances can easily penetrate the cornea into the anterior chamber of the eye, without causing discomfort during instillation. Examples of buffers are citrate, phosphate, borate, and Tris buffers. Another important component of eye drops is osmotic agents: propylene glycol, glycerol, dextrose, and dextran. These substances provide isotonicity of eye drops in relation to the tear film and maintain osmotic pressure at the level of 305 mOsm/L. Isotonic solutions are better absorbed and well tolerated by the patient.
\nThus, in addition to the main pharmaceutical ingredient, eye drops contain a number of excipients, some of which can have an adverse effect on the ocular surface, such as preservatives, buffer system components, and antioxidants.
\nThe inclusion of preservatives in the composition of eye drops is necessary to maintain sterility and prevent their bacterial contamination. According to international standards, the addition of preservatives is mandatory in the manufacture of multidose dosage forms for topical use.
\nThe concentration of the latter in the composition of the eye drops is relatively low; however, the cumulative dose over the entire period of use, especially with their frequent and prolonged use, can be quite high. This is especially important to remember in the context of the development of side effects that can be caused by some of the excipients in eye drops, including artificial tears [1, 2]. The preservatives in the composition of eye drops can be divided into three main types: detergents, oxidizers, and ion buffer systems. Detergent-type preservatives have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, which makes them quite toxic for corneal and conjunctival cells [3]. Oxidizing preservatives are less toxic than detergents, while they are effective against bacteria even at low concentrations, which minimizes their adverse effects on conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells [4]. The ion buffer preservative with an antibacterial and antifungal effect is similar to oxidizing agents in its mechanism of action [5]. It is less cytotoxic for the cells of the ocular surface than conventional preservatives but is not yet included in the composition of tear substitutes currently [6].
\nIn the United States, many comparative clinical studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of tear substitutes. In the published report of the Dry Eye Workshop, it was noted that despite the fact that many tear substitutes improved the ocular surface condition, there was no reliable evidence that any of the drugs was superior to another, while the inflammation of the ocular surface could worsen in the presence of preservatives in their composition [7, 8].
\nRecently, studies of not only developed but already available drugs have been increasingly using in vitro test systems, among which models with monolayer cell cultures are the simplest and most accessible ones [9, 10, 11]. Cells grown in vitro retain many metabolic features of the parent host tissues and at the same time lack tissue and organ interrelations and regulatory effects of the nervous and endocrine systems and have very limited compensatory capabilities. These features of cell cultures provide an opportunity to investigate the interaction of chemical agents directly with the cell itself, to identify changes in cellular and subcellular structures that can be masked in whole-organism settings. It is known that cells affected by various biologically active substances can undergo changes in morphology, cell growth rate, time of death, and degree of disintegration; therefore, it is advisable for each dosage form to assess its effect on cell survival [12]. In toxicology studies, various cell cultures are used. They differ in origin, belonging to a particular tissue type, sensitivity to various xenobiotics, as well as in their ability to proliferate. The selection of a test system in each case depends on the purposes and objectives of the study. To assess the safety of ophthalmic drugs, the most informative are test systems based on human eye tissue cells [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
\nThe purpose of this study was to comparatively analyze the cytotoxic effect of 21 tear substitutes on human corneal epithelial cells in vitro.
\nThe study object was 11 tear substitutes with various systems of preservatives (\nTable 1\n) and buffer systems (\nTable 2\n), Systane® Ultra, Artelac® Balance, Optive®, Cationorm®, Vismed® Light, Blink® contacts, Stillavit®, Ophtolique®, Lacrisifi®, Hypromellose®-P, and Slezin®, and 7 preservative-free tear substitutes, Hylabak®, Thealoz®, Thealoz Duo®, Hylo-Comod®, Hyloparin-Comod®, Hylosar-Comod®, and Hylomax-Comod® (\nTable 2\n).
\nChemical glass of preservative | \nName of preservative/antioxidant | \nTrade name of tear substitute | \n
---|---|---|
Detergents | \nBAC, EDTA | \nSlezin®\n | \n
BAC, EDTA | \nHypromellose®-P | \n|
BAC, EDTA | \nLacrisifi®\n | \n|
BAC, EDTA | \nOphtolique®\n | \n|
Polyhexanide, EDTA | \nVismed® Light | \n|
Polyquad®\n | \nSystane® Ultra | \n|
Cetalkonium chloride | \nCationorm®\n | \n|
Oxidants | \nStabilized oxychloro complex | \n|
Purite®\n | \nOptive®\n | \n|
OcuPure®\n | \nBlink® contacts | \n|
Stabilized chlorite complex | \n||
Oxide®\n | \nArtelac® Balance | \n|
Other | \nEDTA | \nStillavit®\n | \n
The main groups of preservatives/oxidants in the tear substitutes.
Buffer systems | \nTear substitutes | \n
---|---|
Citrate buffer (C) | \nHylo-Comod®, Hyloparin-Comod®, Hylomax-Comod®, Hylosar-Comod®\n | \n
Phosphate buffer (P) | \nLacrisifi®\n | \n
Borate buffer (B) | \nSystane® Ultra, Blink® contacts, Slezin®\n | \n
Tris buffer | \nCationorm®, Hylabak®, Thealoz®, Thealoz Duo®\n | \n
Combination of buffers | \nOptive® (B + C), Vismed® Light (P + C), Stillavit® (B + P) | \n
No buffer | \nArtelac® Balance, Ophtolique®\n | \n
Buffer systems in the study of tear substitutes.
Cells of the immortalized human corneal epithelial cell (HCE) line were used as a test system. This test system has a higher sensitivity to the action of tear substitutes, compared with a test system based on the permanent human conjunctival cell line (Chang conjunctiva, clone 1-5c-4) [17].
\nThe effect of artificial tear eye drops on the viability of human corneal epithelial cells was studied in vitro during culturing the cells in Keratinocyte-SFM growth medium (Gibco, USA) containing the test drugs at a concentration of 10% of the medium volume at 37°C in a CO2 incubator in an 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells cultured under standard conditions without the addition of drugs were used as control cells. The concentration of tear substitutes for the experiment was selected on the data of clinical use of the test drugs and our own cytotoxicity studies of artificial tears on cell cultures [17]. Cell viability was assessed by their morphology and functional activity using phase-contrast microscopy (FCM) methods, MTT test, and xCELLigence system.
\nThe morphology of the cells in the course of their culturing with the test drugs was evaluated using an inverted Nikon Eclipse TS100 microscope equipped with a camera. To evaluate the effect of tear substitutes on the metabolic activity of human corneal epithelial cells by MTT method, the cells were inoculated in 96-well plates in 200 μl of the growth medium containing the test drugs and cultured as usual for 2 days. After the culturing period, MTT test was performed. The absorbance of the solutions was measured using Fluorofot Charity analyzer (Russia) at a wavelength of 570 nm and a reference wavelength of 630 nm. Mathematical processing of the data was performed by variation statistics methods using Microsoft Excel 2007. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.
\nTo evaluate the effect of tear substitutes on the adhesion and proliferative activity of corneal epithelial cells using xCELLigence system, 1 × 104 HCE cells were inoculated per well of the E-plate in 100 μl of the growth medium containing the test drugs. The plates were placed in the real-time cell analyzer dual purpose (RTCA-DP) (ACEA Biosciences), and adhesion and cell proliferation dynamics was monitored in real time for 24 h. The results were analyzed using RTCA Software 1.2.1 (Roche). The change in impedance at microelectrodes due to cell attachment and spreading was expressed as Cell Index; the value of which is automatically calculated by the program: Cell Index = (RnRb)/t, where Rb is the initial impedance value in the well containing the cell growth medium only (negative control) and Rn is the impedance value at any time t in the well containing the test cells (positive control) in addition to the growth medium. The Cell Index thus reflects changes in the number of cells, the quality of cell attachment, and the morphology of the cells in the well, which may vary over time. The data were presented as the mean value (M) ± standard deviation, the significance of differences was calculated by the Mann-Whitney U-test, and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.
\nThe MTT test, commonly known as a screening method for measuring cell survival and included in most protocols of molecular biology and medicine [19], revealed differences in the effect of the test tear substitutes on the metabolic activity of the corneal epithelial cells. The results of the MTT test are presented as a histogram, where the viability of cells cultured in growth media with the addition of eye drops is expressed as a percentage relative to the control (\nFigure 1\n).
\nHCE viability histograms on day 3 of culturing in the medium with a concentration of the test drugs of 10% of the growth medium volume. The drugs were added to the growth medium at the time of inoculating the cells.
The MTT test showed that the tear substitutes containing preservatives from the group of detergents, especially BAC at various concentrations, have the greatest toxicity to corneal epithelial cells: Lacrisifi® (BAC 0.1 mg/mL), Slezin® (BAC 0.075 mg/mL), Ophtolique® (BAC 0.1 mg/mL), Hypromellose®-P (BAC 0.1 mg/mL), and Cationorm® (cetalkonium chloride). Cell viability in the presence of these drugs was close to zero. The exceptions in this group were Vismed® Light (polyhexanide), which did not have a toxic effect at the studied concentration, and Systane® Ultra (Polyquad®), which had a moderate toxic effect. This was probably due to the fact that Vismed® Light contains the preservative polyhexanide, which is rarely included in the composition of tear substitutes. This preservative has a limited antifungal activity and no irritating effect on the human corneal epithelial cells [5]. The eye drops Systane® Ultra contain Polyquad® (polydronium chloride), which is a detergent-type preservative derived from BAC. It is unique in that bacterial cells attract Polyquad®, while corneal epithelial cells tend to repel it. Despite the occurrence of some superficial epithelial lesions, it is better tolerated than other detergent-type preservative agents [20]. Extremely high toxicity to corneal epithelial cells was also shown by the tear substitutes containing oxidants as preservatives: the stabilized oxychloro complex Optive® (Purite®) and the stabilized chlorite complex Artelac® Balance (Oxide®). The least toxic in this group was the Blink® tear substitute with OcuPure® as a preservative. It is thought that oxidative preservatives have a mild cytotoxic effect and are well tolerated and safe [21]; however, it has been found that this group of preservatives can cause superficial punctate keratitis with prolonged use [22]. The group of tear substitutes consisting of only one drug (Stillavit®), which showed moderate toxicity compared to artificial tears with detergent- and oxidative-type preservatives, includes the antioxidant EDTA (sodium edetate). It is a chelating agent, which, while not being a true preservative, can increase the antimicrobial activity of the main disinfectant while reducing its concentration. It chelates the divalent cations of calcium and magnesium, making the microorganisms more vulnerable to the preservative. Since EDTA chelates calcium and magnesium ions, it can also have a slight toxic effect on the corneal cells, which need these ions for metabolism. Although EDTA does not generally have a pronounced toxic effect, there is evidence that patients with severe DES often complain of discomfort after using drugs containing EDTA [23].
\nThe results of the study indicate the cytotoxic effect of tear substitutes with different chemical groups of preservatives on corneal epithelial cells. In scientific literature, this problem is currently covered quite objectively and completely. In addition to the active ingredient, preservatives, and some other excipients, tear substitutes contain various buffer systems (\nTable 2\n), which can have an adverse effect on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Information on the comparative toxicity of the buffer systems included in the eye drops is almost not available. Nevertheless, separate reports present data on the occurrence of keratopathy and deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite in a transparent layer of the cornea, after using eye drops containing phosphate buffer [24, 25]. Phosphate-containing tear substitutes are widely used in the composition of ophthalmic dosage forms in EU countries, about a third of all buffered drugs contain phosphates as a buffer. The European Committee on Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) gives preference to the use of phosphate-containing drugs, reasoning that the risks do not exceed adverse reactions that occur during their use, since the proportion of complications is less than 1 case per 10,000 sold vials of tear substitutes. Calcification is a multifactorial complication and can occur without the use of phosphate-containing drugs. Preference in selecting phosphate-containing tear substitutes should be given if it is consistent with the low risk of corneal calcification, especially in serious pathology, and on an individual case basis. It is not currently clear what phosphate concentration is critical for the onset of corneal calcification. Quite recently, preference has been given to borate buffers, which possess antimicrobial activity, showed good biocompatibility with the ocular surface both in vivo and in vitro and are considered safer [26, 27]. Tris buffers are also included in some dosage forms and have been found to be effective and low toxic [28].
\nAs our studies have shown, the viability of human corneal epithelial cells depends, among other things, on the composition of the buffer system used in tear substitutes containing no preservatives. The lowest metabolic activity of cells in the study of a line of preservative-free tear substitutes was observed in the presence of Hylosar-Comod® containing citrate buffer together with dexpanthenol. The pronounced cytotoxic effect of Hylosar-Comod® on corneal epithelial cells can be due to the sensitivity of this test system to the combination of the drug ingredients. This question requires further investigation. A higher level of metabolism in cells was detected in the presence of three preservative-free tear substitutes containing citrate buffer (Hylomax-Comod®, Hyloparin-Comod®, and Hylo-Comod®). The average level of cell viability in this case ranged from 73 to 77%. The preservative-free tear substitutes Hylabak®, Thealoz®, and Thealoz Duo® with Tris buffer showed no toxicity to corneal epithelial cells in our studies (\nFigure 1\n).
\nBased on the data obtained in the MTT test, eight products with various types of preservatives were selected from a wide range of tear substitutes for xCELLigence analysis: Artelac® and Blink® (oxidants), Ophtolique® and Systane® Ultra (detergents), Stillavit® (EDTA), Hylo-Comod®, Thealoz Duo®, and Hylosar-Comod® (preservative free). These drugs within their groups showed varying degrees of toxicity to the metabolic activity of corneal epithelial cells. The xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) technology is based on the use of microelectronic cell sensors integrated into the bottom of the wells of special culture plates (E-Plate). The resistance measured between the electrodes in a separate well depends on the geometry of the electrode, the concentration of ions in the well, and whether the cells are attached to the electrodes. In the absence of cells, the electrode resistance is mainly determined by the ionic environment both at the electrode/solution interface and in the entire volume. The cells attached to the electrode surfaces act as insulators and thus change the local ionic medium at the electrode/solution interface, which will increase the resistance. Thus, the more cells spread on the electrodes, the higher the resistance of the electrodes. The presence of cells on the electrodes in the wells of the E-Plate affects the local state of the ionic environment, which leads to a change in the resistance on the electrodes. The Cell Index value is an indicator of electrical potential, which reflects the cell status. The Cell Index can be used for real-time monitoring of cell viability: their morphology, degree of adhesion, cell growth (proliferation) dynamics, and other important parameters [12]. Continuous monitoring of the effect of tear substitutes on the HCE cell line in real time using the xCELLigence system revealed that the studied drugs at a concentration of 10% of the growth medium volume manifested varying degrees of toxicity to the cultured cells. In the course of monitoring, Cell Index-cell cultivation time plots were obtained, that made it possible to assess the cell viability by the degree of their spreading and proliferative activity (\nFigure 2\n).
\nMonitoring of the effect of tear substitutes with various types of preservatives ((A) oxidants, (B) detergents, (C) EDTA, (D) preservative-free drugs) on the viability of HCE cells in real time (proliferation curves). xCELLigence cell analysis.
As can be seen from the plots, of all the drugs tested using the xCELLigence system, the tear substitute Ophtolique® with BAC has the highest toxicity to the corneal epithelial cells (\nFigure 2B\n). The Cell Index equal to zero throughout the observation period indicates that cell adhesion has never occurred. In the presence of Artelac® Balance (\nFigure 2A\n) containing the preservative Oxide®, adhesion occurs within 1 h, but after 5 h, the cells begin to detach from the bottom of the wells, and after 10 h, no viable cells were detected. The xCELLigence analysis revealed an adverse effect of preservative-free Hylosar-Comod® containing citrate buffer with dexpanthenol on the cell culture (\nFigure 2D\n). This drug turned out to be the most toxic drug from the group of preservative-free tear substitutes; its cytotoxic effect was comparable to that of Blink® containing an oxidative-type preservative (\nFigure 2A\n). In the presence of these drugs, the cells could only adhere and spread. In the presence of Hylo-Comod® (\nFigure 2D\n) and Systane® Ultra (\nFigure 2B\n), the corneal epithelial cells adhered and spread, but their proliferation dynamics was low. Cell proliferation in the presence of Stillavit® (\nFigure 2C\n) was slightly lower than in the control, and the presence of Thealoz Duo® (\nFigure 2D\n) was comparable to the control, indicating that Stillavit® was moderately toxic and Thealoz Duo® did not exhibit toxicity at the given concentration to corneal epithelial cells.
\nThe results of observation of the HCE cell morphology during their culturing in media containing 10% PCTs with various preservative systems are shown in \nFigure 3\n. In the pictures presented, the human corneal cells in the control are well spread, have a typical epithelium-like morphology, and have formed a confluent monolayer on cultivation day 3 (\nFigure 3E\n).
\nMorphology of HCE cell line on the third day of culturing in a growth medium containing 10% of the test PCTs with various types of preservatives: oxidants (A, D), detergents (C, F), EDTA (B), and preservative-free drugs (G, H, I). Scale ruler 100 nm (20×). Phase-contrast microscopy.
The morphology of the cells in the presence of the tear substitute Thealoz Duo® is comparable to the control. A slightly less dense monolayer than in the control is formed by the cells in the presence of Stillavit® in the growth medium. With Hylo-Comod®, the monolayer of cells is less dense than in the presence of Thealoz Duo® and Stillavit®. Most of the cells in the presence of the former drug are well spread, but their cytoplasm has a granular structure; a lot of unattached cells are observed. In the presence of the tear substitutes Blink® and Systane® Ultra, the monolayer is formed by about 50%; the cells have a vacuolated granular cytoplasm, which indicates their supressed state. With Hylosar-Comod®, a part of the cells have adhered, and intercellular contacts are found between them; in the presence of Artelac®, only single adherent cells are detected, and in the presence of Ophtolique®, no spread cells are found at all; most of the cells have a rounded shape. The cell structure is granular, with vacuoles; invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane is observed. Many cellular fragments are found in the growth medium. These observations suggest a launch of cell death processes. Thus, the results of the MTT test are consistent with the results of the xCELLigence cell analysis and the cell morphology analysis using phase-contrast microscopy methods.
\nA large number of artificial tears are currently available in the pharmaceutical market. Selecting the right drug for the patient remains a challenge for both the doctor and the patient. This study presents the results of assessing the cytotoxicity of tear substitutes, which demonstrate that these drugs can have a cytostatic effect in vitro and differ in their cytotoxic potential. Comparing the cytotoxicity of artificial tears is necessary for the rational selection of a drug that promotes maximum clinical efficacy and a higher safety profile. The tear substitutes Hylabak®, Thealoz®, and Thealoz Duo® that do not contain preservatives in their composition had not cytotoxic effect on the cells. Vismed® Light containing the preservative polyhexanide was not toxic, either. It was found that the so-called mild preservatives can also have an adverse effect on the ocular surface. Among the artificial tears, the greatest toxic effect on corneal epithelial cells was observed in the tear substitutes Ophtolique®, Lacrisifi®, Hypromellose®, Slezin®, and Cationorm® containing BAC at various concentrations as preservative and in the artificial tears Artelac® Balance (Purite®) and Optive® (Oxide®). The study showed the possibility in principle to use in vitro systems for the comparative assessment of the cytotoxic effect of tear substitutes. It should be noted, however, that the test system under consideration has a number of limitations due to the very nature of the method. In particular, studies on cell cultures cannot take into account such aspects that are important in terms of general toxicology as the route of delivery of a chemical agent into the body, its distribution, elimination, and other toxicodynamics issues. Like with the use of other model test systems, extrapolation of the results obtained to the whole body requires great caution, especially when it comes to quantitative indicators. However, in vitro testing provides information on the potential effects of drugs and their specific effects. Given that the problem of drug therapy of patients with DES has been recently attracting increasing attention of ophthalmologists due to both the increasing prevalence of DES and the increasing range of “artificial tear” drugs, screening the cytotoxicity of a wide range of tear substitutes using test systems based on cell cultures can promote the rational selection of these drugs.
\nThe author declares no competing interests.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10013",title:"Geothermal Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a5f5277a1c0616ce6b35f4b44a4cac7a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Basel I. Ismail",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10013.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"62122",title:"Dr.",name:"Basel",surname:"Ismail",slug:"basel-ismail",fullName:"Basel Ismail"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10374",title:"Advances in Micro- and Nanofluidics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b7ba9cab862a9bca2fc9f9ee72ba5eec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. S. M. Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10374.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10376",title:"Adaptive Filtering - Recent Advances and Practical Implementation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"143698bdab370da4f6c14ddf8624488c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wenping Cao and Dr. Qian Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10376.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10377",title:"Electric Power Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9f41084eff07323bda451cd5c77dfaaf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Majid Nayeripour and Dr. Eberhard Waffenschmidt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10377.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"66929",title:"Prof.",name:"Majid",surname:"Nayeripour",slug:"majid-nayeripour",fullName:"Majid Nayeripour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10383",title:"Vibration Control of Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"912cb4cb6d5960e126cb843ddb4e001a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Said Elias Rahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10383.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"307861",title:"Dr.",name:"Said Elias",surname:"Rahimi",slug:"said-elias-rahimi",fullName:"Said Elias Rahimi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10491",title:"Anaerobic Digestion in Natural and Built Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"082ec753a05d6c7ed8cc5559e7dac432",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Anna Sikora and Dr. Anna Detman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10506",title:"Liquid Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a1c30d83631953e1c8905554d937bb10",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Dr. S. Gnanasekaran and Dr. Suresh Mayilswamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10567",title:"Uncertainty Management in Engineering - Topics in Pollution Prevention and Controls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4990db602d31f1848c590dbfe97b6409",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Dr. Yung-Tse Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10567.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab Abdel Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10573",title:"Fluid-Structure Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3950d1f9c82160d23bc594d00ec2ffbb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Khaled Ghaedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10573.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:27},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"301",title:"Marine Biology",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-marine-biology",parent:{title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:32,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitations:56,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-marine-biology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2363",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"063eee332780efafb0f4bce2e55d8ead",slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",bookSignature:"Aldemaro Romero and Edward O. Keith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2363.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139025",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldemaro",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"aldemaro-romero",fullName:"Aldemaro Romero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40769",doi:"10.5772/54432",title:"Cutaneous Lesions in Cetaceans: An Indicator of Ecosystem Status?",slug:"cutaneous-lesions-in-cetaceans-an-indicator-of-ecosystem-status-",totalDownloads:3131,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Marnel Mouton and Alfred Botha",authors:[{id:"139102",title:"Dr.",name:"Marnel",middleName:null,surname:"Mouton",slug:"marnel-mouton",fullName:"Marnel Mouton"},{id:"140520",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Botha",slug:"alfred-botha",fullName:"Alfred Botha"}]},{id:"40761",doi:"10.5772/51725",title:"Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Food Chain of the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki): Conservation and Management Implications",slug:"assessing-biomagnification-and-trophic-transport-of-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-food-chain-",totalDownloads:3669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Juan José Alava and Frank A.P.C. Gobas",authors:[{id:"53467",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Alava",slug:"juan-jose-alava",fullName:"Juan Jose Alava"},{id:"156374",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Gobas",slug:"frank-gobas",fullName:"Frank Gobas"}]},{id:"40767",doi:"10.5772/54429",title:"“Test Tube Cetaceans”: From the Evaluation of Susceptibility to the Study of Genotoxic Effects of Different Environmental Contaminants Using Cetacean Fibroblast Cell Cultures",slug:"-test-tube-cetaceans-from-the-evaluation-of-susceptibility-to-the-study-of-genotoxic-effects-of-diff",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Letizia Marsili, Silvia Maltese, Daniele Coppola, Ilaria Caliani, Laura Carletti, Matteo Giannetti, Tommaso Campani, Matteo Baini, Cristina Panti, Silvia Casini and M. Cristina Fossi",authors:[{id:"36885",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Fossi",slug:"christina-fossi",fullName:"Christina Fossi"},{id:"117461",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Marsili",slug:"letizia-marsili",fullName:"Letizia Marsili"},{id:"141500",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Maltese",slug:"silvia-maltese",fullName:"Silvia Maltese"},{id:"141502",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Coppola",slug:"daniele-coppola",fullName:"Daniele Coppola"},{id:"141503",title:"Mrs.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Carletti",slug:"laura-carletti",fullName:"Laura Carletti"},{id:"141504",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Caliani",slug:"ilaria-caliani",fullName:"Ilaria Caliani"},{id:"141508",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Giannetti",slug:"matteo-giannetti",fullName:"Matteo Giannetti"},{id:"141509",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommaso",middleName:null,surname:"Campani",slug:"tommaso-campani",fullName:"Tommaso Campani"},{id:"141512",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Baini",slug:"matteo-baini",fullName:"Matteo Baini"},{id:"141515",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Panti",slug:"cristina-panti",fullName:"Cristina Panti"},{id:"141517",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Casini",slug:"silvia-casini",fullName:"Silvia Casini"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"40765",title:"Skin Biopsy Applications in Free Ranging Marine Mammals: A Case Study of Whale Skin Biopsies as a Valuable and Essential Tool for Studying Marine Mammal Toxicology and Conservation",slug:"skin-biopsy-applications-in-free-ranging-marine-mammals-a-case-study-of-whale-skin-biopsies-as-a-val",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Catherine F. Wise, John Pierce Wise, Jr.,\nSandra S. Wise and John Pierce Wise, Sr",authors:[{id:"52580",title:"Ms.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Wise",slug:"catherine-wise",fullName:"Catherine Wise"},{id:"154327",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Pierce",surname:"Wise",slug:"john-wise",fullName:"John Wise"},{id:"165158",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Wise",slug:"john-wise",fullName:"John Wise"},{id:"165159",title:"Ms.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Wise",slug:"sandra-wise",fullName:"Sandra Wise"}]},{id:"40766",title:"Portuguese Sealing and Whaling Activities as Contributions to Understand Early Northeast Atlantic Environmental History of Marine Mammals",slug:"portuguese-sealing-and-whaling-activities-as-contributions-to-understand-early-northeast-atlantic-en",totalDownloads:1838,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Cristina Brito",authors:[{id:"154458",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Brito",slug:"cristina-brito",fullName:"Cristina Brito"}]},{id:"40764",title:"Host-Virus Specificity of the Morbillivirus Receptor, SLAM, in Marine Mammals: Risk Assessment of Infection Based on Three-Dimensional Models",slug:"host-virus-specificity-of-the-morbillivirus-receptor-slam-in-marine-mammals-risk-assessment-of-infec",totalDownloads:2023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Kazue Ohishi, Rintaro Suzuki and Tadashi Maruyama",authors:[{id:"127528",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadashi",middleName:null,surname:"Maruyama",slug:"tadashi-maruyama",fullName:"Tadashi Maruyama"},{id:"139905",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazue",middleName:null,surname:"Ohishi",slug:"kazue-ohishi",fullName:"Kazue Ohishi"},{id:"141969",title:"Dr.",name:"Rintaro",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"rintaro-suzuki",fullName:"Rintaro Suzuki"}]},{id:"40769",title:"Cutaneous Lesions in Cetaceans: An Indicator of Ecosystem Status?",slug:"cutaneous-lesions-in-cetaceans-an-indicator-of-ecosystem-status-",totalDownloads:3131,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Marnel Mouton and Alfred Botha",authors:[{id:"139102",title:"Dr.",name:"Marnel",middleName:null,surname:"Mouton",slug:"marnel-mouton",fullName:"Marnel Mouton"},{id:"140520",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Botha",slug:"alfred-botha",fullName:"Alfred Botha"}]},{id:"40763",title:"When Whales Became Mammals: The Scientific Journey of Cetaceans From Fish to Mammals in the History of Science",slug:"when-whales-became-mammals-the-scientific-journey-of-cetaceans-from-fish-to-mammals-in-the-history-o",totalDownloads:2929,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Aldemaro Romero",authors:[{id:"139025",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldemaro",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"aldemaro-romero",fullName:"Aldemaro Romero"}]},{id:"40768",title:"Uruguayan Pinnipeds (Arctocephalus australis and Otaria flavescens): Evidence of Influenza Virus and Mycobacterium pinnipedii Infections",slug:"uruguayan-pinnipeds-arctocephalus-australis-and-otaria-flavescens-evidence-of-influenza-virus-and-my",totalDownloads:2160,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Juan Arbiza, Andrea Blanc, Miguel Castro-Ramos, Helena Katz, Alberto Ponce de León and Mario Clara",authors:[{id:"142157",title:"PhD.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Arbiza",slug:"juan-arbiza",fullName:"Juan Arbiza"},{id:"142185",title:"BSc.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce De Leon",slug:"alberto-ponce-de-leon",fullName:"Alberto Ponce De Leon"},{id:"142190",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Blanc",slug:"andrea-blanc",fullName:"Andrea Blanc"},{id:"142219",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Ramos",slug:"miguel-castro-ramos",fullName:"Miguel Castro-Ramos"},{id:"142221",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Katz",slug:"helena-katz",fullName:"Helena Katz"},{id:"142222",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Clara",slug:"mario-clara",fullName:"Mario Clara"}]},{id:"40761",title:"Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Food Chain of the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki): Conservation and Management Implications",slug:"assessing-biomagnification-and-trophic-transport-of-persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-food-chain-",totalDownloads:3669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Juan José Alava and Frank A.P.C. Gobas",authors:[{id:"53467",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Alava",slug:"juan-jose-alava",fullName:"Juan Jose Alava"},{id:"156374",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Gobas",slug:"frank-gobas",fullName:"Frank Gobas"}]},{id:"40762",title:"A Matrix Model of Fasting Metabolism in Northern Elephant Seal Pups",slug:"a-matrix-model-of-fasting-metabolism-in-northern-elephant-seal-pups",totalDownloads:1511,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Edward O. Keith",authors:[{id:"145271",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward O.",middleName:null,surname:"Keith",slug:"edward-o.-keith",fullName:"Edward O. Keith"}]},{id:"40760",title:"Yankee Whaling in the Caribbean Basin: Its Impact in a Historical Context",slug:"yankee-whaling-in-the-caribbean-basin-its-impact-in-a-historical-context",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Aldemaro Romero",authors:[{id:"139025",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldemaro",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"aldemaro-romero",fullName:"Aldemaro Romero"}]},{id:"40767",title:"“Test Tube Cetaceans”: From the Evaluation of Susceptibility to the Study of Genotoxic Effects of Different Environmental Contaminants Using Cetacean Fibroblast Cell Cultures",slug:"-test-tube-cetaceans-from-the-evaluation-of-susceptibility-to-the-study-of-genotoxic-effects-of-diff",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals",title:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals",fullTitle:"New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals"},signatures:"Letizia Marsili, Silvia Maltese, Daniele Coppola, Ilaria Caliani, Laura Carletti, Matteo Giannetti, Tommaso Campani, Matteo Baini, Cristina Panti, Silvia Casini and M. Cristina Fossi",authors:[{id:"36885",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Fossi",slug:"christina-fossi",fullName:"Christina Fossi"},{id:"117461",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Marsili",slug:"letizia-marsili",fullName:"Letizia Marsili"},{id:"141500",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Maltese",slug:"silvia-maltese",fullName:"Silvia Maltese"},{id:"141502",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Coppola",slug:"daniele-coppola",fullName:"Daniele Coppola"},{id:"141503",title:"Mrs.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Carletti",slug:"laura-carletti",fullName:"Laura Carletti"},{id:"141504",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Caliani",slug:"ilaria-caliani",fullName:"Ilaria Caliani"},{id:"141508",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Giannetti",slug:"matteo-giannetti",fullName:"Matteo Giannetti"},{id:"141509",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommaso",middleName:null,surname:"Campani",slug:"tommaso-campani",fullName:"Tommaso Campani"},{id:"141512",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Baini",slug:"matteo-baini",fullName:"Matteo Baini"},{id:"141515",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Panti",slug:"cristina-panti",fullName:"Cristina Panti"},{id:"141517",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Casini",slug:"silvia-casini",fullName:"Silvia Casini"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-marine-biology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/109739/umberto-villante",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"109739",slug:"umberto-villante"},fullPath:"/profiles/109739/umberto-villante",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()