Demonstration of Swensson’s NRRT.
\r\n\tTotal pelvic exenteration implies en bloc resection of the rectum, distal colon, bladder, lower ureter, internal reproductive organs, draining lymph nodes, and pelvic peritoneum. The procedure was first described by Brunschwig in 1948 as a palliative operation for advanced cervical cancer.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tDisease-free survival following salvage resection is dependent upon achieving an R0 resection margin. A clear understanding of applied surgical anatomy, appropriate preoperative planning, and a multidisciplinary approach to aggressive soft tissue, bony, and vascular resection with appropriate reconstruction is necessary.
\r\n\tThis book will discuss technical tips, tricks, and pitfalls that may assist in managing these cancers as well as the roles of additional boost radiation and intraoperative radiation therapy in the management of such cancers.
",isbn:"978-1-83881-103-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-102-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-117-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6faf06dfe50a3febba931e41b794f4e5",bookSignature:"Dr. Alberto Vannelli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9788.jpg",keywords:"Colorectal Cancer, Pelvic Exenteration, Rectal Cancer, Cancer Recurrence, Colorectal Surgery, Chemotherapy, Target Therapy, Radiotherapy, Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies, Robotic Surgery, Prevention, Survival Rate",numberOfDownloads:873,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 27th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Alberto Vannelli MD, was granted a Doctor of Medicine degree from "La Statale" University of Milan after which he did an internship and four year of residency in Liver Transplantation Unit at Maggiore Hospital (Milan). He completed in a residency in Colorectal Cancer Surgery at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan. Since october 2018 he is Director of General Surgery at Valduce Hospital.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"34524",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Vannelli",slug:"alberto-vannelli",fullName:"Alberto Vannelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34524/images/system/34524.jpg",biography:"Alberto Vannelli obtained his Doctor of Medicine degree from “La Statale” University of Milan after which he did an internship and four years of residency in Liver Transplantation Unit at Maggiore Hospital (Milan). He completed a residency in Colorectal Cancer Surgery at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan. He was an Attending Surgeon at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan (2001- 2011) and Senior Attending Surgeon at Valduce Hospital at Como (2011- to date). Since October 2018, he is Director of General Surgery at Valduce Hospital. His practice is devoted to pelvic surgery with a particular interest in rectal cancer. Dr. Vannelli has contributed to the literature with an innovative theory on pelvic lymphedema and new modified tension-free technique in wall defects after abdominoperineal resection.",institutionString:"Ospedale Valduce",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ospedale Valduce",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"73942",title:"Public Health: Prevention",slug:"public-health-prevention",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74325",title:"Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Rectal Cancer",slug:"role-of-magnetic-resonance-imaging-in-patients-with-rectal-cancer",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73666",title:"Colorectal Cancer in Vietnam",slug:"colorectal-cancer-in-vietnam",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73481",title:"Imaging and Diagnosis for Planning the Surgical Procedure",slug:"imaging-and-diagnosis-for-planning-the-surgical-procedure",totalDownloads:323,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73883",title:"Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"indocyanine-green-fluorescence-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73294",title:"Adjuvant Therapies in Colon Cancer",slug:"adjuvant-therapies-in-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73336",title:"Palliative Care in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"palliative-care-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73754",title:"Landscape of Current Targeted Therapies for Advanced Colorectal Cancer",slug:"landscape-of-current-targeted-therapies-for-advanced-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73584",title:"Laparoscopic Right Colectomy. Intracorporeal Anastomosis Is Associated with Better Outcome",slug:"laparoscopic-right-colectomy-intracorporeal-anastomosis-is-associated-with-better-outcome",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73329",title:"Retinoids in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"retinoids-in-treatment-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1165",title:"Novel Strategies in Lymphedema",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d219d4509ab19a62d7dc15b39ac8ec9",slug:"novel-strategies-in-lymphedema",bookSignature:"Alberto Vannelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34524",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Vannelli",slug:"alberto-vannelli",fullName:"Alberto Vannelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37412",title:"The Association of Chronic Inflammation and Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs)",doi:"10.5772/34482",slug:"the-association-of-chronic-inflammation-and-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-gep-nets-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37412.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37412",totalDownloads:2266,totalViews:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 2nd 2011",dateReviewed:"February 9th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 5th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37412",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37412",book:{slug:"neuroendocrine-tumor"},signatures:"Maja Cigrovski Berković, Davorka Herman Mahečić, Vedran Tomašić, Davor Hrabar and Vanja Zjačić-Rotkvić",authors:[{id:"100337",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Cigrovski Berkovic",fullName:"Maja Cigrovski Berkovic",slug:"maja-cigrovski-berkovic",email:"mberkovi@globalnet.hr",position:null,institution:{name:"Sisters of Charity Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"131860",title:"Dr.",name:"Davorka",middleName:null,surname:"Herman Mahecic",fullName:"Davorka Herman Mahecic",slug:"davorka-herman-mahecic",email:"dherman_cro@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"139483",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Tomasic",fullName:"Vedran Tomasic",slug:"vedran-tomasic",email:"vtomasic@globalnet.hr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"139484",title:"Dr.",name:"Davor",middleName:null,surname:"Hrabar",fullName:"Davor Hrabar",slug:"davor-hrabar",email:"davor.hrabar@zg.htnet.hr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"140739",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zjacic Rotkvic",fullName:"Vanja Zjacic Rotkvic",slug:"vanja-zjacic-rotkvic",email:"ziarot@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1188",title:"Neuroendocrine Tumor",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroendocrine Tumor",slug:"neuroendocrine-tumor",publishedDate:"June 5th 2012",bookSignature:"Anthony Lowell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1188.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99196",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"Brian",surname:"Lowell",slug:"anthony-lowell",fullName:"Anthony Lowell"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37412",title:"The Association of Chronic Inflammation and Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs)",slug:"the-association-of-chronic-inflammation-and-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-gep-nets-",totalDownloads:2266,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maja Cigrovski Berković, Davorka Herman Mahečić, Vedran Tomašić, Davor Hrabar and Vanja Zjačić-Rotkvić",authors:[{id:"100337",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Cigrovski Berkovic",fullName:"Maja Cigrovski Berkovic",slug:"maja-cigrovski-berkovic"},{id:"131860",title:"Dr.",name:"Davorka",middleName:null,surname:"Herman Mahecic",fullName:"Davorka Herman Mahecic",slug:"davorka-herman-mahecic"},{id:"139483",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Tomasic",fullName:"Vedran Tomasic",slug:"vedran-tomasic"},{id:"139484",title:"Dr.",name:"Davor",middleName:null,surname:"Hrabar",fullName:"Davor Hrabar",slug:"davor-hrabar"},{id:"140739",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zjacic Rotkvic",fullName:"Vanja Zjacic Rotkvic",slug:"vanja-zjacic-rotkvic"}]},{id:"37413",title:"Chromogranin A and Neuroendocrine Tumors",slug:"chromogranin-a-and-neuroendocrine-tumors",totalDownloads:8652,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Angela Prestifilippo, Giusi Blanco, Maria Paola Vitale and Dario Giuffrida",authors:[{id:"95054",title:"Dr.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Giuffrida",fullName:"Dario Giuffrida",slug:"dario-giuffrida"}]},{id:"37414",title:"Circulating Markers in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP NETs)",slug:"circulating-markers-in-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-gep-nets-",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sara Massironi, Matilde Pia Spampatti, Roberta Elisa Rossi, Dario Conte, Clorinda Ciafardini, Federica Cavalcoli and Maddalena Peracchi",authors:[{id:"97996",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Massironi",fullName:"Sara Massironi",slug:"sara-massironi"}]},{id:"37415",title:"The Diagnosis and Management of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary",slug:"the-diagnosis-and-management-of-neuroendocrine-carcinoma-of-unknown-primary",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jennifer Keiser, Emily Bergsland and Eric Nakakura",authors:[{id:"95743",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Nakakura",fullName:"Eric Nakakura",slug:"eric-nakakura"},{id:"132168",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenifer",middleName:null,surname:"Keiser",fullName:"Jenifer Keiser",slug:"jenifer-keiser"},{id:"132169",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Bergsland",fullName:"Emily Bergsland",slug:"emily-bergsland"}]},{id:"37416",title:"Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors",slug:"gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine-tumors",totalDownloads:2121,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ozcan Yildiz and Suheyla Serdengecti",authors:[{id:"108037",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozcan",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",fullName:"Ozcan Yildiz",slug:"ozcan-yildiz"},{id:"109547",title:"Prof.",name:"Suheyla",middleName:null,surname:"Serdengecti",fullName:"Suheyla Serdengecti",slug:"suheyla-serdengecti"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"655",title:"Colorectal Cancer Biology",subtitle:"From Genes to Tumor",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9395fca282ee086f4d33451bca1eadbc",slug:"colorectal-cancer-biology-from-genes-to-tumor",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28087",title:"Colorectal Cancer: It Starts and It Runs",slug:"colorectal-cancer-it-starts-and-it-runs",signatures:"Rajunor Ettarh",authors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",middleName:null,surname:"Ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh"}]},{id:"28088",title:"Germline Genetics in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis",slug:"germline-genetics-in-colorectal-cancer-susceptibility-and-prognosis",signatures:"Amanda Ewart Toland",authors:[{id:"69289",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Toland",fullName:"Amanda Toland",slug:"amanda-toland"}]},{id:"28089",title:"The Role of Modifier Genes in Lynch Syndrome",slug:"the-role-of-modifier-genes-in-lynch-syndrome",signatures:"Rodney J. Scott, Stuart Reeves and Bente Talseth-Palmer",authors:[{id:"72472",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodney",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"Rodney Scott",slug:"rodney-scott"}]},{id:"28090",title:"Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"cytokine-gene-polymorphisms-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Spaska Stanilova",authors:[{id:"69749",title:"Prof.",name:"Spaska",middleName:null,surname:"Stanilova",fullName:"Spaska Stanilova",slug:"spaska-stanilova"}]},{id:"28091",title:"Glutathione-S-Transferases in Development, Progression and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"glutathione-s-transferases-in-development-progression-and-therapy-of-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Tatyana Vlaykova, Maya Gulubova, Yovcho Yovchev, Dimo Dimov, Denitsa Vlaykova Petjo Chilingirov and Nikolai Zhelev",authors:[{id:"72851",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaykova",fullName:"Tatyana Vlaykova",slug:"tatyana-vlaykova"},{id:"81227",title:"Prof.",name:"Maya",middleName:null,surname:"Gulubova",fullName:"Maya Gulubova",slug:"maya-gulubova"},{id:"81233",title:"Prof.",name:"Yovcho",middleName:null,surname:"Yovchev",fullName:"Yovcho Yovchev",slug:"yovcho-yovchev"},{id:"81235",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimo",middleName:null,surname:"Dimov",fullName:"Dimo Dimov",slug:"dimo-dimov"},{id:"81239",title:"Dr.",name:"Petjo",middleName:null,surname:"Chilingirov",fullName:"Petjo Chilingirov",slug:"petjo-chilingirov"},{id:"127726",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhelev",fullName:"Nikolai Zhelev",slug:"nikolai-zhelev"},{id:"127727",title:"Dr.",name:"Denitsa",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaykova",fullName:"Denitsa Vlaykova",slug:"denitsa-vlaykova"}]},{id:"28092",title:"Distinct Pathologic Roles for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Colorectal Cancer Progression",slug:"distinct-pathologic-roles-for-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-in-colorectal-cancer-progression",signatures:"Toshinari Minamoto, Masanori Kotake Mitsutoshi Nakada, Takeo Shimasaki, Yoshiharu Motoo and Kazuyuki Kawakami",authors:[{id:"43162",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakada",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Nakada",slug:"mitsutoshi-nakada"},{id:"43163",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshinari",middleName:null,surname:"Minamoto",fullName:"Toshinari Minamoto",slug:"toshinari-minamoto"},{id:"117140",title:"Dr.",name:"Masanori",middleName:null,surname:"Kotake",fullName:"Masanori Kotake",slug:"masanori-kotake"},{id:"117141",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Shimasaki",fullName:"Takeo Shimasaki",slug:"takeo-shimasaki"},{id:"117142",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Motoo",fullName:"Yoshiharu Motoo",slug:"yoshiharu-motoo"},{id:"117144",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakami",fullName:"Kazuyuki Kawakami",slug:"kazuyuki-kawakami"}]},{id:"28093",title:"Molecular Traits of the Budding Colorectal Cancer Cells",slug:"molecular-traits-of-the-budding-colorectal-cancer-cells",signatures:"Boye Schnack Nielsen",authors:[{id:"77680",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",fullName:"Nielsen",slug:"nielsen"}]},{id:"28094",title:"Lipid Peroxidation in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Bad and Good News",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-in-colorectal-carcinogenesis-bad-and-good-news",signatures:"Stefania Pizzimenti, Cristina Toaldo, Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, Eric Ciamporcero, Mario Umberto Dianzani and Giuseppina Barrera",authors:[{id:"77421",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Pizzimenti",fullName:"Stefania Pizzimenti",slug:"stefania-pizzimenti"},{id:"80831",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Barrera",fullName:"Giuseppina Barrera",slug:"giuseppina-barrera"},{id:"81569",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Toaldo",fullName:"Cristina Toaldo",slug:"cristina-toaldo"},{id:"81574",title:"MSc.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Ciamporcero",fullName:"Eric Ciamporcero",slug:"eric-ciamporcero"},{id:"81575",title:"MSc.",name:"Piergiorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Pettazzoni",fullName:"Piergiorgio Pettazzoni",slug:"piergiorgio-pettazzoni"},{id:"81576",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario Umberto",middleName:null,surname:"Dianzani",fullName:"Mario Umberto Dianzani",slug:"mario-umberto-dianzani"}]},{id:"28095",title:"Growth Factors and the Redox State as New Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer",slug:"growth-factors-and-the-redox-state-as-new-therapeutic-targets-for-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Teodoro Palomares, Marta Caramés, Ignacio García-Alonso and Ana Alonso-Varona",authors:[{id:"76044",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Palomares",fullName:"Teodoro Palomares",slug:"teodoro-palomares"},{id:"122808",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Caramés",fullName:"Marta Caramés",slug:"marta-carames"},{id:"122809",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alonso",fullName:"Ignacio García-Alonso",slug:"ignacio-garcia-alonso"},{id:"122810",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso-Varona",fullName:"Ana Alonso-Varona",slug:"ana-alonso-varona"}]},{id:"28096",title:"Human Tip60 (NuA4) Complex and Cancer",slug:"human-tip60-nua4-complex-and-cancer",signatures:"Hiroshi Y. Yamada",authors:[{id:"73407",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",fullName:"Hiroshi Yamada",slug:"hiroshi-yamada"}]},{id:"28097",title:"Characterization of the Cell Membrane During Cancer Transformation",slug:"characterization-of-the-cell-membrane-during-cancer-transformation",signatures:"Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska, Izabela Dobrzyńska, Stanisław Sulkowski and Zbigniew A. Figaszewski",authors:[{id:"78361",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Figaszewski",fullName:"Zbigniew Figaszewski",slug:"zbigniew-figaszewski"},{id:"78379",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Szachowicz-Petelska",fullName:"Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska",slug:"barbara-szachowicz-petelska"},{id:"78745",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzynska",fullName:"Izabela Dobrzynska",slug:"izabela-dobrzynska"},{id:"78746",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw",middleName:null,surname:"Sulkowski",fullName:"Stanislaw Sulkowski",slug:"stanislaw-sulkowski"}]},{id:"28098",title:"Emergent Concepts from the Intestinal Guanylyl Cyclase C Pathway",slug:"emergent-concepts-from-the-intestinal-guanylyl-cyclase-c-pathway",signatures:"Mehboob Ali and Giovanni M. Pitari",authors:[{id:"81321",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Pitari",fullName:"Giovanni Pitari",slug:"giovanni-pitari"}]},{id:"28099",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphatic Metastasis",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-lymphatic-metastasis",signatures:"M.C. Langheinrich, V. Schellerer, K. Oeckl, M. Stürzl, E. Naschberger and R.S. Croner",authors:[{id:"81912",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland S",middleName:null,surname:"Croner",fullName:"Roland S Croner",slug:"roland-s-croner"}]},{id:"28100",title:"Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis by a Host Anti-Tumor Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"modulation-of-tumor-angiogenesis-by-a-host-anti-tumor-response-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"N. Britzen-Laurent, V.S. Schellerer, R.S. Croner M. Stürzl1 and E. Naschberger",authors:[{id:"81912",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland S",middleName:null,surname:"Croner",fullName:"Roland S Croner",slug:"roland-s-croner"},{id:"75889",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Stürzl",fullName:"Michael Stürzl",slug:"michael-sturzl"},{id:"81886",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Naschberger",fullName:"Elisabeth Naschberger",slug:"elisabeth-naschberger"},{id:"81910",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Britzen-Laurent",fullName:"Nathalie Britzen-Laurent",slug:"nathalie-britzen-laurent"},{id:"81911",title:"Dr",name:"Vera",middleName:"S.",surname:"Schellerer",fullName:"Vera Schellerer",slug:"vera-schellerer"}]},{id:"28101",title:"Adaptive and Innate Immunity, Non Clonal Players in Colorectal Cancer Progression",slug:"adaptive-and-innate-immunity-non-clonal-players-in-colorectal-cancer-progression",signatures:"Lucia Fini, Fabio Grizzi and Luigi Laghi",authors:[{id:"72871",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Laghi",fullName:"Luigi Laghi",slug:"luigi-laghi"},{id:"135413",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Grizzi",fullName:"Fabio Grizzi",slug:"fabio-grizzi"},{id:"135414",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Fini",fullName:"Lucia Fini",slug:"lucia-fini"}]},{id:"28102",title:"The Role of Infectious Agents in Colorectal Carcinogenesis",slug:"the-role-of-infectious-agents-in-colorectal-carcinogenesis",signatures:"Hytham K.S. Hamid and Yassin M. Mustafa",authors:[{id:"72268",title:"Dr.",name:"Hytham",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",fullName:"Hytham Hamid",slug:"hytham-hamid"},{id:"151036",title:"Dr.",name:"Yassin M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",fullName:"Yassin M. Mustafa",slug:"yassin-m.-mustafa"}]},{id:"28103",title:"Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus Induce the Development of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"streptococcus-bovis-gallolyticus-induce-the-development-of-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"A.S. Abdulamir, R.R. Hafidh and F. Abu Bakar",authors:[{id:"78680",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulamir",fullName:"Ahmed Abdulamir",slug:"ahmed-abdulamir"},{id:"78690",title:"Dr.",name:"Rand",middleName:null,surname:"Hafidh",fullName:"Rand Hafidh",slug:"rand-hafidh"},{id:"78691",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:null,surname:"Abu Bakar",fullName:"Fatimah Abu Bakar",slug:"fatimah-abu-bakar"}]},{id:"28104",title:"Intestinal Host-Microbiome Interactions",slug:"intestinal-host-microbiome-interactions",signatures:"Harold Tjalsma and Annemarie Boleij",authors:[{id:"81488",title:"Dr.",name:"Harold",middleName:null,surname:"Tjalsma",fullName:"Harold Tjalsma",slug:"harold-tjalsma"},{id:"81495",title:"MSc",name:"Annemarie",middleName:null,surname:"Boleij",fullName:"Annemarie Boleij",slug:"annemarie-boleij"}]},{id:"28105",title:"Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Prognostic Factor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer After Radical Surgical Treatment",slug:"tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes-as-prognostic-factor-of-early-recurrence-and-poor-prognosis-of-colore",signatures:"Vaclav Liska, Ondrej Daum, Petr Novak, Vladislav Treska, Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule and Lubos Holubec",authors:[{id:"69417",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Liska",fullName:"Vaclav Liska",slug:"vaclav-liska"}]},{id:"28106",title:"Fluorescent Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"fluorescent-biomarker-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"E. Kirilova, I. Kalnina, G. Kirilov and G. Gorbenko",authors:[{id:"70291",title:"Dr",name:"Inta",middleName:null,surname:"Kalnina",fullName:"Inta Kalnina",slug:"inta-kalnina"},{id:"126823",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kirilova",fullName:"Elena Kirilova",slug:"elena-kirilova"},{id:"126824",title:"Dr.",name:"G.",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbenko",fullName:"G. Gorbenko",slug:"g.-gorbenko"},{id:"128250",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgii",middleName:null,surname:"Kirilov",fullName:"Georgii Kirilov",slug:"georgii-kirilov"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65835",title:"Surveying Sensitive Topics with Indirect Questioning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84524",slug:"surveying-sensitive-topics-with-indirect-questioning",body:'\nData reliability is a common concern across all studies that use surveys, but more so while asking sensitive questions. Sensitive questions include sacred, private, or potentially exposing information that could be incriminating or discriminating for a respondent, or for the social group that is represented by the respondent [1]. For example, in studies which evaluate exposure to HIV infection, respondents are often asked sensitive questions regarding their opposite- or same-sex sexual practices. As another example, in studies which aim to assess substance use and abuse, respondents might suppress disclosure of their drug and alcohol misuse to avoid embarrassment or potentially harmful/unwanted consequences. Estimating the prevalence of such sensitive attributes is particularly important for health care researchers to build scientific knowledge, create necessary public health interventions, and develop political strategies.
\nTwo problems typically arise while studying sensitive topics, (1) nonresponse rate increase and (2) social desirability bias (SDB), which is defined as the tendency of answering questions in a socially acceptable fashion rather than answering truthfully, occurs. Nonresponse rates can be reduced by utilizing some strategies such as using advance letters, offering incentives, using more experienced interviewers, and making the topic salient to respondents [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. However, if these strategies are more effective for some particular subpopulations compared to others, a reduction in nonresponse can in reality increase nonresponse bias. Statistical techniques can also be used to minimize the effects of unit nonresponse after the data is collected [7]; yet, none of these approaches can prevent SDB.
\nMany researchers have suggested using self-administered modes such as mail, web, computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI), audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI), telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (T-ACASI), or touchtone data entry (TDE) in order to reduce SDB [8, 9, 10, 11]. However, self-administered modes have their own drawbacks. For example, all self-administered surveys are known to be susceptible to produce low-quality data since they lack the interviewer feedback to help clarify the questions when respondents do not understand them. As another example, it is known that computer-based surveys, such as CASI or ACASI, are mostly completed by younger, more computer savvy respondents, which potentially could introduce bias to estimates. T-ACASI, on the other hand, mainly suffers from high break-offs. There are additional issues about the feasibility of utilizing T-ACASI in survey tools with the elderly [12]. In addition, when surveying disadvantaged populations, self-administered surveys might not be a viable option. In fact, illiteracy, poor vision, respondent preference, or other reasons can cause self-administration not to occur: in a self-administered component of a computer-assisted personal survey, only 79% of CASI cases were actually fully self-administered [13]. For an extensive review of advantages and disadvantages of some of the common survey modes, see Smith and Kim [14].
\nAn effective, alternative way to improve response rates and prevent SDB simultaneously is to increase the perceived privacy of the respondents. If the respondents’ privacy can be guaranteed, then their tendency to refuse to participate and/or provide untruthful answers would decrease. All indirect questioning techniques aim to achieve this goal via different approaches. In the next section, we review some of the indirect questioning techniques that have been developed to increase the perceived privacy of the respondents, where the characteristic under study (the outcome) is binary in nature. Some of these techniques explained here have been extended to the cases where the characteristic under study is quantitative or polychotomous in nature; here we will only focus on the binary outcomes, such as in yes/no type of questions. Note that all indirect questioning techniques have produced extensive research areas: they all have been modified and/or extended since they have been first introduced; here we briefly summarize the most important ones and present their main aspects for conciseness.
\nSeveral indirect surveying methodologies have been developed to increase respondents’ confidentiality when the characteristic under study has a sensitive nature. Among them, the most commonly used ones for binary outcomes are, namely, unmatched count technique (UCT), network scale-up technique (NST), nonrandomized response technique (NRRT), and randomized response technique (RRT).
\nUCT, which is also called the item count technique, was first introduced by Raghavarao and Federer [15] with the name “block total response procedure,” but it was formally developed by Miller [16] in the form that we use today. Since then, UCT has been applied by many researchers such as Miller et al. [17], LaBrie and Earleywine [18], Biemer and Brown [19], Wolter and Laier [20], Gervais and Najle [21], and so forth. UCT provides privacy by embedding a sensitive behavior (which is of interest) within several nonsensitive behaviors. All nonsensitive behaviors and sensitive behavior should be binary outcomes (yes/no). In applying the technique, survey participants are randomly divided into two groups. Individuals in one group are provided with a list of nonsensitive behaviors (say, k items), whereas individuals in the other group are provided with the same list of nonsensitive behaviors plus one sensitive behavior that is under study (in total k + 1 items). Participants in both groups are asked to report the total number of activities that they have engaged in. The prevalence of the sensitive behavior is then estimated by calculating the difference between the two independent group means. Several researchers have modified and/or extended UCT in recent years such as Tsuchiya [22], Chaudhuri and Christofides [23], Hussain et al. [24], Ibrahim [25], and so on. As an example on how to apply UCT, consider the study of Zimmerman and Langer [26] in which the technique was utilized to improve the prevalence estimates of marihuana use and ever having had sex with a person of the same gender among the tenth grade students in the Miami-Dade County Public Schools. In their study, the sample (1524 students) was randomly assigned to receive one of three lists on the survey: 33% of the respondents received a list with four nonsensitive items only; 33% received a list with the four nonsensitive items plus the sensitive item about sex with someone of the same gender; 33% received a list with the four nonsensitive items plus the sensitive item about ever using marihuana. Their UCT estimate of prevalence of having sex with someone of the same gender was 80% higher than the prevalence from direct questioning (DQ) (15.9 vs. 8.7%); similarly, their UCT estimate of marihuana use was 21% higher than the prevalence from DQ (20.6 vs. 16.7%). Assuming that for socially undesirable behaviors, higher prevalence estimates are more accurate than the lower prevalence estimates; Zimmerman and Langer [26] concluded that their results demonstrate the superiority of UCT compared to DQ.
\nThe NST was first proposed by Bernard et al. [27] in order to estimate the size of a population at risk and was first used to get an estimate of the number of victims killed in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake [28]. The method was later refined and used to estimate the HIV-seropositive persons in the USA [29]. NST basically involves two steps: (1) the personal network size of the members of a random sample of a population is estimated and (2) an estimate of the number of members of the hidden subpopulation is obtained using the information from step 1. The method heavily relies on the assumption that people’s social networks on average are representative of the general population; for example, if respondents report knowing 500 people on average, five of whom are sex workers, we can estimate that 1% of the general population is sex workers. The estimated prevalence is then combined with known information about the size of the general population, say the population of the USA, to produce an estimate for the number of people in the USA who are sex workers (see Russell et al. [30] for more details on NST and its limitations).
\nNRRT was first introduced by Swensson [31] and later modified by Takahasi and Sakasegawa [32]. The main idea behind Swensson’s NRRT was to combine a nonsensitive behavior with a sensitive behavior in the same question so that it would not be possible for the interviewer to know which behavior is being responded with a “yes” answer; and therefore, respondents are provided with some level of privacy. Swensson’s NRRT requires two independent samples to calculate the estimate of the sensitive characteristic; for this purpose, survey participants can be randomly divided into two groups. Let U be the nonsensitive behavior, such as being married, and let A be the sensitive behavior under study, such as abusing prescription drugs. Let us demonstrate the combined question using Table 1 given below.
\nA (Do you use prescription pain relievers without a doctor’s prescription?) | \nU (Are you married?) | \n|
---|---|---|
Yes | \nNo | \n|
Yes | \na | \nb | \n
No | \nc | \nd | \n
Demonstration of Swensson’s NRRT.
Respondents in the first group receive the question “Do you belong to one of the groups a, b, or c in the table?” whereas respondents in the second group receive the question “Do you belong to one of the groups a, b, or d in the table?” Realize that the probability of belonging to groups a, b, c, or d is P (A = 1, U = 1), P(A = 1, U = 0), P(A = 0, U = 1), or P(A = 0, U = 0), respectively. If we denote the unknown proportion of the population members who have the sensitive characteristic A, i.e., the prevalence of the sensitive characteristic, by \n
where \n
and the probability of getting a “yes” response from sample 2 becomes
\nSince,
\nand
\nusing the Eqs. (1) and (2), we can write
\nor
\nFrom Eq. (3), \n
where \n
The variance of the estimator given in Eq. (4) is derived in a few steps:
\nwhich can be estimated by
\nSwensson’s NRRT was later modified by Takahasi and Sakasegawa [32] as follows: In the first stage, all respondents are asked a nonsensitive binary question, such as “If you have to choose between adopting a cat or a dog, which would you prefer?” but directed not to report their answers to the interviewer (replies are silent). In the second stage, the sensitive behavior is combined with the previous nonsensitive question and asked the respondents in the format given below:
If you are a dog person, and use prescription pain relievers without a doctor?s prescription, say 0.
If you are a dog person, and do not use prescription pain relievers without a doctor?s prescription, say 1.
If you are a cat person, and use prescription pain relievers without a doctor?s prescription, say 1.
If you are a cat person, and do not use prescription pain relievers without a doctor?s prescription, say 0.
In this NRRT, to be able to obtain the estimates, the nonsensitive and sensitive behaviors need to be independent (U and A should not be related). As we explain in the next section, if the nonsensitive binary question’s prevalence in the population is known, then Takahasi and Sakasegawa’s NRRT is equivalent to Warner’s model. If the nonsensitive binary question’s prevalence in the population is not known, then this method requires the use of two independent samples. By relaxing the assumption of independence of the nonsensitive and sensitive behaviors, Takahasi and Sakasegawa [32] proposed an additional NRRT as well, where the nonsensitive behavior has three outcomes instead of two; as a result, in this NRRT, three independent samples are required instead of two independent samples. For a comprehensive review of NRRTs, interested readers are referred to Tian and Tang [33].
\nDifferent than the previous indirect questioning techniques, RRTs provide confidentiality by utilizing a randomization device, such as a deck of playing cards, a pair of dice, or a spinning game wheel while asking the sensitive question. The interviewer does not observe which playing card is chosen or what numbers the dice show, thus a respondent’s privacy is absolutely guaranteed by the RRT process because the interviewer cannot know which statement the participant is responding to. In the next section, we review some of the main RRTs that have been proposed as well as some of the recently developed techniques.
\nThe first RRT was introduced by Warner [34]. Warner’s RRT asks the sensitive question by providing respondents a randomization device with two statements on it that appear with known probabilities θ and 1−θ. For example, consider a spinning game wheel which divided into two sectors with areas θ and 1−θ. The first statement on the device possesses the sensitive characteristic, and the other statement is simply the complementary of the first one. Let us suppose that the sensitive characteristic is being HIV+. The two statements on the wheel would read “I am HIV+” and “I am HIV-” (see Figure 1). The respondents spin the wheel in private and answer truthfully with a “yes” or “no” to the statement on which the arrowhead lands. Since the spinning process is not observed by the interviewer, this model assures privacy protection for the respondents [34].
\nDemonstration of the randomization device in the Warner’s model.
Let the unknown proportion of the population members who have the sensitive characteristic A be denoted by \n
where \n
and, from Eq. (7), an unbiased estimator of \n
where \n
Now, let us compare Swensson’s NRRT with Warner’s model. For simplicity, let us assume that \n
and
\nrespectively, assuming that the nonsensitive and sensitive behaviors are independent. Since we have
\nand
\nthe variance of \n
In order to compare Warner’s RRT with Swensson’s NRRT, we calculated theoretical relative efficiencies (REs)
\nfrom Eqs. (8) and (9) for various combinations of \n
πA | \n\n\n | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | \n0.10 | \n0.15 | \n0.20 | \n0.25 | \n0.30 | \n0.35 | \n0.40 | \n0.45 | \n|
0.1 | \n0.445 | \n0.489 | \n0.590 | \n0.765 | \n1.067 | \n1.630 | \n2.854 | \n6.360 | \n25.298 | \n
0.2 | \n0.495 | \n0.546 | \n0.650 | \n0.828 | \n1.138 | \n1.717 | \n2.978 | \n6.592 | \n26.122 | \n
0.3 | \n0.524 | \n0.588 | \n0.702 | \n0.892 | \n1.219 | \n1.831 | \n3.162 | \n6.974 | \n27.577 | \n
0.4 | \n0.545 | \n0.624 | \n0.754 | \n0.963 | \n1.320 | \n1.984 | \n3.427 | \n7.558 | \n29.878 | \n
0.5 | \n0.564 | \n0.662 | \n0.813 | \n1.052 | \n1.455 | \n2.201 | \n3.818 | \n8.446 | \n33.445 | \n
0.6 | \n0.585 | \n0.708 | \n0.891 | \n1.175 | \n1.650 | \n2.527 | \n4.424 | \n9.848 | \n39.145 | \n
0.7 | \n0.615 | \n0.775 | \n1.009 | \n1.370 | \n1.969 | \n3.072 | \n5.455 | \n12.263 | \n49.028 | \n
0.8 | \n0.667 | \n0.899 | \n1.234 | \n1.749 | \n2.600 | \n4.164 | \n7.541 | \n17.188 | \n69.271 | \n
0.9 | \n0.817 | \n1.256 | \n1.892 | \n2.867 | \n4.480 | \n7.444 | \n13.843 | \n32.120 | \n130.806 | \n
Relative efficiencies of the estimators from Warner’s model and Swensson’s NRRT for various \n
One can conclude from Table 2 that Warner’s model is more efficient, i.e., has smaller variance, than Swensson’s NRRT for small \n
p | \n\n\n | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | \n0.10 | \n0.15 | \n0.20 | \n0.25 | \n0.30 | \n0.35 | \n0.40 | \n0.45 | \n|
πA = 0.1 | \n|||||||||
0.05 | \n0.445 | \n0.691 | \n1.049 | \n1.601 | \n2.516 | \n4.200 | \n7.840 | \n18.239 | \n74.394 | \n
0.10 | \n0.315 | \n0.489 | \n0.743 | \n1.133 | \n1.781 | \n2.974 | \n5.551 | \n12.913 | \n52.672 | \n
0.15 | \n0.251 | \n0.389 | \n0.590 | \n0.901 | \n1.416 | \n2.365 | \n4.414 | \n10.268 | \n41.882 | \n
0.20 | \n0.213 | \n0.330 | \n0.501 | \n0.765 | \n1.203 | \n2.008 | \n3.748 | \n8.720 | \n35.567 | \n
0.25 | \n0.189 | \n0.293 | \n0.445 | \n0.679 | \n1.067 | \n1.781 | \n3.324 | \n7.733 | \n31.543 | \n
0.30 | \n0.173 | \n0.268 | \n0.407 | \n0.621 | \n0.976 | \n1.630 | \n3.043 | \n7.078 | \n28.870 | \n
0.35 | \n0.162 | \n0.251 | \n0.382 | \n0.583 | \n0.916 | \n1.529 | \n2.854 | \n6.640 | \n27.085 | \n
0.40 | \n0.155 | \n0.241 | \n0.366 | \n0.558 | \n0.877 | \n1.465 | \n2.734 | \n6.360 | \n25.940 | \n
0.45 | \n0.151 | \n0.235 | \n0.357 | \n0.544 | \n0.855 | \n1.428 | \n2.666 | \n6.202 | \n25.298 | \n
0.50 | \n0.150 | \n0.233 | \n0.354 | \n0.540 | \n0.848 | \n1.417 | \n2.644 | \n6.152 | \n25.091 | \n
πA = 0.2 | \n|||||||||
0.05 | \n0.495 | \n0.681 | \n0.952 | \n1.369 | \n2.061 | \n3.334 | \n6.086 | \n13.949 | \n56.409 | \n
0.10 | \n0.397 | \n0.546 | \n0.763 | \n1.098 | \n1.653 | \n2.675 | \n4.883 | \n11.192 | \n45.258 | \n
0.15 | \n0.338 | \n0.465 | \n0.650 | \n0.935 | \n1.408 | \n2.278 | \n4.158 | \n9.530 | \n38.537 | \n
0.20 | \n0.300 | \n0.412 | \n0.576 | \n0.828 | \n1.247 | \n2.018 | \n3.684 | \n8.443 | \n34.142 | \n
0.25 | \n0.273 | \n0.376 | \n0.525 | \n0.756 | \n1.138 | \n1.841 | \n3.360 | \n7.700 | \n31.138 | \n
0.30 | \n0.255 | \n0.351 | \n0.490 | \n0.705 | \n1.061 | \n1.717 | \n3.134 | \n7.183 | \n29.046 | \n
0.35 | \n0.242 | \n0.333 | \n0.466 | \n0.670 | \n1.008 | \n1.632 | \n2.978 | \n6.826 | \n27.604 | \n
0.40 | \n0.234 | \n0.322 | \n0.450 | \n0.647 | \n0.974 | \n1.576 | \n2.876 | \n6.592 | \n26.659 | \n
0.45 | \n0.229 | \n0.315 | \n0.441 | \n0.634 | \n0.954 | \n1.544 | \n2.819 | \n6.460 | \n26.122 | \n
0.50 | \n0.228 | \n0.313 | \n0.438 | \n0.630 | \n0.948 | \n1.534 | \n2.800 | \n6.417 | \n25.948 | \n
πA = 0.3 | \n|||||||||
0.05 | \n0.524 | \n0.683 | \n0.916 | \n1.275 | \n1.871 | \n2.967 | \n5.336 | \n12.103 | \n48.646 | \n
0.10 | \n0.450 | \n0.588 | \n0.788 | \n1.097 | \n1.610 | \n2.553 | \n4.591 | \n10.412 | \n41.851 | \n
0.15 | \n0.401 | \n0.523 | \n0.702 | \n0.977 | \n1.433 | \n2.273 | \n4.087 | \n9.270 | \n37.259 | \n
0.20 | \n0.366 | \n0.478 | \n0.641 | \n0.892 | \n1.309 | \n2.075 | \n3.732 | \n8.465 | \n34.024 | \n
0.25 | \n0.341 | \n0.445 | \n0.597 | \n0.831 | \n1.219 | \n1.933 | \n3.477 | \n7.886 | \n31.695 | \n
0.30 | \n0.323 | \n0.422 | \n0.565 | \n0.787 | \n1.154 | \n1.831 | \n3.292 | \n7.468 | \n30.014 | \n
0.35 | \n0.310 | \n0.405 | \n0.543 | \n0.756 | \n1.109 | \n1.758 | \n3.162 | \n7.172 | \n28.826 | \n
0.40 | \n0.302 | \n0.394 | \n0.528 | \n0.735 | \n1.078 | \n1.710 | \n3.075 | \n6.974 | \n28.032 | \n
0.45 | \n0.297 | \n0.387 | \n0.520 | \n0.723 | \n1.061 | \n1.682 | \n3.025 | \n6.861 | \n27.577 | \n
0.50 | \n0.295 | \n0.385 | \n0.517 | \n0.719 | \n1.055 | \n1.673 | \n3.009 | \n6.824 | \n27.429 | \n
Relative efficiencies of the estimators from Warner’s model and Swensson’s NRRT for various \n
The FORTRAN code used for Table 3 can be obtained from the author upon request.
\nOne can observe from Table 3 that Warner’s model is more efficient than Swensson’s NRRT only for small \n
When the nonsensitive binary question’s prevalence in the population is known (say, the prevalence of being a dog person is \n
which is equal to the probability of getting a “yes” response from Warner’s model, i.e., Eq. (7) and thus, provides the same estimator when solved for \n
There have been many different RRTs developed since Warner’s original method, such as in Greenberg et al. [36, 37], Gupta [38], Gupta et al. [39, 40, 41], Yu et al. [42], Sihm et al. [43], Gupta and Shabbir [44], and so on. Efforts specifically have been made to improve the efficiency of the technique by reducing the variance and thus the confidence intervals, because, the primary disadvantage of the Warner’s model, and in fact of all RRTs, is that the variances of the estimators are higher than the ones that could be obtained from DQ [35, 45]; for a comprehensive review of RRTs, interested readers are referred to Chaudhuri and Mukerjee [35], Chaudhuri [46], and Chaudhuri and Christofides [47]. In the next subsection, we will review some real-life applications of RRTs and their comparisons with other surveying techniques.
\nTwo meta-analyses of 6 validation and 32 comparative studies which utilized RRTs showed that in various settings, the RRT results are superior to those from DQ and become more valid as the sensitivity of a topic increases [48].
\nThe benefits of the RRTs have also been demonstrated by many statistical methodology researchers via theorems and simulation studies; however, their use in large or national surveys has been somewhat limited. In fact, to our knowledge, the only study which applied an RRT on a national level was done by Kirtadze et al. [49] in the country of Georgia. Kirtadze et al. [49] used a multistage cluster sampling and surveyed 4805 respondents to assess under-reporting of drug abuse in the Republic of Georgia. They utilized the unrelated question RRT to ask questions such as “During the last 12 months, have you taken hashish or marihuana?” They found that all RRT estimates for prevalence of controlled substance use were higher than the DQ estimates, which indicates under-reporting with DQ. For example, lifetime cannabis use estimate was 88.24% higher from RRT than from DQ. Kirtadze et al. [49], however, did not use a gold standard such as urinalysis and thus did not know the “true” value of prevalence of illegal drug use in the Republic of Georgia’s study population.
\nAlthough not nationwide, there have been other researchers who incorporated RRTs in their surveys. Fisher et al. [50], for example, used forced RRT to estimate the prevalence of substance use and sexual activity of high school students who enrolled to their clinic. They compared their results with the ones from a non-anonymous questionnaire which was completed by the same students earlier the same academic year. While RRT provided higher rates for substance use-related questions with respect to the DQ, it provided similar rates for sexual activity-related questions (36% from DQ vs. 31% from RRT). Fisher et al. [50] concluded that admitting to sexual activity in the school setting might carry less stigma and perceived risk than admitting to marihuana or cocaine use [50]. We suggest, however, that this result might indicate that the high school students who participated in the study overestimated their sexual behavior when asked directly to live up to peer acceptance; in other words, we suggest that forced RRT corrected the over-reporting.
\nIn another study, Srivastava et al. [51] used Warner’s RRT to assess the extent of sexual abuse among children in several districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India. They found that the estimates from RRT were higher than the national estimates obtained from Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, which is an indicator of potential under-reporting with DQ.
\nIn a more recent study, Chhabra et al. [52] used convenience sampling and asked the question “Have you ever been a victim of sexual abuse by a friend or family member?” to 585 students in a college in Delhi, India. They divided their sample into three equal randomly selected groups and asked the sexual abuse-related question using (1) DQ, (2) the RRT proposed by Sihm et al. [43], and (3) the confidential method, which was their gold standard to compare their results. The prevalence of sexual abuse was 14% with the gold standard, 8% with the DQ method, and 12% with the RRT. Note that their confidential method, however, was also a surveying technique in which the participants wrote down their answers and put them into a closed box.
\nAlthough all RRTs lead to unbiased (i.e., accurate) estimates of the sensitive characteristic of interest, their variances are larger than the ones from the DQ technique. Thus, the price for using an RRT instead of the DQ is the inflated variance, which is due to the randomization process. Consequently, if the question of interest is not considered to be really sensitive by most of the respondents in a specific population, using an RRT instead of the DQ inflates the variance of the estimates unnecessarily. Besides, it is known that there are cultural or social differences in the extent to which topics are perceived as sensitive. For example, smoking marihuana is a less threatening topic in the Netherlands than in the USA, or questions regarding education are considered to be sensitive in Sweden [1]. Similarly, questions regarding HIV status or sexual practices might not be considered to be sensitive by patients who visit an HIV clinic for treatment. Unfortunately, once an RRT is incorporated within a survey, even if the question of interest turns out to be not sensitive after collecting the data, one has to proceed with the inefficient estimate obtained from the RRT. Motivated by the fact that if researchers do not have a priori knowledge about the sensitivity level of a question in a specific population, then they should be able to select between the estimators from an RRT and the DQ; Ardah and Oral [45] proposed a novel two-stage RRT for a binary response where they utilized Warner’s RRT in the second stage. Their model provides unbiased estimators of both prevalence of the sensitive characteristic and the proportion of cheating in the population simultaneously and allows one to obtain better estimates by avoiding the unnecessary penalty, i.e., the inflated variance, if the question of interest turns out to be significantly not sensitive. Although there are some other RRTs which can estimate the sensitivity level of a question, such as in Gupta [38], none of these RRTs have the ability to avoid the inflated variance if the question’s sensitivity level turns out to be low.
\nArdah and Oral [45] denoted the unknown true proportion of population members that have the sensitive characteristic A by \n
where \n
Numerous indirect questioning techniques have been developed to ask survey questions on sensitive topics or stigmatizing characteristics. All indirect questioning techniques have their own limitations: In applying the UCT, only one of the group members provide the information on the sensitive characteristic of interest [25]. NST is known to suffer from recall bias, barrier effects, transmission error, and response bias [54]. NRRTs can be vulnerable to cheating due to distrust as much as the RRTs [55]. RRTs have some disadvantages as well: integrating a randomization device into a survey tool might not be practical in some situations, such as when researchers plan to use venue sampling to reach LGBT community members in gay bars or clubs. RRTs are also known not to work well if the respondents do not understand the process and/or do not follow the instructions properly. Besides, there might be cultural, social, or personal differences in the extent to which topics are perceived to be sensitive. Thus, we suggest that researchers should select the optimal surveying technique by considering various aspects of their study, such as the target population, sensitivity level of the question, available resources, and practicality of integrating a specific technique, at once. As in Erdmann [55], we also suggest that researchers should not rely on the more-is-better assumption, which is assuming that the higher prevalence estimates are more accurate than the lower prevalence estimates, in comparing different techniques; instead, we suggest to use a valid gold standard (such as urinalysis or a lie detector) for comparisons, whenever possible, perhaps using a small subsample.
\n!***************************************************************************
\n! This code was written to calculate the relative efficiencies in Table 2
\n!***************************************************************************
\nINCLUDE \'link_fnl_static.h\'
\nREAL(8) THETA,C, PIA, K,E, VAR_RRT, VAR_NRRT
\nREAL(8) R(21,21)
\nINTEGER I,J,ITENO,N
\nOPEN (3,FILE="C:\\Users\\Oral\\Documents\\Fortran results\\Table2.txt")
\nWRITE(3,*) ""
\nWRITE(3,*) ""
\nWRITE(3,50) "Calculated Relative Efficiencies for various p=theta and Population Proportion (Pi_A) combinations"
\nWRITE(3,*)""
\nWRITE(3,*)"*****RE MATRIX*****"
\nWRITE(3,*)""
\nWRITE(3,*)"p=Theta value "
\nDO K=0.0,1.05,0.05
\nWRITE(3, 100,advance=\'no\') K
\nEND DO
\nWRITE(3, *) "
\nDO J=1,148
\nWRITE(3, 200,advance=\'no\') \'_\'
\nEND DO
\nWRITE(3, *) "
\nTHETA=0.0
\nPIA=0.0
\nDO I=1,11
\nTHETA=0.0
\nDO J=1,21
\nWRITE (*,*) \'theta=p=\', THETA, \'Pi_A=\', PIA
\nVAR_RRT=(PIA*(1-PIA))+((THETA*(1-THETA))/(((2*THETA)-1)**2.0))
\nVAR_NRRT=2*((((PIA*(1-PIA)))*(1-(2*THETA)+(2*(THETA**2.0))))+(2*(1-PIA)*THETA*(1-THETA)))
\nWRITE (*,*) \'VAR_RRT=\',VAR_RRT, \'VAR_NRRT=\', VAR_NRRT
\nR(I,J)=VAR_RRT/VAR_NRRT
\nTHETA=THETA+0.05
\nWRITE(3,100,advance=\'no\') R(I,J);
\nEND DO
\nWRITE (*,*)"
\nWRITE(3, *) "
\nPIA=PIA+0.1
\nEND DO
\n100 FORMAT (F15.5,1X)
\n200 FORMAT (A1)
\nCLOSE(3)
\nEND
\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"126408",title:"Prof.",name:"A",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves",slug:"a-chaves",fullName:"A Chaves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Ceará",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"116458",title:"Prof.",name:"A. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Minzoni",slug:"a.-a.-minzoni",fullName:"A. A. Minzoni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"90116",title:"Dr.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Gil",slug:"aaron-flores-gil",fullName:"Aaron Flores-Gil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Carmen",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"119935",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",slug:"abbas-dandache",fullName:"Abbas Dandache",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6959},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"833",title:"Climatology",slug:"earth-science-climatology",parent:{title:"Earth Science",slug:"earth-science"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:39,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"earth-science-climatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6982",title:"Arctic Studies",subtitle:"A Proxy for Climate Change",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6545831965fb2dcef181c46d18fed1ba",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Yoshihiro Kakinami and Genti Toyokuni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5860",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfbe21ff67263a8b0346e4e79fef9ebd",slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",bookSignature:"Daniel Bucur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50794",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"G",surname:"Bucur",slug:"daniel-bucur",fullName:"Daniel Bucur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5301",title:"Tropical Forests",subtitle:"The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"818e94b80f9ae07a70326fa70c7df615",slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",bookSignature:"Juan A. Blanco, Shih-Chieh Chang and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"A.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52735",doi:"10.5772/64963",title:"Fauna Diversity in Tropical Rainforest: Threats from Land-Use Change",slug:"fauna-diversity-in-tropical-rainforest-threats-from-land-use-change",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Mohamed Zakaria, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Ibrahim Ozdemir\nand Zamri Rosli",authors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"},{id:"186144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"mohamed-zakaria",fullName:"Mohamed Zakaria"},{id:"186573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ibrahim-ozdemir",fullName:"Ibrahim Ozdemir"},{id:"186575",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",middleName:null,surname:"Rosli",slug:"zamri-rosli",fullName:"Zamri Rosli"}]},{id:"54992",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68495",title:"Comparison of Evapotranspiration Methods Under Limited Data",slug:"comparison-of-evapotranspiration-methods-under-limited-data",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Hsin-Fu Yeh",authors:[{id:"180104",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",slug:"hsin-fu-yeh",fullName:"Hsin-Fu Yeh"}]},{id:"64644",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80765",title:"Indigenous Communities in the Arctic Change in Socio-Economic and Environmental Perspective",slug:"indigenous-communities-in-the-arctic-change-in-socio-economic-and-environmental-perspective",totalDownloads:568,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Violetta Gassiy",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55248",title:"Evapotranspiration in Northern Agro-Ecosystems: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Comparison",slug:"evapotranspiration-in-northern-agro-ecosystems-numerical-simulation-and-experimental-comparison",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Watcharee Ruairuen, Gilberto J. Fochesatto, Marco Bittelli, Elena B.\nSparrow, Mingchu Zhang and William Schnabel",authors:[{id:"200621",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilberto",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Fochesatto",slug:"gilberto-fochesatto",fullName:"Gilberto Fochesatto"},{id:"200648",title:"Dr.",name:"Watcharee",middleName:null,surname:"Ruairuen",slug:"watcharee-ruairuen",fullName:"Watcharee Ruairuen"}]},{id:"51852",title:"Analysis of Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in Atlantic Rainforest Remnants in Southeastern Brazil from Remote Sensing Data",slug:"analysis-of-precipitation-and-evapotranspiration-in-atlantic-rainforest-remnants-in-southeastern-bra",totalDownloads:1086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Gabriel de Oliveira, Elisabete C. Moraes, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, Yosio\nE. Shimabukuro, Guilherme A.V. Mataveli and Thiago V. dos Santos",authors:[{id:"182397",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"gabriel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Gabriel De Oliveira"},{id:"190568",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Brunsell",slug:"nathaniel-brunsell",fullName:"Nathaniel Brunsell"},{id:"190569",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",middleName:null,surname:"C. Moraes",slug:"elisabete-c.-moraes",fullName:"Elisabete C. Moraes"},{id:"190573",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosio",middleName:null,surname:"E. Shimabukuro",slug:"yosio-e.-shimabukuro",fullName:"Yosio E. Shimabukuro"},{id:"190574",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Augusto Verola",surname:"Mataveli",slug:"guilherme-mataveli",fullName:"Guilherme Mataveli"},{id:"190575",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",middleName:null,surname:"V. Dos Santos",slug:"thiago-v.-dos-santos",fullName:"Thiago V. Dos Santos"},{id:"193463",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz E. O. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Aragão",slug:"luiz-e.-o.-c.-aragao",fullName:"Luiz E. O. C. Aragão"}]},{id:"54992",title:"Comparison of Evapotranspiration Methods Under Limited Data",slug:"comparison-of-evapotranspiration-methods-under-limited-data",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Hsin-Fu Yeh",authors:[{id:"180104",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",slug:"hsin-fu-yeh",fullName:"Hsin-Fu Yeh"}]},{id:"52660",title:"Detection of Amazon Forest Degradation Caused by Land Use Changes",slug:"detection-of-amazon-forest-degradation-caused-by-land-use-changes",totalDownloads:891,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Paul Arellano, Kevin Tansey and Heiko Balzter",authors:[{id:"183204",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Arellano",slug:"paul-arellano",fullName:"Paul Arellano"},{id:"190750",title:"Prof.",name:"Heiko",middleName:null,surname:"Balzter",slug:"heiko-balzter",fullName:"Heiko Balzter"},{id:"190751",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Tansey",slug:"kevin-tansey",fullName:"Kevin Tansey"}]},{id:"69119",title:"The Effect of Space Weather on Human Body at the Spitsbergen Archipelago",slug:"the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago",totalDownloads:296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Natalia K. Belisheva",authors:null},{id:"52735",title:"Fauna Diversity in Tropical Rainforest: Threats from Land-Use Change",slug:"fauna-diversity-in-tropical-rainforest-threats-from-land-use-change",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Mohamed Zakaria, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Ibrahim Ozdemir\nand Zamri Rosli",authors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"},{id:"186144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"mohamed-zakaria",fullName:"Mohamed Zakaria"},{id:"186573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ibrahim-ozdemir",fullName:"Ibrahim Ozdemir"},{id:"186575",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",middleName:null,surname:"Rosli",slug:"zamri-rosli",fullName:"Zamri Rosli"}]},{id:"55086",title:"Moisture Evaporation from Granular Biopesticides Containing Quiescent Entomopathogenic Nematodes",slug:"moisture-evaporation-from-granular-biopesticides-containing-quiescent-entomopathogenic-nematodes",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Carlos Inocencio Cortés-Martínez, Jaime Ruiz-Vega and Gabino\nAlberto Martínez-Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"198823",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Cortés-Martínez",slug:"carlos-cortes-martinez",fullName:"Carlos Cortés-Martínez"},{id:"200181",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz-Vega",slug:"jaime-ruiz-vega",fullName:"Jaime Ruiz-Vega"},{id:"200182",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Gutiérrez",slug:"gabino-martinez-gutierrez",fullName:"Gabino Martínez-Gutiérrez"}]},{id:"52598",title:"Introductory Chapter: Land Use Change Ecosystem Services and Tropical Forests",slug:"introductory-chapter-land-use-change-ecosystem-services-and-tropical-forests",totalDownloads:1182,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Shih-Chieh Chang, Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",authors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"A.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}]},{id:"55220",title:"Assessment and Prediction of Evapotranspiration Based on Scintillometry and Meteorological Datasets",slug:"assessment-and-prediction-of-evapotranspiration-based-on-scintillometry-and-meteorological-datasets",totalDownloads:889,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Antonin Poisson, Angel Fernandez, Dario G. Gomez, Régis Barillé\nand Benoit Chorro",authors:[{id:"198019",title:"Prof.",name:"Regis",middleName:null,surname:"Barille",slug:"regis-barille",fullName:"Regis Barille"},{id:"199215",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonin",middleName:null,surname:"Poisson",slug:"antonin-poisson",fullName:"Antonin Poisson"},{id:"199216",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",slug:"angel-fernandez",fullName:"Angel Fernandez"},{id:"199217",title:"Mr.",name:"Benoit",middleName:null,surname:"Chorro",slug:"benoit-chorro",fullName:"Benoit Chorro"},{id:"205039",title:"Dr.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez",slug:"dario-gomez",fullName:"Dario Gomez"}]},{id:"63665",title:"Changes in Arctic Ocean Climate Evinced through Analysis of IPY 2007–2008 Oceanographic Observations",slug:"changes-in-arctic-ocean-climate-evinced-through-analysis-of-ipy-2007-2008-oceanographic-observations",totalDownloads:367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"J.N. Stroh, S. Kirillov, G. Panteleev, O. Francis, M. Yaremchuk, E. Bloshkina and N. Lebedev",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"earth-science-climatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/109729/celimuge-wu",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"109729",slug:"celimuge-wu"},fullPath:"/profiles/109729/celimuge-wu",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()