Code and level of factors chosen for the trials.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"429",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ferroelectrics - Applications",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Ferroelectric materials have been and still are widely used in many applications, that have moved from sonar towards breakthrough technologies such as memories or optical devices. This book is a part of a four volume collection (covering material aspects, physical effects, characterization and modeling, and applications) and focuses on the application of ferroelectric devices to innovative systems. In particular, the use of these materials as varying capacitors, gyroscope, acoustics sensors and actuators, microgenerators and memory devices will be exposed, providing an up-to-date review of recent scientific findings and recent advances in the field of ferroelectric devices.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-456-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4456-4",doi:"10.5772/947",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ferroelectrics-applications",numberOfPages:264,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",publishedDate:"August 23rd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/429.jpg",numberOfDownloads:29080,numberOfWosCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:15,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:101,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 11th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 8th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 13th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",middleName:null,surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/10041/images/1517_n.png",biography:"Mickaël Lallart graduated from Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Lyon, France, in electrical engineering in 2006, and received his Ph.D. in electronics, electrotechnics, and automatics from the same university in 2008, where he worked for the Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF). After working as a post-doctoral fellow in the Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (CIMSS) in Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA in 2009, Dr. Lallart has been hired as an Associate Professor in the Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité. His current field of interest focuses on electroactive materials and their applications, vibration damping, energy harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring, as well as autonomous, self-powered wireless systems.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"940",title:"Electromagnetism",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-electromagnetism"}],chapters:[{id:"16172",title:"Giant k31 Relaxor Single-Crystal Plate and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/19117",slug:"giant-k31-relaxor-single-crystal-plate-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshio Ogawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16172",authors:[{id:"33684",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshio",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"toshio-ogawa",fullName:"Toshio Ogawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"16173",title:"MEMS Based on Thin Ferroelectric Layers",doi:"10.5772/17539",slug:"mems-based-on-thin-ferroelectric-layers",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Igor L. Baginsky and Edward G. Kostsov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16173",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16173",authors:[{id:"28620",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Baginsky",slug:"igor-baginsky",fullName:"Igor Baginsky"},{id:"29271",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward G.",surname:"Kostsov",slug:"edward-g.-kostsov",fullName:"Edward G. Kostsov"}],corrections:null},{id:"16174",title:"Periodically Poled Acoustic Wave-Guide and Transducers for Radio-Frequency Applications",doi:"10.5772/18584",slug:"periodically-poled-acoustic-wave-guide-and-transducers-for-radio-frequency-applications",totalDownloads:2847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sylvain Ballandras, Emilie Courjon, Florent Bassignot, Gwenn Ulliac, Jérôme Hauden, Julien Garcia, Thierry Laroche and William Daniau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16174",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16174",authors:[{id:"31933",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Ballandras",slug:"sylvain-ballandras",fullName:"Sylvain Ballandras"},{id:"31946",title:"Mr.",name:"Gwenn",surname:"Ulliac",slug:"gwenn-ulliac",fullName:"Gwenn Ulliac"},{id:"31949",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",surname:"Courjon",slug:"emilie-courjon",fullName:"Emilie Courjon"},{id:"31950",title:"Mr.",name:"Florent",surname:"Bassignot",slug:"florent-bassignot",fullName:"Florent Bassignot"},{id:"44763",title:"Mr",name:"Jérôme",surname:"Hauden",slug:"jerome-hauden",fullName:"Jérôme Hauden"},{id:"44764",title:"Mr",name:"Julien",surname:"Garcia",slug:"julien-garcia",fullName:"Julien Garcia"},{id:"44765",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",surname:"Laroche",slug:"thierry-laroche",fullName:"Thierry Laroche"},{id:"44766",title:"Mr",name:"William",surname:"Daniau",slug:"william-daniau",fullName:"William Daniau"}],corrections:null},{id:"16175",title:"Ferroelectric Polymer for Bio-Sonar Replica",doi:"10.5772/16467",slug:"ferroelectric-polymer-for-bio-sonar-replica",totalDownloads:2167,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonino S. Fiorillo and Salvatore A. Pullano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16175",authors:[{id:"25209",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonino S.",surname:"Fiorillo",slug:"antonino-s.-fiorillo",fullName:"Antonino S. Fiorillo"},{id:"37481",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore A.",surname:"Pullano",slug:"salvatore-a.-pullano",fullName:"Salvatore A. Pullano"}],corrections:null},{id:"16176",title:"Ferroelectric Materials for Small-Scale Energy Harvesting Devices and Green Energy Products",doi:"10.5772/23826",slug:"ferroelectric-materials-for-small-scale-energy-harvesting-devices-and-green-energy-products",totalDownloads:3168,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mickaël Lallart and Daniel Guyomar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16176",authors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"},{id:"10042",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Guyomar",slug:"daniel-guyomar",fullName:"Daniel Guyomar"}],corrections:null},{id:"16177",title:"Future Memory Technology and Ferroelectric Memory as an Ultimate Memory Solution",doi:"10.5772/18550",slug:"future-memory-technology-and-ferroelectric-memory-as-an-ultimate-memory-solution",totalDownloads:3315,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kinam Kim and Dong Jin Jung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16177",authors:[{id:"31826",title:"Dr.",name:"Kinam",surname:"Kim",slug:"kinam-kim",fullName:"Kinam Kim"},{id:"35885",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong Jin",surname:"Jung",slug:"dong-jin-jung",fullName:"Dong Jin Jung"}],corrections:null},{id:"16178",title:"Ultrahigh Density Probe-based Storage Using Ferroelectric Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/17082",slug:"ultrahigh-density-probe-based-storage-using-ferroelectric-thin-films",totalDownloads:1809,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Noureddine Tayebi and Yuegang Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16178",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16178",authors:[{id:"27195",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuegang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuegang-zhang",fullName:"Yuegang Zhang"},{id:"49379",title:"Mr.",name:"Noureddine",surname:"Tayebi",slug:"noureddine-tayebi",fullName:"Noureddine Tayebi"}],corrections:null},{id:"16179",title:"Fabrication and Study on One-Transistor-Capacitor Structure of Nonvolatile Random Access Memory TFT Devices Using Ferroelectric Gated Oxide Film",doi:"10.5772/16405",slug:"fabrication-and-study-on-one-transistor-capacitor-structure-of-nonvolatile-random-access-memory-tft-",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chien-Min Cheng, Kai-Huang Chen, Chun-Cheng Lin, Ying-Chung Chen, Chih-Sheng Chen and Ping-Kuan Chang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16179",authors:[{id:"24971",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai-Huang",surname:"Chen",slug:"kai-huang-chen",fullName:"Kai-Huang Chen"},{id:"46115",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Min",surname:"Cheng",slug:"chien-min-cheng",fullName:"Chien-Min Cheng"},{id:"46116",title:"Mr",name:"Chih-sheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"chih-sheng-chen",fullName:"Chih-sheng Chen"},{id:"46117",title:"Mr",name:"Ping-Kuan",surname:"Chang",slug:"ping-kuan-chang",fullName:"Ping-Kuan Chang"},{id:"46118",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying-Chung",surname:"Chen",slug:"ying-chung-chen",fullName:"Ying-Chung Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"16180",title:"Ferroelectric Copolymer-Based Plastic Memory Transistors",doi:"10.5772/17547",slug:"ferroelectric-copolymer-based-plastic-memory-transistors",totalDownloads:3576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sung-Min Yoon, Shinhyuk Yang, Soon-Won Jung, Sang-Hee Ko Park, Chun-Won Byun, Min-Ki Ryu, Himchan Oh, Chi-Sun Hwang, Kyoung-Ik Cho and Byoung-Gon Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16180",authors:[{id:"28648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sung-Min",surname:"Yoon",slug:"sung-min-yoon",fullName:"Sung-Min Yoon"},{id:"37549",title:"Mr.",name:"Shinhyuk",surname:"Yang",slug:"shinhyuk-yang",fullName:"Shinhyuk Yang"},{id:"37550",title:"Dr.",name:"Soon-Won",surname:"Jung",slug:"soon-won-jung",fullName:"Soon-Won Jung"},{id:"37551",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Hee",surname:"Ko Park",slug:"sang-hee-ko-park",fullName:"Sang-Hee Ko Park"},{id:"37552",title:"Mr.",name:"Chun-Won",surname:"Byun",slug:"chun-won-byun",fullName:"Chun-Won Byun"},{id:"37553",title:"Dr.",name:"Min-Ki",surname:"Ryu",slug:"min-ki-ryu",fullName:"Min-Ki Ryu"},{id:"37554",title:"Mr.",name:"Himchan",surname:"Oh",slug:"himchan-oh",fullName:"Himchan Oh"},{id:"37555",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Sun",surname:"Hwang",slug:"chi-sun-hwang",fullName:"Chi-Sun Hwang"},{id:"37556",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyoung-Ik",surname:"Cho",slug:"kyoung-ik-cho",fullName:"Kyoung-Ik Cho"},{id:"37557",title:"Dr.",name:"Byoung-Gon",surname:"Yu",slug:"byoung-gon-yu",fullName:"Byoung-Gon Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"16181",title:"Use of FRAM Memories in Spacecrafts",doi:"10.5772/18529",slug:"use-of-fram-memories-in-spacecrafts",totalDownloads:3587,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Claudio Sansoè and Maurizio Tranchero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16181",authors:[{id:"5017",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Tranchero",slug:"maurizio-tranchero",fullName:"Maurizio Tranchero"},{id:"31776",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Tranchero",slug:"maurizio-tranchero",fullName:"Maurizio Tranchero"},{id:"37705",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Sansoe",slug:"claudio-sansoe",fullName:"Claudio Sansoe"}],corrections:null},{id:"16182",title:"Adaptive Boolean Logic Using Ferroelectrics Capacitors as Basic Units of Artificial Neurons",doi:"10.5772/17810",slug:"adaptive-boolean-logic-using-ferroelectrics-capacitors-as-basic-units-of-artificial-neurons",totalDownloads:2641,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alan P. O. da Silva, Cicília R. M. Leite, Ana M. G. Guerreiro, Carlos A. Paz de Araujo and Larry McMillan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16182",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16182",authors:[{id:"13073",title:"MSc",name:"Cicília",surname:"Maia Leite",slug:"cicilia-maia-leite",fullName:"Cicília Maia Leite"},{id:"29519",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Guerreiro",slug:"ana-guerreiro",fullName:"Ana Guerreiro"},{id:"38796",title:"MSc.",name:"Alan",surname:"Silva",slug:"alan-silva",fullName:"Alan Silva"},{id:"38797",title:"Dr.",name:"Larry",surname:"McMillan",slug:"larry-mcmillan",fullName:"Larry McMillan"},{id:"38798",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Araujo",slug:"carlos-araujo",fullName:"Carlos Araujo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"424",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Physical Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9d8a531dfb92ccd58e2a8b9a426dcd4",slug:"ferroelectrics-physical-effects",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/424.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"174",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Material Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4489eb7544dc5c1014f4e1280e677371",slug:"ferroelectrics-material-aspects",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"428",title:"Ferroelectrics",subtitle:"Characterization and Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ferroelectrics-characterization-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Mickaël Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2706",title:"Small-Scale Energy Harvesting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63bc4c27bdf9ec1e00aa20ff6f1d804f",slug:"small-scale-energy-harvesting",bookSignature:"Mickael Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3664",title:"Vibration Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"vibration-control",bookSignature:"Mickael Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3210",title:"Advances in Ferroelectrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4706ad2bc11c32090c362c0026f67d37",slug:"advances-in-ferroelectrics",bookSignature:"Aimé Peláiz Barranco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14679",title:"Dr.",name:"Aimé",surname:"Peláiz-Barranco",slug:"aime-pelaiz-barranco",fullName:"Aimé Peláiz-Barranco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1873",title:"Advanced Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24a0c00844ead5d9264572db1b120866",slug:"advanced-magnetic-materials",bookSignature:"Leszek Malkinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115596",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Malkinski",slug:"leszek-malkinski",fullName:"Leszek Malkinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5514",title:"Magnetic Spinels",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3c43611e3fb0a8ab988acc896eae935",slug:"magnetic-spinels-synthesis-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohindar Singh Seehra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48086",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohindar",surname:"Seehra",slug:"mohindar-seehra",fullName:"Mohindar Seehra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6198",title:"Magnetism and Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf0a4d8e8e42ef4e29f805286ab43f9",slug:"magnetism-and-magnetic-materials",bookSignature:"Neeraj Panwar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"289829",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",surname:"Panwar",slug:"neeraj-panwar",fullName:"Neeraj Panwar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8653",title:"Electromagnetic Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cc0489a203ae888b1105719a4e70ecd",slug:"electromagnetic-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Man-Gui Han",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"250649",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Gui",surname:"Han",slug:"man-gui-han",fullName:"Man-Gui Han"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"69566",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",title:"Corrigendum to: A Brief Overview of Ophthalmic Ultrasound Imaging",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69566.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69566",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69566",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69566",chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"274007",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi D.",middleName:null,surname:"Conway",fullName:"Mandi D. Conway",slug:"mandi-d.-conway",email:"mconway1@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"283754",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:"Demi",surname:"Ross",fullName:"Robin Ross",slug:"robin-ross",email:"robindross@email.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284051",title:"BSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rosen",fullName:"David Rosen",slug:"david-rosen",email:"davidrosen@email.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284377",title:"BSc.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Montilla",fullName:"Leonardo Montilla",slug:"leonardo-montilla",email:"funrunner13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284378",title:"MSc.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Ingram",fullName:"Charles Ingram",slug:"charles-ingram",email:"cingram@optics.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"274007",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi D.",middleName:null,surname:"Conway",fullName:"Mandi D. Conway",slug:"mandi-d.-conway",email:"mconway1@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"283754",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:"Demi",surname:"Ross",fullName:"Robin Ross",slug:"robin-ross",email:"robindross@email.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284051",title:"BSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rosen",fullName:"David Rosen",slug:"david-rosen",email:"davidrosen@email.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284377",title:"BSc.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Montilla",fullName:"Leonardo Montilla",slug:"leonardo-montilla",email:"funrunner13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284378",title:"MSc.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Ingram",fullName:"Charles Ingram",slug:"charles-ingram",email:"cingram@optics.arizona.edu",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11465",leadTitle:null,title:"Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tNanogenerators have emerged as a leading mechanical energy harvesting technology within the last five years, proving their applicability as energy harvesters as well as self-powered active sensors. These biomechanical energy harvesting devices are eco-friendly and pollution-free renewable energy sources.
\r\n\r\n\tThe proposed book should cover the energy conversion mechanisms of triboelectric, piezoelectric, and hybrid generators and their boosting performance strategies. Furthermore, the various strategies adopted so far to improve the performance of various nanogenerators using the theoretical assumptions and experimental analysis can be also described briefly. Ultimately, this book will cover the application of nanogenerators in self-powered sensors & systems and their commercialization.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-255-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-254-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-256-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d52edc8b54e3451fe151b38cb4c9aee9",bookSignature:"Dr. Bhaskar Dudem and Dr. Vivekananthan Venkateswaran",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11465.jpg",keywords:"Surface Modification, Charge Transfer, Charge Accumulation, High Performance, Hybridization, Composite Films, Self-Powered, Pressure Sensor, Tactile Sensor, Blue Energy, Triboelectric, Piezoelectric",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 14th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 13th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An active researcher in harnessing the ubiquitously available biomechanical energies to power portable electronics, with over 1000 citations, and a high h index(20). Dr. Dudem was awarded an ATI Research Laurette award 2019/20 for his high-impact paper published in Nano Energy, and his research activities have also been featured in most-famous news websites including MSN, Nanowerk, Phys.org, and Medical Design Briefs.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"An active researcher in energy harvesting using triboelectric and piezoelectric effects, graduated from Anna University, member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and winner of the President Award for Outstanding Achievement in research and academics.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"315573",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhaskar",middleName:null,surname:"Dudem",slug:"bhaskar-dudem",fullName:"Bhaskar Dudem",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/315573/images/system/315573.png",biography:"Bhaskar Dudem is currently working as a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (from Oct 2019) at the Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey, England, UK. He received the Master of Technology (MTech., 2012) from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India. Afterwards, he was as a teaching faculty member at K.L. University, India (2012–2014). In Aug 2018, he received a PhD degree from the Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics (IWCE), Kyung Hee University, South Korea. He also worked at the same institute as a Post-Doc for a year (Sep 2018–Sep 2019). His research interests include wearable and flexible piezo/triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and sensing applications, anti-reflection coatings, solar, and hybrid energy cells, resulting in more than 30 works published in reputed peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:"University of Surrey",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Surrey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"451991",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivekananthan",middleName:null,surname:"Venkateswaran",slug:"vivekananthan-venkateswaran",fullName:"Vivekananthan Venkateswaran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003Le2O7QAJ/Profile_Picture_1641976792394",biography:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan is currently a Research Associate in Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University Surrey. Prior to joining in University of Surrey, he worked as a Post-Doctoral Associate in the Faculty of Applied Energy Systems (Major in Mechatronics Engineering) at Jeju National University, South Korea. He was a recipient of NRF Creative Challenge Support award as Principal-Investigator with a project funding worth of (USD 45,000/ year). He received his PhD degree in Feb 2020 with President award for outstanding in research and academics. His research focuses on energy harvesting using triboelectric & piezoelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensor systems.",institutionString:"University of Surrey",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Surrey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"17",title:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5884",title:"Unraveling the Safety Profile of Nanoscale Particles and Materials",subtitle:"From Biomedical to Environmental Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5811aa0f15ab9d8b6a235e8408875d",slug:"unraveling-the-safety-profile-of-nanoscale-particles-and-materials-from-biomedical-to-environmental-applications",bookSignature:"Andreia C. Gomes and Marisa P. Sarria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146466",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreia",surname:"Ferreira de Castro Gomes",slug:"andreia-ferreira-de-castro-gomes",fullName:"Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7325",title:"Nanostructures in Energy Generation, Transmission and Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e49924dd2c3e28c82fdc115ce04f925",slug:"nanostructures-in-energy-generation-transmission-and-storage",bookSignature:"Yanina Fedorenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199149",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanina",surname:"Fedorenko",slug:"yanina-fedorenko",fullName:"Yanina Fedorenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9230",title:"Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d1af591d87490c9ad728a1352e62d96",slug:"smart-nanosystems-for-biomedicine-optoelectronics-and-catalysis",bookSignature:"Tatyana Shabatina and Vladimir Bochenkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237988",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Shabatina",slug:"tatyana-shabatina",fullName:"Tatyana Shabatina"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9322",title:"Hybrid Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Flexible Electronics Materials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"beff6cce44f54582ee8a828759d24f19",slug:"hybrid-nanomaterials-flexible-electronics-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Peng He and Shuye Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10463",title:"Nanomechanics",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0c14ad42c145ac8720b4ab4d666f395",slug:"nanomechanics-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Alexander V. Vakhrushev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140718",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander V.",surname:"Vakhrushev",slug:"alexander-v.-vakhrushev",fullName:"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"19706",title:"Preparation of Nanocellulose with Cation–Exchange Resin Catalysed Hydrolysis",doi:"10.5772/23922",slug:"preparation-of-nanocellulose-with-cation-exchange-resin-catalysed-hydrolysis",body:'\n\t\tCellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth and is present in a wide variety of living species, such as animals, plants and bacterial (Tingaut et al., 2010; Elazzouzi-Hafraoui et al., 2008). This linear polymer is constituted of repeating β-D-glucopyranosyl units joined by 1→4-glycosidic linkages. The molecules of cellulose are stabilized laterally by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups and oxygens of adjacent molecules. However, they can be broken chemically under strong aqueous acid or high temperature. Manipulating cellulose molecules on the nanometer scale to create the nanocellulose of excellent properties has become a hotspot of cellulose science. As for nanocellulose, it is currently believed that at least one of its dimension is lower than 100nm. Moreover, nanocellulose exhibits the property of certain gels or fluids under normal conditions. Compared with microcrystalline cellulose, nanocellulose presents very attractive properties such as low density, high chemical reactivity, high strength and modulus, and high transparency (Nogi et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2008; Pääkko et al., 2007; Siró & Plackett, 2001). Therefore, nanocellulose has a great potential for use as filler in nanocomposites and have attracted a great deal of interest recently. Nanocellulose has been reported to improve the mechanical properties by incorporating into a wide range of polymer matrices, including poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), hydroxypropyl cellulose, poly(L-lactide), waterborne polyurethane, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyvinyl acetate, poly(o-ethoxyaniline). The composite applications may be for use as coatings and films, paints, foams, packaging. (Cai et al., 2011; Zimmermann et al., 2010; Pei et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Mendez & Weder, 2010; de Rodriguez et al., 2006; Medeiros et al., 2008). Moreover, the potential of nanocellulose applications in the area of paper and paperboard manufacture is obvious. Nanocellulose are expected to enhance the fiber-fiber bond strength and, hence, have a strong reinforcement effect on paper materials. Nanocellulose may be useful as a barrier in grease-proof type of papers and as a wet-end additive to enhance retention, dry and wet strength in commodity type of paper and board products. Nanocellulose also can be used as a low calorie replacement for today’s carbohydrate additives used as thickeners, flavour carriers and suspension stabilizers in a wide variety of food products and is useful for producing fillings, crushes, chips, wafers, soups, gravies, puddings etc. On the other hand, the food applications were early recognised as a highly interesting application field for nanocellulose due to the rheological behaviour of the nanocellulose gel (Wikipedia, 2011).
\n\t\t\tThe preparation of nanocellulose derived from wood was introduced more than two decades ago (Aulin et al., 2009). Although wood is one of the main resources for the cellulose, competition from different sectors such as the building products and furniture industries and the pulp and paper industry, as well as the combustion of wood for energy, makes it challenging to supply all users with the quantities of wood needed at reasonable cost (Siró & Plackett, 2001). Besides wood, nanocellulose also could be prepared from many agricultural residue and corps, such as cotton, hemp, sisal, bagasse, wheat straw. Therefore, nanocellulose will be key to the development of higher-value agricultural residue products and could find economic interest (Panthapulakkal et al., 2006,de Mesquita et al., 2010). In literature, there are many reports on nanocellulose prepared from diverse non-wood sources including wheat straw (Panthapulakkal et al., 2006; Kaushik et al., 2010; Alemdar & Sain, 2008), potato tuber cells (Dufresne et al., 2000), sisal (Morán et al., 2008; de Rodriguez et al., 2006) and banana rachis (Zuluaga et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\tSulfuric acid hydrolysis of cellulose is a well-known process to remove amorphous regions, leaving the crystalline segments intact and leading to the formation of high purity single crystals (de Mesquita et al., 2010). Ion-exchange resins have been used commercially as solid acid catalysts in many areas, such as alkylation with olefins, alkyl halides, alkyl esters, isomerization, transalklation and nitration. Compared with liquid acid, the main advantages of cation-exchange resin include reduced equipment corrosion, ease of product separation, less potential contamination in waste streams and recycle of the catalyst (Harmer & Sun, 2001).
\n\t\t\tMorever, the energy of ultrasound is transferred to the polymer chains through a process called cavitation, which is the formation, growth, and violent collapse of cavities in the water. The energy provided by cavitation in this so-called sonochemistry is approximately 10-100kJ/mol, which is within the hydrogen bond energy scale (Tischer et al., 2010). It can accelerate hydrogen ions to penetrate into the cellulose amorphous chains, promoting the hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bonds (Zhao & Feng, 2007; Filson & Dawson-Andoh, 2009; Wang & Cheng, 2009).
\n\t\t\tIn this study, we aim to present an environmentally and economically novel way to prepare nanocellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by using cation-exchange resin as catalyst with ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis. Response surface methodology and Box-behnken statistical experiment design method were employed for modeling and optimization of the influence of operating variables on the yield of nanocellulose. In addition, the characterization for morphologies, structure, spectrum properties and rehological behaviors of nanocellulose were also investigated.
\n\t\tMicrocrystalline Cellulose (MCC) used in the experiment was purchased from Shandong Ruitai Chemicals Co., Ltd. The catalyst, NKC-9 cation-exchange resin (NKC-9), was provided by the Chemical Plant of Nankai University of China. It is a macroreticular copolymer styrene-divinyl benzene in H+ form and has the following properties: exchange capacity (mmol/g [H+])≥4.7, pearl size of 0.45-1.25 mm, true wet density of 1.20-1.30 g/mL. The resin was firstly pretreated by distilled water to eliminate some impurities and then dried in an oven at 50 °C for 24 h. Dried resin was used for further experimental studies.
\n\t\t\tNanocellulose was isolated from MCC by means of cation-exchange resin hydrolysis. 3 g dried MCC and 30 g ion exchange resin were put into 250 ml distilled deionized water. The suspension was stirred and sonicated at 40-60°C for 150-210min. Then the ion exchange resin was separated from cellulose suspension. The resulting suspension was centrifuged several times at 12000 rpm and washed with distilled deionized water until the supernatant became turbid, and then the nanocellulose was collected.
\n\t\t\tThe Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to determine the effects of major operating variables on the yield of nanocellulose and to find the combination of variables in order to produce maximum nanocellulose yields. The advantage of Box-Behnken design is that it has only three levels, coded –1, 0, and +1 for low, middle and high concentrations, respectively. This experimental design reduced the number of experiments, so it is more efficient and easier to arrange and to interpret in comparison to others (Majumder et al., 2009). Therefore, this statistical technique was adopted in this study.
\n\t\t\t\tThe experiments at ratio of NKC-9 to MCC (5: 1, 10: 1 and 15: 1), temperature (40, 50 and 60°C), time (150, 180 and 210min) were employed simultaneously covering the spectrum of variables for the percentage of nanocellulose yield in the Box-Behnken Design. As presented in Table 1, the experimental design involved three parameters (X1, X2 and X3), each at three levels, coded –1, 0, and +1 for low, middle and high concentrations, respectively. A second-order polynomial equation was used to express the responses as a function of the independent variables as follows:
\n\t\t\t\tWhere
Factor | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSymbols & levelb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
-1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
ratio of resin X1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
temperature X2 (°C) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
time X3 (min) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t150 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t180 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t210 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tb x1=( X1-10)/5; x2=( X2-50)/10; x3=( X3-180)/30. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Code and level of factors chosen for the trials.
Electron microscopy was conducted to observe the surface of MCC and nanocellulose. Samples were mounted on metal stubs by double side adhesive tape and examined with FEI XL30 ESEM-FEG field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The nanostructure of nanocellulose was examined in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), Tecnai G2F20 FETEM (FEI Co. Ltd., USA) at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded by a X\'Pert Pro MPD X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ= 0.154 nm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine any changes in the chemical structure of samples. A Nicolet 380 (Thermo electron Instruments Co., Ltd., USA) was used to obtain the spectra of each sample. The rheological behavior of sample was examined by DV-III+pro rheometer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., USA) with SC4-34 spindle.
\n\t\t\tThe effect of process variables like ratio of NKC-9 to MCC, temperature and time on the preparation of nanocellulose was investigated by means of response surface methodology, Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Table 2. shows the coded value of the variables and the yield of nanocellulose (response). The whole design consisted of 17 experimental points carried out in random order. Five replicates at the centre of the design were used to estimate a pure error sum of squares. The data obtained was analyzed by applying multiple regression analysis method based on Eq. (1). The predicted response Y for nanocellulose yield was obtained and shown as:
\n\t\t\t\tIn this equation, Y is the predicted response variable, i.e., the yield of nanocellulose (%), X1, X2 and X3 are the independent variables in coded units, i.e., ratio of NKC-9 to MCC, temperature and time, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\tThe data obtained from Eq. (2) are significant. It is verified by F-value and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) by fitting the data of all independent observations in response surface quadratic model. The summary of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results of the quadratic model fitting are shown in Table 3. ANOVA is indispensable to testing the significance and adequacy of the model. The corresponding variables would be more significant if the absolute F-value becomes greater and the p-value becomes smaller (Chen et al., 2010). The model F-value of 42.80 implies that the model is significant. There is only a 0.01% chance that a “model F-value” this large could occur due to noise. Value of “Prob > F” less than 0.05 indicates that the model terms are significant. In this case, X2, X3, X2X3, X1\n\t\t\t\t\t2, X2\n\t\t\t\t\t2 and X3\n\t\t\t\t\t2 are significant model terms. However, ratio of NKC-9 to MCC (X1) and interaction terms (X1X2 and X1X3) had a negative effect on Y.
\n\t\t\t\tThe “Lack of fit F-value” of 4.79 implies that the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error. There is a 8.23% chance that a “Lack of fit F-value” this large could occur due to noise. The determination coefficient(R2), a measure of the goodness of fit of the model, was very significant at the level of 98.22%, the model was unable to explain only 1.78% of the total variations. The value of adjusted R2, was also very high at the level of 0.9592, indicating high significance of the model.
\n\t\t\t\tThe effect of hydrolysis conditions on the yield of nanocellulose is shown in Table 2 by the coefficient of the second-order polynomials. To visualize and identify the type of interactions between test variables, the two and three dimensional contour plots are shown in Fig. 1, including ratio of NKC-9 to MCC and temperature, ratio of NKC-9 to MCC and time, as well as temperature and time. The circular contour plots indicate that the interaction
\n\t\t\t\tTrial No. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX2 (°C) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX3 (min) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYield of NCC, Y (%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Experimental | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPredicted | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||||
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(40) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(210) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.86 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(40) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.63 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(40) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(150) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.79 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.64 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(15) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(40) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.46 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(210) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(15) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(150) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.82 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(15) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(210) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(60) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(15) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(60) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(180) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.77 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42. 78 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(60) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(150) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.66 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.98 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(50) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1(150) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.76 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0(10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(60) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1(210) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Experimental designs and results.
between the corresponding variables is negligible. An elliptical or saddle nature of the contour plots indicates significance of the interactions between the corresponding (Majumder et al., 2009; Fu et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tAs can be seen in the plots, the two and three dimensional contour plots with NKC-9 to MCC and temperature had a circular nature, indicating a negligible interactive effect on the yield between the two independent variables (Fig.1A). The yield of nanocellulose increased with rise in ratio of NKC-9 to MCC and temperature.
\n\t\t\t\tFactors | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSS a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDF b\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMS c\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF-Value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProb.(P)"/F | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Model | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t303.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<0.0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.6559 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12.55 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.0094 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.0011 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X1X2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.78 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.1395 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X1X3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.4559 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X2X3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.87 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.0459 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t62.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t62.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t79.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<0.0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t61.81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t61.81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t78.52 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<0.0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
X3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t112.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t112.36 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t142.73 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<0.0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Residual | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.51 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Lack of Fit | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.44 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.79 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.0823 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pure Error | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t308.73 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta SS, Sum of Squares. b DF, Degrees of Freedom. c MS, Mean Square. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the the yield of nanocellulose.
As shown in Fig.1, in the design boundary, each response surface plot had a clear peak and the corresponding contour plot had a clear maximum, which means that the maximum hydrogen yield could be achieved inside the design boundaries (Ghosh & Hallenbeck, 2010). The yield of nanocellulose increased with increasing ratio of NKC-9 to MCC, temperature and time to the optimal levels, and then decreased with a further increase in these parameters. The optimized conditions for maximum nanocellulose yield can be obtained by Design-expert software. The optimum values of the test variables in uncoded units obtained were ratio of NKC-9 to MCC 9.97: 1, temperature 48.30°C, time 189.00min. At these optimized conditions, the model predicted that the maximum yield of nanocellulose is 50.93%.
\n\t\t\t\tAs to the actual experimental condition, some conditions were modified as follows: ratio of NKC-9 to MCC 10: 1, temperature 48°C and time 189min. To confirm the model adequacy for predicting maximum yield, three replicates experiments under modified conditions were conducted and the maximum yield of nanocellulose obtained was 50.04% which agreed well with the predicted value.
\n\t\t\t\tTwo and three dimensional contour plots for the maximum yield of nanocellulose. RSM plots were generated with the data shown in
The interactions between ratio of NKC-9 to MCC and time are not perfectly elliptical (Fig.1(b)). The yield of nanocellulose increased with time rising up to certain level, beyond which yield declined slightly. This may be due to that over reaction time completely digests the cellulose so as to yield its component sugar molecules. Fig.1(c) shows the effect of temperature and time on the yield of nanocellulose. The result had an elliptical nature, indicating a significant interactive effect of the two independent variables on the yield.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFig.2 shows the morphologies of NCC at different concentrations. After hydrolysis and centrifugation process, the NCC with the concentration of 1% is obtained as shown in Fig.2(a). The micrograph of NCC in Fig.2(b) presents the glossy hydrogel at the concentration of 9%. The appearance of a stable gel is an obvious indication of the presence of NCC. The NCC powder is obtained by freeze drying (Fig.2(c)). It exhibits white metallic luster colour. As is shown in Fig.2(d), evaporation of aqueous suspensions of NCC at room temperature produces solid films with perfect optical transparency.
\n\t\t\t\tMacrostructure of NCC.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure.3 compares the morphology of MCC (cf. Fig.3(a)) and NCC (cf. Fig.3(b) and\n\t\t\t\t\tFig.3(c)). The diameter of MCC is around 15μm, the length is about 20-80μm. After treatment, a remarkable outcome of this novel nanocellulose extraction method can be seen in Fig.3(b) and\n\t\t\t\t\tFig.3(c). This image also shows that nanocellulose with uniform diameter of approximately 2-24 nm can be obtained after hydrolysis, and these nanocellulose can form a very fine network. The diameter distribution of nanocellulose was determined with FEG-TEM (cf. Fig.3(c)), and the result is plotted in the following figures.
\n\t\t\t\tMorphology of (a) MCC (by FEG-SEM, x 251); (b) NCC (by FEG-SEM, x 100 00) and (c) NCC (by FEG-TEM).
X-ray crystallography was used to compare the crystallinity of MCC and NCC. Results of X-ray powder diffraction photograph from MCC and NCC are shown in Fig.4(a) and 4(b), respectively. Fig.4 shows that the major crystalline peak which represents the cellulose crystallographic plane (002, Bragg reflection) occurs at 2θ = 22.667° and 2θ = 22.521° for MCC and NCC, respectively. Compared with MCC (crystallinity 75.2%), after cation-exchange resin catalytic hydrolysis, the crystallinity of nanocellulose is 84.26%. The increase in crystallinity may be due to the removal of amorphous regions in the cellulose. This leads to the realignment of cellulose molecules. This also indicates that the nanocellulose obtained by this novel isolation may be more effective in achieving higher reinforcement for composite materials.
\n\t\t\t\tXRD patterns of (a) NCC and (b) MCC.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFig.5 shows the FTIR spectra of MCC and NCC obtained after the cation-exchange resin catalytic hydrolysis. In general, the FTIR spectrum of nanocellulose is very similar to that of MCC. The dominant peaks in the region between 3600 and 2800 cm-1 are due to the stretching vibrations of C--H and O—H (\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAlemdar et al., 2008\n\t\t\t\t\t). The peaks at 3347 cm-1 and 2900 cm-1 are attributed to the stretching vibrations of O--H and symmetric stretching vibrations of C--H, respectively. The bands in the 1430 cm−1 region are due to the C-H deformation vibrations of CH2 (Ibrahima et al., 2010). The absorbency at 1058 cm-1 in the spectrums of MCC and nanocellulose is associated with the C--O stretching vibration. The observation of the peaks at 1112 and 1165 cm-1 can be attributed to the C--O and C--C stretching vibration of cellulose ether. And the absorption band at 895 cm-1, for MCC and NCC, respectively, may be regarded as anomeric carbon of cellulose, that is, β-D-glucopyranosyl, which indicates the typical structure of cellulose.
\n\t\t\t\tFTIR spectrum of MCC and NCC.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFig.6 illustrates the variation of the shear stress of the suspensions with the function of concentration at various shear rates. It shows that the shear stress increases with the rising concentration of NCC. The equilibrium flow curves, τ and γ (cf. Fig. 7(a)), η and γ (cf. Fig. 7(b)), of NCC suspensions at various concentrations (2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%) are shown in Fig.7. All the suspensions display non-Newtonian flow behavior. According to the Ostwald de Waele law, deviation of the flow curve from New-Tonian behavior can be quantified with the flow behavior index, the smaller the value, the greater the degree of shear thinning. The values consistency coefficient and flow behavior for NCC suspension at various concentration are summarized in Table 4. Given a negative value for n, the value for the suspension containing 4.5% NCC is very unusual. This also can be seen from fig. 9a, which shows that shear stress drops when the shear rate increase from 2.0 s-1 to 5.0 s-1. It should be noted that this result is quite different from the presented reports. This may be due to the formation of NCC gel. These suspensions exhibit a shear-thinning behaviour, decrease of viscosity with increasing shear rate (cf. Fig. 7(b)).
\n\t\t\t\tVariation of the stress with the function of concentration of NCC at various shear rates.
Concentration of NCC Suspension (%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFlow behavior index, n | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsistency coefficient (Pa sn) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-0.199 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.478 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.98 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.273 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.699 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Power low constants for NCC suspension at various concentrations.
The effect of temperature on the rheological behaviour of the NCC suspensions is also studied. In general, the effect of temperature on rheological properties needs to be documented. Fig 8 shows the effect of temperature on the viscosity of NCC suspensions at various concentrations. The effect of temperature on viscosity of fluid foods at a specified shear rate can be described by the Arrhenius relationship:
\n\t\t\t\twhere η is the viscosity (Pa s), A is a constant (Pa s), T is the absolute temperature (K), R is the gas constant (8.315 J mol-1 K-1), and Ea is the activation energy (J/mol). Generally, the magnitudes of Ea and A can be determined from regression analysis of 1/T versus ln η. It shows that the viscosity decreases when the temperature increases in the range of 33.5-68 ºC for the suspensions at various concentrations. This indicates that the correlation between viscosity and temperature may agree with Arrhenius equation in this range of temperature. The results are summarized in Table 5. As we know, the low Ea values mean that the effect of temperature on the considered parameter is small. The activation energy value (Ea) of NCC suspension will amount to a maximum value when the concentration is 3.5%, which indicates that the decrease in viscosity with temperature rising was more pronounced in this concentration. But after 68 ºC, the relationship between temperature and viscosity displays different curves at various concentrations. The viscosity also decreases with the increase of temperature for 3.5% NCC suspension, but for 2.5% and 4.5%, the opposite can be observed. This may be due to the swelling of NCC in the water when the temperature increases. It can be observed from Fig.9 that, with temperature rising, the degree of shear thinning is greater.
\n\t\t\t\tVariation of the viscosity with a function of the temperature of NCC suspensions at various concentrations.
Variation of the viscosity with a function of shear rate of NCC suspension at various temperatures.
Concentration of NCC (%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA (Pa·s) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEa (J· mol-1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.044 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6750 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.112 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7708 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.90 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.126 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4433 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.98 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Activation energies (Ea) of NCC suspension at different concentrations (%).
NCC is prepared from MCC by cation-exchange resin hydrolysis with the aid of ultrasonification treatment. Compared with liquid acid and alkali chemicals, the main advantages of cation-exchange resin include reduced equipment corrosion, ease of product separation, less potential contamination in waste streams. With RSM and the corresponding Box-Behnken design, the optimal conditions for the production is determined as follows: ratio of NKC-9 to MCC 10: 1, temperature 48 °C, time 189 min. In the optimal conditions, the experiment yield of NCC was 50.04 %, which agrees with the predicted value. NCC prepared by cation-exchange resin hydrolysis presents the interconnected web-like structure, with its diameter mainly in the range of 2-24nm and length in hundreds. The spectrums of FTIR and XRD indicate that the obtained NCC still preserves the basic chemical structure of cellulose. Analyses of the rheological properties of NCC indicate that the suspension is the shear thinned pseudoplastic fluid with solid stability.
\n\t\tThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO. 30972312), and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2010J01270).
\n\t\tUrolithiasis, which is hard tissue (stone) formation in the urinary tract due to supersaturated body fluids, has risen steadily in recent decades. The leading causes of stone formation are the reduction of urine volume (or water intake), an increased calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate secretion, urine pH alteration, or urinary tract infections (urease forming bacteria) [1, 2, 3, 4]. The prevalence in western countries is estimated at 10%-15%, and the recurrence rate is averaging up to 50% [5, 6, 7]. And according to Charles D. Scales [8], the prevalence of kidney stones nearly doubled in about 17 years from ~1995 to 2012. The prevalence of urolithiasis has been rising internationally over recent decades because of population growth, predicted obesity trends, and estimated increases in diabetes, just to name a few. The annual treatment cost of stone disease could reach >$5 billion/yr. (in 2014 prices) in the United States by the year 2030 [9, 10].
Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy (URSL) are the most commonly performed procedures in the United States for the treatment of patients with urinary calculi [11, 12]. URSL is now the preferred treatment option for urolithiasis due to relatively shorter operative time and a better stone-free rate [1].
The first laser device was invented in 1960 by Maiman [13] based on the theoretical work by Townes and Schawlow. And in 1968, Mulvaney et al. [14] reported the first fragmentation of kidney stones with a pulsed ruby laser (λ: 694 nm) in an in vitro experiment by using quartz rods to deliver the laser light to the treatment site. Since then, a few laser lithotripters were clinically available, including the pulsed-dye laser, the frequency-doubled pulsed Neodymium (Nd3+) doped Yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (FREDDY), and the Ho: YAG laser [15, 16, 17]. The Ho: YAG laser with relatively long-pulse is the most effective and adaptable tool for lithotripsy among all the lasers comparing to nanosecond Nd: YAG lasers. It can disintegrate all kinds of calculus and provoke less calculus retropulsion during procedure than the short-pulsed lasers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Since soon after its debut in the 1990s, the Ho: YAG laser has been the preferred lithotripter for the therapy of urinary calculus. It is a solid-state pulsed laser at a wavelength of 2.13 μm. This wavelength is easily absorbed by water (~26 cm−1 [23]), providing a wide safety margin for lithotripsy in the urinary tract [24, 25, 26]. Aside from treating calculi, it can be used for soft tissue applications such as treating urinary strictures and ablating urothelial tumors. The high-powered variant can also be used for the enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). Recently, another technology has been explored for the next generation laser lithotripsy: the Thulium fiber laser [27, 28]. This promising technology offers several advantages that may expand the boundaries of laser lithotripsy [28, 29].
The dominant mechanism in Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy is photothermal along with minor effects of acoustic emission [29]. Because the Ho: YAG laser’s thermal diffusion time in the water over the optical penetration depth is 286 ms [30], which is well above the laser pulse width (less than a few milliseconds, mostly in the 100 s of μs), in other words, it is photo-thermally confined. And the laser is not photo-mechanical or stress confined in water since the acoustic diffusion time over the optical penetration depth is 0.267 μs, much less than the Ho: YAG laser pulse width. The water has a strong absorption at the Ho: YAG 2.1 μm wavelength and the calculus ablation was dependent on the water content in calculus phantom [31, 32]. The temperature of the illuminated area of the urinary calculi due to the direct laser photon absorption raises above the ablation threshold, subsequently creating the expulsion of fractured crack-up pieces. Furthermore, the absorption of the laser photon by the liquid between the fiber end and calculus produces a vapor bubble, and the crashing of the bubble generates shockwave. The bubble should not be called the “cavitation” bubble as it does in [30, 33] because cavitation is a phenomenon in which rapid changes of pressure in a liquid lead to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in places where the pressure is relatively low, while during laser lithotripsy, the bubble is generated by heated water vapor with relatively high pressure. This vapor bubble usually has a minimal mechanical effect on hard tissues but rather parts the water (the “Moses effect” [34]) for direct delivery of the remaining part of the laser light onto the stone [35]. The term “Moses effect” technology is also used by breaking one laser pulse into two, where the first pulse generates a bubble between the fiber tip and the stone to let the second pulse through this bubble to the surface of the stone [36]. The shock-wave image can be captured by a high-speed camera with ~1 μs frame interval [37]; it is a disturbance wave that is faster than the sound wave, which can quickly damp down to sound wave speed [38].
During laser-calculus interaction, the urinary calculus is subject to retropulsion forces caused by the combined effects of ablated particle ejection, interstitial water vaporization, and bubble expansion/collapse [39, 40, 41]. And an asymmetric collapse of the bubble near a solid boundary can generate a water jet in the time scale of milliseconds [30]. Therefore, because of the recoil momentum, the calculus is moved away from the end of the laser fiber. The calculus motion prolongs the procedure time because of the burdensome procedure needed to reorient the laser fiber to the new calculus locality. Earlier retropulsion studies quantified calculus retropulsion distance by altering laser pulse energy, pulse frequency, and fiber core size [42, 43, 44]. Retropulsion boosted with the laser pulse energy and the laser fiber core size. Moreover, Charles D. Scales et al. reported that a longer pulse width reduced calculus retropulsion distance during a procedure without diminishing ablation efficiency significantly [45].
Although laser lithotripsy is now the preferred treatment option for urolithiasis because it is capable of fragmenting calculus of all known composition, including hard calcium oxalate monohydrate, brushite, and cystine calculus [22, 24, 25, 29], and the rising prevalence of calculus disease has led to similarly increasing efforts to optimize ureteroscopic treatment [43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52], the operative time for the stone procedure can be well above the one hour mark. According to Levi A. Deters et al. [53], URSL management of renal stones and ureteral stones were markedly different, with a significant increase in operative time (60% more) for renal stones and a significant lower stone-free rate (27% lower). And of the 213 cases, the average operative time for the renal group (98 cases) is 112 min and range up to 245 min, and the average operative time for the ureteral group (115 cases) is 70 min and range up to 185 min.
The response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful statistical tool that can generate the numerical relationship between some key performance variables (responses) and device control parameters (control inputs). Although the model is only an approximation most of the time because of limited knowledge of the process, the RSM plus design of experiments (DOE) can produce analytical models (equations) that can depict 1) the relative impact of the control inputs on the responses by comparing their coefficients in the coded equations; 2) optimization of the responses with proper control inputs.
In this chapter, two sets of DOE experiments were conducted with response surface methodology: 1) the quantitative responses of calculus ablation and retropulsion in terms of the pulse energy, pulse width, and the number of pulses of a prototype CTH: YAG laser system. This step is to understand the dominant laser parameters that control the lithotripsy outcome, so that preferred laser settings can be derived for the next generation of laser lithotripter; 2) the laser setting optimization of laser lithotripsy of a commercially available CTH: YAG laser system. This experiment is to identify a series of laser settings for relatively efficient laser lithotripsy in terms of laser pulse energy and peak power.
In this study, the key components of the setup of the experimental materials are listed in Table 1.
Item | Description |
---|---|
Prototype laser | |
365-μm Core (S-LLF365 SureFlex Fiber, American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) | |
White gypsum cement UtralCal®30 (United States Gypsum Company, Chicago, IL) [54] | |
Photron Fastcam SA5 (Photron USA, Inc. San Diego, CA) | |
VHX-900F (Keyence, Elmwood Park, NJ, USA) | |
Design-Expert® (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413) |
The list of components of the experimental setup.
A prototype CTH:YAG laser had pulse energy from 0.2 J to 3.0 J with variable pulse width from 150 μs to 1000 μs at 2.13 μm. This range of pulse duration is known to generate a photothermal effect to fragment the calculus [51]. Each data point is the average of 10 sample measurements.
Figure 1 is the pictures of the test setup, (a) ablation test setup, and (b) retropulsion test setup. In the ablation test setup (a) submerged in the distilled water, the fiber was held vertically by a clamp with its tip in contact with the calculus phantom underneath the fiber inside a holder. The stone was held fixed during the ablation study.
The pictures of the test setup, (a) ablation test setup with 10 mm phantom; (b) Retropulsion test setup with 10 mm phantom.
The laser ablation crater volume in the phantom due to the laser pulse and calculus interaction was measured by a digital microscope (VHX-900F, Keyence, Elmwood Park, NJ, USA). In the retropulsion test setup (b), the fiber was held horizontally, pointing to an underwater pendulum phantom cube with a dimension of 10 × 10 × 10 mm3. The pendulum length was ~200 mm, and the phantom was held by 2 strings with a separation of ~10 mm in a clear plastic basket. The retropulsion motion of the calculus phantom was recorded and analyzed by a high-speed camera.
Figure 2 is a screenshot of DOE by Design-Expert®10. There are three categories of the laser parameter settings: energy, number of pulses, and electrical pump pulse widths (not the optical output pulse width). The ten-pulses range was selected since the typical retropulsion of a 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 will reach its maximum amplitude after ~1 s of 10 Hz 1 J pulse train from the fiber tip [52]. There are 5 × 3 × 3 = 45 data points with the combination of all the laser parameters.
A screenshot of DOE by DesignExpert-10.
It is challenging to characterizing the URSL performance (ablation and retropulsion) in one setup that can mimic the clinical situation, especially measuring retropulsion [55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61]. In this study, in vitro investigations of Ho:YAG laser-induced stone ablation and retropulsion were performed with a benchtop model first introduced by Sroka’s group [55, 60]. It is a test that can be performed in a highly reproducible manner using a hands-free setup and measuring the effects of multiple pulses which are mimicking the clinical situation. The advantage of this setup has two folds: 1) No human factor, hands-free, independent repetitive experiments; 2) Providing measurement results for both ablation rate and retropulsion speed. Although the stone moves during the test, which means the distance between the fiber tip and the stone is not a constant, which will report a lower ablation rate, it is still an efficient way to generate meaningful data in terms of ablation and retropulsion for comparing different laser modes. Table 2 is a description of the list of the key components of the setup.
Item | Description |
---|---|
PowerSuite™ Ho:YAG 100 W (VersaPulse® 100 W, Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) | |
365-μm Core (S-LLF365 SureFlex Fiber, American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) | |
BEGO Stone 15:3 (BEGO GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) | |
Sony RX100 IV (Sony Corporation of America, NY, USA) | |
Sartorius Entris 224-1S (Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany) | |
Design-Expert® (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413) |
The list of components of the experimental setup.
The setup, an acrylic cylinder with a drill hole mimicking the ureter ending in a conical base, is illustrated in Figure 3. The diameter of the drill hole can be adapted to the clinical situation (e.g., ureter diameter) or stone size. The stone phantom is a 5 mm cubic shape Bego stone with a composition of 15:3 [62]. The setup is in an upright position filled with the saline at a designated flow speed. The optical fiber is attached through a borehole at the base of the acrylic cylinder. Therefore, laser energy can be delivered to the stone phantom to produce vertical displacement. The gravity and the viscosity of the water are the steady resistances to this motion.
(A) Test setup including the stone phantom containment vessel, the water flow inlet, and outlet tubes, application fiber, and a high-speed camera. (B) Stone phantom vertical movement vs. video frame.
The ablation is quantified by the stone phantom mass deficit after the laser stone interaction by a scale with a resolution of +/− 0.0001 g (Entris 224-1S Sartorius Lab Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Goettingen, Germany).
The retropulsion is quantified by the vertical displacement velocity of the stone during the laser stone interaction. A high-speed camera, Sony RX100 IV (1000 fps), oriented perpendicular to the upright motion and aimed to the middle of the artificial ureter, registers the event for ~7 seconds. The video subsequently is analyzed in MATLAB, and a representative stone sample vertical displacement graph vs. video frame is illustrated in Figure 3(B). Initial data assessment incorporates background rectification and color tracking algorithm, recognition of the center of weight of the traced stone image in each frame and tracing the center of weight position as a function of time. Afterwards, each rising wing can be utilized to obtain the ascending vertical speed. The 1st Derivative of rising flanks displays the mean velocity of the stone 𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥/𝜕𝑡 (x-displacement, t-time), and the velocity of rising flanks is proportional to the applied momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚 ∗ v (m-stone mass, v-stone velocity).
The experiment is designed by Design-Expert® with randomized optimal (custom), two replicate points, and two lack-of-fit points. Figure 4 is a few screenshots of the DOE of laser pulse energy: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5 J and frequency: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 Hz. A sample size of 14 is used for each data point, and each sample was applied with 15 seconds long laser dose.
A few screen shots of the DOE. (A) Design layout; (B) design graphic columns.
The retropulsion videos taken by a high-speed camera at 10 k FPS were analyzed by a MATLAB program for the pendulum swing amplitude. Figure 5(a) is some sample curves of the retropulsion movement; each data point is the average of 10 measurements.
Retropulsion amplitude measurement results.
Figure 6 is the screenshots of the response surface of retropulsion amplitude at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical formula of the response surface of retropulsion is shown in Formula (1). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted and Adjusted R-Squares, and acceptable precision (8.324, > 4.0).
The screen shots of the response surface of retropulsion amplitude against pulse width and number of pulses at pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where A is the amplitude of retropulsion in mm, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
The volume of the hole by laser ablation was quantified by a digital microscope. A representative picture is in Figure 7.
Volume of ablation response measurement results. Screenshot of VHX-900F digital microscope;
According to the response surface information from the above section, the Design-Expert® -10 app can produce a response surface and the analytical equation. Figure 8 is the pictures of the response surface of volume of ablation versus the pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy status of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical formula of the response surface of the volume of ablation, including the polynomial terms of two factors interactions, is shown in Formula (2). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted (0.8636) and Adjusted (0.9177) R-Squares, and acceptable precision (15.46, > 4.0).
The screenshots of the response surface of volume of ablation with two factors interactions fit against pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where V is the ablation volume in mm3, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
Figure 9 is the pictures of the response surface of ablation volume under the quadratic fit with pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy status of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J. The analytical equation of the response surface of ablation volume, involving the polynomial terms of two factors interactions, is illustrated in Eq. (3). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted (0.9900) and Adjusted (0.9999) R-Squares, and acceptable precision (466.6, > 4.0).
The screenshots of the response surface of volume of ablation with quadratic fit against pulse width and the number of pulses at the pulse energy level of (a) 1 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 3 J.
Where V is the ablation volume in mm3, n is the pulse number, ε is the pulse energy in J, and τ is the pulse width in μs.
Figure 10 is the ablation and retropulsion in percentages by 10 pulses of the 1000 μs pulses versus those of 333 μs. The variation of the volume of between long and short pulse is comparatively larger at 1 J and 2 J level contrasting to retropulsion. Namely, ablation declines more swiftly than retropulsion when expanding pulse width.
The percentages of ablation and retropulsion by 10 pulses of the 1000 μs pulses in reference to those of 333 μs.
Figure 11(A) and (B) are the screenshots of the response surface of ablation rate and the retropulsion velocity; each data point is the average of 14 measurements. The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit (except P = 0.04 for the ablation rate), acceptable agreement of the predicted and adjusted R-squares, and acceptable precision (> 4.0).
(A) Response surface of ablation rate over laser pulse energy and frequency; (B) response surface of retropulsion velocity over laser pulse energy and frequency.
The coded equation can predict the response for each of the control parameters. By convention, the high elevations of the parameters are coded as +1, and the low elevations of the parameters are coded as −1. The coded equation is valuable at attaining the comparable impact parameters by the coefficients of each term.
Coded analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse energy is:
AP-100 – Ablation rate, RP-100 -Retropulsion velocity, A-Frequency, B-Energy
From the coded equation, we can see the impact of the laser pulse energy is 1.4 times that of the frequency on the ablation rate, while for retropulsion velocity, the impact of the laser pulse energy is 5.8 times that of the frequency. This indicates the laser pulse energy setting has a vital impact on both ablation rate and retropulsion velocity.
The actual analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse energy is:
Figure 12(A) and (B) are the optimized laser settings listed with equal weight ratio between ablation rate and retropulsion velocity. The 1st optimized laser setting is 1.2 J 40 Hz. IF we choose a 1:3 weight ratio between ablation rate and retropulsion velocity, the 1st optimized laser setting becomes 0.6 J 40 Hz. This means the “optimized” laser setting depends on the criterion used.
(A) List of optimized laser parameters with even weight (50/50) of ablation and retropulsion speed; (B) ramp view of the chosen laser parameters with even weight (50/50) of ablation and retropulsion speed.
The laser pulse peak power is another way of evaluating the laser damage to the stone [63]. The peak power value is defined by the laser pulse energy over the full pulse width (full width of pulse at ~10% of max amplitude). The ANOVA shows an insignificant lack of fit, acceptable agreement of the Predicted and Adjusted R-Squares, and acceptable precision (> 4.0).
Figure 13(A) and (B) are the screenshots of the response surface of ablation rate and the retropulsion velocity in terms of laser pulse peak power.
(A) Response surface of ablation rate over laser pulse peak power and frequency; (B) response surface of retropulsion velocity over laser pulse peak power and frequency.
Coded analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse Peak power is:
AP-100 is the Ablation rate, RP-100 is the Retropulsion speed, A is the Frequency, B is the Peak power, and C is the Pulse width.
From the Eqs. 8 and 9, we can see the peak power has roughly the same influence as the frequency on the ablation rate; and for retropulsion speed, the peak power’s influence is 13 folds that of the frequency. Namely, the peak power parameter is crucial to retropulsion speed.
The actual analytical equation of ablation and retropulsion by laser pulse peak power is:
Figure 14(A) and (B) are the optimized laser settings listed with an equal weight ratio of the ablation rate and retropulsion velocity. The 1st optimized laser setting is 3.3 kW 40 Hz 320 μs. IF we choose a 1:3 weight ratio of the ablation rate and retropulsion velocity, the 1st optimized laser setting becomes 2.2 kW 40 Hz 320 μs. This means the “optimized” laser setting depends on the criterion used.
(A) List of optimal laser settings with equal weight (50/50) of ablation rate and retropulsion velocity; (B) ramp view of the selected laser settings with equal weight (50/50) of ablation rate and retropulsion velocity.
In the coded formulas of the response surface (1) and (2), the pulse energy is the dominant control input factor for both the responses of retropulsion and ablation (1.42 and 1.11); while the control input pulse width has more than an order of magnitude less influence on the responses of ablation and retropulsion (−0.0083 versus −0.0021). And the two-factor terms have even lesser influence (a few times to an order of magnitude) than the first-order terms. The pulse number term seems to have some nonlinear effects between long and short pulses at pulse numbers ~7-8 from Figure 9. This effect could be due to the vapor bubble behavior of [47]. As it is shown in Figure 15(b) since the vapor bubble of the long laser pulse will have a much-elongated shape bubble which can be divided into two small bubbles which will collapse sequentially with the 2nd bubble collapses further away from the fiber tip as compared to the bubble of a short laser pulse. Therefore, the long laser pulse can make a deeper crater. This effect will be enhanced at higher pulse energy, and furthermore, since both fiber and calculus were fixed, the depth of the hole max out after ~7-8 pulses.
Series of screenshots of vapor bubbles behavior of Ho lasers. (a) Ho at 1 J, 150 μs; (b) Ho at 1 J, 800 μs.
For the response of ablation rate, the coded formulas of the response surface reveal that the control input laser pulse energy is 1.4 times as impactful as that of the frequency, and the laser pulse peak power has the same impact as the frequency; while for the response of retropulsion, the control input laser pulse energy is 5.8 times as impactful as that of the frequency, and laser pulse peak power has 13 times as impactful as the frequency. The laser pulse peak power is the dominant control input factor for the response of stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy.
As for the optimal lithotripsy laser dosimetry (setting), there are conflict interests to deliver more energy per time (more power or fluence) and achieve faster lithotripsy but at the cost of more retropulsion and larger fragments. As concluded by Sea J et al. in Ref [47], the optimal lithotripsy laser setting depends on the individual case condition (calculus type, size, location, etc.) and the desired outcome. The response surfaces are generated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the tested data points, and a ranked list of the optimized laser settings can be generated by the criteria the user selected. If the least retropulsion is the desired, the most effectual method to curtail stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy is to decrease the peak power (which has the maximum influential coefficient in the coded response surface equations). Dongyul C et al. investigated the ablation thresholds of stone sample by peak power density [63], which presents a recommendation of the lowest peak power for Bego calculus phantom ablation.
In this chapter, the application of RSM were conducted by two sets of DOE experiments: 1) with a prototype CTH:YAG laser system, the RSM reveals that the dominant control input laser parameters that influence the responses of lithotripsy outcome: the ablation or retropulsion is Inversely proportional to the pulse width, and the pulse width has a higher impact coefficient to the ablation than that to the retropulsion. The quadratic fit of the response surface for the volume of ablation has a nonlinear relationship with the pulse width and number of the pulse. 2) the laser setting optimization of laser lithotripsy of a commercially available CTH:YAG laser system: a series of laser settings for relatively efficient laser lithotripsy (maximize the ablation rate while minimizing the retropulsion as well as to improve the discharge of fragments via the urinary tract) in terms of control input laser pulse energy and peak power. Comparing to the control input frequency, the laser pulse energy or peak power has a higher impact coefficient to the response of stone retropulsion as compared to the response of stone ablation in Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. The most efficient way to curtail stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy is to lower the laser pulse peak power.
More detailed investigation of the optimal conditions for the ablation of other kinds of calculus samples and the fiber size/burn back effects will be conducted as a future study.
The author thanks the colleagues of Boston Scientific Corporation: Jonathan Rutherford, Metasebya Solomon, and Dongyul Chai for experimental data collection; Sean Curran and Nicholas Nimchuk for their assistance with the Design-Expert® (DX10) software license, data analysis, fitting, and optimization; and Jason R Xuan, Thomas Hasenberg and Timothy Harrah for technical discussions on the results.
The opinions expressed in this book chapter is solely those of the author and not necessarily those of Boston Scientific Corporation (BSC). BSC does not guarantee the accuracy or reliability of the information provided herein.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11636",title:"Neuroplasticity - Visual Cortex Reorganization From Neurons to Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b306ce94998737c764d08736e76d60e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alyssa A Brewer and Dr. Brian Barton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11636.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"115304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alyssa",surname:"Brewer",slug:"alyssa-brewer",fullName:"Alyssa Brewer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12165",title:"Mild Cognitive Impairment - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"908d319a0cd368c5274419678d293bb1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shuzhen Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12165.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470534",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuzhen",surname:"Zhu",slug:"shuzhen-zhu",fullName:"Shuzhen Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12166",title:"New Topics on Electroencephalography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e6eae5162ca3ec5be1a1f2b85f007b2d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12166.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12167",title:"Neuroprotection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5b16c09a6266c3be63796aefa6828df2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12167.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12168",title:"Neuroglial Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce5fb5312ae2e8239b9ba2710fe3c0fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12169",title:"Olfactory and Gustatory Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6ee31032ea51909b6995f41e16d254b2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vonnie D.C. Shields",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12169.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82613",title:"Dr.",name:"Vonnie D.C.",surname:"Shields",slug:"vonnie-d.c.-shields",fullName:"Vonnie D.C. Shields"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12170",title:"Hydrocephalus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a0f7f54e5e93c674dd19336fa859f50",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12170.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12300",title:"Dopamine Receptors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"257af6b69ae2215cdd6327cc5a5f6135",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12300.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"769",title:"Power Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering",parent:{id:"117",title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering"},numberOfBooks:34,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:852,numberOfWosCitations:956,numberOfCrossrefCitations:680,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1290,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"769",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10685",title:"Management and Applications of Energy Storage Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"586a205ec604f58bc4df847ceafa60c3",slug:"management-and-applications-of-energy-storage-devices",bookSignature:"Kenneth E. Okedu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10259",title:"Energy Storage Battery Systems",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79ba911ac0fe448019d286a56e8b96c4",slug:"energy-storage-battery-systems-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, Mehdi Khodaei and Liang Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8373",title:"Energy Storage Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8073c8e481ca8b36f23ca096e4d39f8b",slug:"energy-storage-devices",bookSignature:"M. Taha Demirkan and Adel Attia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"270288",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Taha",middleName:null,surname:"Demirkan",slug:"m.-taha-demirkan",fullName:"M. Taha Demirkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6224",title:"Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c58d0f05b175d36166262514a5a82e10",slug:"advancements-in-energy-storage-technologies",bookSignature:"Xiangping Chen and Wenping Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205852",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangping",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xiangping-chen",fullName:"Xiangping Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5413",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",subtitle:"A Look at Trends in the Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d81a819e53a5ff35501b9876d5f6b1ab",slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",bookSignature:"Sergey Skipidarov and Mikhail Nikitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16374",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitin",slug:"mikhail-nikitin",fullName:"Mikhail Nikitin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4791",title:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6a5af4c285e95291db0e96e4850883e",slug:"power-quality-issues-in-distributed-generation",bookSignature:"Jaroslaw Luszcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4791.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24994",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Luszcz",slug:"jaroslaw-luszcz",fullName:"Jaroslaw Luszcz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4482",title:"Energy Efficiency Improvements in Smart Grid Components",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30ee18b230d980b48fd65ba23a76d374",slug:"energy-efficiency-improvements-in-smart-grid-components",bookSignature:"Moustafa M. Eissa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35245",title:"Prof.",name:"Moustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Eissa",slug:"moustafa-eissa",fullName:"Moustafa Eissa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",middleName:null,surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3073",title:"Power Quality Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41be446d0a7e208798819a2e31c44960",slug:"power-quality-issues",bookSignature:"Ahmed Zobaa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",middleName:null,surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3555",title:"An Update on Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eeac1269f25912493dbdfdf2e5d80a33",slug:"an-update-on-power-quality",bookSignature:"Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3555.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25089",title:"Dr.",name:"Dylan",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"dylan-lu",fullName:"Dylan Lu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3221",title:"Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics and Other Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73122a4210f5479276c4cd6d0458e2c8",slug:"nuclear-reactor-thermal-hydraulics-and-other-applications",bookSignature:"Donna Post Guillen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29199",title:"Dr.",name:"Donna",middleName:null,surname:"Guillen",slug:"donna-guillen",fullName:"Donna Guillen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3414",title:"Current Research in Nuclear Reactor Technology in Brazil and Worldwide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d499e611b8372d0ed1fbeb88cf66fe",slug:"current-research-in-nuclear-reactor-technology-in-brazil-and-worldwide",bookSignature:"Amir Zacarias Mesquita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amir",middleName:"Zacarias",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"amir-mesquita",fullName:"Amir Mesquita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:34,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"11572",doi:"10.5772/9912",title:"Biofouling and its Control in Seawater Cooled Power Plant Cooling Water System - A Review",slug:"biofouling-and-its-control-in-seawater-cooled-power-plant-cooling-water-system-a-review-",totalDownloads:10636,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"3660",slug:"nuclear-power",title:"Nuclear Power",fullTitle:"Nuclear Power"},signatures:"Kamala Kanta Satpathy, Ajit Kumar Mohanty, Gouri Sahu, Sudipta Biswas and Selvanayagam M.",authors:null},{id:"45946",doi:"10.5772/57201",title:"Power consumption Assessment in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"power-consumption-assessment-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:4405,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"3589",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",fullTitle:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero - Power Information and Communication Technology"},signatures:"Antonio Moschitta and Igor Neri",authors:[{id:"168252",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Neri",slug:"igor-neri",fullName:"Igor Neri"},{id:"168283",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Moschitta",slug:"antonio-moschitta",fullName:"Antonio Moschitta"}]},{id:"10133",doi:"10.5772/8880",title:"Effect of DG on Distribution Grid Protection",slug:"effect-of-dg-on-distribution-grid-protection",totalDownloads:4439,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"3724",slug:"distributed-generation",title:"Distributed Generation",fullTitle:"Distributed Generation"},signatures:"Edward Coster, Johanna Myrzik and Wil Kling",authors:null},{id:"14957",doi:"10.5772/13787",title:"Consequences of Poor Power Quality – An Overview",slug:"consequences-of-poor-power-quality-an-overview",totalDownloads:11974,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"62",slug:"power-quality",title:"Power Quality",fullTitle:"Power Quality"},signatures:"Sharmistha Bhattacharyya and Sjef Cobben",authors:[{id:"15927",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharmistha",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"sharmistha-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Sharmistha Bhattacharyya"}]},{id:"26752",doi:"10.5772/25281",title:"Network Methods for Analysis and Design of Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Systems",slug:"networks-methods-for-the-analysis-and-design-of-wireless-power-transfer-systems",totalDownloads:4923,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"1073",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-principles-and-engineering-explorations",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",fullTitle:"Wireless Power Transfer - Principles and Engineering Explorations"},signatures:"Marco Dionigi, Alessandra Costanzo and Mauro Mongiardo",authors:[{id:"62841",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Mongiardo",slug:"mauro-mongiardo",fullName:"Mauro Mongiardo"},{id:"119981",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Dionigi",slug:"marco-dionigi",fullName:"Marco Dionigi"},{id:"119982",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Costanzo",slug:"alessandra-costanzo",fullName:"Alessandra Costanzo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48982",title:"A Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Power Quality Disturbances Using MATLAB/SIMULINK",slug:"a-comprehensive-modeling-and-simulation-of-power-quality-disturbances-using-matlab-simulink",totalDownloads:13270,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"This book chapter presents a comprehensive set of MATLAB/Simulink models used to simulate various power quality disturbances. The models presented include distribution line fault, induction motor starting, and transformer energizing that are used to simulate various types of voltage sag event. Capacitor bank switching model used to simulate oscillatory transient event, lightning impulse model used to simulate impulsive transient event, nonlinear load models used to simulate triplen harmonic and voltage notching disturbances generated from the load side, and lastly electric arc furnace model used to simulate flicker disturbance are also presented. This chapter presents each power quality disturbance in MATLAB/Simulink model. The presented models are used to simulate various power quality disturbances and waveforms for power quality analysis research as well as contribute to the development of power quality education and learning curriculum.",book:{id:"4791",slug:"power-quality-issues-in-distributed-generation",title:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation",fullTitle:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation"},signatures:"Rodney H.G. Tan and Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy",authors:[{id:"152137",title:"Dr.",name:"Vigna",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandaramurthy",slug:"vigna-ramachandaramurthy",fullName:"Vigna Ramachandaramurthy"},{id:"175327",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:"H.G.",surname:"Tan",slug:"rodney-tan",fullName:"Rodney Tan"}]},{id:"38933",title:"Wind Turbine Generator Technologies",slug:"wind-turbine-generator-technologies",totalDownloads:13795,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3076",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",title:"Advances in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Advances in Wind Power"},signatures:"Wenping Cao, Ying Xie and Zheng Tan",authors:[{id:"154063",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"ying-xie",fullName:"Ying Xie"},{id:"154064",title:"Mr.",name:"Zheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"zheng-tan",fullName:"Zheng Tan"},{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}]},{id:"40439",title:"Low Speed Wind Turbine Design",slug:"low-speed-wind-turbine-design",totalDownloads:7985,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3076",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",title:"Advances in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Advances in Wind Power"},signatures:"Horizon Gitano-Briggs",authors:[{id:"9153",title:"Professor",name:"Horizon",middleName:null,surname:"Gitano",slug:"horizon-gitano",fullName:"Horizon Gitano"}]},{id:"66462",title:"Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Electrochemical Engineering",slug:"vanadium-redox-flow-batteries-electrochemical-engineering",totalDownloads:3240,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"The importance of reliable energy storage system in large scale is increasing to replace fossil fuel power and nuclear power with renewable energy completely because of the fluctuation nature of renewable energy generation. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one promising candidate in large-scale stationary energy storage system, which stores electric energy by changing the oxidation numbers of anolyte and catholyte through redox reaction. This chapter covers the basic principles of vanadium redox flow batteries, component technologies, flow configurations, operation strategies, and cost analysis. The thermodynamic analysis of the electrochemical reactions and the electrode reaction mechanisms in VRFB systems have been explained, and the analysis of VRFB performance according to the flow field and flow rate has been described. It is shown that the limiting current density of “flow-by” design is more than two times greater than that of “flow-through” design. In the cost analysis of 10 kW/120 kWh VRFB system, stack and electrolyte account for 40 and 32% of total cost, respectively.",book:{id:"8373",slug:"energy-storage-devices",title:"Energy Storage Devices",fullTitle:"Energy Storage Devices"},signatures:"Sangwon Kim",authors:[{id:"205906",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangwon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sangwon-kim",fullName:"Sangwon Kim"}]},{id:"52605",title:"Calculation Methods for Thermoelectric Generator Performance",slug:"calculation-methods-for-thermoelectric-generator-performance",totalDownloads:3470,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter aims to build one-dimensional thermoelectric model for device-level thermoelectric generator (TEG) performance calculation and prediction under steady heat transfer. Model concept takes into account Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects, and Joule conduction heat. Thermal resistances between heat source, heat sink, and thermocouple are also considered. Then, model is simplified to analyze influences of basic thermal and electrical parameters on TEG performance, when Thomson effect is neglected. At last, an experimental setup is introduced to gauge the output power and validate the model. Meantime, TEG simulation by software ANSYS is introduced briefly.",book:{id:"5413",slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",fullTitle:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation - A Look at Trends in the Technology"},signatures:"Fuqiang Cheng",authors:[{id:"187892",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"fuqiang-cheng",fullName:"Fuqiang Cheng"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"769",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76952",title:"Smart Grid Modernization: Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"smart-grid-modernization-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:168,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97892",abstract:"Recently, there have been significant technological approaches for the bulk power grid. The customer demand is associated with conventional grid coupled large central generating stations through a high voltage transmission to a distribution system. Urban transmission systems are consistently progressing to meet the increasing needs for power and to replace old-pattern generation with native renewable generation and power provisions from outward green energy resources. Power grid is undergoing remarkable modernization towards advanced consistency, greater efficiency, and less cost by the incorporation of renewable energy and developed control technology. Quick developing nature of grid, consumer needs, and industrial invention situates substation modernization at the leading of grid transformation. Smart grid is essential to accomplish all the fastest technological reformations occurring in generation, transmission and distribution (T&D) of electric power, with growing application of sensors, computers and communications. In this study the recent trend and application of electric power grid is briefly enunciated.",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg"},signatures:"Saumen Dhara, Alok Kumar Shrivastav and Pradip Kumar Sadhu"},{id:"76571",title:"xIoT-Based Converged 5G and ICT Infrastructure",slug:"xiot-based-converged-5g-and-ict-infrastructure",totalDownloads:143,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97605",abstract:"This chapter examines and explores the potential of how the capabilities of the emerging 5G cellular technologies can be integrated with a given mission-critical xIoT application (e., g., smart grid) to enable a truly converged xIoT-ICT infrastructure that would further enhance and enable the adequate support of the strict performance requirement of such an xIoT application. Since the smart grid believed to be one of the most necessitated IoT services. in this work, it has been nominated as a descriptive xIoT case. As the smart grid comprises an extensive collection of applications extended from mission-critical services which have rigorous necessities in terms of end-to-end (E2E) latency and reliability (e.g., real-time system protection and control utilizing PMU measurements) to those that require support of massive number of connected machine-to-machine (M2M) devices with relaxed latency and reliability requirements (e.g., smart meters). Based on time-to-market strategy, we identify and propose two different 5G-based business and architectural models that enable a truly converged power grid-ICT infrastructure, namely, near-term model and long-term model.",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed Y. Hassebo"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:2},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:70,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101116",signatures:"Tetsuo Nakamoto, Alexander U. Falster and William B. Simmons Jr",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101187",signatures:"Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Aparna I. Narayana and Dhanasekar Balakrishnan",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101215",signatures:"Nelli Yildirimyan",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",signatures:"Ichiro Nakajima, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, Akao Lyvongsa, Bounnhong Sidaphone, Somphone Phanthavong, Chanthavisao Phanthanalay and Souksavanh Vongsa",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/109604",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"109604"},fullPath:"/profiles/109604",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()