Represents the pHPZC and pHIEP of some minerals, which has been modified from the data of Parks [13] and Kosmulski [14].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5198",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Numerical Simulation - From Brain Imaging to Turbulent Flows",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Brain Imaging to Turbulent Flows",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays mathematical modeling and numerical simulations play an important role in life and natural science. Numerous researchers are working in developing different methods and techniques to help understand the behavior of very complex systems, from the brain activity with real importance in medicine to the turbulent flows with important applications in physics and engineering. This book presents an overview of some models, methods, and numerical computations that are useful for the applied research scientists and mathematicians, fluid tech engineers, and postgraduate students.",isbn:"978-953-51-2565-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2564-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5784-7",doi:"10.5772/61500",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"numerical-simulation-from-brain-imaging-to-turbulent-flows",numberOfPages:440,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6bf6d0e6b25e77e717dd3b6c9d494cf9",bookSignature:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5198.jpg",numberOfDownloads:29256,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:64,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 5th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 31st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"López-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo López-Ruiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9849/images/system/9849.jpeg",biography:"Ricardo López-Ruiz, MS, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain. He is also an associate researcher in Complex Systems at the School of Mathematics, University of Zaragoza. Previously, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Navarra, the Public University of Navarra, and UNED Calatayud, all in Spain. He completed his postdoc with Prof. Yves Pomeau at the École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France, and with Prof. Gabriel Mindlin at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. His areas of interest include statistical complexity and nonlinear models, chaotic maps and applications, multiagent systems, econophysics, big data, and artificial intelligence techniques.",institutionString:"University of Zaragoza",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Zaragoza",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"599",title:"Computer Simulation",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computer-simulation"}],chapters:[{id:"50911",title:"BOLD fMRI Simulation",doi:"10.5772/63313",slug:"bold-fmri-simulation",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is sensitive to changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) brain magnetic states. The fMRI scanner produces a complex-valued image, but the calculation of the original BOLD magnetic source is not a mathematically tractable problem. We conduct numeric simulations to understand the BOLD fMRI model.",signatures:"Zikuan Chen and Vince Calhoun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50911",authors:[{id:"179437",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zikuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"zikuan-chen",fullName:"Zikuan Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"50398",title:"Basics of Multibody Systems: Presented by Practical Simulation Examples of Spine Models",doi:"10.5772/62864",slug:"basics-of-multibody-systems-presented-by-practical-simulation-examples-of-spine-models",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Computer modeling is a widely used method to determine the biomechanical behavior of a system. The aim of our biomechanical multibody simulation computer modeling is to consider the characteristics of a musculoskeletal system through the use of knowledge from the fields of mechanics, anatomy, and physiology in the model in an appropriate manner, in order to obtain as accurately as possible a realistic simulation of the biomechanical behavior of the system. Various application examples of a lumbar spine model that takes the spinal structures with their specific material properties into account are presented: effects of different spine alignments in standing position, effects of overweight on the spinal biomechanics, and application possibilities of biomechanical computer models in medicine.",signatures:"Bauer Sabine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50398",authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer"}],corrections:null},{id:"51596",title:"Simulation of Neural Behavior",doi:"10.5772/64028",slug:"simulation-of-neural-behavior",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The brain is an organ that takes the central role in advanced information processing. There exist great many neurons in our brain, which build complicated neural networks. All information processing in the brain is accomplished by neural activity in the form of neural oscillations. In order to understand the mechanisms of information processing, it is necessary to clarify functions of neurons and neural networks. Although the current progress of experiment technology is remarkable, only experiments by themselves cannot uncover the behavior of only a single neuron. Computational neuroscience is a research field, which fills up the deficiency in experiments. By modeling the essential features of a neuron or a neural network, we can analyze their fundamental properties by computer simulation. In this chapter, one aspect of computational neuroscience is described. At the first, the cell membrane and a neuron can be modeled by using an RC circuit. Next, the Hodgkin-Huxley model is introduced, which has the function of generation of action potentials. Furthermore, many neurons show the subthreshold resonance phenomena, and the cell membrane is necessary to be modeled by an RLC circuit. Finally, some simulation results are shown, and properties of such neuronal behaviors are discussed.",signatures:"Tatsuo Kitajima, Zonggang Feng and Azran Azhim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51596",authors:[{id:"180149",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuo",surname:"Kitajima",slug:"tatsuo-kitajima",fullName:"Tatsuo Kitajima"},{id:"184933",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhonggang",surname:"Feng",slug:"zhonggang-feng",fullName:"Zhonggang Feng"},{id:"184934",title:"Prof.",name:"Azran",surname:"Azhim",slug:"azran-azhim",fullName:"Azran Azhim"}],corrections:null},{id:"50522",title:"Numerical Simulations of Dynamics Behaviour of the Action Potential of the Human Heart's Conduction System",doi:"10.5772/63017",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-dynamics-behaviour-of-the-action-potential-of-the-human-heart-s-conduction-",totalDownloads:1732,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A proposed model consisting of two coupled van der Pol models is considered as a description of the heart action potential. A system of ordinary differential equations is used to recreate pathological behaviour in the conducting system of the heart such as Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and the most common tachycardia: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Part of the population has abnormal accessory pathways: fast and slow. These pathways in the atrioventricular node (AV node) are anatomical and functional excipients of supraventricular tachycardia. However, the appearance of two pathways in the AV node may be an excipient of arrhythmia—the WPW syndrome. The difference in the conduction time between these pathways is the most important factor. This is the reason to introduce three types of couplings and delay to our system in order to reproduce different types of the AVNRT. In our research, the result of introducing the feedback loops and couplings entails the creation of waves which can correspond to the re-entry waves which occur in the AVNRT. Our main aim is to study solutions of the equations of the system and to take into consideration the influence of feedback and delays which occur in the pathological modes. The proposed models made it possible to reproduce the most important physiological properties of the discussed pathologies. Since the model is phenomenological, the results are accurate as far as a simple model can describe the potential found in one of the more complex oscillators found in biology.",signatures:"Beata Jackowska-Zduniak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50522",authors:[{id:"180003",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",surname:"Jackowska-Zduniak",slug:"beata-jackowska-zduniak",fullName:"Beata Jackowska-Zduniak"}],corrections:null},{id:"51085",title:"Numerical Simulation Using Artificial Neural Network on Fractional Differential Equations",doi:"10.5772/64151",slug:"numerical-simulation-using-artificial-neural-network-on-fractional-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter offers a numerical simulation of fractional differential equations by utilizing Chebyshev-simulated annealing neural network (ChSANN) and Legendre-simulated annealing neural network (LSANN). The use of Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials with simulated annealing reduces the mean square error and leads to more accurate numerical approximation. The comparison of proposed methods with previous methods confirms the accuracy of ChSANN and LSANN.",signatures:"Najeeb Alam Khan, Amber Shaikh, Faqiha Sultan and Asmat Ara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51085",authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",surname:"Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan"},{id:"184888",title:"Dr.",name:"Amber",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"amber-shaikh",fullName:"Amber Shaikh"},{id:"184889",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",surname:"Khan",slug:"sidra-khan",fullName:"Sidra Khan"},{id:"184890",title:"Dr.",name:"Faqiha",surname:"Sultan",slug:"faqiha-sultan",fullName:"Faqiha Sultan"}],corrections:null},{id:"51603",title:"Numerical Simulations of Some Real-Life Problems Governed by ODEs",doi:"10.5772/63958",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-some-real-life-problems-governed-by-odes",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, some real-life model problems that can be formulated as ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are introduced and numerically studied. These models are the variable-order fractional Hodgkin–Huxley model of neuronal excitation (VOFHHM) and other models with the variable-order fractional (VOF) time delay, such as the 4-year life cycle of a population of lemmings model, the enzyme kinetics with an inhibitor molecule model, and the Chen system model. A class of numerical methods is used to study the above-mentioned models such as non-standard finite difference (NSFD) and Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) methods. Numerical test examples are presented.",signatures:"N. H. Sweilam and T. A. Assiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51603",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51603",authors:[{id:"180285",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Sweilam",slug:"nasser-sweilam",fullName:"Nasser Sweilam"}],corrections:null},{id:"50913",title:"A Multi-Domain Spectral Collocation Approach for Solving Lane-Emden Type Equations",doi:"10.5772/63016",slug:"a-multi-domain-spectral-collocation-approach-for-solving-lane-emden-type-equations",totalDownloads:1690,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we explore the application of a novel multi-domain spectral collocation method for solving general non-linear singular initial value differential equations of the Lane-Emden type. The proposed solution approach is a simple iterative approach that does not employ linearisation of the differential equations. Spectral collocation is used to discretise the iterative scheme to form matrix equations that are solved over a sequence of non-overlapping sub-intervals of the domain. Continuity conditions are used to advance the solution across the non-overlapping sub-intervals. Different Lane-Emden equations that have been reported in the literature have been used for numerical experimentation. The results indicate that the method is very effective in solving Lane-Emden type equations. Computational error analysis is presented to demonstrate the fast convergence and high accuracy of the method of solution.",signatures:"Motsa Sandile Sydney, Magagula Vusi Mpendulo, Goqo Sicelo\nPraisegod, Oyelakin Ibukun Sarah and Sibanda Precious",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50913",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50913",authors:[{id:"18031",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandile",surname:"Motsa",slug:"sandile-motsa",fullName:"Sandile Motsa"},{id:"41622",title:"Prof.",name:"Precious",surname:"Sibanda",slug:"precious-sibanda",fullName:"Precious Sibanda"},{id:"180865",title:"Dr.",name:"Vusi",surname:"Magagula",slug:"vusi-magagula",fullName:"Vusi Magagula"},{id:"180867",title:"Mr.",name:"Sicelo",surname:"Goqo",slug:"sicelo-goqo",fullName:"Sicelo Goqo"},{id:"180868",title:"Ms.",name:"Ibukun",surname:"Oyelakin",slug:"ibukun-oyelakin",fullName:"Ibukun Oyelakin"}],corrections:null},{id:"51721",title:"Numerical Solution of System of Fractional Differential Equations in Imprecise Environment",doi:"10.5772/64150",slug:"numerical-solution-of-system-of-fractional-differential-equations-in-imprecise-environment",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fractional calculus and fuzzy calculus theory, mutually, are highly applicable for showing different aspects of dynamics appearing in science. This chapter provides comprehensive discussion of system of fractional differential models in imprecise environment. In addition, presenting a new vast area to investigate numerical solutions of fuzzy fractional differential equations, numerical results of proposed system are carried out by the Grünwald‐Letnikov's fractional derivative. The stability along with truncation error of the Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional approach is also proved. Moreover, some numerical experiments are performed and effective remarks are concluded on the basis of efficient convergence of the approximated results towards the exact solutions and on the depictions of error bar plots.",signatures:"Najeeb Alam Khan, Oyoon Abdul Razzaq, Asmat Ara and Fatima\nRiaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51721",authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",surname:"Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan"},{id:"181244",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fatima",surname:"Riaz",slug:"fatima-riaz",fullName:"Fatima Riaz"},{id:"181248",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyoon",surname:"Razzaq",slug:"oyoon-razzaq",fullName:"Oyoon Razzaq"},{id:"184887",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmat",surname:"Ara",slug:"asmat-ara",fullName:"Asmat Ara"}],corrections:null},{id:"51210",title:"Analysis of Heat Transfer in an Experimental Heat Exchanger Using Numerical Simulation",doi:"10.5772/63957",slug:"analysis-of-heat-transfer-in-an-experimental-heat-exchanger-using-numerical-simulation",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, an analysis of convection heat transfer in an experimental heat exchanger using experimental data and numerical simulation data (by means computational fluid dynamics (CFD)) is presented. Work was realized in four stages. In the first stage, experimental data were obtained from a heat exchanger installed in Thermohydraulic Laboratory from CIICAp. Analytic calculus with experimental data was realized in the second stage to establish proper values in boundary and operation conditions for numerical simulation. The third stage includes numerical simulation using CFD of the heat exchanger domain with both working fluids (air-water). At the fourth stage, an analysis of the results was performed.",signatures:"Laura L. Castro, Alfredo Aranda and Gustavo Urquiza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51210",authors:[{id:"108593",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Urquiza",slug:"gustavo-urquiza",fullName:"Gustavo Urquiza"},{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez"}],corrections:null},{id:"51534",title:"Solving Inverse Heat Transfer Problems When Using CFD Modeling",doi:"10.5772/63807",slug:"solving-inverse-heat-transfer-problems-when-using-cfd-modeling",totalDownloads:2335,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter presents solving steady-state inverse heat transfer problems using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Two examples illustrate the application of the proposed method. As the first inverse problem determining the absorbed heat flux to water walls in furnaces of steam boilers is presented in detail. Three different measurement devices (flux tubes) were designed to identify steady-state boundary conditions in water wall tubes of combustion chambers. The first meter is made of a short eccentric tube in which four thermocouples on the fire side below the inner and outer tube surfaces are installed. The fifth thermocouple is situated at the rear of the tube on the housing side of the water wall tube. The second meter has two longitudinal fins that are welded to the bare eccentric tube. In the third option of the instrument, the fins are attached to the water wall tubes but not to the flux tubes as in the second version of the flux tubes. The first instrument is used to measure the heat flux to water walls made from bare tubes, while another two heat flux tubes are designated for measuring the heat flux to membrane walls. Unlike the existing devices, the flux tube is not attached to neighboring water-wall tubes. The absorbed heat flux on the outer surface and the heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface of the flux tube are determined from temperature measurements at internal points. The thermal conductivity of the flux-tube material is a function of temperature. The nonlinear inverse problem of heat conduction (IHCP) is solved using the least-squares method. Three unknown parameters are determined using the Levenberg–Marquardt method. In each iteration, the temperature distribution in the cross section of the heat flux instrument is determined using the ANSYS/CFX software.",signatures:"Paweł Ludowski, Dawid Taler and Jan Taler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51534",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51534",authors:[{id:"15203",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawid",surname:"Taler",slug:"dawid-taler",fullName:"Dawid Taler"},{id:"43955",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Taler",slug:"jan-taler",fullName:"Jan Taler"},{id:"179938",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Ludowski",slug:"pawel-ludowski",fullName:"Paweł Ludowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"51422",title:"A Numerical Procedure for 2D Fluid Flow Simulation in Unstructured Meshes",doi:"10.5772/63077",slug:"a-numerical-procedure-for-2d-fluid-flow-simulation-in-unstructured-meshes",totalDownloads:1661,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present work addresses the numerical simulation of fluid flow for 2D problems. The physical principles and numerical models implemented in the software package EasyCFD are presented in a synthetic and clear way. The 2D form of the Navier-Stokes equations is considered, using the eddy-viscosity concept to take into account turbulence effects upon the mean flow field. The k-ε and the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence models allow for the calculation of the turbulent viscosity. The numerical model is based on a control volume approach, using the SIMPLEC algorithm on an unstructured quadrilateral mesh. The mesh arrangement is a non-staggered type. The coordinate transformation, integration discretization and solution method for the governing equations are fully described. As an example of application, the airflow around a NACA 0012 airfoil is calculated and the results for the aerodynamic coefficients are compared with available experimental data.",signatures:"António M. G. Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51422",authors:[{id:"180158",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Gameiro Lopes",slug:"antonio-gameiro-lopes",fullName:"Antonio Gameiro Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"51081",title:"On a New Numerical Approach on Micropolar Fluid, Heat and Mass Transfer Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet Through Porous Media in the Presence of a Heat Source/Sink and Chemical Reaction",doi:"10.5772/63800",slug:"on-a-new-numerical-approach-on-micropolar-fluid-heat-and-mass-transfer-over-an-unsteady-stretching-s",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of MHD micropolar fluid, heat and mass transfer over unsteady stretching sheet through porous medium in the presence of a heat source/sink and chemical reaction is presented in this chapter. By applying suitable similarity transformations, we transform the governing partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations. We then apply the recently developed numerical technique known as the Spectral Quasi-Linearization Method. The validity of the accuracy of the technique is checked against the bvp4c routine method. Numerical results for the surface shear stresses, Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are presented in tabular form. Also numerical results for the velocity, temperature and concentration distribution are presented in graphical forms, illustrating the effects of varying values of different parameters.",signatures:"Stanford Shateyi, Fazle Mabood and Gerald Tendayi Marewo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51081",authors:[{id:"16056",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanford",surname:"Shateyi",slug:"stanford-shateyi",fullName:"Stanford Shateyi"},{id:"185291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fazle",surname:"Mabood",slug:"fazle-mabood",fullName:"Fazle Mabood"},{id:"185293",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald Tendayi",surname:"Marewo",slug:"gerald-tendayi-marewo",fullName:"Gerald Tendayi Marewo"}],corrections:null},{id:"51428",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics in Turbulent Flow Applications",doi:"10.5772/63831",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-in-turbulent-flow-applications",totalDownloads:2661,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is intended to present to readers a general scope of the technical, theoretical, and numerical applications of computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method, restricted to incompressible turbulent flows (Ma < 0.3). The main objective of this chapter was to provide readers of a starting point to select an adequate numerical model for the flow regime of interest. Such knowledge could be a key at the moment of extending the analysis to more complex problems, for example, the ones found in heat transfer and fluid flows, multiphase flows, and compressible flows.",signatures:"Alejandro Alonzo-García, Claudia del Carmen Gutiérrez-Torres and José Alfredo Jiménez-Bernal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51428",authors:[{id:"185292",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Alonzo-García",slug:"alejandro-alonzo-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Alonzo-García"},{id:"185294",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alfredo",surname:"Jiménez-Bernal",slug:"jose-alfredo-jimenez-bernal",fullName:"José Alfredo Jiménez-Bernal"},{id:"189760",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Del C.",surname:"Gutierrez-Torres",slug:"claudia-del-c.-gutierrez-torres",fullName:"Claudia Del C. Gutierrez-Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"51087",title:"Two-Fluid RANS-RSTM-PDF Model for Turbulent Particulate Flows",doi:"10.5772/63338",slug:"two-fluid-rans-rstm-pdf-model-for-turbulent-particulate-flows",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A novel three-dimensional (3D) model based on Reynolds turbulence stress model (RSTM) closure of equations of carrier and particulate phases was elaborated for channel turbulent flows. The essence of the model is the direct calculation of normal and shear components of the Reynolds stresses for the particulate phase similar to the carrier fluid. The model is based on the Eulerian approach, which is applied for the 3D RANS modeling of the carrier flow and the particulate phase and the statistical probability dense function (PDF) approach focusing on the mathematical description of the second moments of the particulate phase.",signatures:"P. Lauk, A. Kartushinsky, M. Hussainov, A. Polonsky, Ü. Rudi, I. Shcheglov, S. Tisler and K.-E. 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For these flows, temporal and spatial position of this moving free surface in unsteady or non‐uniform conditions is very complicated. In this chapter, free surface simulation methods based on computational grid are presented. Volume of fluid (VOF) is a powerful and the most prevailing method for modeling two immiscible incompressible fluid‐fluid interfaces. Herein, the governing equations of fluid flow including Navier‐Stokes coupled with VOF equation are discussed and the most prominent VOF schemes hierarchically presented to the readers. Meanwhile, Compressive Interface Capturing Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes (CICSAM), Higher Resolution Artificial Compressive (HiRAC), High Resolution Interface Capturing (HRIC), Switching Technique for Advection and Capturing of Surfaces (STACS), and some other newly proposed methods are introduced, and the accuracy and time calculation of each method are evaluated. Moreover, surface tension modeling and its discretization as one of the most demanding phenomena in the nature are brought to the readers. Finally, two schemes of parametric study of interfaces are discussed.",signatures:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51693",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51693",authors:[{id:"181430",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",surname:"Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari"},{id:"191220",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",surname:"Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari"}],corrections:null},{id:"51748",title:"Transport and Mixing in Liquid Phase Using Large Eddy Simulation: A Review",doi:"10.5772/63993",slug:"transport-and-mixing-in-liquid-phase-using-large-eddy-simulation-a-review",totalDownloads:1661,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many mixing processes in engineering applications are turbulent. At high‐Schmidt regime, the scalar scales are much lower than those of the velocity field, making difficult instantaneous measurements and direct numerical simulation for studying systems of practical interest. The use of large eddy simulation (LES) for analyzing transport and mixing of passive and reactive scalars at high‐Schmidt (Sc) regime is addressed in this article. We present two different approaches for studying scalar transport and mixing in LES: the conventional approach is based on the modeling of the unclosed subgrid‐scale scalar flux term in the filtered scalar equation by models commonly used for high‐Sc flows. The second approach presented in this review for dealing with high‐Sc flows is based on the use of a filtered mass density function (FDF) of the scalar field. Conclusions are presented about the relative merits of the two approaches.",signatures:"Juan M. 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Mitochondria play a dominant role in the life and function of eukaryotic cells including neurons and glia, as their survival and activity depend upon mitochondrial energy production and supply. Besides energy production, mitochondria also play a vital role in calcium homeostasis and may induce apoptosis by excitotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to common neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. An efficient treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction would open new horizons in the therapeutic perspectives of a substantial number of inflammatory and degenerative neurological disorders.",isbn:"978-1-78985-532-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-531-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-653-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77668",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mitochondria-and-brain-disorders",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e4cb9b34e45c6177ede9cf78fbda4b82",bookSignature:"Stavros Baloyannis",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7850.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5559,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. 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His special interests include neuroethics, neurolinguistics, neurophilosophy, history of neurosciences, neurology and art, and the brain and music. He is a member of sixty-two scientific societies and an honorary member of the Academy of Hellenic Air Forces. He is also the president of the Society for the amelioration of the quality of life in neurological diseases and former president of the Orthodox Association for the medical mission. He is a visiting professor at Tufts University, Democritus University, School of Theology, School of Philosophy. Dr. Baloyannis is the author of 29 textbooks, 760 papers on neurology and neurosciences, and 3 books of poems. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"74829",title:"Virulence Factors of Salmonella Typhi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95587",slug:"virulence-factors-of-em-salmonella-typhi-em-",body:'It was quite a long time before typhoid fever was differentiated from other febrile disorders. Pierre Louis was the first who used the word “ typhoid “ and give the classical picture of typhoid in 1829 and described in detail post-mortem finding, especially the enlargement and ulceration of peyer’s patches. However, he did not clearly differentiate between typhoid and typhus. In 1837, Gerhard was the first who clearly differentiate typhoid from typhus fever and William Budd described the contagious nature of the disease and Incriminated transmission of facially polluted water supplies in 1873 [1].
In 1873, William Budd, a physician in Bristol who was interested in cholera and intestinal fever, showed that typhoid fever could be transmitted by a particular toxin found in the excrement and that this propagation was responsible for the contamination of water by the feces of patients. Each case was linked to another anterior case, according to Budd. A significant number of doctors and scientists have attempted to discover the nature of the disease-causing microorganism and have experienced considerable difficulty in isolating the bacillus. It was Karl Joseph Eberth, Rudolf Virchow’s doctor and pupil, who discovered the bacillus in the abdominal lymph nodes and the spleen in 1879. In 1880 and 1881, he reported his findings. The genus ‘
Virulence factors in
The capsular Vi antigen is a linear homopolymer of alpha 1–4 linked to galactose aminouronic acid which is variably acetylated at the C3 position. This antigen is believed to inhibit phagocytosis and complement C3 activation thus inhibiting non-specific opsonization, “[15] One of the main characteristics that distinguishes
Common to both typhoidal and NTS are two pathogenicity-island encoded type III secretion systems (T3SS): the SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SS, which are essential for
The outer L-layer underlying the capsular material has the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) called the ‘0’ antigen. This’L’ layer also has certain proteins called outer membrane proteins (OMP) which are antigenic. These OMPs include both porin (OMP F and OMP C) and non-porin substances. Porins are pore-forming channels which help in solute uptake and non-porin proteins are structural proteins (Figure 2) [23]. These antigens are highly immunogenic and there is a good antibody response to all these antigens in patients with typhoid fever.”. [24, 25]. The somatic antigens represent the side chains of repeating sugar unit projecting outwards from the lipopolysaccharide layer and the surface of the bacterial cell wall; they are hydrophilic and heat stable. It is used for serological diagnosis [26].
Antigenic structure of
Flagella, while contributing to virulence, are also important activators of innate immune responses via recognition of monomeric flagellin by TLR5 and NAIP receptors [27, 28], H antigen may occur in either or both of two forms, called phase 1 and phase 2. The organism tends to change from one phase to the other. H antigen also provides a useful epidemiologic tool with which to determine the source of infection and its mode of spread [29]; While most NTS display phase variation through the alternate expression of two genes of flagellin (fliC and fljB), most S. Typhi strains are monophasic, expressing FliC of the antigen H: d directly. Interestingly, some Indonesian S. Typhi strains transmit H: j, due to an in-frame deletion in fliC, a variant of H:d. [30], and/or are biphasic, expressing a plasmid-encoded FljB analogue of the H:z66 antigen [31], H:j and H:z66 antigenic variants are thought to have recently emerged during S. Typhi evolution [32], driven by immune selection in this high incidence region [31]. This additional variation seems to play a role in
The significant adhesion factors for S. Typhi are fimbriae and pili. These elements of virulence are employed by S. Typhi during infection and host colonization for its various cellular interactions [34]. The Operon Stg, one of the six Operons Fimbriae found in S. Typhi, But not S. Typhimurium has recently been shown to be involved in cellular invasion and in vitro destruction of epithelial cells [34]. In addition, the STG operon was found to assist S. Typhi targets enterocytes more preferentially than M cells, which promotes S. Typhi By passing the Peyer patches, eludes the innate immune system [35].
Certain
Unlike most bacteria that rely on endocytosis mediated by receptors in order to invade a target cell, S. Typhi uses a complex mechanism known as bacterial mediated endocytosis, in which bacterial proteins enter the host cell and control signaling cascades that regulate the trafficking of cytoskeletal membrane architecture and gene expression, both of which force endocytosis S. Typhi into the host [37, 38]. The target cell for
Biofilm cells manufacture proteinaceous substances that allows synergic growth and protection from possible harsh environments it may encounter [39, 40]. In the seventeenth horn, a Dutch scientist Van Leeuwenhoek was the first individual to discover biofilm cells which he described as “animacules” on his dental plaque. The biofilm development process is initiated with single cells attaching to a surface or to each other, this is then followed by the formation of clustered cells or microcolonies. Over time, the microcolonies are surrounded by a protective layer of protein-rich substances referred to as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) [37]. The development and genetic signaling pathways involved in a
Enea et al. [41] were found biofilm production by
Showing the potential role of biofilm-producing S. Typhi in the development of gallbladder cancer. (A) Chronic S. infection. Typhi strains and gallstone presence strongly correlate with the development of gallbladder cancer (GC); The presence of gallstones (B) could provide S. Typhi strains with the ideal substrate. (C) Once the biofilm is established, bacterial cells are separated from the gallstones that release carcinogenic molecules [
Endotoxin is a big part of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane (OM). Endotoxins have been found to play an important function in the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a powerful mediator of a wide range of pathophysiological effects in humans, mainly in the gasterointestinal tracts. Therefore, these are also known as enterotoxins. These toxic behaviors, as well as many beneficial ones linked to immunostimulation, include lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity and tissue necrotizing activity [42]. Endotoxins are high-molecular weight complexes, of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which is the major component of bacterial cell wall [42]. It’s a heat stable toxic substance released by gram negative bacteria’s after disruption of cell envelopes [43, 44]. The role of endotoxins in bacterial pathogenesis and their chemical characterization as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been studied earlier [45, 46]. Chemically, LPS consist of a hydrophilic polysaccharide covalently linked to a hydrophobic lipid portion which is termed as lipid A, which anchors the molecules in the outer membrane (OM) [47]. Endotoxins play a major role in human disease states that created interest to investigate the pathogenicity of the producing bacteria [42]. Lipopolysaccharide found to be an important activator for the activation of immune system that leads to non- specific inflammatory immune response [48].
According to above review we put highlights on the role of the
There is no ‘conflict of interest’ for this work.
The most innovative and ingenious process development of the century is the emergence of the froth flotation process for the treatment of low-grade ores. Froth flotation process, which uses the difference in hydrophobicity of minerals, is employed in several industries (mineral processing and others) for fines processing. It is a process of upgradation of minerals by taking advantage of differences in physico-chemical surface properties between valuable and gangue minerals of two different minerals.
\nFroth flotation process can be effectively applied to the system where more amount of fine liberated valuable and gangue mineral grains are present rather than of interlocked forms [1]. Froth flotation, being an established method, has been known in a century’s practice across the globe for its efficiency to eliminate impurities from different ores to produce good grade concentrate.
\nThe grade of mined ore is depleting day by day where as demand for metal and steel is increasing steeply. Improving the resource base and exploitation of iron ore resources through the processing and upgradation is the most important challenging task. A nation’s socio-economic development completely depends on effective and judicious utilization of its mineral resources.
\nProper utilization of wastes is achieved through balance between natural resource management and sustainable growth process to minimize the burden on ecological pyramid due to enormous growth of industrialization. With regard to the tailings management, reduction of tailing volume is feasible, if the maximum metallic content is extracted or recovered by a suitable technology [2]. The conventional ore processing and mining operations generate fines and slimes of huge quantities to the tune of 10–15% of run of mine which are generally of poorer grade and being discarded. These discarded tailing stockpiles occupy a huge space, which contain good metallic values, cause pollution to ground and surface water, and are having a negative impact to the environment. They need to be processed to recover metallic values for resource augmentation and to meet environmental stipulation.
\nThese fines and slimes cannot be utilized directly as feed to metallurgical plants due to size specification; besides these occupy a huge space and cause environmental and ecological problems, which need to be clearly assessed. The scarcity of high-grade ore is compelling the mineral processing industries to look for low-grade ore fines. Hence it is essential to beneficiate and to recover the additional mineral values from these fines, not only to earn additional revenue to the mineral industries but also from the point of view of conservation of mineral wealth. These low-grade slimes can be considered as national resource rather than a waste of nuisance.
\nIn the present days, the minerals liberated at extremely fine sizes, and in addition the ore typically consists of valuable mineral intergrowth with unwanted/gangue minerals making the mineral surface quite complex. This nature of particle characteristic compels to be separated by the technique that relies on surface properties. So the flotation technique is being developed to treat these low-grade ore and waste slimes.
\nLow-grade ores imply finer liberation size and cannot be upgraded by conventional gravity concentration techniques. Wet and dry low-intensity magnetic separation (LIMS) techniques are used to process ores that contain minerals with strong magnetic properties, such as magnetite and titanomagnetite. Wet high-gradient magnetic separators (WHGMS) and wet high-intensity magnetic separators (WHIMS) are used to separate the minerals having weak magnetic properties such as hematite, goethite and limonite from gangue minerals [3, 4]. Synchronically Xiong et al. [5] explained major problems about the WHIMS and WHGMS that when metallic ores are treated in these separators, matrix dogging and mechanical entrainment of nonmagnetic particles occur, because hematite ore contains a large amount of weakly magnetic particles along with it. The change from gravity-based separation to magnetic-based separation improved the iron grade by approximately 13%.
\nConcurrently, Pradip [6] examined that multigravity separation is the most effective technique for processing low-grade Indian iron ore slimes to decrease alumina content. However according to Roy and Das [7], this beneficiation method is not commercially successful due to its low capacity. Later on people combined two methods, i.e. magnetic separation and selective flocculation, and found good results. The gravity and magnetic methods, i.e. physical separation techniques, are restricted to coarse-grained sizes.
\nSo, when the size is extremely fine, in case of slimes, the physico-chemical properties start dominating over physical properties; hence these methods are unable to give satisfactory results.
\nHence, froth flotation is the single most important unit operation, which is the root solution to all these problems and used for the recovery and upgradation of valuable mineral, especially below 150. Froth flotation which uses the difference in physico-chemical surface properties of minerals is employed in several industries for fines processing. This chapter addresses how flotation has been and can be helpful in recovering the metallic values from the tailings, through a review of basics and fundamentals, efforts made earlier and future directions for research.
\nThe most important factor in froth flotation process is the selectivity, which means the choice of a suitable reagent to selectively modify the surface of desired mineral to enhance its hydrophobicity. This implies a thorough knowledge of the particle surface property, the mechanism of particle surface-reagent interaction and the correct type and quantity of the reagent to create the best selectivity conditions. Surfactants play the most important role for a successful operation of flotation process. To make the mineral float, the surface of such minerals has to be modified by adsorption of suitable surfactants in order to reduce the Gibbs’ energy. Ensuring maximum floatability of desired minerals through maximum selectivity with the aid of reagents is the key element of flotation research and the driving force of flotation research efforts [8, 9]. From an early modest beginning to treat base metal sulphides, it has been established itself as the most versatile process for the treatment of oxide ores, carbonate ores, industrial minerals and fine coal. It is not an exaggeration to state that there is not a single mineral or ore system which cannot be treated by froth flotation (Figure 1).
\n(a) Schematic representation of flotation process and (b) flotation mechanism and role of contact angle [
In flotation of minerals, contact angle plays a major role in hydrophobicity as it is directly proportional to hydrophobicity. The more the contact angle, the greater is the hydrophobicity and the more is the floatability.
\nDespite numerous years of research and development work since 1900, flotation is still not fully interpretable and remains a challenge, as there is involvement of the major phases (macroprocesses) and the number of inter-related events (microprocesses) (Figure 2).
\nProcess and phases in flotation [
Ensuring maximum floatability of desired minerals (with good grade and high recovery) through maximum selectivity with the aid of reagents/surfactants is the key element and driving force of a successful flotation research.
\nFlotation of different minerals is broadly divided into three main types:
Salt-type flotation
Sulphide flotation
Oxide flotation
Salt-type minerals include carbonate, phosphate, sulphate, tungstate and some halide compounds. They are known for their ionic bonding and moderate solubility in water. Salt-type minerals are difficult to float because they contain common cations; hence modifying agents, e.g. ammonium phosphate, calcium sulphate, sodium sulphate, nickel chloride, zinc chloride, sodium chromate, barite, celestite, gypsum, etc., are used to obtain the selectivity.
Sulphide minerals are less electronegative than oxide minerals; hence it forms fewer ionic bonds than oxygen. Sulphur has greater tendency to form covalent bonds, especially S-S linkages, e.g. chalcopyrite, cuprite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, etc.
Oxide minerals include metal oxides, carbonates, silicates and fatty acids having saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains that are used to float it, e.g. hematite, magnetite, goethite, quartz, malachite, etc.
Generally flotation is practised in two different ways around the globe:
When mineral is suspended in water, charged species/ions (potential determining ions) are transferred upon the surface which develops an electric charge or electric double layer. In the case of oxide minerals, H+ and OH− ions are the principal potential determining ions, and they interact with water and produce surface hydroxyls [12]:
\nDue to the charge inequality, a double layer around the particle’s surface is created. The potential difference between the stern layer and diffused layer is known as
At certain pH, an equal number of positive and negative surface sites are created, where the surface is having no specific charge, termed as
These two terms have great influence on the flotation performance of mineral at specific pH.
\nZeta potential denotes charge properties of particles and in turn implies adsorption, penetration and adherence of certain substances. Processes such as adsorption, particularly surfactants or macromolecules, can alter the interfacial behaviour of the solids markedly. Adsorption and desorption of potential determining ions (H+ and OH− ions) play an important role in accounting the surface charge:
\nIn Eqs. (1) and (2),
In the case of iron ores, the isoelectric point of natural hematite varies in between 5.98 and 7.01, depending upon the association of gangues. If the hematite particles are not liberated completely, then isoelectric point will be closer to quartz. The zeta potential of quartz depends on the hydroxylation of quartz surface at different pH values and the interaction of amine species. The pHPZC and pHiep values for various oxides and hydroxides of alumina vary widely (pH 5–9.6) depending upon the association of other minerals [11]. The pHiep of quartz is at pH = 2.5, below which it acquires a positive charge, and above this pH, the quartz surface acquires negative charge (Table 1).
\nMinerals | \npHPZC | \npHIEP | \n
---|---|---|
Quartz, SiO2 | \n<5 | \n2.5 | \n
Cassiterite, SnO2 | \n<5.5 | \n2.0–55 | \n
Sulphides, MeS | \n— | \n2.1–7.0 | \n
Diamond, C | \n— | \n3.5 | \n
Rutile, TiO2 | \n4.8–5.3 | \n5.5 | \n
Ilmenite, FeTiO3 | \n5, 6 | \n— | \n
Hematite, Fe2O3 | \n6.5–8.5 | \n5.98–7.01 | \n
Barite, BaSO4 | \n— | \n6.0–8.1 | \n
Tenorite, CuO | \n6.5–8.5 | \n6.0–7.6 | \n
Dolomite, (Ca, Mg)CO3 | \n— | \n7.5 | \n
Alumina, Al2O3 | \n8–9.1 | \n5–9.6 | \n
Magnesite, MgCO3 | \n— | \n7.5 | \n
Periclase, MgO | \n— | \n12.0 | \n
The reagents are added to the system in order to create proper environment for the particles to adhere to the air bubbles and recovered. The minerals are characterized by the functional groups as non-polar minerals, polar minerals and heteropolar minerals. The non-polar minerals are those whose surface is predominantly of weak molecular bonds with very little polarity. The group of minerals, which consist of both polar and non-polar groups, are termed as heteropolar and constitute a large group of minerals, e.g. gibbsite (consisting of aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3), bauxite (consisting of aluminium hydroxide), hematite (Fe2O3), etc. The polarities of heteropolar minerals vary according to the proportion of polar minerals. Those groups of minerals, whose surface is predominantly of strong covalent bond or ionic bond, are termed as polar minerals and are hydrophilic.
\nCollectors can be classified into ionizing and nonionizing based on their reaction with water. The nonionizing compounds do not dissociate into ions when contacted with water, while the ionizing compounds dissociate into ions in water. To float minerals, hydrophobicity/enhanced hydrophobicity has to be imparted to them, which is obtained by adding a special type of surfactants known as collectors to the pulp, which is further agitated or conditioned for adsorption to take place. Collectors are the chemical compounds which render hydrophobicity through adsorption and are further divided into ionizing compounds (dissociate into ions in water) and nonionizing compounds (which are practically insoluble and render the mineral water-repellent by covering its surface with a thin film) [15].
\nIonizing collectors have been used widely in flotation era, e.g. sodium ethyl xanthate, potassium isopropyl xanthate, etc. They are composed of complex molecules asymmetric in structure and are heteropolar, i.e. the molecule contains a non-polar hydrocarbon group and a polar ionic group. The non-polar part of the molecule is a hydrocarbon radical which has pronounced water-repellent properties, and the polar part has the property of reacting with water.
\nExamples of nonionizing compounds are kerosene, creosote, grease, etc., which possess inherent hydrophobic property and do not dissociate in any polar liquids.
\nBased on classification of ionized groups, the collectors have been classified as shown in Figure 3.
\nClassification of collectors.
Till now six main types of collectors are used in the mineral industry:
Anionic collector
Cationic collector
Mixed collector
Amphoteric collector
Bio-collector
Ionic liquids
(a) Anionic collector
\nAnionic collectors are opted for minerals when the surface bears a net positive charge and these collectors ionize in the solution to give negative charge. Floatability assessments of oxide and carbonate ores are generally carried out by using highly soluble collectors consisting of organic molecules varying 10–18 carbon chain length [16]. Fatty acids (a distilled tall oil containing ∼91% oleic and linoleic acid, 6% resin acid and 3% unsaponifiables) are used as collectors for mineral oxides with dosages in the range of 0.45–0.67 kg/ton [17]. Fatty acids, resin acids, soaps, alkyl sulphates and sulphonates are generally used to float iron oxide bearing minerals.
(b) Cationic collector
\nCationic collectors are opted for minerals when the surface bears a net negative charge and these collectors ionize in the solution to give positive charge. Organic bases containing a hydrocarbon group and salts of these bases are generally chlorides and acetates. This group includes the primary aliphatic amines, diamines, quaternary ammonium salts and ether amine products. Longer amphipathic linear chain molecules are more confirmatively adsorbed at the liquid/gas interface, as they are more hydrophobic through van der Waals interactive forces.
(c) Mixed collector
\nThe use of surfactant mixture was studied by several researchers and found that the surfactant mixtures can have an advantage over the use of single surfactant [18, 19, 20].
Mixed collectors provide increased flotation selectivity and increased recovery with reduction in reagent consumption. The adsorption of single surfactants at the solid-liquid interface has been comprehensively studied, but the study of adsorption of mixed surfactant solutions has been limited.
(d) Amphoteric collector
\nAmphoteric collectors are the surfactants having good acidic and basic group in their molecular structure and can function as a cation, anion and neutral molecules depending on the pH of the aqueous medium. The effect of cationic group is accentuated most in acidic media, while the anionic group is accentuated in alkaline media.
(e) Bio-collector
\nMicrobial flotation reagents are currently gaining attention as natural bacteria can be used in place of toxic chemicals from the environmental point of view, e.g.
(f) Ionic liquids
\nIonic liquids are the salts having poorly coordinated ions and exist in liquid state below 100°C, but these liquids are gaining the attention of researchers due to their easier handling properties, interesting electrochemical properties, low vapour pressure, low volatility and flammability, high viscosity, dual natural polarity, good thermal stability, low surface tension and wide range of miscibility with water and other organic solvents and most importantly their environment-friendly nature.
Ionic liquids are more suitable surfactants than conventional classical salts because of their versatility to switch their role as anionic and cationic part as per the requirement, which is due to the presence of large organic cations with a variety of associated anions.
Sahoo et al. [21, 22] experimented the flotation of pure quartz as well as low banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) having quartz as major impurity using tricaprylmethyl ammonium salicylate (TOMAS), an ammonium-based ionic liquid, Aliquat 336, tetrahexylammonium chloride (THEX) and dodecylammonium chloride as collectors and found that ionic liquids performed better than conventional surfactants. Due to the chaotropic character of anions of ionic liquids, they easily pair with ions of mineral surfaces, thus inducing increased hydrophobicity compared to conventional surfactants. It was observed that with lower concentration of ionic liquids, higher recovery and grade were achieved, and the reverse condition was observed in the case of conventional surfactants.
\nAdsorption between mineral surface and reagents occur by various means, which is represented in Figure 4.
\nTypes of bonding adsorption between mineral surface and reagents.
Frothers are organic compounds, which dissociate into ions and decrease the surface tension at the air-water interface, thus stabilizing the froth consisting of a multitude of mineral-laden air bubbles and inducing buoyancy effect on the mineralized surface.
\nWhen brought into contact with water, the water dipoles readily associate with the polar group while virtually having no affinity to the non-polar group. The non-polar group is projected into the air phase which leaves the polar group on the air surface orienting towards the water. A frother is required to provide conditions amicable to the formation of froth that is stable enough to prevent undesirable froth breakage. The stability of bubble attachment to hydrophobic particles is further stabilized by the action of frother. A good frother should have negligible collecting power, should not affect the state of the particle surface and should act entirely in the liquid phase to produce froths which are just stable enough to retain the floated particles [15].
\nFrothers are consisted of aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic and polyglycol alcohol groups, e.g. methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), cresylic acid or cresol, pine oil, etc. When surface-active groups of frother react with water, the water dipoles combine with the polar groups and hydrate them, but there is practically no reaction with the non-polar hydrocarbon group. Thus, the heteropolar structure of the frother molecule enhances its concentration at the air-water interface, with the non-polar groups oriented towards the air and the polar groups towards the water.
\nHence, the frothing action is due to the ability of the frother to reduce the water surface tension, thus stabilizing the air bubbles. Frothers are generally soluble in water; otherwise they would be distributed very unevenly in the water, and their surface-active properties would not be fully effective.
\nOrganic acids, amines and alcohols are the most common types of frothers. The alcohols are the most widely used because they have practically no collecting properties and in this respect are preferable to other frothers. The presence of collecting and frothing properties in the same reagent may make selective flotation difficult [16].
\nThese are chemical compounds added to the flotation pulps to enhance collector-mineral adsorption, that is, to improve the selectivity. This may be achieved by either (a) creating an environment or revitalizing the floatability of the desired mineral, (b) by suppressing the flotation activity of the undesired mineral (at a particular stage of flotation operation), (c) by removing the deleterious elements which hinder effective flotation of desired minerals or (d) by providing the proper pulp nature for the selective adsorption between the mineral and collector.
\nThese chemicals are added, prior to collector addition, to react with the mineral surface and produce compounds on the surface which are highly responsive to collector adsorption, e.g. the use of ‘sulphidisers’ in activation of oxidized minerals of base metal sulphides. The deleterious effect of oxidation is overcome by the creation of a pseudo-sulphide surface to oxidized mineral, which would then respond favourably with the sulphydryl collector added, e.g. copper sulphate, cyanide, lime, etc.
\nThese are used to suppress the floatability of a mineral when it is not desired in case of multimineral system. Several natural polymers and their derivatives have been suggested as depressants for iron oxide in reverse flotation due to the presence of large number of hydroxyl groups and large molecular sizes. The depression mechanism is may be due to the blocking of surface sites for collector adsorption, resulting in hydrophilic surface and forming bridges of hydroxyl groups.
\nFor example, in reverse flotation of iron ore, starch is used as depressant for iron ore and zinc sulphate as depressant for ZnS in Pb-Zn flotation.
\nThese are used to minimize the deleterious effect of undesired slime coating (Tables 2 and 3), e.g. sodium silicate and sodium metasilicate.
\nReagents | \nApplication | \nClassification | \nComposition | \nFunctioning process | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Collectors Collectors | \n1. Hematitic ore 2. Hematitic ore 3. Ultrafine hematite particles Goethite | \nAnionic collectors 1. Fatty acids 2. Alkyl sulphates and sulphonates (C12-C16) 3. Oleic acid and lauric acid 4. Hydroxamates Amphoteric collectors 5. Hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, stearic acid Sarcosinates and sulphosuccinates 1. Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide 2. Sodium oleate fatty acid | \nTall oil containing 91% oleic acid, 6% resin acid and 3% unsaponifiables 10−3 molar, 10−4 molar concentration 70–100 mg/L Liquid emulsion 5–20% solution | \nChemisorption on hematite surface, surface precipitation Chemisorption Classical chemisorption Microbial strain Form hydrophobic floccules of hematite particles Chemisorption | \n
Collectors | \n1. Silica (quartz) 2. Both alumina and silica 3. Alumina | \nCationic collector 1. Etheramine and etherdiamines 2. Fatty amine (dodecylamine, decyletheramine) 3. Quaternary ammonium compounds 4. Gemini surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide SOKEM (503C, 504C, 520C, 521C, 522C, 523C, 524C, 525C, 701C, 720C) Cationic, anionic and nonionic polyacrylamide | \nIn kerosene 5–10% solution Undiluted 20–30% neutralization degree with acetic acid or NaOH | \nElectrostatic adsorption Hydrogen bonding with the surface exhibiting low interaction with collectors | \n
Collectors | \nSilica | \nAnionic collectors Fatty acids | \nActivation by Ca2+ ions | \nStrong chemical bonding between mineral surface and collector | \n
Collectors | \nMagnetite | \n1. Maleic acid 2. Ethyl oleate 3. Polyethylene glycol monooleate 4. Maleic acid ester 5. Quaternary ammonium surfactant | \n10–50 mg/L | \nElectrostatic adsorption High solubilization capacity, stronger biological activity | \n
Collectors | \nPhosphorous | \nAnionic collectors 1. Carboxylate surfactants 2. Fatty acid 3. Flotigam EDA manufactured by Clariant | \n\n | Surface chemisorption | \n
Mixed collectors | \nSilica Iron oxides | \n1. Blending diamines and monoamines 2. Amalgamation of ammines with kerosene 3. Conjunction of diesel oil and ether amine 4. Non-phenol ethoxylated with ethylene oxide and etheramine 5. Mixture of amine and hydrochloric acid 6. 7. Mixture of primary ether monoamine, oxyethylated nonylphenol and oxyethylated fatty alcohol 1. Non-polar oils emulsified with fatty acids 2. Fatty acids (anionic collectors) and amphoteric collectors | \n20–30% blending Mass ratio of 1:4 Mass ratio of 1:2 Mass ratio of 4:1 ether monoamine to nonylphenol | \nCo-adsorption of collector on silicate surface by hydrocarbon tail-tail interaction increasing hydrophobicity Decreased surface tension at liquid-gas interface and reduce froth depth | \n
Frothers | \nAll iron oxides, silica, alumina, phosphorus | \n1. Pine oil (alpha-terpineol) 2. Cresylic ‘acid’ (cresols) 3. Polypropylene glycols 4. DF (Dow Froth) 200, DF 250, DF 450 5. Fuel oil 6. Aliphatic alcohols, 7. MIBC | \nThe reagents are used as undiluted and also prepared as solution in H2O | \nProvides most viscous, stable froth, have collecting action Less viscous but stable froth, have collecting action Fine, fragile froth; inert to rubber Slightly stable froth Slightly stable froths Fine-textured froth; frequently used with ores containing slimes | \n
Modifying agents | \nDirect and reverse iron ore flotation | \n1. Lime (CaO) or slaked lime Ca(OH)2 2. Soda ash, NaOH Caustic soda, NaOH Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 3. Ca2+ (CaCl2), Mg2+ (MgCl2) 4. Na2SiO3 5. Starch, dextrin Quebracho, tannic acid, gaur gum, PAM | \nSlurry Dry 5–10% solution 10% solution Solution Solution of 0.30–0.80 kg/ton Solution of 0.5–1.2 kg/ton | \npH regulator; disperses gangue slimes Activates silica with fatty acid collectors Disperses siliceous gangue slimes; Fragile froth Depress iron-bearing minerals | \n
Reagent types used in mineral oxide industries (specifically for iron ores).
Classification of collectors | \nType | \nComposition and dosages | \nMethod of adsorption | \n
---|---|---|---|
\n
| \n\n
| \nConsists of sulphydryl groups \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Optimum ratio 2:3 | \nForms dixanthogen on pyrite surface and then hydrophobicity is generated Hydrophobic chain interactions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Co-adsorption of xanthate and dixanthogen Hydrophobic chain interaction of dixanthogen and reduction of electrostatic repulsion between ionic head groups of xanthate that are shield from each other by dixanthogen molecules | \n
Reagent types used in mineral sulphide industries.
The pH regulators help in maintaining adequate pH of the pulp, which determines the selective separation of minerals. These are achieved by variety of bases and acids.
\nIn industries froth flotation is a continuous process involving a regular flow of feed pulp and separation of minerals into the regular respective product streams. The major elements of flotation operations are:
Feed preparation
Mode, quantity and point of reagent addition
Flotation circuit configuration and flexibility
Product removal and dewatering
As the choice of specific reagent for a given ore is difficult and challenging, so is the selection of quantity, mode and time of addition of the reagents. The selection of reagent quantity does not pose much problem as a more or less precise reagent type and quantity for a specific ore system are available through reagent manufacturers and practising personnel. Whether the total quantity is to be added at different stages is a matter of difficult choice and is to be based upon carefully laboratory investigation regarding the case of floatability of minerals.
\nAdsorption of surfactant is in direct correlation with the solid-water-air interfaces as the main role of surfactants is to modify the properties of interfaces for increased adsorption of reagents and enhanced flotation process. Modified starches and blended polymers can be better alternatives to normal starches due to their higher solubility and better flocculation action.
\nApplication of flotation has been envisaged in other areas besides mineral engineering. Some of the examples are:
Deinking of paper in paper recycling
Flotation of wastewater treatment
Processing of oil sands
\n
There is a trade-off between the pH of the slurry, surfactants and the mineral surface for maximum flotation performance. It can thus be concluded that the length of alkyl chain, arrangement of atoms, nature and type of bonds present within the surfactants and regulation of pH in the flotation pulp are solely for an effective and successful flotation.
Mineral surface and collector chemistry interaction is the first and critical step in flotation. The larger the electronegativity of the group, the stronger is the acting solid intensity, and the larger the radical section of collector, the stronger the selectivity of collector.
Surfactants containing alcohol group and amine group have inherent frothing property along with their collecting capability.
Though the cost of hydroxamate is higher than fatty acids, its superiority over fatty acids in flotation of the fine-grained oxide ore deserves further attention for industrial application. Research is geared at (a) developing alternate cheaper reagents with similar performances as hydroxamates, (b) modifying the structure of fatty acids for similar or better results than hydroxamates, (c) application of other chelating agents for enhanced flotation response, (d) successfully using flotation of silicated ores and other minerals, and (e) using green surfactants and solvents given their advantage of biodegradability and sustainability. However their high cost at present continues to be a barrier preventing their use although their benefits have been well realized.
For cationic surfactants, another cationic group can be inserted, which can be further upgraded to dicationic and tricationic surfactants, which will work out well for reverse flotation process.
For the use of depressants, more kosmotropic ions can be added to existing polymers to enhance their depressing action.
As discussed earlier, froth flotation has the ability to treat any mineral and thus reigns supreme as it is the most versatile concentration process for ore fines. A universal solution for all minerals is not possible but it depends on a case-by-case basis as each mineral ore has different compositions. The challenging aspect of the interaction of value and gangue minerals of any ore could be overcome by specifically improved reagents. A universal specific reagent recipe cannot be proposed for any ore flotation due to variation of mineralogical composition of different ores, tailings and slimes. The knowledge and research about surfactant chemistry have to be given due recognition and used judiciously through encouraging innovative, simple and customized reagent regimes for given ore deposits.
\nNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Cabanelas"}]},{id:"53973",doi:"10.5772/66927",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7311,totalCrossrefCites:77,totalDimensionsCites:166,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. 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In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55500",title:"Interpretation of Mass Spectra",slug:"interpretation-of-mass-spectra",totalDownloads:12475,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The chapter includes an introduction to the main ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry and the way the resulting fragments can be analysed. First, the fundamental notions of mass spectrometry are explained, so that the reader can easily cover this chapter (graphs, main pick, molecular ion, illogical pick, nitrogen rule, etc.). Isotopic percentage and nominal mass calculation are also explained along with fragmentation mechanism. A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"57909",title:"Validation of Analytical Methods",slug:"validation-of-analytical-methods",totalDownloads:6963,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Method validation is a key element in the establishment of reference methods and within the assessment of a laboratory’s competence in generating dependable analytical records. Validation has been placed within the context of the procedure, generating chemical data. Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"55440",title:"Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts",slug:"solubility-products-and-solubility-concepts",totalDownloads:3084,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The chapter refers to a general concept of solubility product Ksp of sparingly soluble hydroxides and different salts and calculation of solubility of some hydroxides, oxides, and different salts in aqueous media. A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems.",book:{id:"5891",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",fullTitle:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds"},signatures:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, Aneta Spórna-Kucab and\nTadeusz Michałowski",authors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"},{id:"203867",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk",slug:"anna-maria-michalowska-kaczmarczyk",fullName:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk"},{id:"203868",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Spórna-Kucab",slug:"aneta-sporna-kucab",fullName:"Aneta Spórna-Kucab"}]},{id:"62736",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4534,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:8070,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"8",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82969",title:"Utilizing Photocatalysts in Reducing Moisture Absorption in Composites of Natural Fibers",slug:"utilizing-photocatalysts-in-reducing-moisture-absorption-in-composites-of-natural-fibers",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106543",abstract:"Due to growing environmental consciousness and the depletion of oil supplies, numerous efforts have been made to replace synthetic fibers in fiber-reinforced composites with natural fibers (NFr). The low cost and abundance of NFr and its biodegradability and low density have encouraged researchers worldwide to study their potential applications in several industrial sectors. However, NFr has several disadvantages: excessive moisture absorption and subsequent swelling and degradation, low chemical and fire resistance, and insufficient interfacial interactions with polymers. Consequently, there is great interest in modifying the surface of NFr using a variety of methods. This chapter presents an overview of the NFr, its characterization, the problems associated with adding NFr to polymer composites. This literature survey suggests an in-depth review of photocatalysis by utilizing photocatalysts nanoparticle (PHNPs) aimed at increasing the hydrophobicity and interfacial bonding between the NFr and the matrix Using a photo-induced oxidation mechanism to disassemble water molecules, pollutants, and bacteria in a wet environment. 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In terms of these applications, special attention was drawn to modified chromatographic systems, characterized by mobile or stationary phase modifications. 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First, we describe their light absorption and fluorescence properties in solution. This spectroscopic study is supplemented with quantum mechanics calculations and electrochemical measurements. Afterward, the dyes are tested as active media of tunable lasers under transversal pumping. The recorded laser efficiencies and photostabilities are correlated with the registered photophysical properties identifying the main structural guidelines and photonic parameters, which rule the laser bands’ position, intensity, and stability. As a result, we provide a comparative dataset of the laser performance, not available hitherto. Besides, the unraveling of the complex molecular structure-photophysics-laser relationship should help in the rational design of new tunable dye lasers with an improved photonic response along the entire visible region and reaching eventually the near infrared.",book:{id:"12081",title:"Dyes and Pigments - Insights and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12081.jpg"},signatures:"Alaitz Peñafiel, Ainhoa Oliden-Sánchez, Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa, Leire Gartzia-Rivero, Rebeca Sola-Llano and Jorge Bañuelos"},{id:"82706",title:"Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Fish Value Chain",slug:"applications-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-nirs-in-fish-value-chain",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105736",abstract:"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has undergone a significant evolution in the last years due to the numerous scientific studies that revealed its potential for industrial applications, attracting a growing interest in the food sector. Furthermore, new advances have allowed the reduction in size and cost of the NIR devices, making them appropriate for on-site determinations. The complex structure of the fish value chain, combined to its high market value, makes this sector particularly vulnerable to fraud and adulteration practices. Also, the perishable nature of fish and fish products, as well as the lack of traceability, arises the urgent need for a fast, reliable and portable tool capable of precisely characterizing the quality and authenticity of the product while also ensuring its safety. In this chapter, the capabilities of NIRS combined to several chemometric techniques for quality, authenticity and safety applications are presented through an extensive review of the most recent research works.",book:{id:"11564",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11564.jpg"},signatures:"Sonia Nieto-Ortega, Rebeca Lara, Giuseppe Foti, Ángela Melado-Herreros and Idoia Olabarrieta"},{id:"82536",title:"Perspective Chapter: Multi-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography - Principles and Applications",slug:"perspective-chapter-multi-dimensional-liquid-chromatography-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104767",abstract:"Many complex mixtures usually constitute hundreds or even thousands of individual components of interest. Such mixtures are much too complicated to be separated for analytical duties in a reasonable period of time using only a single-dimensional chromatographic method. However, if a complex mixture is separated by an initial dimension using multi-dimensional liquid chromatography, a simpler portion of that separation is collected and goes to the second dimension. Each of these fractions will be analyzed separately, allowing exceedingly complex mixtures to be resolved in a short period of time. 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This review describes the methods of polymer functionalization with cyclodextrins and highlights the changes in the physicochemical properties of these materials. This chapter is focused on polymers in solution and in gel states. Cyclodextrin-based polymers are evaluated by various physicochemical methods, such as rheology, calorimetry, and spectroscopy (electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc.). 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His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. 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At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"28",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",keywords:"Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, Embryos, Cryopreservation, Conservation, Breeding, Epigenetics",scope:"The advances of knowledge on animal reproductive biology and technologies revolutionized livestock production. Artificial insemination, for example, was the first technology applied on a large scale, initially in dairy cattle and afterward applied to other species. Nowadays, embryo production and transfer are used commercially along with other technologies to modulate epigenetic regulation. Gene editing is also emerging as an innovative tool. This topic will discuss the potential use of these techniques, novel strategies, and lines of research in progress in the fields mentioned above.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. 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Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/109441",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"109441"},fullPath:"/profiles/109441",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()